Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
May 2010
Introduction to Explosives
"
!#
"
What is an explosive?
Take 1 kg of
Coal and Explosive
Which produces more energy?
Time
Coal burns slowly!
An explosive requires:
A rapid reaction,
A shock wave and
Expansion of gases
&
! '
"
)
" )
"!*
+'
+* !
,
,!*
! '
!
-.
*/
0
)
Explosives
DO NOT
require presence of
air (Oxygen)
to function
Definition of an explosive
'
'
3
.. 2
Definition of an explosive
2
.
Evolution of explosives
9
1-778
45
3 ,
2
1*778
:
62
:
)
2
'
'
Evolution of explosives
"
)
'
Provides Oxygen
e.g. Ammonium Nitrate Solution
Definition
- Combustion
) 2
Definition
- Detonation
)
2
2
)'
'
,
, )
=
;<
2
Definition
- Deflagration
)
2
,)
= '
;%
)
2
>2
9
,
?
3
'
+
9
@0
?
3!4
49
)
)'
7.
A-
)'
# 4&
'
Properties of explosives
10
Properties of explosives
+
9
,
=
"
'
'
'
'
! '
9
,
#
Handling characteristics
,'
0
'
"
11
Water resistance
2
@
@
'
3
>
) 2
&! (
Effect of
water at toe
of blasthole
12
What is Density?
Density
Mass
Volume
Blasthole
Rock
&'
(
&'
(
" #
('
)(
&'
*)
&'
*+
('
,)
'
,
=
"
?
'4
' 9
9
4
4
'
13
Sensitivity
= '
'
'
>
B
9
)'
'2
'
Detonator sensitive
"
)'
17
14
Primer sensitive
@0
)'
)
Initiating
system
Stemming
Booster
Explosive
Booster
Proposed
Floor
Rock
(Weight)
15
Velocity of detonation
=!9
=!9 2
A 777
2
'
=!9 '
'
C777 D
2
')
Critical diameter
22
?
,177
,91A7
%
%
%
+
+
+
4C/
4C/
4177
16
9
@
@
'
'
,
>
Detonation
- - ./ /012
1
/
#
/
30
#
30 !
17
Ideal detonation
#
'
)
'4
=
'4
'
4
; "
!
" E4#
3
=
; &
+, %
" ;
&
=
#2
@
@
F *7%
>?
'
,
18
3
3
#4
5
/3
3
3
3
3
/
3/ 4
0//
&((
/3
3
3
3
#4
3
5
3
3
3
3
0// $
06
&((
$
19
200
% Emulsion
Density g/cc*100
RBS
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Augur
Pump
AN + PPAN
AN + ANFO
" )
'
?
" )
!
20
Oxygen balance
! '
)
! '
'
! '
#
#
& (
! '
2
! '
!
! '
! '
2
" )
" )
Desensitisation of explosives
+'
9
Detonator
cord
+
9
9'
Stemming
"
Area of
Explosives
affected by
Detonating
cord firing
92
Explosive
Booster
Proposed
Floor
Channel
Effect
Downlines
Rock
(Weight)
21
Storage life
2
"
%
#'
3
4
Temperature effects
#
"
"
)
'
"
>2#
%
')
2
@
"
'
%
&
22
Ammonium Nitrate
)
-7G ! '
'
)
!
,
>
3>!4
,
3 E4
4*/
3 E> 2 9
'
AN Properties
3
+'
%
' 7.
C*
' ) )
1C7I"
7.
CH
'
Temperature Cycling
23
Bulk Explosives
>2
' ?
,
3
,
'
>
3E
,
J
&
9
&
3
(4 "! 2
4J :
,
!
( J:
"'
24
Mixing ANFO
ANFO Properties
Sensitivity/Energy
7
&((
)(
8(
9(
*(
(
&*
25
Bulk Emulsion
Bulk Emulsion
2
0
>0 4
>
)'
4
'
&
,'
'177
& '
,'
'K77
,'
',1*74,1A7 4,1A/
&
J:
26
Blasting Agent
- Non detonability test
*&(
9((
6
27
'
3!
9'
,17/K 2
J
>
4,'
,17/K
)
)
,17/K
',17CK4,17-K4,17-74,17/C4,17/K
'
28
Packaged Explosives
Emulsion
Watergel
Emulsion based
2
>2
-9
+
'
'
)
=!9
%
3
'
'
'
"
,
2
'&
/7
2
4
)
; H17F 7G
2
4H1A F A.
/G
2
4H1-F -G
29
Emulsion based
2
>2
-9
'
'
)
=!9
4
)
H7F 7G
2
4 HA F A.
/G
2
4 H-F -G
Watergel Explosives
2
@
"
-9
1H
:
)
) &
/4H
;
17 D (
30
=
<
<
<
*? 6
$
6
#
>
Caterpillar Study
?
>
+
"
2
'
"
)
'4
'
'
+ 22
2
'
'
2
22
2
2
2
'
'
31
Caterpillar Study
Cost/tonne
Ideal
Fine
Coarse
#
%
"
>
L 17.
/
L C.
1/
Stemming
Explosive
= 10.5 x 7.15
= 75.1 kg
Proposed
Floor
32
?
"
, );
>
&(
"
&
>(
L M.
C
L 7.
H
>
L >J
L M.
CJ 7.
HL 17.
/
4
2
Proposed
Floor
L 1.
1/
Sub-drill - U
177
'
L HM
Charge Length - L
Explosive
Stemming
Hole diameter
Inches (mm)
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
3
1
3 /2
4
1
4 /4
76
89
102
108
2.95
4.04
5.31
5.95
3.18
4.35
5.72
6.41
3.40
4.67
6.13
6.87
3.63
4.98
6.54
7.33
3.86
5.29
6.95
7.79
4.08
5.60
7.35
8.24
4 1/2
114
6.63
7.14
7.66
8.17
8.68
4 /8
5
1
5 /8
124
127
130
7.85
8.23
8.63
8.45
8.87
9.29
9.06
9.50
9.95
9.66
10.13
10.62
10.26
10.77
11.28
5 /4
133
9.03
9.73
10.42
11.11
11.81
5 1/2
140
10.01
10.78
11.55
12.32
13.08
5 /8
143
10.44
11.24
12.05
12.85
5 7/8
6
6 1/4
149
152
159
11.33
11.79
12.91
12.21
12.70
13.90
13.08
13.61
14.89
13.95
14.52
15.88
6 3/4
171
14.93
16.08
17.22
7 /8
187
17.85
19.23
20.60
7 5/8
194
19.21
20.69
22.17
7 /8
200
20.42
21.99
8 /2
9
7
9 /8
10
5
10 /8
216
229
251
254
270
23.82
26.77
32.16
32.94
37.22
11 1/4
279
311
349
381
406
445
12 /4
13
15
16 1/2
17
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
4.31
5.91
7.76
8.70
4.54
6.22
8.17
9.16
4.76
6.53
8.58
9.62
4.99
6.84
8.99
10.08
5.22
7.15
7.15
9.40
10.54
5.44
7.47
9.81
10.99
5.67
7.78
10.21
11.45
5.90
8.09
10.62
11.91
6.12
8.40
11.03
12.37
6.35
8.71
11.44
12.83
9.19
9.70
10.21
10.72
11.23
11.74
12.25
12.76
13.27
13.78
14.29
10.87
11.40
11.95
11.47
12.03
12.61
12.08
12.67
13.27
12.68
13.30
13.94
13.28
13.93
14.60
13.89
14.57
15.26
14.49
15.20
15.93
15.10
15.83
16.59
15.70
16.47
17.26
16.30
17.10
17.92
16.91
17.73
18.58
12.50
13.20
13.89
14.59
15.28
15.98
16.67
17.37
18.06
18.76
19.45
13.85
14.62
15.39
16.16
16.93
17.70
18.47
19.24
20.01
20.78
21.55
13.65
14.45
15.26
16.06
16.86
17.67
18.47
19.27
20.08
20.88
21.68
22.48
14.82
15.42
16.88
15.69
16.33
17.87
16.56
17.24
18.86
17.44
18.15
19.86
18.31
19.05
20.85
19.18
19.96
21.84
20.05
20.87
22.83
20.92
21.78
23.83
21.80
22.68
24.82
22.67
23.59
25.81
23.54
24.50
26.81
24.41
25.40
27.80
18.37
19.52
20.67
21.82
22.97
24.11
25.26
26.41
27.56
28.71
29.86
31.00
32.15
21.97
23.34
24.72
26.09
27.46
28.84
30.21
31.58
32.96
34.33
35.70
37.08
38.45
23.65
25.13
26.60
28.08
29.56
31.04
32.52
33.99
35.47
36.95
38.43
39.90
41.38
23.56
25.13
26.70
28.27
29.85
31.42
32.99
34.56
36.13
37.70
39.27
40.84
42.41
43.98
25.65
28.83
34.64
35.47
40.08
27.48
30.89
37.11
38.00
42.94
29.31
32.95
39.58
40.54
45.80
31.15
35.01
42.06
43.07
48.67
32.98
37.07
44.53
45.60
51.53
34.81
39.13
47.01
48.14
54.39
36.64
41.19
49.48
50.67
57.26
38.48
43.25
51.95
53.20
60.12
40.31
45.31
54.43
55.74
62.98
42.14
47.37
56.90
58.27
65.84
43.97
49.42
59.38
60.80
68.71
45.80
51.48
61.85
63.34
71.57
47.64
53.54
64.33
65.87
74.43
49.47
55.60
66.80
68.41
77.29
51.30
57.66
69.27
70.94
80.16
39.74
42.80
45.85
48.91
51.97
55.02
58.08
61.14
64.19
67.25
70.31
73.36
76.42
79.48
82.53
85.59
49.38
62.18
74.11
84.15
101.09
53.18
66.96
79.81
90.62
108.87
56.97
71.75
85.51
97.10
116.65
60.77
76.53
91.21
103.57
124.42
64.57
81.31
96.91
110.04
132.20
68.37
86.10
102.61
116.52
139.98
72.17
90.88
108.31
122.99
147.75
75.96
95.66
114.01
129.46
155.53
79.76
100.45
119.71
135.93
163.30
83.56
105.23
125.41
142.41
171.08
87.36
110.01
131.11
148.88
178.86
91.16
114.79
136.81
155.35
186.63
94.96
119.58
142.51
161.83
194.41
98.75
124.36
148.21
168.30
202.19
102.55
129.14
153.91
174.77
209.96
106.35
133.93
159.61
181.25
217.74
33
MC =
D2
kg/m
1273
1.15 89 2
MC =
kg/m
1273
= 7.15 kg/m
#
%
"
"
>
L 17.
/
L C.
1/
Stemming
%
Total Charge Length
Explosive
& ( L#
"
>
L 17.
/ C.
1/
L C/.
1
Proposed
Floor
34
On Bench control
- Total mass of explosives?...
Not to scale
L 20
L 75.1 kg
L 75.1 x 20 = 1502 kg
35
Not to scale
)
2
..
98
)
2
L 20
L 20
L 19
L 1
36
Powder factor
20 m
30 m
10 m
Not to scale
Powder Factor
- Volume
=
) )
&
%
A(
&
2
(
L 17 A7 *7
L -777 A
L 1/7*
2
%
=
L 1/7*D
-777L 7.
*/
) )
D
37
Powder Factor
- Mass
%
) )
L9
'
L *.
K
L 1KK77
& (
=
-777
L 1/7*
2
%
%
) )
L 1/7*D
1KK77L 7.
17
'
38