TUGAS BAHASA INGGRIS

Endasari Syaputri
F1C015023
FISIKA

History of energy
The word energy derives from Greek (energeia), which appears for the
first time in the work Nicomachean Ethics[1] of Aristotle in the 4th century BCE.

Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" in the modern sense.
The concept of energy emerged from the idea of vis viva (living force), which Leibniz
defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he
believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction,
Leibniz claimed that heat consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of
matter a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century
until this was generally accepted.
milie marquise du Chtelet in her book Institutions de Physique (Lessons in
Physics), published in 1740, incorporated the idea of Leibniz with practical
observations of Gravesande to show that the "quantity of motion" of a moving
object is proportional to its mass and the square of its velocity (not the velocity
itself as Newton taughtwhat was later called momentum).
In 1802 lectures to the Royal Society, Thomas Young was the first to use the term
"energy" in its modern sense, instead of vis viva. [2] In the 1807 publication of those
lectures, he wrote,

The product of the mass of a body into the square of its velocity may properly be
termed its energy.[3]
Gustave-Gaspard Coriolis described "kinetic energy" in 1829 in its modern sense,
and in 1853, William Rankine coined the term "potential energy."
It was argued for some years whether energy was a substance (the caloric) or
merely a physical quantity.
Thermodynamics
The development of steam engines required engineers to develop concepts and
formulas that would allow them to describe the mechanical and thermal efficiencies
of their systems. Engineers such as Sadi Carnot, physicists such as James Prescott
Joule, mathematicians such as mile Clapeyron and Hermann von Helmholtz, and
amateurs such as Julius Robert von Mayer all contributed to the notion that the
ability to perform certain tasks, called work, was somehow related to the amount of
energy in the system. In the 1850s, Glasgow professor of natural philosophy William
Thomson and his ally in the engineering science William Rankine began to replace
the older language of mechanics with terms such as "actual energy", "kinetic
energy", and "potential energy".[4] William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) amalgamated all
of these laws into the laws of thermodynamics, which aided in the rapid
development of explanations of chemical processes using the concept of energy by
Rudolf Clausius, Josiah Willard Gibbs and Walther Nernst. It also led to a
mathematical formulation of the concept of entropy by Clausius, and to the
introduction of laws of radiant energy by Joef Stefan. Rankine, coined the term
"potential energy".[4] In 1881, William Thomson stated before an audience that: [5]
The very name energy, though first used in its present sense by Dr Thomas Young
about the beginning of this century, has only come into use practically after the
doctrine which defines it had ... been raised from mere formula of mathematical
dynamics to the position it now holds of a principle pervading all nature and guiding
the investigator in the field of science.
Over the following thirty years or so this newly developing science went by various
names, such as the dynamical theory of heat or energetics, but after the 1920s
generally came to be known as thermodynamics, the science of energy
transformations.
Stemming from the 1850s development of the first two laws of thermodynamics,
the science of energy have since branched off into a number of various fields, such
as biological thermodynamics and thermoeconomics, to name a couple; as well as
related terms such as entropy, a measure of the loss of useful energy, or power, an

energy flow per unit time, etc. In the past two centuries, the use of the word energy
in various "non-scientific" vocations, e.g. social studies, spirituality and psychology
has proliferated the popular literature.
Conservation of energy
In 1918 it was proved that the law of conservation of energy is the direct
mathematical consequence of the translational symmetry of the quantity conjugate
to energy, namely time.[citation needed] That is, energy is conserved because the laws of
physics do not distinguish between different moments of time (see Noether's
theorem).
During a 1961 lecture[6] for undergraduate students at the California Institute of
Technology, Richard Feynman, a celebrated physics teacher and Nobel Laureate,
said this about the concept of energy:
There is a fact, or if you wish, a law, governing natural phenomena that are known
to date. There is no known exception to this lawit is exact so far we know. The law
is called conservation of energy; it states that there is a certain quantity, which we
call energy that does not change in manifold changes which nature undergoes. That
is a most abstract idea, because it is a mathematical principle; it says that there is a
numerical quantity, which does not change when something happens. It is not a
description of a mechanism, or anything concrete; it is just a strange fact that we
can calculate some number, and when we finish watching nature go through her
tricks and calculate the number again, it is the same.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics
A Short History of Energy
The Old Days
Before the industrial revolution, our energy needs were modest. For heat, we relied
on the sunand burned wood, straw, and dried dung when the sun failed us. For
transportation, the muscle of horses and the power of the wind in our sails took us
to every corner of the world. For work, we used animals to do jobs that we couldn't
do with our own labor. Water and wind drove the simple machines that ground our
grain and pumped our water.

Simple machines based on the ability to harness the power of steam have been
dated by some sources as far back as ancient Alexandria. The evolution of the
steam engine continued over time and significantly ramped up in the 17th and 18th
centuries. But it was the significant adaptations of Thomas Newcomen and James
Watt in the mid 1700s that gave birth to the modern steam engine, opening up a
world of possibility. A single steam engine, powered by coal dug from the mines of
England and Appalachia, could do the work of dozens of horses.
More convenient than wind and water, and less expensive than a stable full of
horses, steam engines were soon powering locomotives, factories, and farm
implements. Coal was also used for heating buildings and smelting iron into steel. In
1880, coal powered a steam engine attached to the world's first electric generator.
Thomas Edison's plant in New York City provided the first electric light to Wall Street
financiers and the New York Times.

Only a year later, the world's first hydroelectric plant went on-line in Appleton,
Wisconsin. Fast-flowing rivers that had turned wheels to grind corn were now
grinding out electricity instead. Within a few years, Henry Ford hired his friend
Edison to help build a small hydro plant to power his home in Michigan.

By the late 1800s, a new form of fuel was catching on: petroleum. For years it had
been a nuisance, contaminating wells for drinking water. Initially sold by hucksters
as medicine, oil became a valuable commodity for lighting as the whale oil industry
declined. By the turn of the century, oil, processed into gasoline, was firing internal
combustion engines.
Horseless carriages were a rich man's toy until Henry Ford perfected the assemblyline method of mass production for his Model T. Interestingly enough, electric cars
were a rich woman's toy at the same time. Quiet and clean, electric cars started
without a starter crank, an exertion that would have overtaxed the gentle ladies of
the day. When gas cars adopted electric starters, their superior range quickly drove
the electrics out of the market.
Another key invention of the era was the safety bicycle, which had two wheels of
the same size, putting the rider much lower to the ground than earlier bicycles. The
pneumatic tire, invented by John Dunlop, made cycling all the more comfortable
over the cobblestone and dirt roads, and bicycles became a national obsession in
the 1890s.
Energy Takes Of
With the low-cost automobile and the spread of electricity, our society's energy use
changed forever. Power plants became larger and larger, until we had massive coal
plants and hydroelectric dams. Power lines extended hundreds of miles between
cities, bringing electricity to rural areas during the Great Depression. The cheap car
made suburbs possible, which in turn made cheap cars necessary, feeding the cycle
of suburban sprawl.
Energy use grew quickly, doubling every 10 years. The cost of energy production
was declining steadily, and the efficient use of energy was simply not a concern.

After World War II unleashed nuclear power, the government looked for a home for
"the peaceful atom." They found it in electricity production. Over 200 nuclear power
plants were planned across the country, and homes were built with all-electric
heating systems to take advantage of this power that would be "too cheap to
meter."
Gasoline use grew unchecked as well. Cars grew larger and heavier throughout the
1950s and 1960s. By 1970, the average mileage of an American car was only 13.5
miles per gallon, and a gallon of gas cost less than a quarter.
The Great Energy Crash
In 1973, American support for Israel in the Arab-Israeli War led the Arab oilproducing nations to stop supplying oil to the United States and other western
nations. Overnight, oil prices tripled. In 1979, when the Shah of Iran was forced out
by the Ayatollah Khomeini, oil prices leaped again, rising 150 percent in a matter of
weeks. Motorists lined up at gas stations to buy gasoline, and President Carter went
on television to declare that energy conservation was "the moral equivalent of war."
By 1980, the average price of a barrel of oil

was almost $45.

Only three months after the fall of the Shah, the Three Mile Island nuclear power
plant suffered a partial meltdown after a series of mechanical failures and operator
mistakes. After years of hearing that a nuclear accident could never happen, the
American public was shocked. The accident added to the sense of crisis.
But the accident at Three Mile Island was only the latest in a long line of problems
plaguing the nuclear industry. New plant orders had already ceased, because of
multibillion-dollar cost overruns, high inflation, and a slowdown in electricity
demand growth due to the early effects of energy conservation. No new plants were
ordered after 1978, and all those ordered since 1973 have been canceled.