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Background............................................................................................................... 1
Smart Grid Architecture Layers.................................................................................3
The Smart Grid Communications Architecture..........................................................4
The End-to-End Smart Grid IP Architecture..............................................................7
4.1 Smart Grid IP Last Mile...........................................................................................7
4.1.1. C.12.22 (full protocol) over UDP and TCP over IP in Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI).......................................................................................................9
C12.22 IP Networking Components............................................................................10
C12.22 IP Communications Architecture....................................................................12
4.1.2. C.12.22 (light version) over UDP and TCP IP in Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI).....................................................................................................13
4.1.3 C.12.18/C12.19 (no C12.22) over UDP and TCP IP in Advanced Metering
Infrastructure (AMI).....................................................................................................14
4.2 Other AMI communications standards..................................................................14
4.3 Interaction with Other IP Networks........................................................................14
5. Summary................................................................................................................ 14
References..................................................................................................................... 15
1. Background
The Internet Protocol (IP) is rapidly becoming a more popular for interoperable End-toEnd Smart Grid Networks. Therefore, it is important to understand the different uses of
the IP suite in Internet networking technologies for existing and emerging Smart Grid
applications. This document gives the basis for understanding the IP protocol use in
Smart Grid and how interoperability can be achieved today using existing open and
standards-based protocols and how these protocols can evolve to create more
interoperable Smart Grid systems. This work is intended to support the NIST Priority
Action Plans (PAP 01) The Role of IP in Smart Grid [1,2]
The Internet Protocol (IP) suite is defined as (i) a set of network and transport data
message protocols, using IP packets, and (ii) a set of routing, IP address mapping and
device management protocols. This IP suite enables end-to-end Smart Grid applications
to communicate over a set of interconnected network segments (defined in Figure 3),
using various networking technologies (MAC/PHY lower layer protocol). It also allows for
end-to-end session and transaction-based security mechanisms.
The structure of the Internet Protocol suite with its OSI layers and the key open
standard-based upper layer protocols, used in the Smart Grid, should be considered
critical for the integration of Smart Grid devices and networks into an IP-based
infrastructure. The IETF has recently identified and addressed some of these protocols
for Smart Grid in some of the IETF work in progress drafts and other related work [3-10].
It has been identified that there are several options of an IP protocol suite, such as TCP,
SCTP, DCCP, UDP [3] and other protocols that could be used in any particular
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Backhaul It is the spur that connects the WAN (major POPs point-ofpresence) to the last mile network. The backhaul can be owned by the utilities or
provided by third party service providers (telcos, CLECs, cables, etc). It
aggregates and transport customers smart grid telemetry data, substations
automation critical parameters data, distribution plant intelligent devices data field
information, mobile workforce information to/from the utility head end to/from the
last mile network. (It should be noted that in certain network architectures a
backhaul segment may exist with no actual WAN. Legacy connections consisting
of point-to-point or multi-point data circuits are just such examples.)
This document provides the C12.22 over IP key components, architecture and
alternatives approaches to map C12.22 messages (C12.19 table data) onto IP
(UDP/TCP). It shows the architecture framework to transport C12.22 messages to/from
Last Mile IP segment to/from the utility head end/enterprise data center. These data
communications paths between C12.22 IP Nodes and the C12.22 control units (Master
Relays) located at the Smart Grid head end cut across several Smart Grid
communications network segment (WAN, backhaul, last mile, customer premises, etc),
as defined in the previous section. Hence it may pose different network requirements for
AMI/ C12.22 applications within each or across multiple network segments.
Currently there are three options to evolve the C12.22 mapping onto IP (not considering
other proprietary protocols today), as shown in Figure 4. They are:
a) Full C12.22 onto TCP or UDP over IP
b) Light or optimized version of C12.22 onto TCP or UDP over IP
c) C12.19 table data directly onto TCP or UDP over IP. No use of C12.22
It might be possible that the next stage of Smart Grid protocol mapping interoperability
requires either a gradual transition from (a) into (b) with the adaptation and optimization
of C12.22 to work specifically with the IP layer, creating a lighter version of C12.22
without its full functionalities, or a more disruptive transition from (a) into (c) with the
complete elimination of C12.22 transport layer from the OSI protocol stack. In this case,
C12.19 table data is mapped directly onto TCP or UDP as a payload. In both cases, it
requires the ANSI standards and the IETF to come together and create this common
ground.
Figure 4. The Smart Grid IP Protocol Suite for C12.22/C12.19 over UDP/TCP
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The C12.22 IP Relay is a C12.22 Node that performs the function of a relay such
as address resolution, datagram segmentation and optional message forwarding
services to other C12.22 Nodes. The C12.22 IP Relay acts as a bridge between
the C12.22 IP Network Segment and an adjacent, C12.22 Network Segment. It
exchanges C12.22 messages between the C12.22 IP Master Relay and the
C12.22 IP Nodes using TCP/IP or UDP/IP protocols over the Last Mile network.
The C12.22 IP Relay is located at the demarcation point between the Backhaul
and the Last Mile Smart Grid Networks and it supports a variety of different
Backhaul communications options. The C12.22 Communications Modules of the
C12.22 IP Relay supports a variety of different PHY/MAC interfaces at the
Backhaul side (e.g. GSM or Wimax radio modules, etc) and Last Mile side (e.g.
RF Mesh, Wimax, etc). In some configurations, the C12.22 IP Relay is housed in
a lower compartment inside the smart meter.
The C12.22 IP Master Relay is located within the utility enterprise data center
premises (head end). They operate at the top of the C12.22 Relay hierarchy and
provide registration and re-registration services to all C12.22 devices in its
domain. It can also acts as a C12.22 Host. The C12.22 IP Master Relay contains
routing information to all accessible devices in the hierarchy and a list of
notification hosts whereas the C12.22 IP Relay maintain only routing information
of devices under them (e.g. C12.22 IP Nodes, C12.22 Gateways)
The C12.22 Device host a C12.22 application (which may also contains C12.19
data table structure) and interfaces to a C12.22 Communications Module.
The C12.22 Authentication Host provides registration and deregistration of C12.22 Nodes in the C12.22 Master Relay domain. It can
be embedded inside a C12.22 Master Relay or it can be a separate
C12.22 Node on the network.
The C12.22 Notification Host keeps track of C12.22 Nodes that are
activated or de-activated in the network.
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The C12.22 Gateway is required when the C12.22 Node needs to communicate
with non-C12.22 Nodes, e.g. Distribution Automation devices (DNP3) such as
IEDs, field devices, etc. A C12.22 Gateway translates the ANSI C12.22 to and
from other non-C12.22 protocols (even on the same C12.22 Network Segment).
It can be attached directly to a non-C12.22 Device or can provide translation
services through any network segment.
The AC12.22 Gateway is a C12.22 Node that translates the ANSI C12.22
protocol to/from other protocols and is used to communicate with non-C12.22
nodes (e.g.). It can be attached directly to the non-C12.22 or can provide
translation services through any network segment.
TCP bidirectional traffic flow is the recommended default mode operation for
C12.22 IP Node communication to send and receive ANSI C12.22 Messages
(APDUs).
Multi-channel UDP and TCP shall be supported by all C12.22 IP Relays. Multichannel UDP and TCP is recommended for all other C12.22 IP Nodes
All C12.22 IP Relays and Master Relays shall support IP Multicast message
delivery service or message request from the network that reaches all C12.22 IP
Nodes on the C12.22 IP Network Segment.
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5. Summary
This document establishes the guideline principles for an End-to-End Smart Grid
Communications system, particularly focused on an End-to-End Smart Grid IP
Networking framework. It defines the Smart Grid Communications architecture
framework, classifies and identifies the key network segments and how they can be
combined to provide the interoperability framework defined by NIST [1,2]. It provides a
contribution to the NIST Priority Action Plan (PAP) 01 The Role of IP in the Smart Grid.
The key scope defined in this document is around the Smart Grid Last Mile network
definitions since this is the most important and a key enabler of all other Smart Grid
networking technologies being deployed today. It is also a very controversial Smart Grid
network segment with all sorts of vendor solutions, technologies and protocol mapping
alternatives. Particularly, the protocol interoperability mechanisms is a segment that
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References
[1] NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release
1.0
(Draft), July 2009
[2] NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards, Release
1.0,
September 2009
[3] F. Baker, Core Protocols in the Internet Protocol Suite, IETF draft baker-ietf-core01,
September 2009
[4] A. Moise and J. Brodkin, ANSI C12.22, IEEE 1703 and MC1222 Transport over IP,
IETF draft-c1222-transport-over-ip-01.tx, March 2009.
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