Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Philadelphia Ghetto
Alice Goffman
Princeton University
1 Although this body of research points overwhelmingly to the detrimental effects of incarceration and its aftermath, this picture is complicated by
close-up accounts of prisoners and their families.
Comfort (2008) shows how women visiting incarcerated spouses find that the prisons regulations in
some ways enhance their relationships. As romantic
partners, inmates contrast favorably to free men.
2 Ethnographies of ghetto life published more
recently rely on fieldwork conducted in the 1980s and
early 1990s, before the change in policing practices
and crime laws took their full effect (see, e.g.,
Anderson 1999; Bourgois 1995; Venkatesh 2006;
Wacquant 2004; for exceptions, see Jacobs 1999;
LeBlanc 2003).
7 In Philadelphia, the courts can issue an arrest warrant if a person fails to pay fines for traffic violations
or misses a court date in regard to these violations.
A person can also be imprisoned for failing to pay
moving violation fines (Philadelphia County, 33
Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110).
8 This is a fairly common thing to do. Some people get others arrested simply to extort money from
them, which they request in exchange for not showing up as a witness at the ensuing trial.
Whether a mans friends, relatives, or girlfriend link him to the authorities because the
police pressure them to do so or because they
leverage his wanted status to get back at him or
punish him, he comes to see those closest to him
as potential informants. Mike and Chuck once
discussed how they stood the highest chance of
getting booked because of their friends and
relatives attempts to set them up. Mike noted:
Nine times out of ten, you getting locked up
because somebody called the cops, somebody
snitching. Thats why, like, if you get a call from
your girl like, Yo, where you at, can you come
through the block at a certain time, thats a red
flag, you feel me? Thats when you start to think
like, Okay, what do she got waiting for me?
Obtaining a drivers license requires a birth certificate or passport, a Social Security card, and two
proofs of residence. Obtaining these items, in turn,
requires identification and processing fees. One must
undergo a physical exam by a doctor, pay for and pass
a written permit test, and locate an insured and registered car with which to take the driving test. Because
men drove without proper documentation, they got
tickets, which had to be paid before they could begin
the application process.
deceiving those close to him about his whereabouts and plans. If a man exhausts these possibilities and gets taken into custody, he may try
to avoid jail time by informing on the people he
knows.
Whatever the strategy, a man finds that as
long as he is at risk of confinement, staying
out of prison and participating in institutions like
family, work, and friendship become contradictory goals; doing one reduces his chance of
achieving the other. Staying out of jail becomes
aligned not with upstanding, respectable action,
but with being an even shadier character.
Family members and romantic partners experience considerable hardship because of their
association with men who are being sought or
supervised by the state. Specifically, I found that
family members living with a relative or
boyfriend with a warrant out for his arrest are
caught between three difficult lines of action:
allowing him to stay in their homes and placing
their own safety and security in jeopardy, casting him out, or betraying him by turning him in
to the police.
It is possible that issuing warrants to a large
group of young men for minor probation violations or delinquencies with court fees, while
straining family life and making it difficult for
men to find and keep a job, also serves to discourage them from committing crime. Although
this article notes some instances of warrants
potentially encouraging crime (e.g., by keeping
men from participating in the formal labor market or by leading men with warrants to become
the target of robbers), I cannot speculate as to
the net effect of such policies on crime or violence. The data presented here merely suggest
that current policies in Philadelphia grant a sizable group of peoplebefore they are convicted of crimes and after they have served a
sentencean illegal or semilegal status, and
that this status makes it difficult for them to
interact with legitimate institutions without
being arrested and sent to jail.
More surprisingly, the system of low-level
warrants and court supervision has the unintended consequence of becoming a resource
for women and relatives who, possessing more
legal legitimacy, can use it to control their partners and kin. Girlfriends, neighbors, and family members threaten to call the police on young
men to keep them in line, and occasionally
they call the police or get a man arrested as
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