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CO3

bbO

C2O42

bO

O2

XOd

SO3

Uud

u_

U

UdJ

Cr2O72

bOd

S2

Ud

CrO42

bdO

N3

UJOKO

SiO32

bOHu

P3

UHu

PO43

UA
tO UdH  d v w b qI
tULF s

tGO

duB w b

Ag Br

VdL r

WUM UF_ w b

uU Ud

uOUu d

NaHCO3

uuB XuK uO

WbL W_ WUM w qb

bze bFL W{uL WUFL

d UN dUMF iF
UL b Q rW s
UM b??b??? w??
U?? A? ?d?? J? ?
rd dUMF c W v
dBMF r bF wU
L
III bb bO
Fe2O3 tGO

Mg(OH)2

sObU U MOF R
uOML_ buK uOOMGL bd WO U dL mO V
uuB Uud uOu_ UHu uOUu bOd
s q qUH s ZUM V dL WGO r U
sO uOAd

uKH uOUJ

IIUM UO_ sOdOM uuB

bO bON IIIdJ

WOzUOLOJ WUF*
U s dOF r
W?? U?? F? ?L? ? w?? ?  u?? ? ?L? ? ? 
WO udU WOzUOLOJ
VK s
qzU l
U g
wzU uK aq

wzUOLOJ qUH qOL hOK q s WOzUOLOJ WUFL b

vK ULU p Wb
U OEH qUH s dOF q s WUM uL WKUHL uL UL WdF
s dOF q s WUM WKUHL uL mO u WdF
l rN UNKBH WKU UNGO Uu VJ udU qUH
sOLO vK ZuM UO vK UHL l{ Ud
WUM WKUHL uL s q WU WdF
WUFL WuL p UL kH uU Ud
W VJ YO t rN u l{u qUH d UO
eK YO VcL bUL qUF jGC d

d W bM sOU WKB uOUJ Uud qK

wU U VKB uOUJ bO suJ

rKF q
bOu b?? ?B?L?
w dO bOA U???
nBM v??? s??O?D??K?
pJH U w{UL dI
u??O? ? U??J?  U?? ? ? u?? d??
dU

WO uDU uI Wu WUF WUJ udJ bO

wQ UL qUH qL WOEH WUF WU

uOUJ bO udJ bO wU

uOUJ Uud

U q WU UO l ud UH_ b

sO wMF e

q

CaCO3(s)

UOU

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

WUFL wd w dBM q b UL p WUFL Wu

CaCO3(s)

UU

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

sO WIU WUFL s

rKF q
uOUJ UudJ
W?? ?F? ? U?? ? b?? ? ? ? ?? ? ?
U?? U?? b??  W??U??M?  w?? 
u?? ? ? ?  U?? ?D? ??L? ??
UdO

WUFLK d _ dD

WUFLK sL_ dD

= Ca b

= Ca b

= O b

= O b

= C b

= C b

Wu UN k WUFL w oObU

wUU UdO jG{ d?? s??  qUH d?? WU

WO uB vK WUFL `B
CaCO3(s)

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

UF

rKF q
uuB Uud
Ue WUM w b
l UNeL pUF
u??O????U??J?? U?? ?u?? ?d?? ?
s?? O? ?? ?? ? q?? ? ? ?d?? ? ? ?
ZeL

p r UOu_ U U sOdOM sObON U qUH R

WUFL V .bU qUF bb b jGC sOU
qUH cN WuL
WKB uuB Uud sO qUHK Wu WUF V
buK uK suJ puK bON iL uK l
udJ bO wU U UL uuB

WOu_ UF*
w b WFOD w dL w u WOzUOLOJ UH s dO
buK uK jK bM b U UH c vK WK_ s wzU j
V uJ v R c wzUL WCH d uK wzUL uuB
WO WUFLU dOG c s dOF sJL iO
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)

AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

WUFL vL??  cN WKUH U?? e qL UNQ WUFL c?? b??

UO b?? M sJ W?? Oe
s qJ??  w?? zUdNJ q?? Ou
u?? uB b?? uK w?? uK
UN WUu WCH d
sO qJA w sOL
UL w UMQ sOUL sOU
W?? UFL W?? U s?? JL p?? c
w qJA vK WIU
W?? U??O?  U??N? q??J? A? 
u??K??L?K? w??zU??d??N? J?  q??O? u??? 

Na

(aq)

+Cl

(aq)

+Ag

(aq)

+NO3

(aq)

AgCl(s)+Na

(aq)

+NO3

(aq)

bu dEM XMF u WKUJ WOu_ WUFLU WIU WUFL vL

UNQ WUFL wd vK bu dM Uu uuB Uu s
s dFL WUFL `B UNc UUB sJL c WKUH dO b
wQ UL qUH
Ag

(aq)

+ Cl

AgCl(s)

(aq)

uJ sO qJA WOUB WOu_ WUFLU WUFL c vL

oU qUH w WCH buK s V

uuB buK uK v WCH d uK WU{ WO AgCl V uJ qJA

d wzUL uuB buK wuK UMe u o U vK UM

 uOUu
wQ UL WOe WUFL uJ UMFu
NaCl(aq) + KNO3(aq)

WO WOu_ WUFLU UNM dOF sJL

YK WOC
Ub w Y
uOUu d

NaNO3(aq) + KCl(aq)

Na+(aq)+Cl

+K

(aq)

+NO3

(aq)

(aq)

Na

+NO3-(aq)+K+(aq)+Cl-(aq)

(aq)

UNM o
r t sO WUFL wd s WKULL Uu_ UB bM
wzUOLO qUH b r t UM UMMJL tOK w
UH WCH d uuB buK wuK o UL p sO
uOUu d uuB buK wuK sO U MJL p sJ r ULMO
w bU buI s WuL ULKF l{ R c s WU UL
wQ U UNM WOzc buI XOL UL w WOu_ uL WOz s RM

UL w Wz NO3 , C2H3O2 , ClO3 , ClO4  lOL

bu w WOzc sOu
n??d??F? d??O?G?? d??O?G?? W??O? H? 
sOuI WuLWOzc
vK uI pb sO w
w w Wzc WOu_ UL
UL w UNUu eO d uJ
d Q d u [

UL w Wz Na , K , Cs , Rb , NH4  lOL

Ba2 ,Hg22 ,Ca2 ,Pb2 Ud UMU Wz UdJ  lOL
Ag ,Pb2 ,Hg22 bOU UMU Wz Cl ,Br ,I  lOL
UM?? ? ?U W?? ? ? ?z d?? ? ? ?O CO32 , PO43 , S2 , SO32  lOL
WuKI eKH Uu NH4 
bO bO UMU Wz dO bOU _ bO bON lOL
Ba2 , Sr2 , Ca2 WuKI eKH bOU

Wz v WO U d* nM U* w u* WOz bu vK ULU R

Wz dO
AgClO4

AgNO3 PbCl2 Ba(OH)2 Ca(OH)2

Na2SO3

CaSO4 K3PO4 Li2S

FeS

VOd UH b RM sJL buI c vK ULU

L
bO bO uK l FeCl3) (III) bb buK uK e bM
w uM vK WOe WUFLU p qOL sJL (KOH) uOUu
FeCl3(aq) + 3KOH(aq)

3KCl(aq) + Fe (OH)3(s)

w qJA vK WIU WUFL WU sJL WOzc bu v udU

rKF q
bb bO bO
UO WOIM w b III
dA

Fe3

(aq)

+3Cl

(aq)

+3K

(aq)

+3OH

(aq)

Fe(OH)3(s)+3K

(aq)

+3Cl

(aq)

qB WUFL wd vK uuL WNUAL Uu_ UB bM

WO WOUB WUFL vK
Fe3

(aq)

+ 3OH

(aq)

Fe(OH)3(s)

UO (NH4NO3) uOu_ d s WOzU qOU jK bM qUH b lu q U

Pb (CH3COO)2 Ud

q

WO WUFLU luL qUH qOL sJL

2NH4NO3(aq) + Pb(CH3COO)2(aq)

2NH4CH3COO(aq) + Pb (NO3)2(aq)

w qJA vK qUHK WOu_ WUFL WU sJL WOzc bu v udU

2NH4

+2NO3
(aq)

+Pb
(aq)

+2CH3COO
(aq)

2NH4

(aq)

+2CH3COO
(aq)

+Pb
(aq)

+2NO3

(aq)

(aq)

wUU w Uu_ c s o
r t k WUFL wd s WKULL Uu_ UB bM
wzUOLO qUH b

UL w sQ WHOF{ WOe U s U ZUM uJ q V uJ UNUB UH UM

sF UH c iF dF WOu WUFL U C UNKOL sJL UH c U U tH UL uJ
w UL w dEM

iL uK uuB UO uK jK s ZUM qUHK WOu WUF V

puK bON

wU WOu_ UNGOB WUFL VJ

H

(aq)

+ Cl

(aq)

+ Na

(aq)

+ CH3COO

(aq)

Na

(aq)

+ Cl

(aq)

q

+ CH3COOH(aq)

WO WOUB WOu_ WUFL vK qB WUFL wd vK WKULL Uu_ UB bM

H

(aq)

+ CH3COO

(aq)

CH3COOH(aq)

sJL UH s uM c w UL l dO qJA qUH U UNu b uJ UH UM

w UL w `{u u UL WOU WOu WUF WU

uK puK bON iL uK jK s ZUM qUH s dOFK WOu WUF V

uuB bOd

q

WO WOu_ WUFLU qUH c s dOF sJL

2H

(aq)

+ 2Cl

(aq)

+ 2Na

(aq)

+S

(aq)

H2S(g)+ 2Na

(aq)

+ 2Cl

(aq)

WO WOUB WUFL vK qBM UUB sJL

2H

(aq)

+S

(aq)

H2S(g)

sOKUH s sOOU sOKUH qL WKU WOu WUF V WOzc bu v udU R

bK qU
uOUJ d uK uuB Uud uK e
uuB bO bO uK du eO d puK bON iL uK e
du eO d

UH u
w bU UN d w WOHOJ WdF bF WOzUOLOJ UH
U?M dF u WNUAL d_ UH ZuM RM UNLN
WO u_

Combination U% UH
v rI bb U suJ d sOU U w

WO WK _ w `{u u UL Vd suJ sdBM U%

1- S(s) + O2(g)

SO2(g)

2- 2Na(s) + S(s)

Na2S(s)

3- Ca(s) +

1
2

O2(g)

CaO(s)

u WKUHL dUMF b XE pKF WIU UFL s q w

w b pS eK eK v WKUHL uL nMB UM
eK sdBMF uJ d UNCF w eK l eK b UH iF
i??F? b?? ?O? ? U?? ?
UL w WKLL eKH
uK ZM
ULMO U bU
e??K??? iF b??O?U??
u??K? ?  Z??? M? U?? L? ? w?? 

U OCL

qL Wu WUF V R
WO UH s
eK l eK
eK l eK
uOML_ b

rKF q
u?? ? SO 2 U?? ??? ?
W??R???L? U??G?? b??
w w??C?L?? d??D?L? s??
WOUMB oUML

w U* w UL bb Vd suJ Vd l dBM U%

SO2(g) +

1
2

O2(g)

SO3(g)

WO WK _ w UL Vd l Vd U% ?

1- CO2(g) + CaO(s)

CaCO3(s)

2- SO3(g) + H2O(g)

H2SO4(l)

3- Na2O(s)+H2O(I)

2NaOH(aq)

qUH q9 WIU Vd l Vd U% UH k

eK bO l eK bO
UL l eK bO
UL l eK bO
qL Wu WUF V R
WO UH s
(CaO) w dO l UL qUH
rKF q

(NO2) sOdOM bO wU l UL qUH

uuL CO2

U??
WUG UdAL w?? ?
WOKJ U s cR
UNMO od s

Decomposition qK UH UOU

WO UH
1- 2NaCl(l)

wzUdN qOK

2Na(s) + Cl2(g)

2- 2H2O2(l)

2H2O(l) + O2(g)

3- (NH4)2Cr2O7(s)

Cr2O3(s) + 4H2O(g) + N2(g)

4- CaC O3(s)

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

5- 2NaHCO3(s)

Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

UU UNM ZMO b UL qUH b UM WIU UFL s k

uOu U??d??J? qK
tb sJL c dU
U dK uLM

qK WOKL U WU v U UO_ VK w d

Displacement U_ jO UH UU

V d w U UA q d dBM q jOA dBM UNO q UH w
WO WUF WUFL w u UL pc U F dO_ dBMF dO U
A + BY

HCI(aq)

B + AY

H2(g)

c b sJL wzUOLOJ UAM WKK vK WOKL bLF

Zn

U

s s??O? b??O? N?  U?? U????

uK l sOU qUH
sObON buK

WO WK_ w UL UNU d s dUMF iF dOC w UH s uM

buK ZMO puK bON iL uK l sOU qUH
sObON U sOU
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)

ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

(IIUM d U WCH d w WCH UJ UM

WCH
Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq )

Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

w WeKH dUMF iF wzUOLOJ UAM WKK qL VOd wQ ULO

jO UH RM w bU w WOzUL qOUL
Li>Cs>Rb>K>Ba>Sr>Ca>Na>Mg>Al>Mn>Zn>Cr>Fe>Ni>Pb>H 2>Cu>Ag

qL wzUOLOJ UAM WKK vK UL R

UH s
WUFL UNb sJLL WOzUOLOJ
Mg(s) + HCl(aq)
K(s) + H2O(I)
rKF q
II UM Ud

Mn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
Ag(s) + CuSO4(aq)

U CuSO4.5H2O WOzUL
sOU UNu e uK

e* UH UF
U WKUHL U dL sO Uu_ U UNO r UH w
WO WUF WUFL w UL bb U d
AX + BY

AY + BX

wQ UL U  b v UH c r I

Precipitation VOd UH
uOUu bO bO uK wzUL III bb buK uK jK bM
suJ VU bO bON u l b VuL bb u S wzUL
U Uu qH Vd UL w Wz dO U w III bb bO bO
WU buK Wu uOUu Uu qJ vK uKL w vI uOUu buK
FeCl3(aq) + 3KOH(aq)

3KCl(aq)+ Fe(OH)3(s)

s UMb UbM qOBH s wA VOd UH UM r b c

WOu_ UFL

e* UH UA
_ uL
sO WF c d c
WOUd WOdF U

I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X

buK uK II bb Ud uK uu bO bO

d uK uuB Ud uK uU buK II UM
U VOU III bb buK uK uOML_

qLF uD
Ud uK s r v uuB bO bO s r n{
k U II bb
buK uK s r v uuB bO bO s r n{
k U II UM
Ud uK s r v uU buK s r n{
k U uuB
d uK s r v uuB bO bO r n{
k U uOML_
buK uK s r v uuB bO bO r n{
k U III bb

s q w V uJ XE p b oU UAMK pzd bF

wzUOLOJ qUH b b R UL WHK uQ WIU UH

WIU U s q w qUH WUF V R

rKF q
b?? ?O? ? ? ? b?? ?O? ?
W?? d?? D? ?I? ? u???u???B? ?
u???e?? X?? l?? q??U??H??
wKUM u??U??B? U???
Ub v?? WU{U
d dO

Neutralization UF UH
UNu b uJ bU iL sO UH s uM c b
L UL
Ud ZMO uuB bO bO l pOdJ iL qUH
wQ UL UL uuB
H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)

Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

UL uOUu d ZMO uOUu bO bO l pdOM iL qUH

R
WOzUOLO WUF V
uK qUH 5 Wu
p??u??K? b??O? N?  i??L?
b??O?? b??O? u??K? ?  l??
uU

HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq)

KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

U oKD UH ?
b puK bON iL uK l uOUJ Uud qUH bM
ZMO iL w sObON u q uOUJ u qO e
iL ZMO uOUJ u q sObON u q uOUJ buK
UL udJ bO wU U ZMO Wd qK c pOudJ
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)

CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

buK `K ZMO uuB bO bO l uOu_ buK qUH pc

WO WOzUOLOJ WUFL tMO UL UOu_ U UL uuB
NH4Cl(s) + NaOH(aq)
rKF q
d??u??? U?? O? ?u?? _
v?? K? ? d?? ?? ? ? ? ? ? L? ?  w?? ? ? ?
w??zU??L?  U??N? u??K? ?  W??? O?
uOu_ bO bO
UNWIU Wz UN
w W??F? U??b??? ?
WUMB

NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)+ NH3(g)

b sO ULMO dL w UOu_ U dOC WO sO qJA

eL UH s UNU sJL w UG vK WK

uOUJ bO
bO bO uK
uuB

dJ
b?? ? ?? ? V?? ? ? U?? ?
w?? u?? O? ?? ?U?? J? ? b?? O? ?? ?
w UOu_ V d dOC
dL

uOu buK

VN

dL w UOu_ dOC UN qJA

NH3(g)

 WOzU* qOU; w e* UH s ZM w UG iF b

UG U w b qUH

Na2CO3 + 2HCl
rKF q
dC UO s dU
X?? U?? ?L? ? H 2SO 4
HNO3 NaOH e
.Ca(OH)2 HCl

H2CO3

U?? ? ? ? G

H2CO3 + 2NaCl

CO2

H2O + CO2

Na2SO3 + 2HCl
H2SO3

H2SO3 + 2NaCl

SO2

H2O + SO2

NH4Cl + NaOH

NH3 + H2O + NaCl

Na2S + 2HCl

H2S + 2NaCl

NaNO2 + HCl

HNO2 + NaCl

2HNO2

NH3
H2 S

H2O + NO + NO2

NONO2

UNOK WKWOzULOJ UH u iF hK b wQ ULO

UNU b iF WOzULOJ UH u iF vK WK b

t?? ? ? ?OL

t?? ?u

q?? ? ? UH

uKJ bU d U s d dOC jO Cl2(g)+2NaBr(aq)

Ub w bL w dO dOC

qK?? ?

CaCO3(s)

sOKOO_ U dOC w rNL uOUJ bOd suJ

U?? ? ?

Ca(s) + 2C(s)

uu U w bL sObON dOC jO Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq)

Br2(l)+2NaCl(aq)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
CaC2(s)
ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

qBH WK
wQ U2 qJ uBI* `{

UF qUH jO wzUOLOJ qUH WOzUOLOJ WUFL

WO s qJ WOzUOLOJ WGOB V

uU buK uOu_ d uOUJ UHu uOOK Ud uOML_ bO bO
uOu_ Ud uOUu UdJ

WO UH s qJ Wu WOu WUF V WOzc bu vK ULU

uuB d uK U uuB bO bO uK sOU d uK qUH
sOU bO bO
uuB d uK U uuB bO bO uK l Ud d uK qUH
Ud bO bO
UL uOUu UHu U uOUu bO bO uK l puHuH iL qUH
d uOUJ Uud U uOUJ d uK l uuB Uud uK qUH
uuB

qUH u UMO WO UF* qL

1- (NH4)2 Cr2 O7(s)
2- C(s) + O2(g)
3- Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq)
4- NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)

WO UH s  q9 WOzUOLO WUF V

UL l eK bO qUH
UL l eK bO qUH
V d l V d U
dU dO d qK
eK l eK qUH
sObON U U puK bON iL uK l sObON s jA eK qUH

sJ1 qUH qJ Wu WUF V eKHK wzUOLOJ UAM WKK vK ULU

wK U2 tb
1- Zn(s) + FeCL3(aq)
2- Cu(s) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)
3- Na(s) + CuSO4(aq)
4- Mg(s) + Sr(OH)2(aq)
5- Mn(s) + Ni (NO3)2(aq)

WOzUOLOJ UU wU qBH

vK u w??  tUU b s r?? G s UNOK uB s?? JL w wIM b?? b W?? OL U?? 
d B s rG s??  UNOK uB sJL w puH?? uH iL WOL U (III) b?? b bO??
 s?? 
s wzUOLOJ UNM VO WK_ c q uO??
UJ UH?? u s vK u c uH?? uH
uL uNH WuL WOzUOLOJ WUFL vK bLF w WOzUOLOJ UU


b
nO UU sJL nO VdL WGO WO_ WGOB s qJ wMF U uL UL
WK_ c WCzUH UL V
nO bL qUFU wMF U UU
 w WOzUOLOJ WUFL
vK U uJ qBH c p bF UNM WU s sJL UdO d

Wc WKJU t uL uNH dF

VdLK WO_ WGOB VJ
VdL WGOB WO_ WGOB jd
UU
 w WOzUOLOJ WUFL b

wzUOLOJ qUH w WCzUH UL V
bL qUF sOF
wzUOLOJ qUHK uL ZUM V

UdLK WOzUOLOJ mOB u??L?

WO WUFL w UL sOU  bOd suJ Xd l sOU qUH
Zn + S

ZnS

_ w W?? KUHL uL w XdJ s?? OU  sO Wc W??

M sO WIU??
 W?? UFL s?? 
XdJ sOU  s??  q b UMHU{ u v U OKL UNF q?? UF sJL b d?? OG c??  q?? 

 u Uc u?? K WOUJ?? c q uL uNH v??  Q?? K U?? MS d?? L

u x[ sOU  s b
XdJ s b
W?? ?c?? ? q?? ? ?J? ?
w?? W???b???L? ? d??U??M? F? K? 
UN
H w b b
u w uuL WKJ
dBMF s?? b??
WKJ vL
UdGU
dBMFK WOuL

WUF suLU UNUO sJL dO qJ X_ Xd x,

UdG bu WO
M tK U b U
U dBMF WOuL WKJ uI sJL
UdGU t?? UuJL WOuL q?? J uL U??
VdLK WOuL W?? KJ U?? LMO
uLU WIU
 WuL WUFL w XdJ sOU  sO W
M S wUU
U C w
u?? ? ?KH udJ s?? ? ? ?O WOuL W??
M uJ C2F6 VdL w pc
w uKH udJ sO WOKJ W
M U ULNMO Wc W
M UN
H w
w udJ u b WdF U u nO wN VdL c
(C)ud u vK u C2H6 u b UMS (C2H6) U u [

udJ s u vK u VdL c s u [ S tOK

w sO
_ udJK WOKJ W
M WOuL W
M sO U R
CO2 udJ bO
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l?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? d??L?
1)

Atkins & Jones, Chemical Principles, 1st Edition, W. H. Freeman & Co. New
York, 1999.

2)

John A. Olmsted & Gregory M. Williams, Chemistry, 4th Edition J. Wiley &
Sons, New York, 2004.

3)

James E. Brady, General Chemistry: Principles and Structure, 5th Edition, J.

Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.

4)

D.D. Ebbing and S.D.Gammon, General Chemistry, 7th Edition Houghton

Mifflin, 2003.

5)

Ralph Petrucci, Terry McCreary and Scott Perry General Chemistry, 4th
Edition, Prentice Hall 2005.

6)

D A McQuarrie and P A Rock, General Chemistry, 3rd Ed. Freeman, 1991.

7)

CE. Housecroft, & A.G. Sharpe, Inorganic Chemistry, Prentice Hall, 2001.

8)

Ebbing, Darrell, Gammon, Steven D., Ragsdale, Ronald O., Essentials of

General Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Houghton Mifflin Co. London 2003.

9)

Zumdahl, Steven and Zumdahl, Susan A., Chemistry, 6th Edition,Houghton

Mifflin Co. London 2003.

10)

Ebbing, Darrell andGammon, Steven D., General Chemistry , 8th Edition,

Houghton Mifflin Co. London 2005.

11)

Gary D. Christian, Analytical Chemistry , 6th Edition, J. wiley & Sons New
York, 2003.

WOdJ luL?

1)

www.cheresources.com/photochem.shtml

2)

http:chemistry.college.hmco.com

3)

www.chem.ufl.edu

4)

www.cheml.com

5)

www.kw.edu

6)

www.chem.ucla.edu

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