SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER

L. H. Gevantman
The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Solubility
Data Series. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted
to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then
derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole
fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as:
ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T*
where
T* = T/100 K
All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one
atmosphere).

The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except

where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation
applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There
are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term,
DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form,
ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT
where T is the temperature in kelvin.
Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely
ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and
its reaction products with water are included.

Gas
Hydrogen (H2)
Mr = 2.01588

T/K
288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

Solubility (X1)
1.510 105
1.455 105
1.411 105
1.377 105
1.350 105

Equation constants
A = 48.1611
B = 55.2845
C = 16.8893
Std. dev. = 0.54%
Temp. range = 273.15353.15

Ref.
1

Deuterium (D2)
Mr = 4.0282

283.15
288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15

1.675 105 0.57%

1.595 105 0.57%
1.512 105 0.78%
1.460 105 0.52%
1.395 105 0.37%

Averaged experimental values

Helium (He)
Ar = 4.0026

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

7.123 106
7.044 106
6.997 106
6.978 106
6.987 106

A = 41.4611
B = 42.5962
C = 14.0094
Std. dev. = 0.54%
Temp. range = 273.15348.15

Neon (Ne)
Ar = 20.1797

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

8.702 106
8.395 106
8.152 106
7.966 106
7.829 106

A = 52.8573
B = 61.0494
C = 18.9157
Std. dev. = 0.47%
Temp. range = 273.15348.15

Argon (Ar)
Ar = 39.948

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

3.025 105
2.748 105
2.519 105
2.328 105
2.169 105

A = 57.6661
B = 74.7627
C = 20.1398
Std. dev. = 0.26%
Temp. range = 273.15348.15

Krypton (Kr)
Ar = 83.80

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

5.696 105
5.041 105
4.512 105
4.079 105
3.725 105

A = 66.9928
B = 91.0166
C = 24.2207
Std. dev. = 0.32%
Temp. range = 273.15353.15

Xenon (Xe)
Ar = 131.29

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

10.519 105
9.051 105
7.890 105
6.961 105
6.212 105

A = 74.7398
B = 105.210
C = 27.4664
Std. dev. = 0.35%
Temp. range = 273.15348.15

Temp. range = 278.15303.15

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

S08_18.indd 81

8-81

Gas
Radon-222(222Rn)
Ar = 222

T/K
288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

Solubility (X1)
2.299 104
1.945 104
1.671 104
1.457 104
1.288 104

Equation constants
A = 90.5481
B = 130.026
C = 35.0047
Std. dev. = 1.02%
Temp. range = 273.15373.15

Ref.

Oxygen (O2)
Mr = 31.9988

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

2.756 105
2.501 105
2.293 105
2.122 105
1.982 105

A = 66.7354
B = 87.4755
C = 24.4526
Std. dev. = 0.36%
Temp. range = 273.15348.15

Ozone (O3)
Mr = 47.9982

293.15

1.885 106 10%

pH = 7.0

Experimental value derived

from Henrys Law Constant Equation

Nitrogen (N2)
Mr = 28.0134

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

1.386 105
1.274 105
1.183 105
1.108 105
1.047 105

A = 67.3877
B = 86.3213
C = 24.7981
Std. dev. = 0.72%
Temp. range = 273.15348.15

Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Mr = 44.0129

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

5.948 104
5.068 104
4.367 104
3.805 104
3.348 104

A = 60.7467
B = 88.8280
C = 21.2531
Std. dev. = 1.2%
Temp. range = 273.15313.15

Nitric oxide (NO)

Mr = 30.0061

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

4.163 105
3.786 105
3.477 105
3.222 105
3.012 105

A = 62.8086
B = 82.3420
C = 22.8155
Std. dev. = 0.76%
Temp. range = 273.15358.15

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Mr = 28.0104

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

2.095 105
1.918 105
1.774 105
1.657 105
1.562 105

Derived from Henrys

Law Constant Equation
Std. dev. = 0.043%
Temp. range = 273.15328.15

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Mr = 44.0098

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

8.21 104
7.07 104
6.15 104
5.41 104
4.80 104

Derived from Henrys

Law Constant Equation
Std. dev. = 1.1%
Temp. range = 273.15353.15

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se)

Mr = 80.976

288.15
298.15
308.15

1.80 103
1.49 103
1.24 103

A = 9.15
B = 974
C = 3.542
D = 0.0042
Std. dev. = 2.3 105
Temp. range = 288.15343.15

10

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Mr = 34.082

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

2.335 103
2.075 103
1.85 103
1.66 103
1.51 103

A = 24.912
B = 3477
C = 0.3993
D = 0.0157
Std. dev. = 6.5 105
Temp. range = 283.15603.15

10

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Mr = 64.0648

288.15
293.15

3.45 102
2.90 102

A = 25.2629
B = 45.7552

11

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

8-82
Gas

T/K
298.15
303.15
308.15

Solubility (X1)
2.46 102
2.10 102
1.80 102

Equation constants
C = 5.6855
Std. dev. = 1.8%
Temp. range = 278.15328.15

Chlorine (Cl2)
Mr = 70.9054

283.15
293.15
303.15
313.15

2.48 103 2%
1.88 103 2%
1.50 103 2%
1.23 103 2%

Experimental data
Temp. range = 283.15333.15

11

Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O)

Mr = 86.9048

273.15
276.61
283.15
293.15

5.25 101 1%
4.54 101 1%
4.273 101 1%
3.353 101 1%

Experimental data
Temp. range = 273.15293.15

11

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)

Mr = 67.4515

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

2.67 102
2.20 102
1.823 102
1.513 102
1.259 102

A = 7.9163
B = 0.4791
C = 11.0593
Std. dev. = 4.6%
Temp. range = 283.15333.15

11

Methane (CH4)
Mr = 16.0428

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

3.122 105
2.806 105
2.552 105
2.346 105
2.180 105

A = 115.6477
B = 155.5756
C = 65.2553
D = 6.1698
Std. dev. = 0.056%
Temp. range = 273.15328.15

12

Ethane (C2H6)
Mr = 30.0696

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

4.556 105
3.907 105
3.401 105
3.002 105
2.686 105

A = 90.8225
B = 126.9559
C = 34.7413
Std. dev. = 0.13%
Temp. range = 273.15323.15

13

Propane (C3H8)
Mr = 44.097

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

3.813 105
3.200 105
2.732 105
2.370 105
2.088 105

A = 102.044
B = 144.345
C = 39.4740
Std. dev. = 0.012%
Temp. range = 273.15347.15

14

Butane (C4H10)
Mr = 58.123

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

3.274 105
2.687 105
2.244 105
1.906 105
1.645 105

A = 102.029
B = 146.040
C = 38.7599
Std. dev. = 0.026%
Temp. range = 273.15349.15

14

2-Methyl propane (Isobutane)

(C4H10)
Mr = 58.123

288.15
293.15
298.15
303.15
308.15

2.333 105
1.947 105
1.659 105
1.443 105
1.278 105

A = 129.714
B = 183.044
C = 53.4651
Std. dev. = 0.034%
Temp. range = 278.15318.15

14

References
1. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen
and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981.
2. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and
Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979.
3. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980.
4. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon
and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979.

S08_18.indd 82

Ref.

5. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and

Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981.
6. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and
Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982.
7. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of
Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981.
8. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon
Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990.
9. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J.
Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991.

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

10. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series,
Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988.
11. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide,
Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford,
England, 1983.
12. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol.
27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987.

S08_18.indd 83

8-83
13. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane,
Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982.
14. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane,
Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England,
1986.

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