National Standard of the Peoples Republic of China

Technical Code for Testing of Building Foundation Piles

JGJ 1062003

Approved by: Ministry of Construction, P.R.China

Implemented from July 1 of 2003

2003 Beijing

Ministry of Construction, P.R.China

Announcement
No.133

Announcement on the Issuance of Technical Code for

Testing of Building Foundation Piles
This is to approve Technical Code for Testing of Building Foundation Piles as industrial
standard (refer. No. JGJ1062003) and implement it from July 1 of 2003. In this Code,
Clause 3.1.1, 4.3.5, 4.4.4, 6.4.6, 8.4.7, 9.2.3, 9.2.4, 9.4.2, 9.4.5, 9.4.15 are mandatory
stipulations, which shall be implemented strictly. the previous industrial standard Regulations
for High Strain Dynamic Testing of Foundation Piles (JGJ10697) will become invalid at the
same time.

This Code shall be published and distributed by China Architecture Industry Press organized
by the Standard Norm Research Institute of the Ministry of Construction.

Ministry of Construction, P. R. China

March 21, 2003

Foreword

This Code is laid down the Code Compilation Team according to document (JB[2000]No.284)
issued by the Ministry of Construction after this team has carried out universal investigation
and research, has summed up practical experience and scientific research results of the testing
of foundation piles of domestic and international pipe foundation job, and has collected
universal opinions.

Main technical contents of this Code are as follows: general provisions, terms and symbols,
basic regulations, vertical compression resistance static test of single pile, single pile, vertical
uplift static test & horizontal static test of single pile, core drilling, low
testing , high strain

dynamic

testing , crosshole

sonic

strain

integrity

logging, etc.

The Ministry of Construction shall be responsible for management of this Code and
explanation of mandatory clauses, the compilation institutions shall be responsible for
explanation of technical contents.

Compilation institutions of this Code:: China Academy of Building Researchaddress: 30#,

North Sanhuan Donglu, Beijing; Post Code: 100013

Institutions participating in compilation of this Code:

Guangdong Building Science Research Institute
Shanghai Gangwan Engineering Design & Research Institute
Metallurgical Industry Engineering Quality Supervision Station Testing Center
Wuhan Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences
3

Shenzhen Survey Research Institute

Building Science Research Institute of Liaoning Province
Building Engineering Quality Examination & Testing Center of Henan Province
Building Science Research Institute of Fujian Province
Building Science Research Institute of Shanghai

Prepared by:
Chen Fan

Xu Tianping

Zhu Guangyu

Zhong Dongbo

Liu Minggui

Liu Jinli

Ye Wanling

Teng Yanjing

Li Dazhan

Liu Yanling

Guan Lijun

Li Rongqiang

Wang Minquan

Chen Jiuzhao

Zhao Haisheng

Liu Chun

Ji Cangjiang

Table of Contents
1. General Provisions .................................................................................................................7
2. Terms and Symbols ................................................................................................................8
2.1 Terms ............................................................................................................................8
2.2 Symbols...................................................................................................................10
3. Basic Regulations.................................................................................................................14
3.1. Testing Methods & Contents .....................................................................................14
3.2 Testing Procedures ..................................................................................................16
3.3 Testing Quantity ......................................................................................................18
3.4 Verification and Expansion of Testing.....................................................................22
3.5 Testing Results Evaluation And Testing Report ......................................................23
3.6 Testing Institution & Testing Personnel ..................................................................24
4. Static Test of Vertical Compression Resistance of Single Pile .............................................25
4.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................25
4.2
Instrumentations and Installation ..........................................................................25
4.3 On-the Spot Testing.................................................................................................29
4.4 Analysis and Determination of Testing Data...........................................................31
5. Vertical Uplift Static Test of Single Pile...............................................................................34
5.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................34
5.2 Instrumentations and Installation ............................................................................34
5.3 On-the-spot Testing .................................................................................................35
5.4 Analysis and Determination of Testing Data...........................................................36
6. Horizontal Static Load Test of Single Pile ...........................................................................39
6.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................39
6.2 Instrumentation and Installation ..............................................................................39
6.3 On-the-Spot Inspection............................................................................................41
6.4 Analysis and Determination of Measured Data.......................................................42
7. Core Drilling ........................................................................................................................47
7.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................47
7. 2 Equipment ..............................................................................................................47
7.3 On-the-Spot Operation ............................................................................................48
7 .4 Sampling and Processing of Core Sample..............................................................50
7. 5 Compressive Strength Test of Core Sample Test Piece ..........................................51
7. 6 Analysis and Determination of Measured Data......................................................52
8. Low Strain Integrity Testing.................................................................................................56
5

8.1 Scope of Application ...............................................................................................56

8.2
Instrumentations ....................................................................................................56
8.3 On-the-Spot Inspection............................................................................................57
8.4 Analysis and Determination of Measured Data.......................................................59
9. High Strain Dynamic Testing ...............................................................................................63
9.1 Scope of Application ..................................................................................................63
9.2 Equipments.................................................................................................................63
9.3 Site Test ......................................................................................................................64
9.4 Analysis and Determination of the Test Data .............................................................66
10. Cross-hole Sonic Logging..................................................................................................74
10.1 Scope of Apllication ..............................................................................................74
10.2 Equipments............................................................................................................74
10.3 Site Test ....................................................................................................................75
10.4 Analysis and Determination of the Test Data ...........................................................76
Appendix A Endogenetic Force Test on the Pile Body..........................................................84
Appendix B Treatment of Pile Toe of Concrete Pile .............................................................91
Appendix C Static Load Test Record Form...........................................................................92
Appendix D Records of Core Extraction Test .......................................................................94
Appendix E Core Sample Processing and Measuring ..............................................................97
Appendix F Installation of Stress Sensor .................................................................................99
Appendix G Trial Pile Driving and Monitoring of Pile Driving ............................................101
G.1 Trial Pile Driving .....................................................................................................101
G.2 Monitoring of Hammering Stress of Pile Body .......................................................102
G.3 Monitoring of Hammering Energy........................................................................103
Appendix H Points of Burying Sound Ranging Pipes.........................................................104
Terminology in the Code................................................................................................105

1. General Provisions

1.0.1

In order to ensure work quality of testing of foundation piles, unify the testing of
foundation piles, provide reliable reference for design and construction acceptance,
make quality testing of foundation piles meet requirements of safe, applicable,
advanced in technique, exact data and correct assessment, this Code is hereby drafted.

1.0.2

This Code is applicable for testing and assessment of the bearing capacity and the pile
integrity of foundation piles of construction projects.

1.0.3

Method for testing of foundation piles shall make reasonable selection and allocation
after considering such factors geologic condition, pile type and reliability of
construction quality, requirement for use according to features and applicable scopes
of all kinds of testing methods.

Result of testing of foundation piles shall be

analyzed and determined according to the aforesaid factors.

1.0.4

Quality testing of foundation piles of construction projects shall execute this Code and
shall meet regulations of the states existing relevant compulsory standards.

2. Terms and Symbols

2.1 Terms
2.1.1

Foundation Pile
Individual pile in pile foundation.

2.1.2

Pi1e Integrity
It reflects relative change of overall stationarity indices of shaft section size,
compactness of shaft material and continuity.

2.1.3

Pile Defects
a general designation of some phenomena such as shaft break, split, ;necking effect ,
slurry clampsundries, hollow hole, honeycomb, unconsolidation, which can
deteriorate shaft integrality and cause reduction of shaft structure strength and
durability.

2.1.4

Static loading test

Vertical pressure or vertical upward pulling force or horizontal thrust shall be exerted
stage by stage on pile top, operator shall observe sedimentation occurring on the pipe
top along with the time, lift up displacement or horizontal displacement, in order to
determine test methods for vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of
relevant single pile, vertical uplift bearing capacity of single pile or horizontal bearing
capacity of single pile.

2.1.5

Core drilling method

A method to test the pile length, shaft defect, dreg thickness of pile toe, strength,
compactness and continuity of shaft concrete through drilling core sample by driller,

in order to determine rock and soil characters of pile end.

2.1.6

Low strain integrity testing

A testing method, in which, operator shall carry out an excitation on pile top by using
a low energy transient state or stable state excitation mode, measure velocity time
interval curve or velocity admittance curve of pile top, in order to determine shaft
integrality through wave movement theory analysis or frequency domain analysis.

2.1.7

High strain dynamic testing

A testing methods, in which, operator shall shock pile top by using thumper, measure
velocity and time interval curve of force of pile top, in order to determine vertical
compression resistance bearing capacity and shaft integrality of single pile through
wave movement theory analysis.

2.1.8

Crosshole sonic logging

A testing methods, in which, testing is carried on shaft integrality by transmitting and
accepting the sound wave among the embedded sound logging pipe through relative
changes of some acoustic parameters actually measured sound time, frequency and
amplitude attenuation, which is spread by sound wave in medium of concrete.

2.2

2.2.1

Symbols

Resistance and material property

c Unidimensional stress velocity of wave spread of shaftabbr. wave velocity of

shaft;

E elastic modulus of shaft materials;

f cu compressive strength of concrete core sample;
m proportion factor of horizontal reaction coefficient of foundation soil;

Qu ultimate bearing capacity of vertical compression resistance of single pile;

Ra characteristic value of vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of single
pile;

Rc vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of single pile determined by

Case Method;

R x test estimated value of soil resistance of the aforesaid parts;

v sound velocity of concrete shaft;

Z mechanical impedance of shaft section;

p shaft material mass density;
2.2.2 Action and action effect

F hammer force;
H horizontal force acting on the ground in horizontal static test of single pile;
p failure load measured from compression resistance test of core sample;

10

Q Vertical load and shaft axis in static test of vertical compression resistance of
single pile;

s vertical sedimentation of pile top and vertical displacement of shaft;

U upwards withdrawing load exerted in static test of vertical anti-withdraw of single

pile;

V movement velocity of particle ;

Yo horizontal displacement of horizontal forceaction point ;

uplift volume of pile top;

s reinforcement stress.
2.2.3

Geometric Parameter

Ashaft section area;

Bmargin of rectangular pile;

bo calculation width of shaft;

Dshaft diameterouter diameter;
daverage diameter of core sample;
Iconversion section moment of inertia of shaft;

l clear distance of outer wall of both sound logging pipes of each testing section;
Llength of lower pile at survey point;
xdistance between sensor installation point and shaft defect;
zdepth of survey point
2.2.4

Calculation coefficient

J c damp coefficient of Case Method;

horizontal deformation coefficient of pile;

11

 shaft integrity coefficient of high strain dynamic testing;

coefficient corresponding to different statistical quantity in sample;
v y horizontal displacement coefficient of pile top;

conversion coefficient of compressive strength concrete core sample.

2.2.5

Other

Am sound wave amplitude average value;

Ap sound wave amplitude value;
a value voltage of head wave peak of signal;

ao peak value voltage of zero decibel signal;

c m average value of wave velocity of shaft;
f basic frequency of frequency and sound wave signal;
n quantity and sample quantity;

s x standard deviation;

T signal cycle;
t corrected value of sound logging pipe and coupling the sound time of water layer;

t o delay time of instrumentations system;

t1 time corresponding to the first peak of velocity;

t c sound time;
t i measured value of time and sound time;
t r ascending time of hammer force;

12

t x time corresponding to defect echo peak;

vo abnormal judgment value of sound velocity;
vc critical value of abnormal judgment of sound velocity;
v L lower limit value of sound velocity;

v m average value of sound velocity;

f lower limit among neighboring resonance peaks of pile toe on amplitude
frequency curve;

f frequency difference among defect neighboring resonance peaks on amplitude

frequency curve;

T time difference among the first peak of velocity wave and echo wave peak of
pile toe;

t x time difference between the first peak of velocity wave and defect echo wave
peak.

13

3. Basic Regulations

3.1. Testing Methods & Contents

3.1.1

Bearing capacity& shaft integrity sampling testing of single pile shall be carried
out on engineering piles.

3.1.2

Testing methods for foundation pile shall be chosen according to 3.1.2. on the basis of

testing aim.
Form 3.1.2

Testing Method & Testing Aim

Testing Method

Testing Aim

Vertical compression
resistance static test
of single pile

Determine vertical compression resistance ultimate bearing capacity of

single pile
Determine whether vertical compression resistance bearing capacity
meets requirement of design.
Determine resistance of pile side and pile end through shaft internal
force and deformation testing;
Verify vertical compression resistance bearing capacity testing results of
single pile of high strain dynamic testing.

Vertical uplift static

test of single pile

Determine vertical anti-draw ultimate bearing capacity of single pile

Determine whether vertical uplift bearing capacity can meet design.
Determine uplift friction resistance of pile through shaft internal force
and deformation testing,

Horizontal static test

of integrity

Determine horizontal critical and ultimate bearing capacity of single

pile to conclude soil resistance parameters.
Determine whether horizontal bearing capacity can meet design.
Determine bending moment of shaft through shaft internal force and
deformation testing.
Test cast-in-place pile length, shaft concrete strength, dreg thickness
of pile toe, judge or identify rock and soil character of pile end,
determine shaft integrity type.

Core drilling

14

Low strain integrity

testing
High strain dynamic
testing

Testing shaft defect and its position, determine shaft integrity type

Crosshole sonic
logging

Test the shaft defect of cast-in-place pile and its position, determine
shaft integrity type.

Determine whether vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of

single pile can meet design;
Test the shaft defect and its position, determine shaft integrity type
Analyze pile side and soil resistance of pile end

3.1.3

Shaft integrity testing shall adopts two kinds or many kinds of proper testing method.

3.1.4

Foundation pile testing shall be executed before and after construction, and shall meet
testing method in this Code or other testing method in processional acceptance code,
testing shall be done during pile foundation construction process, quality control of
construction process shall be strengthened.

15

3.2

Testing Procedures

3.2.1 Procedure of testing work shall be executed according to Fig 3.2.1:

Receiving the entrust

Investigation
Data collection

Prepare testing
scheme

Preparation in earlier
stage

Verification of
instrumentations

On-the-spot
Inspection

Reinspection, verification, expansion

of testing

Calculation analysis and results

appraisal

Testing report

Fig. 3.2.1
3.2.2
1

Diagram of Testing Procedure

Investigation, data collection phase shall include the following:

Collect rock engineering survey data, pipe foundation design drawings and construction
records of the testing job; understand abnormal situation occurring in construction

16

process.
2

Further explicate concrete requirement of the entrusting party.

Feasibility for implementation of the testing project on site.

3.2.3 According to investigation results and determined testing aim , operator shall choose
testing method, lay down testing scheme. Testing scheme shall contain the following
contents: job summary, standard for testing method and its reference, sampling scheme,
machines or labor needed, test cycle.
3.2.4

Instruments shall be checked and debugged before testing.

3.2.5

Measuring instruments for testing must be in validity period of metrological

verification.

3.2.6
1

The starting time for testing

When low

strain integrity

shall meet the following regulations:

testing or crosshole sonic logging testing is adopted,

concrete strength of testing pile shall amount to at least 70% of design strength, and
shall not be less than 15MPa.
2

When core drilling testing is adopted, concrete age of the testing pile shall be 28d or
strength of preset curing sample under same conditions shall meet the designed
strength.

Quiescent time of the bearing capacity testing shall meet concrete strength stipulated in
the above Clause 2, if no mature local experience, time shall not be less than the time in
Form 3.2.6.

17

Form 3.2.6 Quiescent Time

Type of Soil

quiescent timed

Sandy soil

Silty soil

10

Non-saturated

15

Saturated

25

Glutinous soil

Note: for mortar-wall cast-in-place pile, quiescent time shall be delayed properly.
3.2.7

After construction, shaft integrity testing of job pile shall be done firstly, then bearing
capacity testing shall be followed. When foundation buried depth is bigger, shaft
integrity testing shall be done at the time of excavation of foundation pit up to
elevation of base.

3.2.8

Testing on site shall follow this Code and stipulations of safe production of the state. If
operational environment on site is not in conformity with requirements for use of
instrumentations, effective protection measures shall be taken.

3.2.9

When abnormal testing data are found, reasons shall be searched for re-testing .

3.2.10 Further verification or testing shall be confirmed by authorities concerned and shall be
executed according to Clause 3.4.1-3.4.7 of this Code.

3.3

3.3.1

Testing Quantity

If required by design, or in case of one of the following conditions, static test shall be
adopted before construction for confirmation of bearing capacity characteristic value of
vertical compression resistance of single pile:

18

Pipe foundation with design grade A or B;;

Complicated geographical conditions and low reliability of construction quality of

pile;

New pile type or new technology adopted in this region.

Testing quantity shall not be less than 3 pieces under same conditions, and shall not be
less than 1% of total quantity of pile; and shall less than 2 pieces when total quantity of
job pile is below 50 pieces.

3.3.2

If driven prefabricated pile meets one of the following conditions, high strain dynamic
testing shall be adopted for the purpose of process monitoring of trial piling:

Control the shaft stress during piling process;

Choose instrument for driving pile and confirm technology parameters;

Choose end bearing layer of pile.

With same construction technology and similar geographical conditions, piling
quantity shall not be less than 3 pieces.

3.3.3

The testing pile selection for single pile bearing capacity and shaft integrity
acceptance sampling testing shall meet the following regulations:

Pile with defective construction quality;

Important pile, in designers opinion;

Pile with abnormal partial geographical conditions;

Pile with different construction technology;

In case of bearing capacity acceptance testing, type- pile determined in properly

chosen integrity testing ;

Besides the aforesaid regulations, pile of the same type shall be distributed uniformly
at random.

3.3.4

Selective examination quantity of shaft integrity testing of concrete pile shall meet the

19

following regulations:
1

Pile quantity for selective examination of pile cap of three piles under column or
below the three pipes shall not be less than one piece.

For cast-in-place pile with design grade- A, or complicated geographical conditions, or

lower reliability of pile quality, selective examination quantity shall not be less than
30% of total pile quantity, and shall not be less than 20 pieces; selective examination
quantity of other pipe foundation job shall not be less than 20% of total pile quantity,
and shall not be less than 10 pieces.

Note: 1.For end-support-type big-diameter cast-in-place pile, operator shall choose core
drilling or crosshole sonic logging within the scope of aforesaid selective
examination pile quantity to carry out shaft integrity testing on some testing piles.
Selective examination quantity shall not be less than 10% of total pile quantity.
2. For piles with artificially excavated bores on pile end bearing layer above
groundwater level and after telotremata, which have been examined and verified,
and, for single section of concrete-prefabricated pile, selective examination quantity
can be reduced properly, but it shall not be less than 10% of total pile quantity, shall
not be less than 10 pieces.
3. When pile quantity meeting stipulation of paragraph 1-4 of Clause 3.3.3 is more, or
in order to understand shaft integrity situation of the whole job foundation pile,
selective examination quantity shall be increased properly.
3.3.5

If job pile within unit job and under same condition meets one of the following
conditions,

static test of vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of single

pile shall be adopted for the purpose of acceptance testing :

1. Pipe foundation with design grade A;
2. Complicated geographical conditions, low reliability of pile construction quality;

20

3. New pile type or new technology adopted in this region;

4. Construction of soil-compacting pile group produces compacting effect.
Selective examination quantity shall not be less than l% of total pile quantity, and shall
not be less than 3 pieces; and shall not be less than 2 pieces when total pile quantity is
within 50 pieces.
Note: For job pile out of the aforesaid Clause 1-4, when vertical compression resistance static test is
adopted for the purpose of acceptance of bearing capacity testing, selective examination quantity shall be
executed according this regulation.

3.3.6

For prefabricated pile out of Clause 3.3.5 and for cast-in-place pile which meets

applicable testing scope of high strain dynamic testing, high strain dynamic testing can
be adopted for the purpose of acceptance testing of vertical compression resistance
bearing capacity of single pile. When compared verification data under similar
conditions in local region are available, high strain dynamic testing can also become a
supplementation acceptance testing of vertical compression resistance bearing capacity
of single pile, as stipulated in Clause 3.3.5.Selective examination quantity shall not be
less than 5% of total pile quantity and shall not be less than 5 pieces.
3.3.7 For end-support-type big-diameter cast-in-place pile, when vertical compression
resistance bearing capacity of single pile fails to be tested due to limit by instrument or
site condition,, core drilling can be adopted for determination of dreg thickness at pile toe,
and core sample of pile end bearing layer can be drilled and taken for the purpose of
examination of pile end bearing layer. Selective examination quantity shall not be less
than 10% of total pile quantity and shall not be less than 10 pieces.
3.3.8 For pipe foundation that bears bigger pulling force and horizontal force, vertical
anti-pulling and horizontal bearing capacity testing of single pile shall be done. Testing
quantity shall not be less than l% of total pile quantity, and shall not be less than 3 pieces.

21

3.4

3.4.1

Verification and Expansion of Testing

In case of circumstances in Clause 8.4.5-8.4.6 and Clause 9.4.7, verification testing

shall be executed. Verification method shall adopt vertical compression resistance
static test of single pile; for cast-in-place rock-socketed pile, core drilling verification
can be adopted.

3.4.2

Defect in shallow part of shaft can be verified by means of excavation.

3.4.3

Prefabricated pile with crack in shaft or joint can be verified by high strain dynamic
testing.

3.4.4

Concrete quality problem of shaft is found in core-drilling testing in single bore, the
drilled bore shall be verified in same foundation pile.

3.4.5

For pile or type- pile whose integrity type cannot be explicated in low strain
integrity testing, methods suitable for static load testing, core drilling, high strain
dynamic testing, and excavation can be adopted for verification testing according to
actual situation

3.4.6

When bearing capacity of single pile or core drilling selective examination results do
not meet design, reasons shall be analyzed and selective examination shall be enlarged
after confirmation.

3.4.7

When sum of type and type piles found in selective examination on shaft
integrity by means of low
testing

and crosshole

sonic

strain

integrity

testing, high

strain

dynamic

logging is more than 20% of pile quantity after

selective examination, the original testing methodcrosshole

sonic

logging can be

changed into core drillingshall be adopted, selective examination shall be expanded

in untested piles.

22

3.5

Testing Results Evaluation And Testing Report

3.5.1 Appraisal of shaft integrity testing results shall provide shaft integrity type of every
piece of testing pile. Classification of shaft integrity shall meet Form 3.5.1 and shall be
classified according to technical contents stipulated in Chapter 7-10 of this Code.

Form 3.5.1 Classification of Shaft Integrity

Type of Shaft Integrity

Principles for Classification

Type-I pile

Shaft in complete

Type-II pile

Slight defect exists in shaft, which will not affect normal function
of shaft structure bearing capacity.

Type- pile

Obvious defect in shaft has an influence on shaft structure bearing

capacity.

Type- pile

Serious defect exists in shaft

3.5.2

Type- pile shall be subject to job treatment.

3.5.3

Evaluation of bearing capacity testing

results of job pile shall give testing value of

bearing capacity for each piece of testing pile, and give results whether bearing
capacity characteristic value of single pile of unit job under same condition design
meets requirement.
3.5.4

Testing report shall contain exact results and standard words and expresses.

3.5.5

Testing report shall include the following contents:

1. Name of the entrusting party, name of job, place, construction, survey, design,
supervising unit and construction unit, foundation, structure type, quantity of layer,

23

design requirement, testing aim, testing reference, testing quantity, testing date;
2. Description of geographical conditions;
3. Pile serial number, pile position and relevant construction records of testing pile;
4. Statement of testing method, testing instrumentations, testing process;
5. Testing data, measurement and calculation/analysis curve, form and summary result of
testing pile;
6. Testing results relating to testing contents.

3.6

3.6.1

Testing institution shall be subject to measurement certification and have qualification

of

3.6.2

Testing Institution & Testing Personnel

foundation pile testing.

Testing personnel shall be qualified after being trained and have relevant qualification.

24

4. Static Test of Vertical Compression Resistance of Single

Pile

4.1

4.1.1

Scope of Application

This method is applicable for vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of

testing pile.
4.1.2

If sensor or displacement pole for measurement of shaft stress, strain, pile toe
counterforce is embedded, layered side resistance and end resistance of pile or
displacement of shaft section can be measured.

4.1.3

If test pile is provided as a reference for the design, the pile shall be loaded until being
destroyed; bearing capacity of pile is controlled by shaft strength, the loading volume
required in the design shall be applicable.

4.1.4

When job pile sample is tested, loading volume shall not be less than design the
required bearing capacity characteristic value of single pile by 2.0 times.

4.2

4.2.1

Instrumentations and Installation

Test loading shall adopt oil jack. When two and more sets of jacks are used for loading,
parallel connection and synchronous work are required, and the following regulations
shall be met.

25

1.

Jack mode and specification to be used shall be the same.

2.

Composite force of jack shall be superposed with pile axes.

4.2.2

Loading counterforce device may be crossbeam counterforce device of anchor pile

according to site condition, mould weight platform counterforce device, mould weight
counterforce device of anchor pile, earth anchor counterforce device, and shall meet
the following regulations:

1. Counterforce that can be provided by the loading counterforce device shall not be less
than maximum loading volume by 1.2 times.
2. Operator shall carry out a strength and deformation calculation on all members of
loading counterforce device.
3. Operator shall calculate anchor pile anti-pulling force foundation soil, uplift
reinforcement, pile joint; when job pile is used as anchor pile, anchor pile quantity
shall not be less than 4 pieces, and shall monitor uplift volume of anchor pile.
4. Mould weight shall be enough before testing and shall be placed on platform stably .
5. Stress of mould weight exerted on substrate shall not bigger than 1.5 times of bearing
capacity characteristic value of substrate, if applicable, job pile shall be used as stacking
pivot.
4.2.3 Load measurement can be determined directly by load sensor which is put on the jack;
or pressure meter or pressure sensor which is in parallel connection with jack oilway
shall be adopted to determine oil pressure, curve conversion load shall be determined
according to jack rate. Measurement error of sensor shall not be more than 1%,
accuracy of pressure meter shall be superior or equal level 0.4. Pressure of pressure
meter, oil pump, oil tube used for test in case of maximum loading shall not exceed
80% of specified working pressure.
4.2.4 Sedimentation measurement shall adopt displacement sensor or wide range dial

26

indicator, and shall meet the following regulations:

1. Measurement error shall not be more than 0.1% FS, resolution is superior to or equal to
0.01mm.
2. Pile with diameter or margin of more than 500 mm shall be equipped with four
displacement testing meters symmetrically on its two directions, Pile with diameter or
margin of less than or equal to 500mm shall be equipped with two displacement testing
meters.
3. The testing surface of sedimentation shall be at a position 200mm below the pile top,
survey point shall be fixed on shaft firmly.
4. Datum beam shall have a certain rigidity, one end of beam end shall be fixed on datum
pile, another end shall be erected on datum pile simply.
5. Holder for fixing and supporting displacement meterdial indicatorand datum beam
shall avoid influences caused by air temperature, vibration and other factors.
4.2.5 Center distance between testing pile, anchor pilesupporting pier side of mould weight
platformand datum pile shall meet Form 4.2.5.

27

Form 4.2.5

Center distance between testing pile, anchor pile(supporting pier side of

mould weight platform) and datum pile

Distance

Testing pile center and

anchor pile center

Testing pile center and

Datum pile center and

datum pile center

anchor pile center

counterforce

(or supporting pier side of

(or supporting pier side of

device

mould weight platform)

mould weight platform)

Anchor pile

4(3)D and 2.0m

4(3)D and 2.0m

4(3)D and 2.0m

4D and 2.0m

4(3)D and2.0m

4D and 2.0m

4D and 2.0m

4(3)D and 2.0m

4D and 2.0m

crossbeam
Mould weight
platform
earth anchor device

Note: 1. D is testing pile, anchor pile or design diameter or margin of earth anchor, the larger value is bigger.
2. In case of testing pile or cap-shape guttate or multiple tray decoration, center distance of testing pile and
anchor pile shall not be less than 2 times of expanded end diameter.
3. Values in bracket can be used for such circumstance that designed pile center distance of several rows of piles
is less than 4D in case of job pile acceptance testing
4. For soft soil stockyard, when weight is enlarged, distance between support pier side and datum pile center and
testing pile center shall be increased, vertical displacement of datum pile shall be observed in experiment
process.

4.2.6

When testing of pile side resistance and pile end resistance is required, sensor
embedded in shaft shall be executed in Annex A of this Code.

28

4.3

4.3.1

On-the Spot Testing

Piling technology and quality control standard of testing pile shall be consistent with
that of job pile.

4.3.2

Pile top shall be higher than bottom surface of the testing pit, bottom surface of the
testing pit shall be consistent with elevation of pile cap. Concrete pile head shall be
consolidated according to Annex B of this Code.

4.3.3

Cast-in-place pile used as anchor pile and the prefabricated concrete pile with joint, its
shaft integrity shall be tested before testing.

4.3.4

Test load/download mode shall meet the following regulations:

1. Loading shall be executed stage by stage, loading shall be executed in equal volume
stage by stage; the grading load shall be maximum loading volume or 1/10 of estimated
limit bearing capacity, in which the first level shall be 2 times of grading load.
2. Unloading shall be carried out stage by stage, unloading volume of each level shall be 2
times of grading load in case of loading, unloading shall be executed in equal volume
stage by stage;
3. In case of loading/unloading, load shall be transferred uniformly and continuously,
change range of load of every level during maintenance of process shall not exceed
10% of the grading load.
4.3.5

Low-speed maintenance load testing method shall be adopted in vertical compression

resistance static test provided as a reference of design.

4.3.6

Steps for low-speed maintenance load testing test shall meet the following regulations:

1. After load of every level is exerted, operator shall measure and read sedimentation
volume of pile top according to 5, 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes respectively, and shall

29

measure and read once every 30 minutes.

2. Relatively stable standard of the testing pile sedimentation: sedimentation volume of
pile top within every one hour shall not exceed 0.1mm, and shall occur for twice
continuouslyfrom 30th minute after the grading load is exerted, the result shall be
calculated according to sedimentation value observed for three times every 30 minutes
within 1.5 hour.
3. When sedimentation velocity of pile top has reached relatively stable, load of the next
grade can be exerted.
4. In case of unloading, load of every level shall be maintained for one hour, after operator
measures and reads sedimentation volume of pile top according to 15, 30 and 60
minutes, unloading of the next level can be executed. After unloading to zero, operator
shall measure and read the remaining sedimentation volume of pile top, maintenance
time is 3 hours, measuring and reading time shall be 15 and 30mins, operator shall
measure and read once every 30 minutes.
4.3.7 After construction of job pile, low-speed maintenance load testing method shall be
adopted for acceptance testing. When mature local experience is available, high-speed
maintenance load testing method can be used.
Maintenance time of high-speed maintenance load testing method of load of every level
shall be at least one hour, whether delay maintenance load time shall be determined
according to pile top sedimentation convergence situation.
4.3.8

In case of the following circumstances, loading can be terminated:

1. Under load action at a certain level,

sedimentation volume of pile top is more than 5

times of sedimentation volume under load action of previous level.

Note: When sedimentation of pile top can be stable and total sedimentation volume is less than 40mm,
it shall be loaded till total sedimentation volume of pile top is more than 40mm.

30

2. Under load action of a certain level, if sedimentation volume of pile top is more than 2
times of sedimentation volume under load action of previous level, and has not reached
relatively stable standard after 24 hours.
3. It has reached maximum loading volume required by design.
4. When job pile is used as a anchor pile, uplift volume of anchor pile has reached
allowable value.
5. When load sedimentation curve presents a slow change shape, it can be loaded till total
sedimentation volume of pile top reaches 6080mm; under special circumstance, it
can be loaded according to detailed demands until the accumulated sedimentation
volume of pile top is more than 80mm.
4.3.9

Testing data shall be recorded according to format of Form C.0.1 of Annex c of this

Code.
4.3.10

When testing the pile side resistance and pile end resistance, measuring and reading
time of the testing data shall meet Clause 4.3.6.

4.4

4.4.1

Analysis and Determination of Testing Data

Clearing-up of testing data shall meet the following regulations:

1. When determining vertical compression resistance bearing capacity of single pile,

operator shall draw relation curve of vertical load vs sedimentation Q-S),
sedimentation vs logarithm of time s lg t , if necessary, operator shall also draw
curve necessary for other auxiliary analysis.
2. When carrying out shaft stress, strain and pile toe counterforce, operator shall clear up

31

record form of relevant data, and draw shaft axis distribution diagram according to
Annex A of this Code, and calculate layered side friction resistance and end resistance
value of different soil layer.
4.4.2

Limit bearing capacity Qu of vertical compression resistance of single pile can be

determined according to the following method after comprehensive analysis:

1. It can be determined according to characteristics that sedimentation changes along with

load: For rapid-rise Q-s curve, operator shall take load value corresponding to starting
point and ending point where obvious rapid rise occurs.
2. It can be determined according to characteristics that sedimentation changes along with
time: operator shall take load value of previous level where obvious downward bend
occurs at s lg t curve tail.
3. In case of circumstances occurring in Paragraph 2 of Clause 4.3.8, operator shall take
load

value of previous level.

4. For slowly changed Q-s curve, operator shall load value corresponding to S40mm
according to sedimentation volume; when pile length is more than 40m, elastic
compression of shaft shall be considered; For pile with diameter more than or equal to
800mm, load value corresponding to s=0.05DD is pile end diametershall be taken.
Note: when vertical compression resistance bearing capacity which is used for determining the pile
according to the aforesaid Clause IV does not reach limit, maximum test load value shall be taken
for limit bearing capacity of vertical compression resistance of pile.

4.4.3

The counting value limit bearing capacity of vertical compression resistance of single
pile

shall be determined according to the following regulations:

1. For the testing pile results participating in counting, when its range does not exceed
30% of average value, average value shall be taken as limit bearing capacity of vertical

32

compression resistance of single pile.

2. When range exceeds 30% of average value, reason of oversize range shall be analyzed,
the result shall be determined according to situation of job, if necessary, the testing pile
quantity can be increased.
3. For pile cap under column with pile quantity of 3 pieces or below, selective
examination quantity of job pile is not less than 3 pieces, lower value shall be taken.
4.4.4

Value of the bearing capacity characteristic value Ra of vertical compression

resistance of single pile in unit job under same condition shall be taken according to 1/2
(0.5 times) of the counting value of limit bearing capacity of vertical compression
resistance of single pile.

4.4.5 The testing report shall include contents of Clause 3.5.5 of this Code and shall include:
1. Geologic log corresponding to pile position of testing pile;
2. Size of testing pile and anchor pile, material strength, anchor pile quantity,
reinforcement arrangement;
3. The loading counterforce type and stacking method shall indicate stacking weight,
anchor pile testing method shall have counterforce beam layout;
4. Load/download method, load grading;
5. Curve and relevant data form; and curve and data for determining the bearing capacity,
required by this Code 4.4.1
6. Reference for determining the bearing capacity;
7. In case of testing the hierarchical friction resistance, sensor type installation position,
axis calculation method, change curve of shaft axis under all levels of loads, pile side
limit friction resistance and pile end resistance of each soil layer shall be available,

33

5. Vertical Uplift Static Test of Single Pile

5.1

Scope of Application

5.1.1

This method is applicable for testing the vertical uplift bearing capacity of single pile.

5.1.2

When sensor for measuring shaft stress and strain is embedded, or displacement
measurement pole is embedded at pile end, uplift friction resistance of pile side or
uplift volume of pile end can be measured directly,.

5.1.3

Test pile provided for reference of design shall be loaded until pile side soil is
destructed or shaft material is up to design strength; In case of sampling testing of job
pile, maximum loading volume can be determined according to design.

5.2

5.2.1

Instrumentations and Installation

Loading device for uplift pile test shall adopt oil jack, loading mode shall meet Clause
4.2.1 of this Code.

5.2.2

Test counterforce device shall adopt counterforce pileor job pileto provide pedestal
counterforce, and shall adopt natural substrate according to site condition to provide
pedestal counterforce. Counterforce rack system shall have 1.2 times of safety factor
and meet the following regulations:

1. When counterforce pileor job pileis adopted to provide pedestal counterforce,

counterforce pile top surface shall flat and shall have a certain strength.
34

2. When natural substrate is adopted to provide counterforce, stress exerted on substrate

shall not exceed 1.5 times of bearing capacity characteristic value of substrate; pivot
center of gravity of counterforce beam shall be superposed with pedestal center.
5.2.3

Technical requirement of load measurement and instrumentations shall meet Clause

4.2.3 of this Code.

5.2.4

Technical requirement uplift volume measurement of pile top and its apparatus shall
meet Clause 4.2.4 of this Code.
Note: Observation point of uplift volume of pile top can be fixed on shaft concrete of pile top

surface.

5.2.5

Center distance among test pile, pedestal and datum pile shall meet Form 4.2.5.

5.2.6

When uplift friction resistance distribution of pile side or uplift displacement of pile
end is required to be tested, sensor embedded in shaft or displacement pole embedded
at pile end

shall be executed according to Annex A of this Code.

5.3

5.3.1

On-the-spot Testing

For concrete cast-in-place pile and prefabricated pile with joint, low

strain

integrity testing shall be adopted for testing the shaft integrity of pile before uplift test.
When construction of uplift cast-in-place pile which is provided as a reference of
design shall be subject to pore forming quality testing, if pile with obvious hole
enlargement is found in middle or lower part of shaft shall not used as uplift test pile;
for prefabricated pile with joint, joint strength shall be calculated.
5.3.2

Low-speed maintenance load testing shall be applicable for vertical uplift static test of

35

single pile. If necessary, multiple cycle load/unload testing method can also be adopted.
Load/unload classification of low-speed maintenance load testing method, test method
and stability standard shall be executed according to Clause 4.3.4 and 4.3.6 of this
Code, crack of shaft concrete shall be observed carefully.
5.3.3

In case of the following circumstances, loading can be terminated:

1. Under action of load at a certain level, uplift volume of pile top is bigger than uplift
volume under uplift load action of the previous level by 5 times.
2. If it is controlled according to uplift volume of pile top, when accumulated uplift
volume of pile top is more than 100mm.
3. If it is controlled according to reinforcement tensile strength, when uplift load of pile
top is up to 0.9 times of reinforcement strength standard value.
4. For job pile of acceptance sampling testing, when it is up to maximum uplift load value
required by design.
5.3.4

Testing data shall be recorded according to Format C.0.1 in Annex C of this Code .

5.3.5

Side uplift resistance of the testing pile or uplift displacement of pile end, measuring
and reading time of data shall meet regulations of Clause 4.3.6 of the Code.

5.4

5.4.1

Analysis and Determination of Testing Data

For clear up data, operator shall draw uplift load vs uplift volume ( U )of pile top
relation curve and uplift volume of pile top-logarithm of time( s lg t )relation curve.

5.4.2

Vertical anti-uplift limit bearing capacity of single pile can be determine according to
the following method:

36

1. It is determined according to characteristics that uplift volume changes along with load:
For rapid-rise U curve, load value corresponding to the starting/ending point for
rapid rise;
2. It is determined according to characteristics that uplift volume changes along with time:
operator shall take load value of previous level of obvious bend curve tail or obvious
rapid rise of slope of s lg t curve.
3. When uplift reinforcement breaks under load at a certain level, operator shall take load
value of previous level.
5.4.3 Determinations of counting value of vertical uplift limit bearing capacity of single pile
shall comply with Clause 4.4.3 of the Code.
5.4.4 When testing pile used as acceptance sampling testing under maximum uplift load
action, if paragraph 3 listed in Clause 5.4.2 of this Code does not occur, the value can
be determined according to design.
5.4.5 Value of vertical uplift bearing capacity characteristic value of single pile of unit job
under same condition shall be taken according to one second (0.5 times) of counting
value of vertical uplift limit bearing capacity of single pile.
Note: when job pile does not allow crack in job, load at the previous level of shaft crack as vertical uplift
bearing capacity characteristic value of single pile is taken. Compared with bearing capacity
characteristic value determined according to one second (0.5 times) of limit load value, smaller
value shall be taken.

5.4.6 The testing report shall include contents of Clause 3.5.5 of this Code and also include:
1. Geologic log corresponding to testing pile position;
2. Testing pile sizecast-in-place pile shall indicate aperture curveand reinforcement
fixing situation;
3. Load/download method, load grading;
37

4. Curve and relevant data form required to be drawn by Clause 5.4.1;

5. Reference for determining the bearing capacity;
6. When uplift friction resistance testing is carried out, sensor type, installation position,
axis calculation method, change curve of shaft axis under load of each level, uplift limit
friction resistance in each soil layer shall be available.

38

6. Horizontal Static Load Test of Single Pile

6.1

6.1.1

Scope of Application

This method is applicable for Single pile horizontal static load test when pile top is
free; please refer to horizontal static load tests in other forms.

6.1.2

This method is applicable for testing horizontal bearing capacity of single pile, so as to
conclude proportion factor of foundation soil reaction coefficient.

6.1.3

Sensor for measuring shaft strain has been embedded, shaft stress under the
corresponding horizontal load action can be measured, and hence bending moment
of shaft shall be calculated.

6.1.4

Test pile provided as an reference for design shall be loaded until larger horizontal
displacement or shaft structure occurring in pile top; for sampling testing of
engineering pile, loading can be controlled according to horizontal displacement
allowable value required by design.

6.2

Instrumentation and Installation

6.2.1 Oil jack shall be used in loading device with horizontal thrust, loading capacity shall not
be less than 1.2 times of maximum test load.
6.2.2 Counterforce of horizontal thrust can be provided by neighboring pile; when
counterforce structure is designed exclusively, its bearing capacity and rigidity shall be
1.2 times of that of test pile.
39

6.2.3 Technical requirements of load measurement and its instrumentations shall meet Clause
4.2.3 of this Code; horizontal force action point shall be consistent with actual
engineering elevation of bottom surface of pile cap of pile foundation; jack and test pile
contact surface shall be equipped with spherical bearing, acting force of jack shall pass
through shaft axes horizontally; contact surface between jack and test pile shall be
bolstered up.
6.2.4 Technical requirements for horizontal displacement measurement of pile and its
instrumentations shall meet Clause 4.2.4 of this Code. On both sides of test pile of
action plane of horizontal force shall be provided with two symmetrical displacement
meter installation; when measuring pile is needed to extrude outer corner, two
displacement meters shall also be installed symmetrically on both sides test pile, which
is 50cm above horizontal force action surface.
6.2.5 Datum mark of displacement measurement shall be set without any influence by test and
other factors, datum mark shall be set on the side of test pile which is opposite to
displacement direction and is vertical with acting force direction, clear distance between
datum mark and test pile shall not be less than of pile diameter by 1 time.
6.2.6 In case of measurement of shaft stress or strain, measurement sensor of each testing
section shall be arranged symmetrically, along stress direction, on tensioned and
pressed main reinforcement which is far away neutral axis; inclination between
longitudinal section of the embedded sensor and stress direction shall not more than 10
. Test section of main underground stress part with 10 times of pile diameterpile
widthshall be thickened, clearance between sections shall not more than pile diameter
by one time; if the clearance is more than this depth, clearance of test section can be
enlarged properly. Sensor shall be embedded in shaft according to Annex A of this
Code.

40

6.3

On-the-Spot Inspection

6.3.1 Loading method shall be unilateral multi-cycle loading method or low-speed maintained
load method stipulated in Chapter Four of this Code according to actual stress
characteristics of

engineering pile, other loading methods can also be adopted

according to design requirements. Test pile which needs measurement of shaft stress or
strain shall adopt maintenance load method.
6.3.2 Test load/unload mode and horizontal displacement measurement shall meet the
following regulations:
1. Grading load of unilateral multi-cycle loading method shall less than estimated 1/10 of
bearing capacity of horizontal limit or maximum test load. After applying load at every
level, operator shall measure and read horizontal displacement after executing dead load
for 4 minutes, and then unload to zero, stop for 2 minutes, measure and read remaining
horizontal displacement, thus a load/unload cycle can be completed, execute this cycle
for 5 times. Displacement observation of grade-I load shall be completed. Test shall not
be paused.
2. Load/unload grading, test method and stabilization standard of low-speed maintenance
load method shall be executed according to Clause 4.3.4 and 4.3.6 of this Code.
6.3.3 In case of one of the following circumstances, loading can be stopped:
1. Shaft breaks off;
2. Horizontal displacement is more than 3040mm40mm for soft soil;
3. Horizontal displacement meets allowable value of horizontal displacement required by
design.
6.3.4

Measured Data shall be record as per format provided in enclosed form c.0.2 of Annex

41

C of this Code.
6.3.5

In case of measurement of shaft stress or strain, measurement and reading of testing

data shall be synchronous with horizontal displacement measurement.

6.4

6.4.1

Analysis and Determination of Measured Data

Measured data shall be cleared up according to the following requirements:

1. If unilateral multi-cycle loading method is adopted, horizontal force-time-action point

displacement ( H t Y0 ) relation curve and horizontal force-displacement gradient

( H Y0 / H ) relation curve shall be drawn.

2. If low-speed maintenance load method is adopted, horizontal force, force action point
displacement H Y0 relation

curve,

horizontal

force vs

displacement

gradient ( H Y0 / H ) relation curve, force action point displacement-time

logarithm (Y0 lg t ) relation curve and horizontal force vs force action point
displacement double logarithmic (lg H lg Y0 ) relation curve.
3. Relation curve of proportion factor of horizontal reaction coefficients of horizontal force,
horizontal displacement of horizontal force action point vs foundation soil shall be
drawn ( H mY0 m) .
Pile top is free and action position of horizontal force is located on ground, m
value can be determined according to the following format:

42

m=

(v y .H )
b0Y

5
3

5
3

( EI )

6.4.1-1

2
3

mb 5
a= 0
EI

6.4.1-2

Where:
m Proportion factor of horizontal reaction coefficient on subgradekN/m4;
a Horizontal deformation coefficientm-1of pile;

y Horizontal displacement coefficient of pile top, shall be calculated

according to formula6.4.1-2, when

h 4.0 h is buried depth of pile,

y =2.441;
H Horizontal forcekNacting on the ground;

Y0 horizontal displacementmof action point of horizontal force;

EI Bending rigiditykNm2of shaft; where, E is elastic modulus of shaft
material, I is moment of inertia of transformer section of shaft;

b0

calculation width of shaftm; for annular pile: when pile diameter D1m,
b=0.91.5D+0.5; when pile diameter
D1m, b0 = 0.9D+1. For rectangular pile: when margin B1m, b0 =1.5B+0.5;
when margin B1m, b0 B+1.
6.4.2 The following curves shall be drawn for test embedded stress or strain measurement
sensor, and the corresponding data shall be listed in forms:
1. Distribution graph of bending moment of shaft under action of horizontal force at each
level;

43

2. Pulling/stress

H s curve of horizontal force vs maximum bending moment section

reinforcement.
6.4.3

Horizontal critical load of single pile can be determined according to the following
methods:

1. Take the preceding level of the inflexion occurring on H t Y0 curve in case of

unilateral multi-cycle loading method or on H Y0 curve in case of low-speed
maintenance load method.
2.

Take

horizontal

load

value

corresponds

to

the

first

inflexion

on

H Y0 / H curve or lg H lg Y0 curve.
3. Take horizontal load value corresponds to the first inflexion on H s curve.
6.4.4

Horizontal ultimate bearing capacity of single pile can be determined according to

the following methods:
1. Take horizontal load value corresponding to the preceding level of the inflexion
which drops sharply and obviously on H t Y0 curve in case of unilateral
multi-cycle loading method, or starting point which drops sharply and obviously on

H Y0 curve in case of low-speed maintenance load method.

2. Take horizontal load value of the preceding level of the place where obvious bend of
end of Y0 lg t curve begins to occur in case of low-speed maintenance load
method.
3. Take horizontal load value, zontal load value corresponding to the second inflexion
on

H Y0 / H curve or lg H lg Y0 curve shall be taken.

4. Horizontal load value of previous level shall be taken when shaft breaks or tensioned

44

reinforcement yields.
6.4.5

Horizontal ultimate bearing capacity and counting value of horizontal critical load of
single pile shall meet Clause 4.4.3 of this Code.

6.4.6

Determination of horizontal bearing capacity characteristic value of single pile in unit

job under same condition shall meet the following regulations:
1. When horizontal bearing capacity is controlled according to shaft strength, counting
value of horizontal critical load shall be taken as bearing capacity characteristic value
of single pile.
2. When pile receives long-term horizontal load action and is not allowed to be crack,
0.8 times of the counting value of horizontal critical load shall be taken as bearing
capacity characteristic value of single pile horizontal.

6.4.7

Besides Clause 6.4.6 of this Code, when horizontal bearing capacity is controlled
according to horizontal allowable displacement required by the design, horizontal load
corresponding to horizontal allowable displacement required by the design can be
taken as horizontal bearing capacity characteristic value of single pile, but the value
shall meet anti-crack

6.4.8

design specified in relevant code.

The testing report shall include contents of Clause 3.5.5 in this Code, and shall also
include:

Geologic log of the testing pile;

Section size and reinforcement arrangement of the testing pile;

Load/unload method, load grading:

Curve and relevant data form required to be drawn by Clause 6.4.1;

Reference for determining the bearing capacity;

When reinforcement stress testing is carried out, and shaft bending moment is hence
calculated, sensor type, installation position, method for calculation of internal force,

45

and curve and its relevant data form required to be drawn by Clause 6.4.2 shall be
available. .

46

7. Core Drilling

7.1

Scope of Application

7.1.1 This method is applicable for testing the pile length, shaft concrete strength, dreg
thickness of pile toe and shaft integrity of concrete filling pile, for the purpose of
determination or identification of rock and soil character of end bearing layer of pile.

7. 2

Equipment

7.2.1 Drilling machine operated by hydraulic pressure shall be used for taking core sample.
Instrument parameters of drilling machine shall meet the following regulations:
1. Rated maximum rotating speed is not lower than 790 r / min .
2. Scope for adjustment of rotating speed is less than 4 tier.
3. Rated working pressure shall not less than 1.5MPa.
7.2.2

Driller shall be equipped with single-action dual-duct driller and relevant orifice pipe,
underreamer, snap spring, posing stabilizer and driller than can take soft and loose
dregs out. Drilling pole shall smooth and straight, diameter shall be 50mm.

7.2.3 Drilling bit shall be diamond with proper granularity, concentration and matrix hardness
according to concrete design strength grade, and outer diameter shall not be less than
100 mm. Matrix of the drilling bit shall not have visual cracks, wany edge, corner

47

shortage, inclination and

7.2.4

bell mouth deformation.

Water discharge of water pump shall be 50160 L / min , pump pressure shall be

1.0-2.0 Mp a .
7.2.5

Saw used for sawing and cutting core sample shall have device for cooling the system
and for tightening the core sample, the matched diamond circular saw blade shall have
enough rigidity.

7.2.6

Screeder and planishing machine used for end surface of core sample shall meet
requirement for making the core sample .

7.3

On-the-Spot Operation

7.3.1 Core-drilling bore counts and core drilling position of each piece of the testing pile shall
meet the following regulations:
1. Pile with a pile diameter of less than 1.2m shall be drilled one bore, pile with pile
diameter of 1.2-1.6m shall be drilled two bores, pile with pile diameter of more
than1.6m shall be drilled three bores.
2. In case of one core-drilling bore, the bore shall be opened in a position 10-15 cm away
from pile center; In case of two or above core-drilling bores, the bore shall be opened
uniformly and symmetrically in a position 0.15-0.25D cm away from pile center
0.15-0.25D.
3. For drilling of end bearing layer of pile, each piece of the testing pile shall not be less
than one bore, and drilling depth shall meet design requirement.
7.3.2

Drilling instrument shall be installed correctly and firmly, pedestal shall be horizontal.

48

Vertical shaft center of driller, head sheave centerpoint of tangency of front edge of
overhead craneand orifice center must be on same plumb line. Operator shall ensure
that no inclination, displacement of driller will occur in core-drilling process,
deviation of verticality of core-drilling bore shall not be more than 0.5%.
7.3.3

When distance between pile top surface and driller pedestal is bigger, orifice pipe shall
be installed vertically and firmly.

7.3.4

In drilling process, circulating water flow in drilling bore shall not be interrupted,
drilling velocity shall be adjusted according to sand content and color of return water.

7.3.5

When core sample is taken by pulling out way, drilling bit and underreamer shall be
screwed and unloaded, core shall not be unloaded by hammering.

7.3.6

Round trip meterage shall be controlled within 1.5m; when drilling to pile toe, dreg
shall be drilled and taken by using suitable core-drilling method and technology, and
then dreg thickness shall be determined, rock and soil character of end bearing layer of
pile shall be identified by suitable method.

7.3.7

The drilled core sample

shall be placed into core sample box according to round trip

sequence from up to down , core sample with round trip quantity, block number, total
block quantity of this round trip shall be clearly indicated on side surface, and the
drilling situation and drilling abnormal situation shall be recorded timely according to
format of Form D.0.1-1 of Annex D of this Code, preliminary description shall be
made on core sample quality.
7.3.8

During core-drilling process, concrete of core sample, dreg of pile toe and end-bearing
layer of pile shall be recorded in details as per format of Form D.0.1-2 of Annex D of
this Code.

7.3.9 After core-drilling operation is finished, photos of core sample and marking board
marked with engineering name, pile number, core-drilling bore number, sampling

49

position for core sample, pile length, bore depth, testing unit name shall be shot.
7.3.10

when quality appraisal of single pile meets the design, 0.51.0 Mp a pressure shall
be adopted, re-inject grout upwards from core-drilling bore bottom and seal off it;
otherwise, shall core-drilling bore shall be sealed off for treatment.

7 .4

7.4.1

Sampling and Processing of Core Sample

Concrete compression resistance core sample shall be taken according to the following
regulations:

1. When pile length is 10-30m, 3 groups of core samples shall be taken; when pile length
is less than 10m, 2 groups can be taken, when pile length is more than30m, not less
than 4 groups.
2. Distance between the upper core sample position and the designed elevation of pile top
shall not be more than one time of pile diameter or 1m, distance between the lower
core sample position and pile toe shall not be more than one time of pile diameter or
1m, middle core sample shall be taken in equal clearance.
3. When samples can be taken in defect position, a group of core samples shall be taken
for concrete compression resistance test.
4. When core-drilling bore quantity of same foundation pile is more than one, in which, if
one bore has defect at a certain depth, core sample shall be taken at this depth of other
bores
7.4.2

for the purpose of concrete compression resistance test.

When pile end-bearing layer is middle weak weathering terrane and core can be made
into a test piece, a group of rock core samples shall be taken from nearby pile toe;

50

Samples shall be done at each layer in case of delamination lithology.

7.4.3

Three core samples for compression resistance shall be made in each group of core
sample . Core sample shall be processed and measured according to Annex E of this
Code.

7. 5

7.5.1

Compressive Strength Test of Core Sample Test Piece

Compressive strength test can be executed immediately after fabrication of core

sample is finished.

7.5.2

Compressive strength test of concrete core sample shall be executed according to

current national standard-------Common Concrete Mechanical Property Test Method
GB/T500812002.

7.5.3 After compressive strength test, if average diameter of core sample is founded to be
less than 2 times of maximum grain diameter of concrete coarse aggregate in the test
piece, and if strength value is abnormal, strength value of this test piece shall not
participate in counting the average value.
7.5.4

Compressive strength of concrete core sample shall be calculated according to the

following:

f cu =

4p
d 2

7.5.4

Where f cu compressive strength Mp a of concrete core sample, within accuracy of

0.1 Mp a ;

p failure load (N) measured by core sample compression resistance test;

51

d average diametermmof core sample;

compressive strength conversion coefficient of concrete core sample shall

consider effect of core sample size, influence caused by core-drilling
machine on core sample disturbance and concrete mould condition through
determination of test counting; when no test counting data is available, value
shall be 1.0 .
7.5.5

Monaxial compressive strength test of drill core of pile toe can be executed according
to current national standard---Construction Subgrade Foundation Design Code
(GB500072002 Annex J).

7. 6

7.6.1

Analysis and Determination of Measured Data

Representative value of compressive strength of concrete core sample shall be

determined according to average value of strength value of a group of three test
pieces. In case of representative values of compressive strength of two groups or
above of concrete core samples in same depth part of same testing pile, its average
value shall be taken to be representative value of compressive strength of concrete
core sample in this depth of this pile.

7.6.2

The minimum value of representative value of compressive strength of concrete core

sample in different depth position in the testing pile is representative value of
compressive strength of concrete core sample of pile.

7.6.3

For end bearing layer character of pile, rock and soil characteristics of pile end bearing
layer of pile shall be determined according to characteristics of core sample,

52

monoaxial compressive strength test of rock core sample, dynamic sound logging or
standard penetration test results ,

7.6.4 Shaft integrity type shall be determined according to core-drilling bore counts,
characteristics of concrete core sample on site, monoaxial compressive strength test
results of core sample, according to characteristics specified in Form 3.5.1 and Form
7.6.4 of this Code.
7.6.5

Appraisal of piling quality shall be executed according to single pile. In case of the
following circumstances, operator shall determine whether the following testing piles
are not meet design requirement:

1.

Pile with type- shaft integrity.

2.

Representative value of compressive strength of concrete core sample of the testing

pile

shall be less than pile of concrete design strength grade.

3.

Pile whose pile length and dreg thickness of pile toe do not meet design or this Code.

4.

Pile whose soil characterstrengthor thickness of end bearing layer of pile does not
meet design or this Code.

53

Form 7.6.4 Determination of Shaft Integrity

Type

Characteristics

Concrete core sample is continue, complete, smooth in surface, in good cementation, uniform
in aggregate distribution, in long column shape, anastomosing fracture, a small quantity of air
vents can be seen on side of core sample.
Concrete core sample is continue, complete, in good cementation, uniform in aggregate

distribution, in long column shape, approximately anastomosing fracture, honeycomb and

pockmarked face can be seen on partial of core sample side.
A majority of concrete core sample is in good cementation, no loosening, or layered situation,

but one of the following situations can be seen:

Partial of core sample is broken and broken length is not more than 10cm
Not uniform in aggregate distribution of core sample;
Shortprismatic or massiveness situations of core sample;
Honeycomb and pockmarked face on side of core sample, grooves are connected together
Difficult for drilling in;

Core sample breaks at random, slurry or layered stratum can be seen;

Partial core sample breaks and length of the broken part is more than 10cm

7.6.6

If core-drilling bore deviates pile, appraisal shall be only made on part which is used
for drilling the core sample.

7.6.7

Testing report shall include contents of Clause 3.5.5 of this Code, and shall include:

1.

Core-drilling instrument;

2.

Testing pile quantity, quantity of drilled bore, overhead, concrete core footage,
footage of drill core, total footage, group count of concrete test piece, group count of
rock test piece, dynamic sound logging or standard penetration test results ;

3.

Histogram of each hole shall be drawn according to format in From D.0.1-3 of Annex
54

D of this Code;
4.

Monoaxial compressive strength test results of core sample;

5.

Color pictures of core sample;

6.

Statement of abnormal situation.

55

8. Low Strain Integrity Testing

8.1

8.1.1

Scope of Application

This method is applicable for testing the shaft integrity of concrete pile so as to
determine degree and position of shaft defect.

8.1.2

Effective testing pile length scope of this method shall be determined by on-the-spot
test.

8.2

8.2.1

Instrumentations

Main technical performance index of the testing instrumentations shall meet the
current industrial standard Dynamic Testing Instruments of Foundation Pile (JG/T3055)
and shall have functions of signal display, storage, treatment and analysis.

8.2.2

Transient state excitation instrument shall include hammer and pallet that can excite
broad pulse and spike pulse ; hammer can load force sensor; transient state excitation
instrument shall include electromagnetic steady state excitation with swept frequency
range of 102000 Hz and adjustable excitation force.

56

8.3

8.3.1

On-the-Spot Inspection

The testing pile shall meet the following regulations:

1.

Shaft strength shall meet paragraph of Clause 3.2.6 of this Code.

2.

For material of pile head, strength, section size shall be approximately same with
shaft.

3.

Pile top surface shall flat, smooth, dense, and shall be approximately vertical with pile
axes.

8.3.2
1.

Setting of testing parameters shall meet the following regulations:

Time quantum length recorded by time domain signal shall not be less than 5 ms after
2 L / c ; upper limit of frequency scope analyzed by amplitude frequency signal shall
not be less than 2000 Hz .

2.

The preset pile length shall be length from survey point of pile top to construction pile
of pile toe, the preset shaft section area shall be construction section area.

3.

Shaft wave velocity can be set preliminarily according to testing value of same type
of pile in local region.

4.

The sampling time interval or sampling frequency shall be set according to pile length,
shaft wave velocity and frequency domain resolution shall be chosen reasonably;
sampling point of time domain signal shall not be less than 1024 points.

5.
8.3.3

Preset value of sensor shall be set according to results of metrological verification.

Installation of measurement sensor and excitation operation shall meet the following
regulations:

1.

Installation of sensor shall be vertical with pile top surface; and the sensor shall have
enough binding strength if sensor is bound by using couplant.

57

2.

Excitation point position of solid pile shall be chosen at pile center, measurement
sensor installation position shall be 2/3 of radius of pile center; excitation point of
hollow pile and installation position of measuring sensor shall be on same horizontal
surface, inclination between this surface and the connecting line of pile center shall be
90, excitation point and installation position of the measuring sensor shall be 1/2 of
thickness of pile wall.

3.

Excitation point and installation position of the measuring sensor shall be free of
influence of main reinforcement of reinforcement cage.

4.

Excitation direction shall be pile axes direction.

5.

Transient state excitation shall be subject to on-the-spot tap test, operator shall choose
excitation hammer and pallet with proper weight, and shall obtain pile toe or defect
echo signal at lower part of shaft by using broad pulse, and shall obtain defect echo
signal at higher part of shaft by using spike pulse.

6.

For excitation of steady state, operator shall obtain stable response signal under each
preset frequency, and shall adjust excitation force according to pile diameter, pile
length and pile soil restrain.

8.3.4

Collection and screening of signal shall meet the following regulations:

1. According to pile diameter, 2-4 testing points shall be arranged at pile center
symmetrically; valid signal counts recorded by each testing point shall not be less than
3.
2. Check and judge whether the actually-measured signals have reflected shaft integrity
characteristics.
3. Consistency between different testing points and time domain signal measured after
many times is poorer, operator shall analyze reason and increase testing point quantity.
4. Distortion and null shift of signal shall be avoided, signal value shall not be more than

58

range of measurement system.

8.4

8.4.1

Analysis and Determination of Measured Data

Determination of average value of wave velocity of shaft shall meet the following
regulations:

1.

When pile length has been known and echo signal of pile toe is explicated, in
foundation pile with same geographical conditions, design pile type and piling
technology, operator shall choose shaft wave velocity value of type-I pile of not less
than 5 pieces, its average value shall be calculated according to the following formula:

cm =

1 n
ci c
n i =1

8.4.1-1

ci =

200 L
T

8.4.1-2

ci = 2 L f

8.4.1-3

Where c m average valuem/sof shaft wave velocity ;

ci shaft wave velocity valuem/sof No. i piece of the testing pile, and
ci c m / c m 5%

L pile lengthmunder survey point;

T Time differencemsbetween the first peak of velocity wave and echo

wave peak of pile toe;

f frequency difference Hz between neighboring resonance peaks of pile

59

toe on amplitude frequency curve ;

n foundation pile quantity n 5participate in calculation of average

value of wave velocity.
2.

When the value cannot be determined according to the aforesaid clause, average value
of wave velocity can be determined according to actually-measured value of same pile
type and piling technology in local region in other pile foundation works with the
same pile type and piling technology in local region, and according to aggregate
variety and strength grade of shaft concrete.

8.4.2

Shaft defect position shall be calculated according to the following formula:

x=

1
t x c
2000

x=

8.4.2-1

1 c

2 f /

8.4.2-2

Where x distancem) between shaft defect and sensor installation point;

.

t x time differencembetween the first peak of velocity wave and defect echo
wave peak;

c shaft wave velocitym/s) of the testing pile can be substituted by c value if the
value cannot be determined.

f / frequency difference Hz between neighboring defect resonance peaks on

amplitude frequency on signal curve.
8.4.3

For shaft integrity type, attenuation characteristic of signal, designed pile type, piling
technology, geographical conditions, construction circumstance shall be tested
according to depth of defect, and shall be analyzed and determined according to
actually measured time domain or amplitude frequency signal characteristics
stipulated in Clause 3.5.1 and Form 8.4.3 of this Code.

60

Form 8.4.3 Determination of Shaft Integrity

Type

Signal characteristics of time domain

Amplitude frequency signal

characteristics

Before the time of 2 L / c , there is no defect echo wave, pile toe

Clearance of joint array of column

echo wave is available.

base, its neighboring frequency

difference

f c / 2 L

Before the time of 2 L / c , slight defect echo wave occurs, and pile

Clearance of resonance peak array of

toe echo wave is available.

pile toe is approximately equal, its

neighboring frequency difference is as
follows: f

c / 2 L , frequency

difference between resonance

peak

arising from slight defect and resonance

peak of pile toe is as follows:

f / f c / 2 L

With obvious defect echo wave, other characteristics are between typeand .

Before 2 L / c serious defect echo wave or cycle echo wave

Clearance of defect resonance peak

occur, there is no pile toe echo wave;

array is approximately equal,

or serious defect of shallow part of column makes wave shape

neighboring

show low frequency large-amplitude damped vibration, there is no

shall be as

pile toe echo wave.

follows f

frequency difference

f c / 2 L ,there is no pile

toe resonance peak;

or serious defect at shallow part of

column is that only single resonance
peak occurs, there is no pile toe
resonance peak.

Note: For foundation pile with same site, similar geographical conditions, pile type and piling technology, when no pile toe
echo wave occurs in actually measured signal due to impedance of shaft and impedance of bearing stratum of pile end, shaft
integrity type with pile toe echo wave can be determined according to other piles with actually-measured signals under same
conditions of this site.

61

8.4.4

For concrete filling pile, when time domain signal is used for analysis, after shaft
section change gradually, it restores to primary echo at sudden change position of
impedance of the original pile diameter, or secondary echo at sudden change position
of diameter expansion, determine integrity type of the testing pile according to
analysis

piling

technology

and

geographical

conditions.

If

necessary,

actually-measured curve can be adopted for legal assistance in determination of shaft

integrity or in virtue of admittance value, relative high-low assistant determine shaft
integrity of dynamic rigidity.
8.4.5

For rock-socketed pile, when time domain echo signal of pile toe is single echo wave
and has same direction with hammering impulse signal, other methods shall be
adopted for verification of rock-socketed situation of pile end.

8.4.6

In case of the following circumstances, shaft integrity shall be determined according

to other testing method:

Actually measured signals are complicated and has no rule, so exact appraisal on it
cannot be available..

2
8.4.7

Concrete filling pile with gradual or frequent large changes of shaft section.
Low strain testing report shall provide actually measured signal curve of shaft
integrity testing.

8.4.8

The testing report shall include Clause 3.5.5 of this Code and shall also include the
following:
1

Value of shaft wave velocity;

Shaft integrity description, defect position and shaft integrity type;

Measuring scale of shaft length, index or

linear amplification scope and multiple

in time domain signal period; or frequency scope for analysis of amplitude

frequency

signal curve, pile toe or frequency difference among neighboring

resonance peaks corresponding to shaft defect.

62

9. High Strain Dynamic Testing

9.1 Scope of Application
9.1.1 The method is applicable to measurement of vertical bearing capacity of the foundation
pile and integrity of the pile, and is also to be used in testing the ETR between the pile
stress and hammering in driving the pre-cast pile, which is the basis for selection of pile
driving technology parameter and length of the pile.
9.1.2 Upon measurement of vertical bearing capacity of the cast-in-place pile, reliable contrast
verification material from this are of similar conditions and experience of site
measurement are required.
9.1.3 The method is not to be applied in measurement of vertical bearing capacity of pedestal
pile of large diameter and large diameter cast-in-place pile with gradual varying Q-s
curve.

9.2 Equipments
9.2.1 The major technical index of the test machine is not be lower than that of 2 grade in
JG/T 3055 of the dynamic test machine of the foundation pile. And saving and
displaying the measured force and speed signal and signal processing and analysis
function are also required.
9.2.2 The hammering equipment should have stable guide device, and pile driving machine
and similar devices can all be used.
9.2.3 The heavy hammer used in the dynamic high strain measurement should be symmetric
and have a smooth bottom. And it is to be made of cast-iron or cast-steel with a ratio of
63

height and width no less than 1. The hammer is required to be cast as an integral one
when the hammering force is measured by acceleration sensor. And it ratio of height
and width should be within 1.01.5.
9.2.4 Upon the dynamic high strain measurement, the weight of the hammer should be over
1.0%1.5% of the estimated maximum bearing capacity of a single pile. When the
diameter of the concrete pile is over 600mm or its length over 30m, the high value will
be adopted.
9.2.5

Penetration of the pile can be measured by apparatus as the precise level gauge.

9.3 Site Test

9.3.1 Preparations before the test are to meet the following requirements:
1

The time effect of the pre-cast pile bearing capacity will be determined by re-tapping.

The top of the pile must be even and smooth, and it height is able to meet the
requirement of the hammering equipment. The gravity center of the hammer is to be
right above the top of the pile, and the frame of the hammering equipment should be
erected vertically.

Pile head unable to bear the force of hammering should be strengthened. The head of
concrete pile is to conform to appendix B of the code.

The sensor will be installed under direction of appendix F of this code.

A cushion is required for the top of pile, which is to be made of 1030mm wooden
board, plywood or similar material.

9.3.2 Parameters and calculation should meet the following requirements:

1

The interval of the sampling is better to be 50200s, and the sampling points no

64

less than 1024.

2

The set value of the sensor is based upon the metrological verification result.

When the force is measured by acceleration sensor, the set value of the forced is
determined by sensor set value multiplied by the mass of the heavy hammer.

The cross-section at the measuring point, the wave speed, mass density and the elastic
ratio are all to be determined according to the real situation.

Data from the design documents and construction records can be used as the set value
for pile length and cross-section below the measuring point.

The mass density of pile material should be in accordance with table 9.3.2.

Table 9.3.2

Mass density of the pile materialt/m

concrete
steel pile

pre-cast concrete pile

centrifugal pile
cast-in-place pile

7.85

2.452.50

2.552.60

2.40

The wave speed of the pile can be set according the local experience or the measured
average wave speed of similar type on the same site, which is to be adjusted after the
site measurement in accordance with article 9.4.3.

The elastic modulus of the pile material is to be calculated according to the following
formula:

E = p c2
Eelastic modulus of the pile materialkPa
cpropagation velocity of the pile stress wavem/s
pmass density of the pile materialt/m3
65

9.3.2 .

9.3.3 The site measurement is to meet the following requirements:

1 The AC test system should be earthed. The system should be under normal operation
during the measurement.
2 When the free fall is applied, the hammering should be heavy and low, and the
maximum drop distance should not be over 2.5m.
3 The purpose the test is to determine the pile stress and the supplementing ability of the
pile-driving equipment. The appendix G of the code is to be followed upon selection of
length of the pile.
4 The quality of the collected data during measurement is to be checked timely. The
effective hammering signal recorded for each measured pile is to be determined
comprehensively in accordance with the maximum displacement of the pile top, the
penetration extent, the maximum pull and pressing stress of the pile, degree of defect
and its development.
5 Upon waveform disturbance, analysis should be made for the reason. When obvious
defect is found about the pile or the defect is becoming more serious, the measurement
should be stopped.

9.4 Analysis and Determination of the Test Data

9.4.1 Upon selection of hammering signal during the bearing capacity test, the hammering of
strong force should be selected.
9.4.2 At any of the following situations, sharply varied hammering signal should not be taken
as basis for calculation of bearing capacity:
1

When the crack at the Sensor Installation Place or serious plastic deformation makes

66

the return-to-zero of the force curve impossible;

2 Upon serious decentration and the signal amplitude difference of both sides is over twice
of the normal value;
3 The bearing capacity of the pre-cast pile decreases after repeated hammering due to
influence of the thixotropic effect;
4 The four-channel test data is insufficient.
9.4.3 The wave speed of the pile can be determined by time equation between the start point
of the rising edge of the rising wave and the trailing edge of the falling wave combined
with the known length of pile (see chart 9.4.3). When the reflected signal from the
bottom of the pile is not strong, it could be determined comprehensively in accordance
with the pile length, wave speed of the concrete and wave speed of the adjacent piles.

Chart 9.4.3 Determination of Wave speed of the Pile

9.4.4 When the set wave speed of the test point changes with the adjusted wave speed of the
pile, adjustment of elastic modulus of pile material and signal amplitude of hammering
force should meet the following stipulations:
1 The elastic modulus of pile material is to be re-calculated according the code9.3.2.
2 When strain sensor is applied in measurement of force, the original measured force
should be corrected accordingly.
9.4.5 When miss ratio is found between the measured high stain force and the first peak of the
67

speed signal, adjustment of the ratio is thus indispensable.

9.4.6 Before analysis and calculation of the bearing capacity, parameters should be designed
according to the geological conditions to carry out a qualitative examination of the
measured wave feature:
1 Bearing capacity of the pile as represented in the feature of the measured curve.
2 To observe the place and degree of pile defects, and the expanding and gradual closing
of the defect upon continuous hammering.
9.4.7 Upon the following situations, further verification with static loading method is
necessary:
1 The pile defects make determination of the vertical bearing capacity of the pile
impossible.
2 The horizontal bearing capacity is influenced by the pile defects.
3 The penetration of signal blow is strong with strong equidirectional reflection and wide
reflection peak and with weak reflection of side resistance and end resistance waves.
That is to say, the vertical bearing property is obvious in the waveform, which fails to
meet the geological conditions in the survey reports.
4 The equidirectional reflection of the rock-socketed pile is strong and no obvious is end
resistance reflection is found after 2L/c. It can be verified through core-drilling method.
9.4.8 Upon application of CASE method, the following requirements are to be observed:
1

It is confined to pile of medium or small diameter.

The material of the pile should be even, and the cross-section smooth.

The damp coefficient J c is to be verified through static loading test under the same
condition, or to be determined by fitting of the measured curve upon available relative
reliable material under similar conditions. Upon fitting, the number of piles should be
less than 30% of the total piles and should be over 3.
68

The extreme difference of the value should not be more than 30% of the average under
the same site, of the same geological condition and of similar piles and similar
cross-sections.

9.4.9 The formula for calculation of bearing capacity of a single pile with CASE method lies
as follows:

Rc Vertical bearing capacity of a single pile as determined through CASE method

kN;

J c Damp coefficient in CASE method;

t1 The time of the first peak of the speedms
F(t1)hammering force at the time t1KN
V(t1)particle velocity at the time t1m/s
Zdynamic resistance of the pile cross-sectionkNs/m
Aarea of the pile cross-section (m2)
L length of pile under the test pointm
Note: the formula (9.4.9-1) is applicable to the friction-type pile with its side and top resistance
brought into full play at the time t1+2L/c.

When the earth resistance is clearly later or earlier than the time t1+2L/c, and
results in strong rebound of the middle upper part of the pile, the following method is

69

to be adopted for adjustment of Rc.

1 To delay t1 properly for maximum value of Rc.
2 To adjust by taking into consideration the earth resistance upon unloading rebound.
9.4.10 Upon determination of bearing capacity through fitting of the measured curve, the
following is to be observed:
1 The dynamic model should be clear and reasonable, so that the actual dynamic
property of both the pile and earth can be represented correctly in their respective
dynamic models and the span of the model parameters can also be restricted.
2 The parameters for the fitting analysis should be reasonably with the geotechnical
engineering.
3 The fitting curve should be able to continue for no less than 20ms after the
time t1 + 2 L / c , and it is required to continue for no less than 30ms for pile-driving
signal of diesel hammer.
4 The maximum elastic displacement of each unit should not be more than the calculated
maximum displacement of each respective pile unit.
5 After the fitting, the calculated curve of the response sector of the earth resistance
should be able to meet the measured curve, and basically so are curves of other
sectors.
6 The calculated penetration should be close to the measured value.
9.4.11 Application of the method to count the bearing capacity of a single pile and to
determine its vertical bearing capacity is to meet the following stipulations:
1 When the extreme difference of test result is not over 30% of the average, the average
value will be adopted for calculation of the bearing capacity of a single pile.
2 When the extreme difference is over 30%, the reason should be analyzed in accordance
with the specific situation of the project. The number of test piles could be increased
70

when necessary.
3 Under the same conditions, the characteristic number Ra of the bearing capacity of a
single pile of a unit project should be half of the statistic number of the bearing
capacity of a single pile as acquired through this method.
9.4.12 The integrity of the pile can be determined by the following methods:
1. With fitting of the measured curve, the pile-earth parameter required should meet the
requirement of clause 2 of the code 9.4.10. According to different pile technology, the
fitting could be that of pile resistance or that of pile crack (including joint crack of
pre-cast concrete pile).
2. It can be determined according to table 9.4.12 and experience for piles of the same
cross-sections. The integrity coefficient of pile and the defect position x will be
calculated respectively according to the following formula.

The integrity coefficient of the pile

t x the time corresponding to defect reflection peakms
x distance from the defect to the installation point of the sensorm

R x The estimated value of the earth resistance above the defect is equal to the
force in the start point of the defect reflection wave minus the velocity
multiplied by the dynamic resistance of the pile cross-section. For the method,
see table 9.4.12.

71

Table 9.4.12 Determination of the integrity of the pile

Type

value

Type

value

=1.0

0.60.8

0.81.0

0.6

9.4.13 Upon any of the following situations, the pile integrity is to be determined
comprehensively according to the geological condition and construction technology of
the project combined with fitting of the measured curve or other test method.
1

Pile with expanded diameter.

Cast-in-place concrete pile with cross-section of gradual change or pile with varied
cross-section.

Chart 9.4.12 Calculation of the integrity coefficient of the pile

3 Where there is shallow defect in the pile and when the force and the velocity curves are
disproportional at around the peak.
4 The pile with disproportional force and the velocity curves and with hammering force
wave rising slowly.

72

9.4.14 The maximum hammering tension and compression stress of the pile and the actual
power transferred to the pile are to be calculated according to relative formula in
appendix G of the code.
9.4.15 The curve of the measured force and rate signal should be provided in the dynamic
high-strain test report.
9.4.16 Apart from what listed in 3.5.5 of the code, the following is also to be included in the
test report:
1 The actual wave speed of the pile and J c in calculation;
2 Model parameter of each unit pile-earth, fitting curve and distribution of earth
resistance along the pile as selected in the fitting of the measured curve;
3 The measured penetration;
4 Size of hammer, type of hammer cushion and also times of hammering, static
resistance at both side and end of the pile, tension and compression hammering stress
of the pile, the integrity of pile as well as change of power transfer ratio along with
change of depth of earth penetration.

73

10. Cross-hole Sonic Logging

10.1

Scope of Apllication

10.1.1 The method is applicable to test of integrity of cast-in-place concrete pile with built-in
pipe and to determination of degree of defect and its position.

10.2

Equipments

10.2.1 The energy converter of sending and receiving sound wave should be able to meet the
following requirements:
1 Cylindrical radial vibration with no radial directivity;
2 The outer diameter must be smaller than the inner diameter of the sound logging pipe
and the axis length of the effective working surface should not be over 150mm;
3 The harmonic frequency is better to be 3050kHz;
4 No water penetration under water pressure of 1MPa.
10.2.2 Requirements for sound wave test device:
1 It should have the function of real-time display and record of temporal curve of the
received signals, of frequency measurement and frequency spectrum analysis.
2 The resolution of phonation time measurement should be no worse than 0.5 s , the
relative error of the sound wave amplitude small than 5%, the frequency width of the
system 1200kHz and the maximum dynamic scope of the system not smaller than

74

100dB.
3 The transmitted pulse of the sound wave should be that of phase step or rectangle with
a volt amplitude of 2001000V.

10.3 Site Test

10.3.1 The sound logging pipe should be set according to appendix H of the code.
10.3.2 Requirements for preparations before the site test:
1 The delay time of the system and apparatus is to be fixed through standardization.
2 To calculate the modified value of the sound logging pipe and the phonation time of the
coupling water layer.
3 To measure the net distance of the sound logging pipe on the top of the pile.
4 To fill the pipe with water to see whether it is unblocked and to make sure that the
energy converter and rise and fall unblocked completely.
10.3.3 The site test is to meet is following stipulations:
1 The passing depth of the transmitting and receiving sound wave energy converters are
to be marked at the test points of the two sound logging pipes.
2 The transmitting and receiving sound wave energy converters should be of the same
height markChart 10.3.3aor maintain the fixed height differenceChart 10.3.3b),
and the distance between the test points is better not over 250mm.

75

Chart 10.3.3 Plane test, oblique test and sector-shaped scanning test
aplane test boblique test csector-shaped scanning test

Real-time display and record of the temporal curve of the receiving signal. The
frequency spectrum curve and the value of the dominant frequency should be
displayed at the same time upon reading the phonation time, peak value of the head
wave and the periodic value.

Each two pipes are to be combined to form a test section among all the pipes, and all
the test sections should be tested.

Around test points in pile of doubtable quality, more points should be chosen. Or the
method of oblique test or sector-shaped scanning test may be applied for
re-examination to determine the position and scope of the pile defect.

During test of various sections of the same pile, the transmitting voltage of the sound
wave and the set parameter of the device will maintain the same.

10.4 Analysis and Determination of the Test Data

10.4.1 The phonation time t c , sound speed t c , wave amplitude A p and the dominant

76

frequency f are all test data from the site and are to be calculated according to the
following formula. The sound speed-depth v z )curve, the wave amplitude, and the
depth A p z )curve will be drawn, so will the supplementing dominant-depth
f z

curve when necessary.

t ei phonation time of test point i s

t i the measured value of phonation time of test point i s
t 0 delay time of the systems
t the modified value of the sound logging pipe and the phonation time of the
coupling water layers

l the net distance between the outer walls of the two sound logging pipes of each
test sectionmm

vi sound speed of test point i km/s

Api wave amplitude of test point i dB
ai peak value of signal head wave of test point i V)
a0 zero-decibel signal amplitudeV

77

f i the dominant frequency of test point i kHz, which can also be acquired from
signal frequency spectrum

Ti signal period of test point i s

10.4.2 The critical value of sound speed is to be acquired as follows:
1 To arrange the sound speed of various test points of the same test section as follows:

v1 v 2 vi vn k vn 1 vn k=012

10.4.2-1

The i th measured sound speed after the arrangement;

nnumber of test points on the section;
kNumber of data of which the minimum numerical value has been taken out in
sequence vi of formula 10.4.2-1 started from zero.
2 When the number of data after being taken out of the minimum numerical value is k,
the remaining data v1 vn k (including vn k ) will be calculated according to the
following formula:

v0 abnormal determination value;

vm the average value of n k data;
s x the standard deviation of n k data;

78

 relative coefficient of n k as checked out from table 10.4.2.

Table 10.4.2

Number of statistic data (nk) and its corresponding

value

nk

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

1.64

1.69

1.73

1.77

1.80

1.83

1.86

1.89

1.91

1.94

nk

40

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56

58

1.96

1.98

2.00

2.02

2.04

2.05

2.07

2.09

2.10

2.11

nk

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

2.13

2.14

2.15

2.17

2.18

2.19

2.20

2.21

2.22

2.23

nk

80

82

84

86

88

90

92

94

96

98

2.24

2.25

2.26

2.27

2.28

2.29

2.29

2.30

2.31

2.32

nk

100

105

110

115

120

125

130

135

140

145

2.33

2.34

2.36

2.38

2.39

2.41

2.42

2.43

2.45

2.46

nk

150

160

170

180

190

200

220

240

260

280

2.47

2.50

2.52

2.54

2.56

2.58

2.61

2.64

2.67

2.69

3. Compare vn k with the abnormal determination value v0 . When vn k v0 ,

vn k and its following data are abnormal, which should therefored be taken out. The
calculation precedure with application of v1 vn k 1 in formula 10.4.2-2
79

10.4.2-4will be repeated until the remaining data in sequence vi meet the follwing
requirement:

vi v 0

10.4.2-5 .

And then, v0 is the critical abnormal determination value of the sound speed vc .
4

The basis for determination of critical value of abnormal sound speed is:

vi v c

10.4.2-6

When formula 10.4.2-6 is established, then the sound speed is abnormal.

10.4.3 When the sound speed of n test points of the test section is slow and with small
discreteness, the following criterion is to be followed:

vi v L

10.4.3

vi sound speed of test point number ikm/s

v L The lower limit value of sound speed km/s, which is determined
comprehensively by contrast test result between the compression strength of
reserved concrete sample and the sound speed combined with local
experience.
When formula10.4.2-6is established, then the sound speed is lower than the lower
limit.
10.4.4 Determination of critical value when the wave amplitude is abnormal should follow the
formula below:

An average wave amplitudedB

80

nnumber of test points on the test section.

When formula 10.4.2-6 is established, then the wave amplitude is abnormal.
10.4.5 When the PSD value from slope detection is used as supplementary criterion in
determining the abnormal points, it should be calculated according to the following
formula:

t ei phonation time of the test points number i s

t t ei 1 phonation time of the test point number i 1s

z i depth of test points number i m

z i 1 depth of test points number i 1m
Sudden change of PSD together with change of wave amplitude can be used in
determining the abnormal points.
10.4.6 Upon application of dominant frequency of signal as supplementary criterion, an
obvious falling of the dominant frequency on the dominant frequency-depth curve will
be enough to tell the abnormal situation.
10.4.7 The type of integrity of the pile is to be determined comprehensively according to the
critical value of each acoustic parameter of pile concrete, PSD criterion, the lower
sound speed limit of concrete, the scope of defect as fixed by intensified test for pile of
doubtable quality, together with table 3.5.1 and 10.4.7.
10.4.8 Apart from what is listed in 3.5.5 of this code, the following should also be included in

81

the test report:

1 Arrangement plan of the sound logging pipe;
2 Sound speed-depth curve, wave amplitude-depth curve, and mark corresponding to
relative critical value drawn in the same coordinate;
3 Upon supplementing analysis and determination with application of dominant
frequency value and PSD, the dominant-depth curve or PSD should be drawn.
4 Arrangement plan of defects

82

Table 10.4.7 Determination of the Pile Integrity

type

feature

All the acoustic parameters of all the test sections are normal, and
no sound speed is found below the lower limit.
The acoustic parameters of one or two test points of a certain

section are abnormal, but no sound speed is found below the lower
limit.
The acoustic parameters of many test points of a certain section is
abnormal are abnormal;

The acoustic parameters at the same depth of two or more test

sections are found to be abnormal;
The sound speed of concrete is found to be below the lower limit
locally.
The acoustic parameters of many concessive test points of a certain
section are found to be obviously abnormal;
The acoustic parameters at the same depth of two or more test

sections are found to be obviously abnormal;

The sound speed of concrete is found to be below the lower limit
universally, the head wave can not be tested or the receiving signal
of the sound wave is seriously distorted.

83

Appendix A Endogenetic Force Test on the Pile Body

A.0.1 The endogenetic force test is applicable to precast concrete piles, steel piles,
combination piles and concrete caisson piles which have given or stable sectional
dimensions.
A.0.2 As for a vertical anti-compression dead-load test pile, the test can measure the value of
friction-and-compression resistance of different layers at the side of the piles and the
bearing force of the pile top; as for a vertical anti-pull dead-load test pile, this test can
measure the anti-pull frictional resistance in different layers at the side of the pile. As
for a horizontal dead-load test pile, the test can measure the locations of flexural
torque of the pile body and the location of the maximum flexural torque. As for a
hammered-in precast concrete piles and steel piles, this test can measure the
hammering compression stress and hammering pull stress on different parts of the pile
body.
A.0.3 The endogenetic force test should select a strain sensor or a steel cord sensor. In
accordance with the test requirements, operators should refer to Table A.0.3. A proper
sensor should be selected on the basis of the sensor technology and environmental
conditions specified in the table. The operator can also choose a sliding micrometer
gauge. He can also choose a fallout rod when it is necessary to test a certain section on
pile body or the displacement of the pile top.

84

Table A.0.3 List of Sensor Technology and Environment Conditions

Feature/Type

Steel Cord Sensor

Strain Sensor

Size

Big

Relatively small

Creeping

Relatively

small,

fit

for

prolonged observation

Relatively

big,

Technique

needs

Making
to

be

enhanced
Measuring Sensiblility

Relatively low

Influence

When

of

Temperature Change

temperature

big

Relatively high
change

in

occurs,

Self-compensation is possible.

modification is necessitated.
Influence of a Long

No influence on the test result.

Wire

modification

in

the

resistance of the long wire

Self-compensation

Weak

Self-compensation of bending
or torsion

Requirement

on

Not so high

High

Weak

Good

Insulation
Dynamic Response

A.0.4 As for the installation place and number of sensors, operators should conform to the
following rules:
1. The sensors should be implanted at the boundary of two layers of different soils to test
the frictional resistance applied to the pile, which penetrates several layers of soils. A
cross-section for measurement should be found on or above the ground as the
standardized one. The distances between the cross-section and the pile top & the pile
end should be larger than one time the pile diameter.
2. to 4 sensors can be installed at the same cross-section. When the pile diameter is
comparative big or the test requires a larger one, take the larger value.
A.0.5 Strain sensor can be made through different fabricating methods according to the
following situations:

85

1. For steel pile, one of the following two methods is applicable:

1Stick strain gauge by using special adhesion paste onto shaft of steel pile, 350
glue-based foil-type strain gauge with 3-6m gauge length shall be used. Paper-based
strain gauge shall not be used. Before sticking, surface of the sticking area shall be
cleaned and leveled, and washed by organic solvent, stick strain gauge after it
becomes dry. Reliable waterproof, anti-damp and sealing measures shall be taken for
the stick strain gauge.
2Fix strain sensor directly on the measuring position.
2. For concrete prefabricated pile and cast-in-place pile, strain sensor can be fabricated and
embedded according to one of the following three kinds of methods:
1On 600-1000mm long reinforcement, operator sticks fourtwostrain gauges axially
and laterally to form full bridge (half bridge), after waterproof insulation treatment,
demarcate strain vs stress relation on material test machine. The demarcated
maximum tensile force shall be controlled within 60% of designed value of tensile
strength of reinforcement, after demarcate for three time, it can be used only after
linearity, lag and repeatability of strain vs stress curve meet requirements. Sensor
shall be welded or tied on main reinforcement in designated position before concrete
pouringcast-in-place pile of grout wall shall be welded, and shall meet requirement
for reinforcement anchor

length, as specified in this Code. Strain reinforcement

after fixed shall not bended, deformed or produce additional strain.

2Stick strain gauge of resistance onto main reinforcement of the designated section of
shaft directly, its fabricating methods and requirements are same as that for sticking
strain gauge on steel pile in paragraph 1 of this clause.
3Preset strain brick or embedded concrete strain measurement sensor in the designated
position of shaft of prefabricated pile according to the use requirement of this

86

product.
A.0.6 Strain sensor can be made by means of full bridge or half bridge, but full bridge shall be
adopted firstly. The measuring slice and compensating slice of sensor shall be product
with same specification and batch number, and shall be stick exactly on same section of
reinforcement axially and laterally. Connection of measuring point shall adopt
screening cable, ground insulation resistance value of lead shall be above 500 M;
Before using, operator shall soak the whole cable coil (except both ends) into water for
one hour, so as to measure insulation of core and water; screened cable shall be
insulated from reinforcement; length and wire size of the connecting cables used for
measurement and compensation shall be the same.
A.0.7

Resistance strain gauge and its connecting cable shall be provided with reliable
anti-damp insulation measures; before normal test, system insulation resistance of
resistance strain gauge and cable shall not be lower than 200M.

A.0.8 While sticking resistance strain gauge with different material characters, operator shall
use different adhesion pastes. While choosing resistance strain gauge, adhesion paste
and lead, operator shall consider ambient conditions of testing pile in fabricating, curing
and construction process. For concrete prefabricated pile that adopts steam curing or
high pressure curing, operator shall choose resistance strain gauge, adhesion paste and
lead with high temperature resistance.
A.0.9 Resistance strain gauge used for measurement of resistance strain shall have a function
of multipoint automatic measurement, resolution of gauge shall be superior or equal to
1 , and shall have storage and printing function.
A.0.10 Wired re-bar stress meter shall be chosen according to diameter of main reinforcement.
measurable frequency scope of instrument shall be more than 1.2 times of frequency in
case of maximum loading of pile. Before using, operator shall demarcate re-bar stress

87

meter one by one, and obtain relation between pressuretensile forceand frequency.
A.0.11 Wired re-bar stress meter with connecting long pole can be welded on main
reinforcement; threaded connection shall not be adopted.
A.0.12 Wired re-bar stress meter shall be measured through the matching frequency gauge,
resolution of frequency gauge shall be superior or equal to 1Hz.
A.0.13 When displacement and measurement of shaft are conducted at the same time, shaft
internal force of and displacement test shall be conducted synchronously.
A.0.14 Testing data shall be cleared up according to the following regulations:
1. In case of strain sensor measurement, lead resistance of actually measured strain value
shall be corrected according to the following formula:

2r
(A.0.14-2)
R

In case of half bridge measurement: e = e 1 +

In case of full bridge measurement: e = e 1 +

(A.0.14-1)

Where e strain value after correction;

e strain value before correction;

r lead resistance ;
R resistance of strain gauge.
2. In case of wired sensor measurement, operator can convert measured frequency of
re-bar stress meter into force through calibration factor, and then calculate it into
reinforcement strain volume which is equal to concrete strain at the section of re-bar
stress meter.
3. During clearing up data, operator shall delete the measuring points with big null shift
and no change rule, and shall calculate out average strain value of effective
measuring point of same section, and calculate axis force of shaft at this section:

88

Qi = i Ei Ai

A.0.14-3

Where Qi axis forcekNof No.j section of shaft;

i strain average value at No. i section;

Ei elastic moduluskPaof shaft material at No. i section; when shaft
section and reinforcement are consistent, the value shall be
determined according to stress-strain ratio at

demarcated section;

Ai shaft sectionm2at No. i section.

4. Operator shall draw form and axis force distribution diagram according to axis force
value at different sections of shaft under test load at each level, and then calculate
layered ultimate friction resistance and ultimate end resistance of pile side soil
according to axis force value of each section under ultimate load of pipe
top.

q si =

Qi Qi +1
u li

A.0.14-4

qp =

Qn
A0

A.0.14-5

Where q si lateral friction resistancekPabetween No.i section and i+l section

of pile:

q p end resistancekPaof pile;

iserial number of testing section of pile, i=1, 2, , n, and is
arrayed below the pile top from small number to big number;
ushaft perimeterm;

89

li pile lengthmbetween No. i section and No. i+l section;

Qn axis forcekNof pile end;
A0 area of pile endm2.
5.

Reinforcement stress at No.i section of shaft can be calculated according to the

following formula:

si = E s si

A.0.14-6

Where si reinforcement stresskPaat No. i section of shaft;

E s elastic moduluskPaof reinforcement;

si reinforcement strain at No.i section of shaft.

A.0.15

Falling rod shall include internal and external pipes, in which, the external pipe shall
be fixed on shaft, the lower end of internal pipe shall be fixed on the testing section,
top shall be higher than external pipe by 100-200 mm, and can displace with the
fixed section synchronously.

A.0.16

Falling rod shall have a certain rigidity; difference between outer diameter of the
falling rod and internal diameter of external pipe shall not be less than 10mm, joint at
falling rod

A.0.17

shall be smooth.

Detector for measuring the falling rod

displacement shall meet technical

requirement of Clause 4.2.4 of this Code. Measuring and reading the data shall be
synchronous with displacement measurement of pile top.
A.0.18 If internal force testing sensor is embedded in shaft at the fixed section on bottom end
of falling rod, axis force Qi and displacement S i in shaft at this section.

90

Appendix B

Treatment of Pile Toe of Concrete Pile

B.0.1 For concrete pile, the breaking layer and weak concrete of pile toe shall be chiseled
firstly.
B.0.2 Pile toe surface shall be flat, axle wire of pile toe shall superpose with axle wire at the
upper of shaft.
B.0.3 Main reinforcement of pile toe shall be stretched to concrete protective layer of pile top,
each main reinforcement shall be on same height.
B.0.4 Within pile diameter scope which is one time from pile top, 3-5m thick steel plate shall
be used for enclosure or stirrup shall be set up within pile diameter scope 1.5 times
from pile top,

spacing shall not be more than 100mm. 2-3 layers of reinforcement

fabric shall be set on pile top , spacing shall be 60-100 mm.

B.0.5 Concrete strength grade of pile toe shall be higher than shaft concrete by 1-2 levels, and
shall not lower than C30.
B.0.6 Section size of measuring point of pile toe tested by high strain dynamic testing method
shall be same as original shaft section size.

91

Appendix C

C.0.1

Static Load Test Record Form

On-the-spot testing data of vertical compression resistance static load test of single
pile shall be recorded according to format specified in Form C.0.1

C.0.2

On-the-spot testing data of horizontal static load test of single pile shall be recorded
according to format specified in Form C.0.2.

Form C.0.1 Record Form for Vertical Compression Resistance Static Load Test of Single Pile

Tested by:

Load
(kN)

Measuring
Time

Job Name
Loading Oil
Pressure
Level
(Mpa)

Pile No.
Reading of Displacement
Gauge
dial test indicator
1#
2#
3#
4#

Verified by:

Date
Sedimentation
this grade
(mm)

Recorded by:

92

of

Accumulated
Sedimentation
(mm)

Remark

Form C.0.2
Job Name
Oil
Pressure
(Mpa)

Record Form for Horizontal Static Load Test of Single Pile

Pile No.
Load
(KN)

Observing
Time

Number
of
Cycles

Date
Load

Verified by:

Recorded by:

93

Unload

Tested by:

Lower
gauge

Load

Upper
gauge

Distance between upper

& lower gauge
Unload
Horizonta Load
l
reading
displacem difference
ent
between upper
(mm)
& lower
gauges
Upper Lower
gauge gauge

Outer
Corner

Remark

Appendix D

Records of Core Extraction Test

D.0.1 On-site operation records of core extraction test and sample itemization should be made
in the same format with that of Table D.0.1-1 and Table D.0.1-2; the comprehensive bar
chart should be made in the same format with that of Table D.0.1-3.

Table D.0.1-1 On-site Operation Records of Core Extraction Test

Pile No.
Time
From

Drilling Depth (m)

To

From

To

Total

Hole

Project

No.

Name

Sample

Sample

Residual

Preliminary

No.

Length

Sample

Description and

(m)

Records of
Abnormality

Testing Date

Operator-in-Chief: Record:

94

Page:

Table D.0.1-2 Sample Itemization of Core Extraction Test

Project
Name
Pile
No./Sample
Hole No.
Project

Date
Pile Diameter

Stratification
(or section)
Depth (m)

Pile Body
Concrete

Dregginess
at Pile End
Supporting
Course

Tested byUnit

Sample Description

Drilling Depth, sample

consistency, integrity,
agglutination, surface
smoothness, fracture
anastomosis, pillar concrete
sample, aggregate
distribution, gas porosities,
cavities, honey-comb-like
pitting surfaces, grooves,
fragmentations, silt and
loosening
Contacting condition of pile
top concrete with the
supporting course
Drilling depth, soil
denomination, sample color,
structure, crack condition,
hardening and weathering
conditions

Recorded by:

95

Sampling No
and
Sampling
Depth

Designed
Concrete
Strength
Remarks

(Kinetic
contact or
penetration
condition in
the case of
strong
weathering )
Tested by: (Operator)

Table D.0.1-3 Comprehensive Bar Chart of Sample Test

Pile
No./Hole
No.
Length of
Project
Pile
Layer No.

Remarks:

Height
Mark
of
Layer
Bottom
(m)

Designed
Concrete
Strength
Designed
Pile
Diameter
Depth of
Layer
Bottom (m)

Height
Mark of Pile
Top
Hole Depth

Layer
Thickne
ss (m)

Bar Chart of
Concrete/So
il Sample
(Scale)

Formulated by:
stands for sample extraction place

Description
of Pile Body
Concrete and
Supporting
Course

Hole
Drilling
Time
Hole
Completio
n Time
Serial No.:
Sample
Strength
and Depth
(m)

Checked By:

96

Remarks:

Appendix E Core Sample Processing and Measuring

E.0.1 The operator should select a double-surface cutter to process the core sample. Fix the
sample before processing. Place the cutting plane at a right angle to the axis of the
sample. During cutting, cool the circular diamond saw intermittently with cold water.
E.0.2 After cutting, process the core sample in the following ways if it can not meet the
requirement of flatness and verticality.
1. Grind it flat on a grinder.
2. Fix the sample on a filling device and filling it with sanded cement grout (or cement
grout) or sulphide mastic (or sulfur). The thickness of sanded cement grout (or cement
grout) should not be larger than 5mm and the thickness of sulphide mastic (or sulfur)
should not be larger than 1.5mm.
The filling layer must fit the core sample well and firmly. If any pressure is to be
applied to the core sample, the filling layer must not be damaged in advance.
E.0.3 The dimensions of the core sample must be measured in the following ways before any
experiment on it is carried out.
1. Average diameter: Measure average diameter at the central part of the core sample with
a square caliper. Then take the arithmetical mean of two measurements at two places
that are in right angles. Measurement accuracy: 0.5mm.
2. Length: Measure the length with a tape measure or a board ruler. Accuracy: 1mm.
3. Verticality: Measure the included angle between the two end surfaces and the with
a caliper protractor
4. Flatness: Fit a board angle or an angle square closely to the end surfaces of the core
sample. Then measure the seams between the end surfaces with a feeler gauge.
E.0.4 If the sample has crevices (or other major defects) or internal steel bars, the pressure
97

resistance test must not be carried out. The same applies to the following cases if the
deviation of sample size exceeds the following values:
1. When the length of the core sample is smaller than 0.95d or larger than 1.05d (d stands
for the average diameter of the core sample).
2. When the deviation between any diameter along the length of the core sample and the
average diameter is larger than 2mm.
3. When the unevenness (within 100mm) of the end surfaces exceeds 0.1mm.
4. When the non-perpendicularity between the end surfaces and the axis exceeds 2
degrees.
5. When the average diameter of the core sample is smaller than double the apparent
maximum granular diameter of the coarse aggregate of the concrete.

98

Appendix F Installation of Stress Sensor

F.0.1 Before testing, install at least an impact sensor and an impact response sensor
symmetrically. (As for installation, refer to Figure F.0.1). The impact response test can
be carried out in the following ways:
1. Install an acceleration sensor and a stress sensor on the side below the pile block
symmetrically. These two devices are used to measure the response and stress and
convert the stress value into impact value.
2. Install an acceleration sensor on the side below the pile block to measure the response
directly. Then install an acceleration sensor symmetrically at half of the height of the
free falling hammer block.

Figure F.0.1 Installation of SensorsUnit: mm

F.0.2 Article One of F.0.1 requires that the sensors should be installed symmetrically on the
sides of the pile block (The distance between the pile block and the sides must be at

99

least 2D. D stands for the diameter of the trial pile or peripheral width); in the case of a
large diameter pile, the distance between the sensors and the pile block may be smaller
but larger than 1D. The texture and the sectional size of the installation place should be
the same with the original pile. The sensor must not be installed around the mutation of
the section.
Article Two of F.0.2 requires that the acceleration sensors which are installed on the
sides must be at least 0.4 Hr (Hr stands for the height of the hammer) or 1D away from
the pile block. Take the large value.
F.0.3 Article One of F.0.1 requires that the sensors must be installed within the purview of the
following provisions:
1. The center of the stress sensor and the center of the acceleration sensor must be on the
same horizontal line. The horizontal distance between the two sensors (which are
installed on the same side) must be at most 80mm. After installation, the central axis of
the sensors must be parallel to the central axis of the pile.
2. The installation surface for various sensors must be even and firm. And the surface
must be parallel to the axis of the pile. The operator can also grind it flat with a grinder.
3. The boring hole for the bolt must be vertical to the side surface of the pile. The installed
sensor must adhere to the surface of the pile closely. When the hammer is working, the
sensor shall not slide away. When installing a stress sensor, its initial stress value must
be monitored. The initial stress value of the installed sensors must meet the following
measurable axial direction deformation allowance requirements when hammering:
1) The stress value of a concrete pile should be larger than +-1000
2) The stress value of a steel pile should be larger than 1500
F.0.4 Before monitoring by continuous hammering, the connecting cable of the sensors must
be fixed securely.

100

Appendix G Trial Pile Driving and Monitoring of Pile

Driving

G.1 Trial Pile Driving

G.1.1 When a trial pile driving is necessitated, the pile type, pile length and supporting course
of the pile top must meet the requirement of the following rules:
1. The position for the trial pile driving must be representative of geological conditions.
2. All layers of soil must be tested during the trial pile driving. If the supporting course is
relatively thick, numerous tests must be carried out in the same lay of soil.
G.1.2 To locate the right supporting course of the pile top, operators must take into
consideration the relation between the bearing capacity and the penetration depth and
the survey report of the geological conditions.
G.1.3 When estimating the bearing capacity of the trial pile, keep to the following rules:
1. The value of the estimated bearing capacity should be equal to or lower than the
multiplication of the sum of pile side resistance and pile top resistance and the time
effect coefficient of the buried pile. And the multiplication value must be checked
repeatedly.
2. The resting time from re-driving and the initial driving must meet the requirement of
Table 3.2.6.

101

G.2 Monitoring of Hammering Stress of Pile Body

G.2.1 The monitoring of hammering stress of the pile body must meet the requirement of the
following rules:
1. The monitored pile must be of the same type and nature as the project pile. The pile
driver must have the same hammer type, falling distance and pile cushion makeup as
the project pile.
2. It must include the pile body hammering tension stress and hammering compression
stress.
G2.2 The monitoring must meet the requirement of the following rules when operators are
testing for the maximum value of pile body hammering stress:
1. The value of pile body hammering tension stress should be tested when the pile top is
expected to enter the layer of soft soil or when the pile top has penetrated the layer of
hard soil and entered the layer of soft soil.
2. The value of pile body hammering compression stress should be tested when the pile
top has entered the layer of hard soil or when there is major resistance around the pile.
G.2.3 The maximum tension stress of the pile body hammering can be calculated with the
following formula:

t =

1
2L
2L
2L 2 x
2 L 2 x

Z V t1 +
F t1 +
Z V t1 +
F t1 +

c
c
c
c
2A

G.2.3

In the formula,

t stands for maximum value of pile body hammering tension stress (kPa);
Xstands for distance from the installation site of the sensors to reckoning point. (m);
A stands for sectional area of the pile body (m2)
102

G2.4 Maximum compression stress of the pile body hammering can be calculated with the
following formular:

p =

Fmax
A

G.2.4

In the formula,

p stands for maximum compression stress of pile body hammering;

Fmax stands for tested maximum hammering force (kN).
G.2.5 The controlling value of the maximum hammering stress must meet the requirement of
Article JGJ 94 of Technical Codes for Building Foundation Piles.

G.3

Monitoring of Hammering Energy

G.3.1 The energy transmitted from the hammer to the pile should be calculated with the
following formula:
te

E n = E V dt

G.3.1

In the formula,

E n stands for the energy transmitted from the hammer to the pile (kJ);
t e stands for sampling termination time.
G.3.2 The maximum kinetic energy should be defined by measuring the maximum movement
velocity.
G.3.3 The hammer transmission ratio should be defined by the energy transmitted from the
hammer to the pile and the rated hammer energy. The hammer efficiency must be
defined by the maximum hammer kinetic energy and the rated hammer energy.

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Appendix H

Points of Burying Sound Ranging Pipes

H.0.1 The internal diameter of the sound ranging pipe should be 50-60mm.
H.0.2 The lower end of the pipe should be closed, the upper end should be covered and there
must be no blockage in the pipe. The joints of the pipe should be smooth, and the pipe
orifice should be more than 100mm above the pile top. The orifices of all the sound
ranging pipes should be of the same height.
H.0.3 The sound ranging pipe should be fixed in a proper way. Make sure that they are
parallel to each other.
H.0.4 The number of buried sound ranging pipes should meet the following requirements:
1. D<=800mm. Two pipes.
2. 800mm<=D<=2000mm. Not less than 3 pipes
3. D>=2000mm. Not less than 4 pipes.
In the formula, D stands for diameter of the tested pile.
H.0.5 The sound ranging pipes should be arranged along the outer surface of the pile
cross-section in a symmetrical pattern. Then number them in the clockwise order in
accordance with Figure

H.0.5.The groups of the cross-sections to be surveyed are listed as follows:

1-2;
1-2, 1-3, 2-3;
1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4, 3-4.

104

Terminology in the Code

1. Choice of words is very important in formulating this code. The following is an

explanation of choice of words:
1) If the case is a very stringent one, you should use must or mustnt;
2) If the case is a relatively stringent one, you should use shall, or shall not.
3) If the case is an optional one, you can use should or should not.
2.

When it is necessary to execute other pertinent standards and regulations in accordance

with the code, you can term it should follow the rules or should meet the requirement
of.

105