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n
D
SteelStructuresSeminar
Presenter:
www.steel.org.au
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
rut uNivfRsmrof
W? SYDNEY
Iywl
niHwuBinif
Wsgl SYDNEY
THEtsrvmsmrof
SYDNEY
Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structures
(to AS.NZS 4600:2005)
1 TMf iisivntsrrv or
KW SYDNEY
2012 Edition
TM LMVEHHTY Of
r-5 SYDNEY
Eurocode 3 Design of
steel structures
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esj
cvpimcv
Bmnh Slirdyffc
("Pwl
nit LMvutsmoF
WsW SYDNEY
AS 1397-2011
Coating Classes
Zinc (Z)
Zinc/Aluminium (ZA)*
Australian Standard*
Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steal
sheet and stripCoatings of zinc and
zinc alloyed with aluminium and
magnesium
Zinc/Aluminium/Magnesium (ZM)*
Aluminium/Zinc (AZ)
Aluminium/Zinc/Magnesium (AM)"
SYDNEY
Roll-Forming Machine
SYDNEY
r*fcl
niriMMKsnroF
WiW SYDNEY
3a
THF t M\ fKSI TY or
SYDNEY
Section 1.2(a)
Tin 1 wvmsmroF
SYDNEY
"31*7*1
THU MMWTVOF
SHW SYDNEY
"N'5
SYDNEY
QtoVTVe.
"
me imvmutyof
SYDNEY
Simple
Complex
Z (Zed) sections
Simple
Complex
C (Channel) sections
(a) Typical Sections
THEUMVtRSfTYOP
SYDNEY
10
n
n
<0n TMiiMvmsmof
-.37 SYDNEY
n
n
n
o
o
Section 1.2(b)
n
a
n
T CMVutsmrof
SYDNEY
c
c
11
mf LMvatsrnror
few SYDNEY
AS 4084-2012
Australian Standard*
Stool storage racking
Loading (action)
combinations for racks
Geometric non-linear
analysis (GNA)
Extended range of
test methods
SYDNEY
SYDNEY
n
n
Section 1.2(c)
D
D
C
D
Tubular
top
chord
Tubular
-web
member
_ Tubular
bottom
chord
top chord
Channel or
~
tubular web
member
-Channel
section
bottom
chord
DIE UMVEKSTTYOF
WW SYDNEY
rui iMvnsrnrop
SYDNEY
Lipped or
unlipped
channel
stud
%
I 9% %
Noggin
Mechanical
or welded
k
connection
Bottom plate
(a) Mill framing
Particle board
sheeting
Hat section
joists
vj
A
i
|
I
Ajl
(b) Floor system
14
Tltf UNIVERSITY OF
SYDNEY
SYDNEY
15
rm university of
SYDNEY
SYDNEY
Deformed
elongated
grains
New grains
forming
Structure
composed
New grains
growing
entirely ol
new grains
Remnants
of deformed
grains
16
SYDNEY
Strain-hardening range
thf ixivritsrTVOF
SYDNEY
SYDNEY
nil uKivfftsmroF
SYDNEY
rnEi vujtvnrof
WsW SYDNEY
Section 1.2(g)
r1 nil
lMVEKSI7Y OF
W:W SYDNEY
Composite decking
*
Concrete
Reinforcing mesh
-S
Decking profile
Concrete
Ribbed decking
Intermittent indentations
in profile (Embossments)
Concrete
Studs in decking
19
R1 t> LMvtitsrrror
WW SYDNEY
Design Guide
Portal Frames
Steel Sheds and Garages
111
"
June 2009
pWll
mi LMvmsm or
bW SYDNEY
Thinner sections
Connections
Section 1.4
20
n uwvtKsnYOP
SsW SYDNEY
(a)
Stiffened compression
element
element
Intermediat&J
stiffener
nu t NIVmiflY OF
SYDNEY
21
SYDNEY
Actual
Effective
Effective
Design of CoTd-Formcd
Steel Structures
Actual
Section 4.3
(a) Stiffened element
where
Uca-t
SYDNEY
a
Fig. 4.13 Bending stress with effective widths
22
yWl
Till CMWKSITY OF
WS SYDNEY
(a) Compression
Distortional buckling
(b) Flexure
DM
23
SYDNEY
Dsign of Cold-Formed
Steel Structures
(10 AS-NZS 4600:2005)
Shear centre of
flange and lip
Lentroid
Flange-web
junction
Section 5.3
of flange
and lip
a;
IT
2EI
T~
I'i.niijc
-II' 1
o "T"
SYDMY
Buckling
Mode
Lateral
Buckling
Mode
Lateral
Buckling
Mode
Lateral
Buckling
Mode
24
rwn
the t xivmsmf or
WW SYDNEY
where
Section 5.2
.i
I"
U1
1
Mi
JM
'
yi:
as
i
25
TMEUMNEHSmrOf
SH SYDNEY
(e)
Load (P)
Shear
Centroid
centre
Flexural
deformation
of shear
centre
Torsional
deformation
f
/
/
Torque = P e
(a) Eccentrically loaded channel beam
SYDNEY
26
c
n
n
nn iMvetsnVor
SYDNEY
n
n
it
Bridging members x
Sheeting
Stiff
support
/ Sheeting
y5Sheeting
Cleats at supports
-3
Stiff
perimeter
member
ft?
Sheeting
c
c
c
o
no LMVUtsrrror
SYDNEY
Buckled web
Concentrated force
27
the university of
SYDNEY
n
n
n
Flanges restrained
I/vvvac-M
HSS|
nif UNIVERSITY or
WsW SYDNEY
Cold-Formed
Steel Suocturos
Dusjfln of
(stiffened or partially
(unstiffened
stiffened flange)
flange)
Section 6.6
Bearings
FreeJ
endl-
HH
-t1~
Bearing
fb) Bearing length and position
The design
equation is:
Rb =
7777777777777777777777777777777
7377/
Bearing surface
(c) Section geometry
CtwJv sin 0
28
n
n
n
n
fW j
THE t'MVERSTTY OF
WsW SYDNEY
Corrosion Protection
n
n
n
n
n
n
OLD TASL&
SYDNEY
Coating Class
Application
ZlOO
Z200
Z275, Z350
Z450, AZ150
Z600, AZ200
29
ruELsivfusmroF
WsW SYDNEY
Screwed connections
Welded connections
Riveted connections
Power actuated fasteners
(PAFs)
SYDN! 1
CP dr O
CP
l.5df 3df
)kJ
QjsLb
Tojt
30
TUHlN
tj
(a) Thicknesses
el . Pi
e]> 3df, pi >3df
e2>1.5df,p2>3df
n iMvmsrrror
r-5 SYDNEY
Vl
"
:WSki'
v x
31
*PW|
THE UNIVERSITY OF
r.-jrj SYDNEY
Welded connections
(e)
Flare-bevel weld
sydney
.
Geometry
- Inclination failure
5k
Weld shear,
weld teanng Failure
If & plate teanng modes
4w Sheet
tear
Geometry
and
failure mode
32
n
n
sydney
HAZ Failure
n
VmsID W)
3.0 mrr
I-4.-I
(a)
33
IMIfNIVfKmrOF
rjrj SYDNEY
Buckled
plate
(b) Tearing and bearing at weld contour
Buckled
plate
(c) Edge failure
SYDNEY
Flare welds
-OTfe'K
w1
tw
ii
(a) Flare-bevel weld
is the lesser of
Jl
(b) Flare V-weld
34
SYDNEY
JL>8
Figure 2 PAF Geometric Variables Used in the Strength Prediction Model
|ywl
rMUMvmurvof
WsW
SYDNEY
35
WsW SYDNEY
Conclusions
Gothic
j j
36
!
S
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
'
"
'
THttMvtusrrrop
3ST SYDNEY
SYDNEY
Oitf?
Wirt}
&c7 1 v(r
38
Ml
SYDNEY
gr;
(D
"O
U
: "QJO
o
1
0)
"O
i CO
I
n8
SYDNEY
Assume uniform
bending
I= 1.5 nm
i=2(X).(XX)Ml,i
Applied stress
39
Cubic polynomial
transversely
Flexural
displacements
of plate
Membrane displacement
of edge stiffener
Linear
Sine curves
(b) Membrane and flexural buckling displacements
Gea
Signature curve of buckling stress versus
half-wavelength
sydney
For Beams
Each buckling moment
is calculated from the
buckling stress by
multiplying by the
gross section modulus
(Zf)
<rv
Local Mode (M0,)
\
M i vwiumror
SYDNEY
Local Buckle
Simulated
Wind Uplift
Testing
Distortional Buckle
IyW I mr iMNFRurvor
SW SYDNEY
For
M0 < 0.56My
For 2.78M
>M0 >0.56M
Mbe = M0
10
Eq. 7.2.2.2(1)
10Mv
36M.
Eq. 7.2.2.2(2)
For
m0 > 2.imy
My
S3
\Mbe
=
41
THEUMVEKSTYOF
SYDNEY
Eq. 7.2.2.3(1)
Eq. 7.2.2.3(2)
/\/
SYDNEY
=mmm
Eq. 7.2.2.3(3)
Eq. 7.2.2.4(1)
Eq. 7.2.2.4(2)
where M0d = Elastic distortional buckling moment
Mv = Yield moment
Ad
Eq. 7.2.2.4(3)
42
1 nif isivfrmtv oj
WiSl SYDNEY
Distortional tests
Local tests
- Winter
- Local curve
Distortional curve
.....
x
cvtf
Mo% S
'lt0
Strength
versus
Slenderness
12)/
VpaCA
JVJX)
(jp
or
M, is the
yield moment
" VM7u
q,vq
efctfo
LxA&yit*
sydney
(p
cpMbl
and (pMbd
43
Till isi\msin of
SYDNEY
4 *n
0-W
rPwl
THE LMVIKSITYOF
Ws57 SYDNEY
jflHHjBi
44
1 nit t siviemr of
rif SYDNEY
Problem
Determine the nominal member moment capacity of the C-section beam
in Example 5.8.1 using the Direct Strength Method. The section geometry
is shown in Fig. 4.12 and the beam geometry in Fig. 5.22.
The section dimensions are given in Example 4.6.3 and the beam
dimensions in Fig. 5.22.
Fig. 5.22
Fig. 4.12
D = 200mm
B = 75 mm
t = 1.5 mm
dL = 16.5 mm
fy = 450 MPa
SYDNEY
C1.
Fig 5.22
Uplift on tension flange q
L = 7000 mm
M3
BMP
r" m5
m4
.
Mmax
\mo
= 7wL2/128
CbAroXyjj oyJ oz
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(8))
M5 =
M6 =
C =
12-5(MmaJ
2.5(MmJ+3(M3)+4(M4)- -3(M5)I
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(9))
a
45
THFiMvttsmror
sydney
= 113.86MPa
, _ GJ
7T2EI.
Ar
ATo\ V
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(11))
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(12))
103.36MPa
Cb =
1.299
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(9))
M0=
7.612 kNm
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(8))
15.269 kNm
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(7))
inn
\
\
Distortional
mode
r""i
Local
mode
</\V \j
1
\\pJy
10
1=256.2 MPa
i 1
100
1i
1 1
1000
Co/yCTFrrfji
46
RB ITf LMVfitsmroF
WB SYDNEY
fol
fod
Zxf
Mol= Zxffol
= 10.311 kNm
M0C) =
= 8.693 kNm
Zxf fod
[ |
r-9&]
r iMvuaiiYor
W? SYDNEY
B
Since
Mbe = M0
=7.612 kNm
Since
QjUQ
47
"*5*1
IHI lMVEKSITYOF
S-W SYDNEY
Since
N\l>
I*Wll
l~
Ni
T>if t Mvursnt of
WSW SYDNEY
E.
= 7.139 kNm
D
t:
D
D
48
[wl
rmcNivnsmroF
Pig SYDNEY
Summary
49
ug
sydney
/L~i
*'"1
With straps (local buckling)
M9n|
ntflMVIKSfTYOF
WsW SYDNEY
50
SYDNEY
Distortional
buckling with holes
d2'' y
Elastic buckling
Ad2
Based on research
at Johns Hopkins
University
(Moen and Schafer)
ynet-0'0Py
0.5
2
1
1.5
distortional slendernessA
n\n
considered: sections
1.2.2.2.2 and 1.2.2.3.2
DSM Local Buckling Strength
DSM Distortional Buckling Strength
Elastic Buckling
inelastic bendinpX V.
reserve ignored:
sections 1.2.2.2.1
and 1.2.2.3.1
*-H) I
post-buckling
t03\,
as
2i-(l-0.24 ) V
IMy
M,
,05
slendcrncss
3
=
51
o
n
MPnl THECMVUrSITYOF
SYDNEY
n
n
a
a
o
o
o
o
o
niHMvmsmroF
SYDNEY
c
D
80 mm
SYDNEY
SYDM-Y
_ \04
Vcr
Vy /
v,
cr
V Vy
includes TFA
AlSI-Shear Curve
----
V=V,
excludes TFA
Vcr is the shear buckling load
of the whole section
53
SYDNEY
TMF IMMHSin
a+
l -V
"V.'kx\.
--
A
O
O
X
X
X
X
+
a
4
X*0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
n. :/
\
\. m
N.
"
iii
1.2
1..
1.6
1.:
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.)
54
THE UNIVERSITY OF
SYDNEY
Local buckling
Distortional
buckling
n
n
WsW SYDNEY
(MPa)
iiiiim
annum
TUf tMVEHyTYOF
WsW SYDNEY
(Sp
Sydney
__
. --->
56
SYDNEY
<,120
* g.
(\aA
SYDNEY
OOOIS
1-6
n
n
THE UNIVERSITY OF
SYDNEY
o
o
o
D
D
O
o
o
SYDNEY
58
SYDNEY
7 metre
simple span
One row of
bridging
nirc-NivfitHTYor
SYDNEY
Loading
Spans*
Bridging t
Sheeting Type
Rafter Fixing
SI
Uplift
3-span lapped
0,1.2
Screw fastened
Cleats
S2
Uplift
2-span lapped
0,1,2
Screw fastened
Cleats
S3
Uplift
Simply supported
0,1,2
Screw fastened
Cleats
S4
Downwards
3-span lapped
0,1
Screw fastened
Cleats
S5
Uplift
Simply supported
0, 1,2
Concealed fixed
Cleats
Cleats
S6
Uplift
3-span lapped
Concealed fixed
S7
Uplift
Simply supported
0,1,2
Screw fastened
Cleats
S8
Uplift
Simply supported
3-span lapped
1,2
Screw fastened
Cleats
* 3x7.0 m spans with 900 mm laps between bolt centres for 3-span lapped configuration
2x10.5 m spans with 1500 mm laps between bolt centres for 2-span lapped configuration
1x7.0 m span for simply supported configuration.
t 0: Zero rows of bridging in each span
1 : One row of bridging in each span
2: Single and double spans: Two rows of bridging in each span
Triple spans: Two rows of bridging in the end spans, one row in the central span
59
n
n
n
n
n
o
o
o
Till UNIVERSITY i
$ sydney
m3
Mi
MS
12.5M,,,
m4n
m3
_pfc
Ms
o
o
sydney
d5
Lateral Buckling)
Lap
Lap
i~i
UP*.
*
-
End span
Interior span
(a) Element
Subdivision
inward
fciHffi
N.
\\/
- outward
Lateral
of centroid
Outward loading
Lateral
of centroid
- outward \
""yInward
loading
60
IM UMVBOmrOF
Sydney
SYDNEY
Deform
Stress
Strength
Service
f *? O
Bridging
Span Rows
2
3
Locations
|7iJ I 50 1 50
| 33 1 B!| 33
|7jJ 1 50 1 50
pfij I 50 1 50
r-ji 50 ) 50 1
SupaPurlin 1J)
Analysis and Design of Supa Purlins Al
Copyright 2003 - University of SydneT
SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
Maximum Deflection
The maximum deflection is 5 = -53.92 n
Located at 4000 mm from left support
This represents a span/deflection ratio I
rii_ |
Ffjl
ri!
rdl I|
Fd I-
rn
P"~
Al Equal to Span 1
Inwards
C Outwards
61
niE lSIVFRMTVOF
SYDNEY
bphencal Head
Iwo C hannel
Section Members
LVDT 7
Load Transfer
Plate
rlali Round
BU]
LVD 8
200- V Series
400- Series
LVDT* 3.6
200- V Series
400-1- Senes
50
Shear Diagram
m:
Moment Diagram
AC15015
C15019
C 15024
A
C20015
C20019
o C20024
X SC15012
X SC15015
+ SCI5024
X SC20012
X SC20015
S SC20024
62
THE UNIVERSITY OF
SYDNEY
12.5
12.0
1.5
a
I
10.0'
1/0
1/1
1/2
2/0-0
2/1-1
2/2-2
3/0-0-0
3/1-1-1
3/2-1-2
riir
iwvEBTTTor
SYDNEY
[&o
7.0
6.0
5.0
4.0 +
3.0
2.0
1.0
1l
0.0
1/0
1/1
1/2
2/04)
2/1-1
2/2-2
3/0-0-0
3/1-1-1
3/2-1-2
SYDNEY
Line of support
Line of support
(a) Plan of sheeting
SYinn
Sheeting
Torsion
Stage
Vertical Bending
Stage
(a) Deflection
Flange
element
Conventional
Spring stiffness
K
bending theory
with Icomputed
for twisted section
Torsion Stage
(b) Models
64
0p[VJ\
Ml
mi isiviksiTY or
SYDNEY
NCTVTdD
Conclusions
65
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
Connections
j
!
I
:
.
n
nn
WjW
lMVFRVTY OP
SYDNEY
Connections
Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock AM FTSE
Screwed connections
Welded connections
67
nil i v\!Km;yi>-
sydney
Geometry
-=
1)
0 0df
I.Sdf 3df
lb) Three bolts in line of force (rr y )
'
SYO\l Y
Buckled
plate
(b) Bearing failure of sheet material (Type II)
68
ii
Sydney
0.42
Iranv.
(.550
CPU
Tlif LMVftSmrOF
SsW SYDNEY
Failure Type
I
II
Iand II
a n and III
ime university or
Snw SYDNEY
_ fu/fy> 1.08
s-*
:/
SNs\ fbu
fu
/
0
a"7
Failure Type
o I
a 11
Iand II
dh
e/dh
(b) Single shear
---
/>
connectionsfwithoutVashers
Bearing coefficient C
SYDNEY
1
1AS/NZS 4600 : 2005, NAS
Eurocode
CSA-S136
d/t <10 : C = 3.0
10 < d/t < 15 : C = 30t/d
15
d/t
20
25
30
70
Sp SYDNEY
Table 5.3.4.2(A)
Single shear and outside sheets of double shear
With washers under both bolt head and nut
1.00
(jg)
IN \i V.
.,
'
I wSYDNEY
1.33
71
a
SYDNEY
a
(1 -0.9rf + 3rf (df/sf)
f o One
0.1+ 3.0
Multiple bolts case
df/sf
(a) Single shear with washers
SYDNEY
(1 - rf + 2.5rf(df/sf))
f o One
df/Sf
<0wl
IHFLMUHSJTVt*
357 SYDNEY
sydney
Problem
Fig. 9.9(b)
73
die iMVMsmr of
WjW SYDNEY
A.
Plate Strength for Net Plate
Clause 5.3. 1
df = 12 mm
dh = diameter of standard hole
= df + 2.0 = 14 mm
Clause 3. 2
An = (b-dh)t = {80 - 14)2.5= 165 mm2
Nt is the lesser of
(Eq. 3.2.2(1))
Nt=\fy
= (80 x2.5)
300
= 60000 N
= 60.0 kN
(Eq. 3.2.2(2))
Nt= 0.85 kt An fu
vn ITHCCMVUSITYOF
SW SYDNEY
Hence
Nd =
(p
Nt
= 0.90 x 47.69
= 42.92 kN
Clause 5.3.3
Nf = fuAn
Nf = 340 x
Now
0=0.55
(Eq. 5.3.3(3))
165 = 56.1 kN
<42.92 kN
74
p*yT|
niECMYMsmrof
WW SYDNEY
Vfv = 0.62fufAo
= 0.62 x 400
= 28048 N
= 28.05 kN
Hence
(Eq. 5.3.5.1(2))
113.1
If the shear plane contains the bolt thread, then the minor diameter area of the
bolt should be used for this calculation. In this case 30V/v = 43.3 kN > 30.H5 kN
run wvtptsfiYor
riW SYDNEY
C.
Check Bearing Capacity
Clause 5.3.4.2
Vb
aC
fu dft
(Eq. 5.3.4.2)
a =1.0
MS9M
m
Hence
Vb
= 3.00
fudft
= 3.00 x340
12 x 2.5 = 30600 N
= 30.6 kN
= 0.60 as given in Clause 5.3.4.2
<f>Vb= 78.36 kN
3</>Vb = 55.08 kN > 30.85 kN
75
nafel
jSJ
SYDNI \
IMF UMVERSTY Of
D.
Tearout
Clause 5.3.2
Use e = 25 mm
te fu
= 2.5 *25 *340 = 21250 N
= 2125 kN
Vf =
Now
since
$=
fu/fy =
</>Vf =
3</>Vf =
( Eq. 5.3.2(2))
I#] nulmvimirror
WsW SYDNEY
I I
Sf
i>d4
0 C
I
1.5df| 3df
76
TIIE UNIVERSITY 0T
SsW SYDNEY
---
-A/
V-
fuAnt0.60fuAnv
Ch-.z-o-
p
_q~Agv
L_
I
S*
(a)
6Z?
0.60,, fjAj,
9
Us*
(b) Large shear force and
small tension force
n\n
MB*
(a) Thicknesses
el
Pi
ej> 3df, pi>3df
e2>1.5df,p2>3df
77
mi t vunsmroF
SYDNEY
n
n
042/042 C.550
SYDNEY
78
-u
to
TMELMVOHmrOF
SYDNEY
When
t2 < t1
dA < 15 : C = 30t/d
d/tl5: C = 2.0
C-2.7
d/t6: C-2.7
6 < dA < 13 : C = 3.3 - O.lt/d
d/t: C 2.0
When
When
t2> 2.5 t1
'
'1
\"1 \7/
t2 , tensile strength f
-U-N
TT n
t[ ,tensile strength f ul
t2 , tensile strength f
(b) Crest fixed
79
n tMvmsmfor
teSf SYDNEY
Pull-Out Failure
Eq. 5.4.3.2(2)
Pull-Over Failure (pan fastened)
Eq. 5.4.3.2(2)
where dw is the larger of the screw
head diameter and the washer
diameter but not greater than 12.5 mm
Pull-Over Failure (crest fastened)
c =
SYDNEY
80
1 TwruMMBrsiTroF
SsW SYDNEY
Welded connections
(a)
Butt weld
I.;'
'
seam welds
_____
Fai
we I
Geometry
Inclination failure
Weld shear
Failure
weld tearing
& plate tearing modes
Geometry
and
failure mode
81
2N-
!I A
Geometry
Transvi
plate
tearing
2N
mrnr
Weld shear
and tearing Failure
modes
at weld
contour
lll
I
4N
4N-
1 12> tj
Sheet tear
Geometry
and
failure mode
SYDNEY
Failure modes
HAZ Failure
a
a
82
SYDNEY
100
Theoretical Ultimate Load = 4V
STg 6T-
WHt
jt
U-d.|
(a) Single thickness of sheet
Tnin mm
J_
-o o
"-min
83
&j)ISYDNEY
THE UNIVERSITY OF
Buckled
plate
(b) Tearing and bearing at weld contour
Buckled
plate
(c) Edge failure
Flare welds
SYDNEY
t w is the lesser of
0.833 tlw
fu
84
88
Sydney
Problem
The 80 mm wide 2.5 mm thick G300 sheet is to be welded to the 5 mm
plate shown in Fig. 9.21 using either:
Longitudinal fillet welds, or
Combined longitudinal and transverse fillet welds,
(a)
(b)
determine the size of each weld to fully develop the design capacity
of the plate
I*W>|
Tut isivmsnvoF
few SYDNEY
A.
Plate Strength for Full Plate
For a G300 steel, fy = 300 MPa and fu = 340 MPa
Clause 3.2
Use lesser of
Nt = Ag f=(bt) fy
(Eq. 3.2.2(1))
(Eq. 3.2.2(2))
Nd=t, N,
= 0.90 x57.8
= 52.02 kN
85
n UMXtKMlYC*'
SYDNEY
B.
Clause 5.2.3.2(b)
El
Assuming
Vw = 0.75 t lwfu
Now (j>
(Eq. 5.2.3.2(3))
Vw< Nd where
52020
0.55(0.75x2.5x340)
0.55x0.75tf
1
2
= 1487?2m
148 n*
ML 74 in*
= 14mm = -= 29.6 > 25
2
m t 2.5
WW SYDNEY
C.
Firstly, locate transverse fillet weld across full width of end of plate
as shown in Fig. 9.21(b).
Clause 5.2.3.3
WJtransverse
= t b f u = 2.5
= 68.0 kN
* 80 * 340
Now
</<p> = 0.60
(
$ VJ transverse = 40.8 kN
Hence required
(Eq. 5.2.3.3)
(Nd)longitudjnal = Nd
$ ( vv) transverse
= 52.02-40.8 = 11.22 kN
86
THUMVtKSin OF
SYDNEY
2 <j>\/ = 2
eorv'T w&co
SYI)\I
>
k&*1
$F7-Hlzr&
?rec-5i
7-hj,
SU
87
W33 SYDNEY
I"ftys 1 THfUSIVHlSITYOF
WSSf SYDNEY
Welds can have failure in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and
require special rules based on the parent metal strength
New rules have been developed for PAFs in the NAS 2012
88
DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
Design Examples
, insm i
SYDNEY
ip Sydney
(a) Geometry
Fig. 5.24
3.79 kNm at
brace point
Includes double
stiffness in lap
(b) Bending
Moment
Distribution
3.42 kNm at
end of lap
2.75 kN
3.76 kNm at
end of lap
3.50 kN
Reverse signs
(c) Shear
orce
Diagram
3.80 kN at
end of lap
4.25 kN
3.05 kN at
end of lap
90
SYDNEY
Z-Section purlin
79 mm
t = 1.5 mm
(D
yg
Internal corner radii (r j ) = 5mm
t = 1.5 mm
D = 203 mm
i
r = 5.75 mm
u = 1.57r
= 9.03 mm
c = 0.637r
= 3.66 mm
Ig = 0.149r3
= 28.3 mm3
I dn = 15 mm
(a) Cross-section
Bt
= 74 mm
i'Ns'
Fig. 5.23
nif university of
WW SYDNEY
Program THIN-WALL
Distortional bucklina
Compression in wide flange ad = 222 MPa, A = 600 mm
Compression in narrow flange od = 236.7 MPa, A = 700 mm
Local buckling
Compression in wide flange al = 304.6 MPa, A = 120 mm
Compression in narrow flange al = 296.2 MPa, A = 120 mm
91
n
o
o
Name
Grade
"Z20015S" "G450"
Name
Grade
"Z20015S" "G450"
E
D
F
T
L
R1
R2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
203
74
79
fol b fod b
(MPa) (MPa)
300.4
229.4
15.0
1.5
5.0
5.0
fol c fod c
(MPa) (MPa)
58.0
105.9
WW SYDNEY
2.690
2.183
2.235
4.066
2.386
3.905
92
THI LMVUMTYOr
r-5 SYDNEY
Ex 7.6.3
Problem
Determine the nominal member axial capacity (A/c) for the lipped channel
section of length 2000 mm shown in Fig. 7.12 assuming the channel is loaded
concentrically through the centroid of the effective section and the effective
lengths in flexure and torsion are based on a lateral and torsional restraint
in the plane of symmetry at mid-height. This is similar to a wall stud in a steel
framed house with a noggin (bridging) at mid-height.
D = 100 mm
B = 75 mm
2000 mm
1000 mm
t = 1.5 mm
dL = 16.5 mm
1000 mm
fy = 300 MPa
Fig. 7.12
93
I425*1
rut 1mvfiwty of
SYDNEY
Example 7.6.3
Major and Minor Axis Second Moments of Area (Ix, ly) and
Torsion Constant (J) of Full Section accounting for Rounded Corners
J = 304.37 mm4
Fig. 7.12
r-5 SYDNEY
Warping Constant and Shear Centre Position for Full Section with Square
Corners
= 7. 632><105 mm4
= 37. 75 mm
= 7.521 x708mm6
= 65.61 mm
Fig. 7.12
94
AS 4100- 1998
(% = -0.5)
0.8
fn = 10.658
AS/NZS 4600
1996
and A1SI 1996
AISI-LRFD- 1991
0.877
AS 1538 - 1988
(unfactored)
kr=<fJfn
y
*oc
where
n iMVfK&mrop
WSW SYDNEY
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(14))
= 865.35MPa
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(11))
= 1534MPa
Torsional buckling
543.94MPa
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(12))
n
n
n
n
o
n
n
n
rn Tin
SYDNEY
For a section mono-symmetric about the x-axis, the critical stress foc
is the lesser of the minor axis flexural buckling stress and the flexuraltorsional buckling stress
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(11))
D
(Eq. 3.4.3(1))
SYDNEY
fn = (o.658Ac If
= 213.66MPa
c
c
(c) Line element model
96
nif LMvutsrnror
SYDNEY
Actual
Effective
Effective
Actual
Supported
edge
a
o
where
SYDNEY
Boundary
Conditions
s.s
;
S.S
s.s
Uniform
Compression
p
s.sr
r~
Uniform
Compression
s.s_
Compression
s.s
Built-in
Built-in
S.S
Loading
1-ivc
Uniform
Built-in
Uniform
Free
Compression
Buckling
Coefficient (k)
0.425
0.675
Half Wavelength
L =oo
L = 2b
l'"roc
Bending
1SS "
V's
Pure
Bending
V3
Compression
F-7
SSF
EH3
Bending
Compression
Pure
Shear
5.35
L =oo
9.35
L=b
97
Tllf t'NI\TRnrOP
WH SYDNEY
= 10 mm
k = 0.43
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(5)
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(4))
dse = d
rl TMEUMVIHSrnrOF
r&f SYDNEY
(Eq. 2.4.2(7))
98
1 rHitsivfitsinrop
Pi? SYDNEY
Clause 2.2. 1.2 Effective width of flange Element 3 for strength (see Fig. 7.12)
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(5))
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(4))
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(3))
R*n
nil[ UMVmSfTYOF
Wfl SYDNEY
Element 5 - Web
Clause 2. 3. 1 Uniformly compressed stiffened element
b = 91mm
k = 4.00
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(5)
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(4))
(Eq. 2.2.1.2(3))
bew=
pb = 68.65 mm
99
Ps%n
THUMVIKSITVOF
SYDNEY
n
n
o
D.
E.
Nc = Atf = 67.75 kN
Effective Area at Yield Stress (fy)
o
c
(Eq. 3.4.1(2))
=281.47 mm2
F.
Ns = Aefy = 84.44 kN
(Eq. 3.4.1(1))
C
C
the iMviBsrnroF
SYDNEY
57.59 kN
c
c
100
rn
THEtMVIIBmrOP
WsW SYDNEY
1.
2.
3.
4.
rut iMVE*vrror
htf SYDNEY
i
Determine the nominal member compression capacity (Nc) of the lipped channel
in Example 7.6.3 using the Direct Strength Method. The geometry is shown in
Fig. 7.12 and the dimensions in Example 7.6.3.
101
THt LSIYtlCUTY OF
SYDNEY
Distortionai
mode
f0/
=218.6 MPa
_I
I I I I I11
_I
I II I I I
100
1000
0000
ra| IHElMVmSJIYOF
fe? SYDNEY
fol
fod
(Ex. 7.6.3)
fol
= 88.708 kN
fod
= 99.502 kN
102
THE UNIVERSITY OF
WW SYDNEY
fL
from Ex 7.6.3
Nce = Afn
Since
j|KQ
|/
THE CNJVmiTYC*
WsW SYDNEY
Since
103
11ntf uMvotsmrof
SYDNEY
E.
= 74.254 kN
Oc = 0.85
Nd = ())N
sydney
= 57.59 kN
104