MRV One Hundred Q&as (Cop21)

This book aims to present information on existing MRV schemes for greenhouse gases in plain language,
while covering technical information. It will continue to be updated and made available online. Authors are
responsible for all errors or omissions that may remain.
Editors:Chisa UMEMIYA,KazuhisaKOAKUTSU(InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies[IGES])
Authors:
Chisa UMEMIYA(Chapters1,2,3,4.3,4.4and5)
TakashiMORIMOTO(MitsubishiUFJResearchandConsultingCo.,Ltd.)(Chapters3,4.1,4.2and5)
WeeKeanFONG(WorldResourcesInstitute)(Chapters3,4.5and5)
OsamuBANNAI(GlobalEnvironmentCentreFoundation)(Chapters3,4.7and5)
MiguelJiroOGAHARA(OverseasEnvironmentalCooperationCenter)(Chapters4.4and5)
Aryanie AMELLINA(IGES)(Chapter4.6)
KazuhisaKOAKUTSU(IGES)(Chapters3,4.6and5)
TakakoONO(IGES)(Chapters4.3and5)
Acknowledgement:Wearegratefulto theMinistryoftheEnvironment,Japanforfinanciallysupportingthe
productionofthisguidebook. Thevaluablesuggestionsmadebyanonymousreviewersarealsogratefully
acknowledged.
November 2015
For further information, please contact:
Climate and Energy Area

InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)
210811Kamiyamaguchi,Hayama,Kanagawa2400115,Japan
Email:mrvinfo@iges.or.jp
URL: http://www.iges.or.jp
TableofContents
Abbreviations
Majorupdatesfrompreviousversion
1. Introduction
2.OurApproach
3.MRVataGlance
4.QuestionsandAnswers
4.1.NationalCommunications(nonAnnexI)
4.2.BiennialUpdateReports
4.3.NationalGreenhouseGasInventories(nonAnnexI)
4.4.NationallyAppropriateMitigationActions
4.5.CityscaleGreenhouseGasInventories
4.6.CleanDevelopmentMechanism
4.7.JointCreditingMechanism
8
10
17
18
31
46
63
76
96
112
5.GoodPractices
6.Annexes
131
References
155
Index
163
Version3.0(COP21),November2015
Abbreviations
ADB
AsianDevelopmentBank
ERT
ExpertReviewTeam
AFOLU
Agriculture,Forestry,andOtherLandUse
GEF
GlobalEnvironmentFacility
APN
AsiaPacificNetworkforGlobalChangeResearch
GHGMI
GreenhouseGasManagementInstitute
AusAID
AustralianAgencyforInternationalDevelopment
GHGs
GreenhouseGases
BAU
Businessasusual
GIO
GreenhouseGasInventoryOfficeofJapan
BRs
BiennialReports
GIZ
DeutscheGesellschaftfrInternationaleZusammenarbeit
BURs
BiennialUpdateReports
(GermanSocietyforInternationalCooperation)
GPC
GlobalProtocolforCommunityScaleGreenhouseGas
Emissions
cCR
Carbonn ClimateRegistry
CDM
CleanDevelopmentMechanism
GPG
CGE
ConsultativeGroupofExpertsonNational
CommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexI
totheConvention
GoodPracticeGuidanceandUncertaintyManagementin
NationalGreenhouseGasInventories
GPG
LULUCF
GoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,LandUseChange
andForestry
CDP
CarbonDisclosureProject
HFCs
Hydrofluorocarbons
CER
CertifiedEmissionReduction
HCFC
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon
COP
ConferenceoftheParties(totheUNFCCC)
IAF
InternationalAccreditationForum
CMP
Conferenceofthe Partiesservingasthemeetingofthe
PartiestotheKyotoProtocol
IAR
InternationalAssessmentandReview
CRF
CommonReportingFormat
ICA
InternationalConsultationsandAnalysis
C40
C40CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup
ICLEI
InternationalCouncilforLocalEnvironmentalInitiatives
DOE
DesignatedOperationalEntity
IGES
InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies
DNA
DesignatedNationalAuthority
INDC
IntendedNationallyDeterminedContribution
EB
CDMExecutiveBoard
IPCC
IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange
IPPU
IndustrialProcessesandProductUse
SBSTA
SubsidiaryBodyforScientificandTechnologicalAdvice
ISO
InternationalOrganisation forStandardization
SIDS
SmallIslandDevelopingStates
JC
JointCommittee
TCCCA
JCM
JointCreditingMechanism
Transparency,Consistency,Comparability,Completeness
andAccuracy
JICA
JapanInternationalCooperationAgency
TTE
TeamofTechnicalExperts
LDCs
Leastdevelopedcountries
TPE
ThirdPartyEntity
LULUCF
Landuse,landusechanges,andforestry
UNDP
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme
MRV
Measurement,ReportingandVerification
UNEP
UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme
UNFCCC
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimate
Change
UNOPS
UnitedNationsOfficeforProjectServices
USAID
U.S.AgencyforInternationalDevelopment
U.S.EPA
U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency
WRI
WorldResourcesInstitute
NAMAs
NationallyAppropriateMitigationActions
NCs
NationalCommunications
NCSP
NationalCommunicationSupportProgram
NIES
NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Japan
NIR
NationalGreenhouseGasInventoryReport
OECD
Organisation ofEconomicDevelopmentCooperation
PDD
ProjectDesignDocument
PFCs
Perfluorocarbons
PP
ProjectParticipant
QA
QualityAssurance
QC
QualityControl
SBI
SubsidiaryBodyforImplementation
Majorupdatesfrompreviousversion(Version2.1(PostCOP20))
Section/ Question
Page
Changes
Section4.4:NationallyAppropriateMitigationActions(Q4758)
63
Newlyadded.
Q25:Whatisthetrainingprogramme fortechnicalanalysis?
43
Newlyadded.
Q61:WhatistheroleofGHGinventoriesingoalsettingandperformance
tracking?
79
Newlyadded.
Q74:Wheretofindcalculationtoolsandtrainingresources?
92
Newlyadded.
Q102:WhatistherelationshipbetweentheJCMandJapansINDC?
122
Newlyadded.
GoodPractice5:AdvancedreportingofGHGinventories
138
Newlyadded.
GoodPractice6:Advancedreportingofmitigationactionsandtheir
effects
139
Newlyadded.
GoodPractice15:AdvancedreportingofNAMAsinaBUR
148
Newlyadded.
GoodPractice19:Demonstratingcitiesclimateactionthroughglobal
platforms
152
Newlyadded.
GoodPractice21:DevelopmentofJCMmethodologiesusingdefault
values
154
Newlyadded.
(There are also other updates, based on the updated status of MRV schemes introduced in this book.)
1. Introduction
Background
In the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 2007 Bali
Action Plan, that is to enable the full,
effective and sustained implementation of
the
Convention
through
longterm
cooperative action, now, up to and beyond
2012, refers to measurement, reporting and
verification (MRV) as an essential part of
international processes. These include
nationally appropriate mitigation actions
(NAMAs) by developing country (nonAnnex
I) Parties.
Examples of these schemes at the national

level include national communications (NCs)
and national GHG inventories. Another
example is the assessment of emission
reductions under the Clean Development
Mechanism
(CDM).
Some
developing
countries also have experience in MRV beyond
what is currently established under the
UNFCCC. In addition, developing countries
have started gaining experiences with NAMA
development and implementation on the
ground.
Why this book has been made

While provisions of MRV, e.g. scope,
procedure, methodological guidance, etc.,
are yet to be decided, it is certain that the
future MRV system will be built on the
existing one. Almost all developing country
parties to the UNFCCC have been involved
with MRV of greenhouse gases (GHGs) under
different schemes.
One of the tasks at hand is to strengthen the

understanding of existing MRV schemes.
Learning from earlier experiences by
developing countries is also vital to meet
their needs and capacities. Efforts to increase
the availability of information on MRV have
been widely made.
The aim of this book is to help those who

work, or are beginning to work, with MRV in
climate change issues to understand MRV in
a practical way, and learn the lessons and
good practices that are available for
developing countries. We introduce seven
MRV schemes that have been established
and ongoing (see table on right). These
range in scale from national to project. At
the time of writing this book, some are
directly under the UNFCCC and others,
including the Joint Crediting Mechanism
(JCM), are not. The JCM is jointly being
developed and implemented by Japan and
its partner countries.
practices for developing countries when they

practice MRV. The authors of this book have
many years of experience with various MRV
schemes in developing countries in Asia and
other regions. Based on these experiences,
we try to use our own words and also try to
be as simple as possible.
MRVschemesintroducedinthisbook
Scheme(Regulatoryorimplementing
body)
Scale
NationalCommunication(UNFCCC)
BiennialUpdateReport(UNFCCC)
NationalGHGinventory(UNFCCC)
National
(UNFCCC)
How this book is useful

Our unique approach one hundred
questions and answers about MRV, can guide
you to understand different existing MRV
schemes in an easytounderstand manner.
In addition, we introduce lessons and good
CityGHGinventory(WorldResourcesInstitute,
C40CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup,andICLEI
LocalGovernmentsforSustainability)
City
CleanDevelopmentMechanism(UNFCCC)
JointCreditingMechanism(Japananda
hostcountry)
Project
This book may be found to be useful for

those who want to learn about MRV in
general, including policy makers, private
sector, NGOs, students and donor agencies.
Categorisations of questions and answers by
theme and scale are available with visual
marks. An index of questions is also attached
at the end of this book.
The book is intended to be a living product,
meaning that we will continue to revise and
improve it as more information becomes
available and good practices are shared. To
this end, we would welcome any and all
comments from readers.
2. Our Approach
2.1Questions&answersonMRV
The diagram below presents our twostep
approach in this book. Step 1 provides you
with
questions
and
answers
for
understanding the why, what, how, who,
how often, etc. for existing MRV schemes.
Based on this understanding of the overall
picture of MRV, Step 2 introduces selected
good practices to help developing countries
overcome their common challenges.
The one hundred and more Q&As are

comprised of around four thematic elements
as follows:
Basic: why and what is it about?
Technical: how to do it?
Institution: who will do it?
Support: what kind of support is available?
100andmoreQ&As
Basic
Technical Institution Support

Structureofquestions&answers
Questionsand
answersfor
understanding
MRV
Learning
lessonsand
goodpractices
fordeveloping
countries
Thetwostepsinthisguidebook
2.2Goodpractices lessonsfromAsia
Once you can grasp the overall picture of MRV,
Technical Institutional
it is important to get an idea of how
Data
capacity
systems
Challenges
challenges may occur, in the course of
Human
practicing MRV, as well as what kinds of
Funding
Awareness
resources
challenges may occur in the context of
developing countries. Note that such
Goodpractices
challenges may also be common to some
Goodpracticesandthesixcommonchallenges
developed countries. We identified the six
challenges that the majority of developing
countries are likely to face when they practice We introduce good practices to address each
MRV schemes, as listed below.
or a combination of these challenges. This is
based on our experiences working in and
Data: data is lacking or not sufficient
with some developing countries in Asia and
Technical capacity: technical capacity is other regions. We could not provide
limited
examples of good practices for all of the
Institutional
systems:
appropriate challenges. We believe that a good practice
institutional systems are not in place
derived from a particular MRV scheme can
Funding: funding is lacking or not enough
also be applied to other MRV schemes. We
Human resources: human resources are not also intend to increase the examples of good
there or insufficient
practices in subsequent editions of this book.
Awareness: lack of awareness about MRV
and its importance
9
3. MRV at a Glance
NationalCommunications(nonAnnexI)
M
Whyis itnecessary?
To reporttheaccuratecircumstancesof
eachpartyregardingsuchissuesasGHG
emissionsandremovals,mitigation
measures,adaptationmeasuresandother
aspectsofclimatechangetoCOP.
COPneedstounderstandthestatus
ofGHGemissions/removalsand
implementationofmitigationand
adaptationmeasuresbyeachPartyto
considerhowtotackleclimatechange.
What isitabout?
Nationalcircumstances
Nationalgreenhousegasinventory
Adaptationmeasuresandvulnerabilityassessment
Mitigation measures
Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technicalandcapacityneeds
Other information(technologytransfer,researchandsystematicobservation,
education,trainingandpublicawareness,capacitybuilding,informationand
networking)
Howtodoit?
NCscoordinatingentitycollectsrelevant
data/informationincooperationwitha
broadrangeofrelevantministriesand
organisations.
SubmittotheUNFCCC
Whowilldo it?
NCscoordinatingentity,relevantministries,
institutions, organisations,etc.
NationalGovernment
Anystandardor
guidelinesforit?
Guidelinesforthepreparation ofnational
communicationsfromPartiesnotincluded
inAnnexItotheConvention (Decision
17/CP.8)
Guidelinesforthepreparation of
nationalcommunicationsfromParties
notincludedinAnnexItothe
Convention (Decision17/CP.8)
10
BiennialUpdateReports(nonAnnexI)
Whyis it
necessary?
Toreporttheaccuratecircumstancesof
eachpartyregardingsuchissuesasGHG
emissionsandremovals,mitigation
measures andotheraspectsofclimate
changetoCOP morefrequentlythanNCs.
To enhancereportingfrom
nonAnnexIPartieson
GHGemissionsand
removalsandmeasures
takentomitigateclimate
change.
V
Toincreasetransparencyofmitigation
actionsandtheireffects.
What isitabout?
Nationalcircumstancesandinstitutional arrangements
Mitigationactionsandtheireffects
Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technical and
capacityneeds
Domesticmeasurementreportingandverification;
Otherinformation
report
Informationonmitigationactions
Analysisoftheimpactsofmitigation
actionsandtheassociated
methodologiesandassumptions
Progressmadeintheir
implementation
Informationondomestic MRV
Supportreceived
Howtodoit?
Biennial updatesreports(BURs)
coordinatingentitycollectsrelevant
data/informationincooperation
withabroadrangeofrelevant
ministriesandorganisations.
InternationalConsultationsand Analysis
(ICA),consists ofthefollowing:
Technicalanalysis
Facilitativesharingofviews
Whowilldo it?
BURscoordinatingentity,relevant
ministries,institutions,
organisations,etc.
NationalGovernment
UNFCCCbiennialupdatereporting
guidelinesforPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention(2/CP.17,
AnnexIII)
UNFCCCbiennialupdate
reportingguidelinesforParties
notincludedinAnnexItothe
Convention(2/CP.17,AnnexIII)
Anystandardor
guidelinesforit?
SubmittotheUNFCCC
Technicalanalysis:Team ofTechnical
Experts(TTE)
Facilitativesharingofviews:SBI
Modalitiesandguidelines for
internationalconsultationandanalysis
(2/CP.17,AnnexIV)
11
NationalGreenhouseGasInventories(nonAnnexI)
M
R
COPneedstounderstandthestatus
ofGHGemissions/removalsbyeach
Partytoconsiderhowtotackle
climatechange
Whyisit
necessary?
ToestimateGHGemissionsand
removalatthenationallevel.
Whatisit
about?
NationalGHGemission/removal
estimationdatabasepreparedbased ChaptersonthenationalGHG
onUNFCCCReportingGuidelines
inventoriesintheNCsandBURs.
andIPCCGuidelines.
Howtodo
it?
DeterminedbyeachnonAnnexIcountrybasedonGuidelinesforthe
preparationofnationalcommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexI
totheConvention(Decision17/CP.8).
Whowill
doit?
DependsoneachnonAnnexIcountrysnationalcircumstances(thereisno
particulardecisionfortheinstitution.)
Any
standardor
guidelines
forit?
Guidelinesforthepreparationof
national communications from
Guidelinesforthepreparation
ofnational communications
PartiesnotincludedinAnnexIto
theConvention(Decision17/CP.8)
fromPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention
guidelinesforPartiesnotincluded
(Decision17/CP.8)
1996RevisedIPCCGuidelines
inAnnexItotheConvention
(Decision2/CP.17)
GPG(2000)
RevisedIPCCGuidelines
GPGLULUCF
GPG(2000)
2006IPCCGuidelines
GPGLULUCF
2006IPCCGuidelines
V
Toincreasethetransparencyof
mitigationactionsandtheireffects.
ICA
TobedeterminedbasedonAnnexIVof
AnnexItotheConvention(Decision
2/CP.17),andComposition,modalities
andproceduresoftheteamtechnical
expertsunderinternationalconsultation
andanalysis(Decision20/CP19).
AnnexItotheConvention(Decision
2/CP.17)
12
NationallyAppropriateMitigationActions(NAMAs)
M
Whyisit
necessary?
Tounderstandtheeffects of
mitigationactionsbydeveloping
countriesandthelevelofsupport
providedfortheactionstobe
taken.
WithBURs,theinternational
communitycanbeinformed of
progressmadebydeveloping
countriesintermsofmitigation
actionsandwhethergapsexistfor
support.
Whatisit
about?
TodetermineGHGemissions
reductionthroughNAMAsrelative
tobusinessasusualemissions
andsupportprovidedforthe
mitigationactions.
Reporting inBURsascomponents.
ICAforBURs.Noverification
Reportingondomestically
agreed ondomestically
supportedNAMAsinBURsisa
supportedNAMAs.
countrysselection.
Howtodoit?
Itisdonebyfollowing
internationalrequirements,
domesticpolicyandarrangements
and requirementsassociatedwith
support.
SubmissionofBURstothe
UNFCCC.Howreportingon
domesticallysupportedNAMAs
shouldbemadedependsoneach
country.
ICAconsistsoftechnical
analysisandfacilitativesharing
ofviews.
Whowilldoit?
AbroadrangeofNAMA
implementers,fromnational,sub
national,tolocalscale.
BURscoordinatingentity
designatedbythegovernment.
TTE forICA.
Anystandard
orguidelines
forit?
UNFCCCbiennialupdatereportingguidelinesforPartiesnot
includedinAnnexItotheConvention(2/CP.17,AnnexIII)
Generalguidelinesfor domesticMRVofdomesticallysupported
NAMAsbydevelopingcountryParties(21/CP.19,Annex)
V
WithICA, toincrease
transparencyofmitigation
actions andtheireffects.
Modalitiesandguidelinesfor
internationalconsultationand
analysis(2/CP.17,AnnexIV)
13
CityScaleGHGInventories
M
Whyisit
necessary?
Todeterminetheemissionlevels,
identifyreductionopportunities,
facilitatethedesignofmitigation
actions,andtotrackprogress
towardreductions.
Forpublic disclosureand/orfor
theupperlevelgovernmentsto
tracktheGHGperformancesof
theircities.
Toenhancethecredibility of
GHGinventories.
Whatisit
about?
Aninventoryshouldinclude
emissionsfromstationaryenergy
sources;transportation; waste;
industrialprocessandproductuse
(IPPU);andagriculture,forestry,
andotherlanduse(AFOLU)
sectors.
AGHGinventoryreportshould
include GHGemissiondata,
descriptionofinventoryboundary,
yearofinventory,dataquality,
methodologiesused,and
emissionchangesovertime.
Verificationinvolvesan
assessmentofthe
completeness,accuracyand
reliabilityofreporteddata.
Howtodoit?
Itistypicallydonebycalculation
basedonactivitydataand
emissionfactors.
GlobalProtocolforCommunity
ScaleGreenhouseGasEmission
Inventories(GPC)provides
standardreportingtemplates.
Itcovers verificationof
inventoryboundary,
calculationmethodologies,
dataquality,etc.
Whowilldoit?
NormallyGHGinventoriesare
implemented(eitherinhouseor
outsourced)bytheagencies
responsibleforclimatechangeor
environmentalprotectionunder
thecitygovernments.
Insomecountries, citiesare
requiredtoreporttheiremission
datatothenationalgovernments.
Citiesmayalsoreporttovoluntary
GHGreportingprogrammes.
Itcanbedonebyan
independent
organization/individual(third
partyverification)orinternally
(internalverification).
Anystandard
orguidelines
forit?
Inventories(GPC)
Inventories(GPC)
Currently thereisno
internationalstandardfor
verificationbuttheGPC
providessomeguidanceonit.
14
CleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)
M
V
Expostdetermination ofthe
monitoredGHGemissions
reductionandremoval.
Whyis it
necessary?
TodetermineGHGemissionsreduction andremoval through

CDMprojectactivity.
What isitabout?
GHGemissionsreduction andremoval withintheCDMprojectboundary.
Howtodoit?
Collecting andarchivingall
relevantdatainaccordance
withthemonitoringplanas
describedinaprojectdesign
document(PDD).
Whowilldo it?
Projectparticipants(PPs).
Anystandardor
guidelinesforit?
Writingamonitoringreport.
Cleandevelopmentmechanismprojectstandard
Cleandevelopmentmechanismprojectcycleprocedure
Formandguidelinesforcompletingthemonitoringreport
form
Guidelinesforcompletingthemonitoringreportform
Documentationcheck,onsite
inspections,reviewof the
monitoringmethodology,
writing averificationreport.
Designatedoperational entity
(DOE).
Cleandevelopment
mechanismvalidationand
verificationstandard
Guidelinesonthe
applicationofmateriality
inverifications
15
JointCreditingMechanism(JCM)
M
V
ToverifytheamountofGHG
emissionsreduction andremoval
onthebasis ofthemonitoring
report.
Why isit
necessary?
To monitorGHGemissionsreduction andremoval byJCM

projectbasedonPDD.
What isit
about?
GHGemissionreductionsorremovalsachievedbythecontributionofPPsintheimplementation
ofGHGemissionsreduction andremoval projectactivitiesundertheJCM.
SettingouttheGHG
emissionsreduction ofan
implementedregistered JCM
projectforaparticular
monitoringperiod.
Ex postdeterminationbyathird
partyentity(TPE)ofthe
monitoredGHGemissions
reductionasaresultofa
registeredJCMprojectduringthe
verificationperiod.
Howtodoit?
Collectingandarchiving all
relevantdatanecessaryfor
estimatingGHGemissions.
Whowilldo it?
ThePPsprepareadraftmonitoringreportinlinewiththe
appliedmethodologyandPDDandMonitoringGuidelines.
(a)Anentityaccreditedunder
ISO14065;or
(b)ADOEoftheCDM
Anystandardor
guidelinesforit?
ApprovedJCMmethodology
JCMGuidelinesforDeveloping PDDandMonitoring
Report
JCMGuidelinesforValidation
andVerification
AllideasaresubjecttofurtherconsiderationanddiscussionwithhostcountriesundertheJCM.
16
4. Questions and Answers

GuidetoQ&A
The following sections present questions and answers on MRV schemes. The following
icons serve as a guide with regards to which component part of MRV it refers to and which
theme it is in relation to.
Measurement
Reporting
All
Verification
Component
Theme
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
17
4.1.NationalCommunications(nonAnnexI)
Thissectioncoversquestionsandanswersonnationalcommunications,asfollows:
1. Whatarenationalcommunications?
2. Whydonationalcommunicationsneedtobeprepared?
3. Howfrequentlyshouldnationalcommunicationsbeprepared?
4. Whatinformationisincludedinnationalcommunications?
5. WhatisthestatusofsubmissionofnationalcommunicationsbynonAnnexIParties?
6. Howshouldwedevelopnationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?
7. Arethereanystandardsorguidelinesfornationalcommunications?
8. ArenationalcommunicationsfromnonAnnexIPartiesverifiedorreviewed?
9. Whoshoulddevelopnationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?
10. Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalarrangementstopreparenationalcommunicationsand
biennialupdatereports?
11. Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletodevelopnationalcommunications?
12. Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletodevelopnationalcommunications?
18
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q1:Whatarenationalcommunications?
A: Nationalcommunications(NCs)arereportsforprovidinginformationonhoweachPartyis
implementingtheirConventioncommitmentstomitigateandadapttoclimatechange.
Indetail
InaccordancewithArticle4,paragraph1,andArticle12,paragraph1,oftheUNFCCC,eachPartyshallprovidetheConferenceof
theParties(COP)withtheinformationonnationalgreenhousegasinventories;nationalor,whereappropriate,regional
programmes containingmeasurestomitigate,andtofacilitateadequateadaptationtoclimatechange;andanyother
informationthatthePartyconsidersrelevanttotheachievementoftheobjectiveoftheConvention.
TheelementsandtimetablesofNCsfornonAnnexIPartiesaredifferentiatedfromthoseofAnnexIPartiesbasedonthe
principleofcommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilitiesandrespectivecapability.
Elements
ContentofNCsofnonAnnexIParties
NationalGHGinventory
Generaldescriptionofsteps takenorenvisagedtoimplementthe
Convention (Mitigation,Adaptation)
Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technicalandcapacityneeds
Otherinformation(Technology transfer,Research&systematicobservation,
Education,trainingandpublicawareness,Capacitybuilding,Informationand
networking)
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(1992
2. UNFCCC.(2002)
DetailsofcontentsofNCsisshowninQ16,
Whatinformationisincludedinnationalcommunications?
19
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q2:Whydonationalcommunicationsneedtobeprepared?
A: COPneedstounderstandthestatusofGHGemissions/removalsandimplementationof
mitigationandadaptationmeasuresbyeachPartyinordertoconsiderhowtotackleclimate
change.
Indetail
TheultimateobjectiveoftheUNFCCCistoachievestabilisation ofgreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevel
thatwouldpreventdangerousanthropogenicinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.Inordertoachievetheobjective,allParties
shallfulfillthefollowingcommitments:
DevelopandperiodicallyupdatenationalGHGinventories
Formulate,implement,publishandregularlyupdateprogrammes containingmitigationandadaptationmeasures
CommunicateinformationtoCOPthatisrelatedtotheimplementationofcommitmentsetc.
InformationincludedintheNCsprovidedbyPartiesissignificantforCOPtocheckthesituationofGHGemissions/removalsand
implementationofmitigationandadaptationmeasuresbyeachParty.InformationreportedbyPartiesisfundamentalto
considerfutureactionstotackleclimatechange.
COPcanunderstandthe
situationofimplementationof
commitmentsbyinformation
submittedintheNCs
COP
NC
PartyA
NC
PartyB
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(1992
2. UNFCCC.(2002)
NC
PartyZ
NC
NC
PartyC
NC
PartyY
PartyX
EachPartyshall
submittheirNCsto
COP
20
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q3:Howfrequentlyshouldnationalcommunicationsbeprepared?
A:EachnonAnnexIPartyshallsubmititsinitialNCswithinthreeyearsoftheConventionforthat
Partycomingintoforce.ThedeadlinesofsecondandthirdNCsarenotdetermined.However,
nonAnnexIParitiesshouldsubmitfutureNCseveryfouryearsinaccordancewiththeCancun
Agreements.
SecondNC
ThirdNC
SubsequentNCs
InitialNC
1st
2nd
EachnonAnnexIPartyshallsubmititsinitial
NCswithinthreeyearsoftheConventionfor
thatPartycomingintoforce,orofthe
availabilityoffinancialresourcesin
accordancewithArticle4,paragraph3ofthe
Convention.
Leastdevelopingcountries(LDCs)maymake
theirinitialNCsattheirdiscretion.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(1992
2. UNFCCC.(2005)
3rd
Xth
Thedeadlinesforsubmittingsecondandthird
NCshavenotbeendecided.ButCOP11decided
thateachnonAnnexIPartyshouldmakeall
effortstosubmitsecondandthirdNCswithin
fouryearsoftheinitialdisbursementoffinancial
resources.
COP16decidedthatnonAnnexIParitiesshould
submitfutureNCseveryfouryears.
21
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q4:Whatinformationisincludedinnationalcommunications?
A:ThecomponentsthatshouldbeincludedinNCsareinformationonnationalcircumstances,
nationalGHGinventory,mitigationandadaptationmeasures,constraintsandgaps,support
needs,aswellasanyotherrelevantinformation.
Elements
Details
Descriptionofnationalandregionaldevelopmentpriorities,objectivesandcircumstances
DescriptionofexistinginstitutionalarrangementsrelevanttothepreparationoftheirNCsonacontinuous
basis.
NationalGHGinventory
InformationonGHGemissions andremovals
Inventoryyears:1994or1990for1st NC.2000for2nd NC
Methodologies:Revised1996IPCCguidelinesandIPCCgoodpracticeguidance
Gas:CO2,CH4,N2O(shall)HFCs,PFCs,SF6 (encourage)
Generaldescriptionofsteps
takenorenvisagedto
implementtheConvention
Measurestofacilitateadequateadaptationtoclimatechange
Vulnerabilitytotheadverseeffectsofclimatechange
Measurestomitigateclimatechange
Otherinformation
consideredrelevanttothe
achievementofthe
objectiveoftheConvention
Constraintsandgaps,and
relatedfinancial,technical
andcapacityneeds
Constraintsandgaps,financial,technicalandcapacityneeds andactivitiesforovercomingtheconstraintsand
gaps
FinancialresourcesandtechnicalsupportprovidedbyGEF,AnnexIIPartiesormultilateral/bilateral
institutions
Proposedprojectsforfinancing
Informationonimplementingadaptationmeasures
CountryspecifictechnologyneedsandassistancereceivedfromdevelopedcountryPartiesandthefinancial
mechanismoftheConvention
Otherinformation
Additionalorsupportinginformation
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2002)
2. UNFCCC.(2003)
Activitiesrelatingtotechnologytransfer
Climatechangeresearchandsystematicobservation
Activitiesrelatingtoeducation,trainingandpublicawareness
Capacitybuildingactivities
Informationandnetworking
22
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q5:Whatisthestatusofthesubmissionofnational
communicationsbynonAnnexIParties?
A:147nonAnnexIPartieshavesubmittedtheirinitialNCs,108havesubmittedsecondNCsand13
havesubmittedthirdNCsasoftheendofAugust2015.
NumberofPartiesthathavesubmittedinitial,secondandthirdNCs
Indetail
MostofthenonAnnexIParties,exceptfor
somecountries,havealreadysubmittedtheir
initialNCs.
ThenumbersofnonAnnexIPartiesthathave
submittedsecondNCshasincreasedrapidly
since2008.
OnlyseveralnonAnnexIPartieshave
submittedtheirthirdNCsuntil2013,butthe
numberofpartieswhichhavesubmittedtheir
thirdNCshasincreasedto13in2015.
FourthandFifthNCshavebeensubmittedby
onlyMexico.
Reference:UNFCCC.(2015)
23
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q6:Howshouldwedevelopnationalcommunicationsand
biennialupdatereports?
A: NCs/BURscoordinatingentityproceedsandmanagesthepreparationprocessforNCsandBURs,
andcollectsrelevantdata/informationandpreparesreportsoneachreportingelementof
NCs/BURsincooperationwithabroadrangeofrelevantministriesandorganisations.
OverviewofNCs/BURspreparationprocess
Planning
Reviewinglessonslearnedfrom
previousNCsandBURspreparation
Preparationofworkplanand
schedule
Preparationofbudget
Identifyingcontributing
organisations
Developinginstitutional
arrangements,including
establishingaNCs/BURs
coordinatingentity,technical
workinggroup,stakeholder
involvementprocess,roleallocation,
etc.
Reference:
1. NCSP/UNDPUNEPGEF.(2006)
2. UNFCCC.(2009)
Preparation
Collectingrelevantdata/information
anddraftingreportsoneachreporting
elementofNCs/BURs
NationalGHGInventory
Mitigationanalysis
Vulnerability&Adaptation
assessment
Otherrelevantinformation
Holdingcoordinationmeetings
Reporting
Approvalofreports
LinkingtheNCs/BURsprocess
tosustainabledevelopment
planning
SubmissiontotheUNFCCC
Compilationofeachreport
Followup
Documentationand
archivingofanydata
andinformationin
ordertoenhance
transparencyand
ensuresustainabilityof
theprocess
Evaluatingstrengths
andweaknessesto
improvethe
preparationprocess.
Reviewingfirstdrafts
24
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q7:Arethereanystandardsorguidelinesfornational
communications?
A:TheCOPadoptedGuidelinesforthepreparationofnationalcommunicationsfromPartiesnot
includedinAnnexItotheConvention(17/CP.8).NonannexIPartiesshouldusethese
guidelinesforthepreparationoftheirNCs.
ContentsoftheguidelinesforNCsfromnonAnnexIParties
Indetail
GuidelinesforthepreparationofinitialNCsfromnonAnnex
IPartieswereadoptedatCOP2(10/CP.2)andrevisedat
COP8(17/CP.8,Guidelinesforthepreparationofnational
communicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexItothe
Convention).
NonAnnexIPartiesshouldusetheseguidelines(17/CP.8)
forthepreparationofsecondand,whereappropriate,first
andthirdNCs.
ThesecretariatpreparedtheUsermanualforthe
guidelinesonnationalcommunicationsfromnonAnnexI
Partiesinordertosupportandfacilitatetheuseofthe
guidelinesforthepreparationofNCsfromnonAnnexI
Parties(17/CP.8).
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2002)
2. UNFCCC.(2003)
I.INTRODUCTION
A.Objectives
B.Scope
II.NATIONALCIRCUMSTANCES
III.NATIONALGREENHOUSEGASINVENTORY
A.Methodologies
B.Reporting
IV.GENERALDESCRIPTIONOFSTEPSTAKENORENVISAGEDTO
IMPLEMENTTHECONVENTION
A.Programmes containingmeasurestofacilitateadequate
adaptationtoclimatechange
B.Programmes containingmeasurestomitigateclimatechange
V.OTHERINFORMATIONCONSIDEREDRELEVANTTOTHE
ACHIEVEMENTOFTHEOBJECTIVEOFTHECONVENTION
A.Transferoftechnologies
B.Researchandsystematicobservation
C.Education,trainingandpublicawareness
D.Capacitybuilding
E.Informationandnetworking
VI.CONSTRAINTSANDGAPS,ANDRELATEDFINANCIAL,
TECHNICALANDCAPACITYNEEDS
VII.SUBMISSION
25
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q8:ArenationalcommunicationsfromnonAnnexIParties
verifiedorreviewed?
A:No.ThereisnoofficialinternationalverificationorreviewprocessforNCssubmittedbynon
AnnexIParties.
Indetail
NCsfromnonAnnexIPartiesareneitherverifiednorreviewedinternationally.
Ontheotherhand,allNCsofAnnexIPartiesaresubjecttoindividualtechnicalreview.ThetechnicalreviewsofNCsare
conductedbyanexpertreviewteam(ERT)nominatedbyarosterofexperts.Thereportsofthesereviewscontributeto
facilitatingtheassessmentoftheimplementationofthecommitmentsundertheConventionbyAnnexIParties,andassist
AnnexIPartiesinimprovingtheirreporting.
NonAnnexIParties
AnnexIParties
NCs
NCs
submission
submission
UNFCCC
Noverificationorreview
UNFCCC
TechnicalReview
recommendation
Reference:UNFCCC.(2013a),UNFCCC.(2013b)
26
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q9:Whoshoulddevelopnationalcommunicationsandbiennial
updatereports?
A:NCs/Biennialupdatereports(BURs)coordinatingentityineachPartydesignatedasresponsible
fortheoverallNCs/BURspreparationshoulddeveloptheirNCsandBURs.Theroleandnature
ofNCs/BURscoordinatingentitydependsontheirnationalcircumstances.
Indetail
SincethedevelopmentandsubmissionofNCsandBURsarecommitmentsofallPartiesundertheUNFCCC,thegovernmentof
eachcountryPartyshoulddeveloptheirNCsandBURs.
Whichministry,agencyand/orotherorganisation hasresponsibilityfordevelopingNCs/BURinthecountrydependsonits
nationalcircumstances.Generally,theministryrelatedtotheenvironmentalissuesinthecountryconcernedbecomesa
coordinatingagencyandotherrelatedministries,agenciesandorganisations cooperatetogetherinthedevelopmentof
NCs/BURs.
NationalFocalPoint
PrivatesectorD
MinistryA
Coordinating
entity
AgencyC
InstituteB
Source:Author.(2013)
27
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q10:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalarrangementsto
preparenationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?
A: KeyelementsforestablishinginstitutionalarrangementsistodesignateaNCs/BURs
coordinatingentitywhichisresponsiblefortheoverallpreparationprocess.Thisentitywould
thenmanagetheeffectivecoordinationwithabroadrangeofstakeholders,institutionaland
technicalincountrycapacitybuilding,andtheestablishmentoflegal/formalarrangementsfor
NCs/BURspreparation,asappropriate.
Indetail
ItisquiteimportantthatasinglenationalNCs/BURscoordinatingentityisdesignatedasresponsiblefortheoverallcoordination
andmanagementfortheNCs/BURspreparationprocessforestablishingeffectiveinstitutionalarrangements.TheNCs/BURs
coordinatingentityshouldberesponsibleforthefollowingtasks:
DevelopaworkplanandtimescheduleforpreparingNCs/BURs
IdentifyallstakeholdersthatshouldbeinvolvedinthepreparationprocessofNCs/BURs
ArrangeandcoordinatethetaskofeachcomponentofNCs/BURs
Allocaterolesandresponsibilitiesbetweenorganisations
Coordinatewithrelevantministries,agencies,organisations andothers
Managetheoverallbudget
ThecoordinatingentityshouldbemaintainedandmotivatedinordertoenhanceandimprovethenextNCs/BURspreparation.
ItisrecommendedthatanationallegalarrangementforthepreparationofNCs/BURs,beestablishedasnecessary.
Inaddition,itisalsorecommendedthataMemorandumofUnderstandingorsomeotherformalagreementbetweenthe
coordinatingentityandotherrelevantorganisations involvedinNCs/BURsprocessbeestablishedtodefinerolesand
responsibilities.
Incountrycapacitybuildingfordomesticexpertsandorganisations iskeysothatthePartycanproducesubsequentNCs/BURsin
asustainablemanner.
Reference:
28
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q11:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletodevelopnational
communications?
A:TheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)providesnonAnnexIPartieswithfinancialsupportfor
thepreparationofNCsonanagreedfullcostbasis.
Indetail
TheGEFpreparesoperationalproceduresfortheexpeditedfinancingofNCsfromnonAnnexIParties.UptoUS$500,000
pereachnonAnnexIpartyismadeavailableforthepreparationofitsNCs.
NonAnnexIPartieswhichwanttoobtainfinancialsupportforthepreparationoftheNCsneedtosubmitaproposalthat
includesadetaileddescriptionoftheactivitiesandexpectedcost.TheapplicationformcanbedownloadedfromtheGEF
website <http://www.thegef.org/gef/CC_direct_access_template>
ProceduresforfinancingNCsfromnonAnnexIParties
Stocktaking
and
Stakeholder
Consultation
Reference:
1. GEF.(2007)
2. UNFCCC.(2015)
Prepareaproposalwhichincludes:
Summarysheet
Reportonthestocktakingand
stakeholderconsultation
Descriptionofprojectactivities,
outputsandmonitoringindicators
Budgetintheprescribedformat
Lettersofendorsementfromthe
countrysGEFoperationalfocal
point
UNFCCCfocalpoint
Submitthe
Proposaltooneof
theGEF
Implementing
Agencies
(UNDP,UNEP,
WorldBank)
Proposalswillbe
reviewedbythe
GEFImplementing
Agenciesin
accordancewith
theexpedited
process.
Iftheproposalis
approved,thebudget
willbeprepared.
29
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q12:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletodevelopnational
communications?
A:TheConsultativeGroupofExpertsonNationalCommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention(CGE)providesvarioustrainingmaterialsandhandsonworkshops
forassistingthepreparationofNCsbynonAnnexIParties.Inaddition,otherorganisations also
provideusefulmaterialsandtoolsfornonAnnexIParties.
Organisation/project
Materials
Reference URL
CGE
CGEtrainingmaterials
CGEtrainingmaterials cover VulnerabilityandAdaptation

Assessments,NationalGHGInventoriesandMitigation
Assessments.Manykindsofhandbooks,presentations and
exercisesontheabovefieldsareavailable.
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/no
n
annex_i_natcom/training_material/m
ethodological_documents/items/349.
php
UNFCCC
UNFCCCresource
guideforpreparingNCs
ofnonAnnexIParties
UNFCCCresourceguidewhichconsistsofthefollowingfour
modulesprovidesadditionalinformationasasupplementtothe
UsermanualfortheguidelinesonNCsfromnonAnnexIParties
Module1:TheProcessofNCsfromNonAnnexIParties
Module2:Vulnerabilityandadaptationtoclimatechange
Module3:Nationalgreenhousegasinventories
Module4:Measurestomitigateclimatechange
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publi
cations/09_resource_guide1.pdf
NCSP (National
CommunicationSupport
Program)
NCSPisfundedbytheGEFandjointlymanagedbyUNDPand
UNEP.NCSP providesgeneralmethodologiesandguidance
documentsoneachelementofNCsandtrainingworkshops.
http://ncsp.undp.org/
30
4.2.BiennialUpdateReports
Thissectioncoversquestionsandanswersonbiennialupdatereports,asfollows:
13. Whatarebiennialupdatereports?
14. Whydobiennialupdatereportsneedtobeprepared?
15. Howfrequentlyshouldbiennialupdatereportsbeprepared?
16. Whatinformationisincludedinthebiennialupdatereports?
17. WhatisthestatusofthesubmissionofbiennialupdatereportsbynonAnnexIParties?
18. Howshouldwedevelopnationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?(seeQ6)
19. Arethereanystandardsorguidelinesforbiennialupdatereports?
20. Whatistherelationshipbetweennationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?
21. Whatistherelationshipbetweenbiennialupdatereportsandnationallyappropriatemitigation
actions?
22. Howarebiennialupdatereportsverifiedorreviewed?
23. Howarebiennialupdatereportsanalysed?
24. Howisateamoftechnicalexpertscomposedof?
25. Whatisthetrainingprogramme fortechnicalanalysis?
26. Whoshoulddevelopnationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?(seeQ9)
27. Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalarrangementstopreparenationalcommunicationsand
biennialupdatereports?(seeQ10)
28. Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletodevelopbiennialupdatereports?
29. Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletodevelopbiennialupdatereports?
31
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q13:Whatarebiennialupdatereports?
A: BURsarereportswhichnonAnnexIPartiesshallsubmiteverytwoyearsfrom2014toprovide
morefrequentandfurtherinformationsuchasGHGemission/removals,statusof
implementationofmitigationandadaptationmeasuresandcapacitybuildingneedsinthe
contextofenhancementofreportinginnationalcommunications.
Indetail
Inaccordancewith1/CP.16,developingcountryPartiesshouldsubmitBURseverytwoyearstoenhancethereportinginnational
communications consistentwiththeircapabilitiesandthelevelofsupportprovidedforreporting.
DevelopingcountryPartiesshouldsubmittheirfirstBURsbyDecember2014,buttheleastdevelopedcountryParties(LDCs)and
smallislanddevelopingstates(SIDS)maysubmitBURsattheirdiscretion.
ContentofBURs
ofnonAnnexIParties
Elements
(a)Nationalcircumstancesandinstitutionalarrangements
(b)NationalGHGInventory
(c)Mitigationactionsandtheireffects
(d)Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technicaland
capacityneeds
(e)LevelofsupportreceivedforpreparationofBURs
(f)DomesticMeasurement,ReportingandVerification(MRV)
(g)Anyotherinformation
*DetailsofcontentsofBURsisshowninQ16,
Whatinformationisincludedinbiennialupdatereports?
32
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q14:Whydobiennialupdatereportsneedtobeprepared?
A: COP16agreedthatthereportingofNCsfromdevelopingcountryPartiesisenhancedbythe
submissionofBURs toenhancetheirmitigationactions.
Indetail
COP16agreedthatdevelopingcountryPartieswilltakenationallyappropriatemitigationactions(NAMAs)anddecidedto
enhancereportinginNCs.
Inthecontext,developingcountriesshouldsubmitBURscontainingupdatesofnationalGHGinventories,informationon
mitigationactions,needsandsupportreceivedinordertoenhancetheirreportingtotheUNFCCCconsistentwithcapabilities
andthelevelofsupportprovided.
After2014
Before2014
NCs
BUR
NCs
Every2years
Every4years
Enhanceofreporting
EachnonAnnexIPartyshall
submitonlyNCs.Thefrequencyof
thesubmissionsofNCsisnot
determined.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2010)
2. UNFCCC.(2011)
EachnonAnnexIPartyshallsubmit
bothBURsandNCs.BURsshallbe
submittedevery2yearsandNCsshall
besubmittedevery4years.
33
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q15:Howfrequentlyshouldbiennialupdatereportsbeprepared?
A:Asthenamesuggests,BURsshouldbepreparedeverytwoyears.Thesubmissionduedatefor
thefirstBURsisDecember2014.
TimeframeforsubmissionofBURsandNCs
(WherenextNCissubmittedin2014alongwithBURs)
NonAnnexIParties
shouldsubmittheirfirst
BURsbyDecember2014
inaccordancewith
2/CP.17.LDCsandSIDS
maysubmitBURsattheir
discretion.
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
BUR
BUR
BUR
BUR
BUR
update
NC
update
NC
NC
NonAnnexIPartiesshallsubmitBURs,
eitherasasummaryofpartsoftheirNCs
intheyearwhentheysubmittheirNCsor
asastandaloneupdatereport.
34
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q16:Whatinformationisincludedinbiennialupdatereports?
A:ThecomponentsthatshouldbeincludedintheBURsareinformationonthenationalGHG
inventory,mitigationactionsandtheireffects,needsandsupportreceivedandanyother
relevantinformation.
Elements
Detail
(a)Nationalcircumstancesand
institutionalarrangements
Informationonnationalcircumstancesandinstitutionalarrangementsrelevanttothepreparation
oftheNCsonacontinuousbasis;
(b)NationalGHGinventory
Update ofnationalGHGinventoriesaccordingtotheguidelinesforthepreparationofNCs.
Inventoryyears:calendaryearnomorethan4yearspriortothedateofsubmissionormore
recentyears.ConsistenttimeseriesbacktotheyearsreportedinthepreviousNCs.
Methodologies:Revised1996IPCCguidelinesandIPCCgoodpracticeguidance
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c) Mitigationactionsandtheireffects
Nameanddescriptionofthemitigationaction
Methodologiesandassumptions
Objectivesoftheactionandstepstakenorenvisagedtoachievethataction
Progressofimplementationofthemitigationactionsandtheunderlyingstepstakenor
envisaged,andtheresultsachieved
(e) Informationoninternationalmarketmechanisms.
(d)Constraintsandgaps,andrelated
financial,technicalandcapacityneeds
Updatedinformationonfinancialresources,technologytransfer,capacitybuildingneeds.
Updatedinformationonfinancialresources,technologytransfer,capacitybuildingandtechnical
supportreceivedfromtheGEF, developedcountryPartiesandmultilaterals institutions.
(f)Levelofsupportreceivedforpreparing
BURs
InformationonsupportreceivedforthepreparationoftheBURs.
(g)DomesticMeasurement,Reporting
andVerification(MRV)
(h)Anyotherinformation
AnyotherinformationthatthenonAnnexIPartyconsidersrelevanttotheachievementofthe
objectiveoftheConventionandsuitableforinclusioninitsBURs.
35
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q17:Whatisthestatusofthesubmissionofbiennialupdate
reportsbynonAnnexIParties?
A:10nonAnnexIPartieshavesubmittedtheirfirstBURsbythesubmissionduedate.Afterthat,
fourmorePartieshavesubmittedtheirfirstBURsin2015.
Indetail
Inaccordancewith2/CP.17,nonAnnexPartiesshouldsubmittheirfirstBURs byDecember2014.10nonAnnexIParties
successfullyhavesubmittedtheirBURstotheUNFCCCbythesubmissionduedate.14PartieshavesubmittedtheirfirstBURsas
oftheendofAugust2015.
TheGEFsecretariatreportedatSBI42thattheyhadreceived51requestsfromnonAnnexIPartiesforfundsforthepreparation
oftheirBURs.Therefore,moreBURs fromnonAnnexIPartiesareexpectedtobesubmittedin2015andlater.
StatusofsubmissionofBURs fromnonAnnexIParties
Reference:UNFCCC.(2015a)
Parties
Submissiondate
Parties
Submissiondate
NAMIBIA
2December2014
VIETNAM
8December2014
THEFORMER
YUGOSLAVREPUBLIC
OFMACEDONIA
26February2015
CHILE
10December2014
SOUTHAFRICA
17December2014
BOSNIAAND
HERZEGOVINA
12March2015
ANDORRA
19December2014
AZERBAIJAN
31March2015
REPUBLICOFKOREA
29December2014
GHANA
21July2015
PERU
30December2014
BRAZIL
31December2014
TUNISIA
31December2014
36
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q19:Arethereanystandardsorguidelinesforbiennialupdate
reports?
A: TheCOPadoptedUNFCCCbiennialupdatereportingguidelinesforPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention(2/CP.17,AnnexIII).NonannexIPartiesshouldusetheseguidelines
forthepreparationofBURs.
Indetail
COP16agreedonaworkprogramme forthedevelopmentof
guidelinesforBURsfromnonAnnexIParties.
COP17adoptedUNFCCCbiennialupdatereportingguidelinesfor
PartiesnotincludedinAnnexItotheConvention(2/CP.17,Annex
III).
COP17alsodecidedthatnonAnnexIPartiesshouldtakeinto
accounttheirdevelopmentpriorities,objectives,capacitiesand
nationalcircumstancesinusingtheUNFCCCbiennialupdate
reportingguidelines,andthattheguidelinesshouldbeusedasa
basistoprovideguidancetotheGEFforfundingthepreparationof
firstBURsfromnonAnnexIParties.
ContentsoftheguidelinesforBURsfromnon
AnnexIParties
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Objectives
Scope
Mitigationactions
Finance,technologyandcapacitybuilding
needsandsupportreceived
VI. Submission
VII. Updatingtheguidelines
37
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q20:Whatistherelationshipbetweennationalcommunications
andbiennialupdatereports?
A:TheBURsaretheupdateofthemostrecentlysubmittedNCs.BURsaresubmittedatsomepoint
betweenthesubmissionofNCs.
overlapped
NCs
Generaldescriptionofstepstakenorenvisagedto
implementtheConvention
Programmes containingmeasurestofacilitate
adequateadaptationtoclimatechange
Programmes containingmeasurestomitigate
climatechange
Otherinformationconsideredrelevanttothe
achievementoftheobjectiveoftheConvention
Technologytransfer
Researchandsystematicobservation
Education,trainingandpublicawareness
Capacitybuildingactivities
Informationandnetworking
Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technical
andcapacityneeds
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2002)
2. UNFCCC.(2011)
BURs
Nationalcircumstancesandinstitutionalarrangements
(shallcover,ataminimum,theinventoryforthecalendar
yearnomorethan4yearspriortothedateof
submissionormorerecentyearsifinformationis
available)
Mitigationactionsandtheireffects
(Nameanddescriptionofthemitigationaction,
methodologiesandassumptions,objectivesoftheaction
andsteps,progressofimplementationofthe
mitigationactionsandInformationoninternational
marketmechanisms)
Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technical
andcapacityneedsandsupportreceived
Informationondomesticmeasurementreportingand
verification
38
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q21:Whatistherelationshipbetweenbiennialupdatereports
andnationallyappropriatemitigationactions?
A: NonAnnexIPartiesshallprovideinformationintheirBURsontheprogressofimplementation
ofnationallyappropriatemitigationactions(NAMAs)listedinFCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12.
Indetail
ThedocumentFCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12presentsacompilationoftheinformationonallNAMAscommunicated
bydevelopingcountryParties.
InaccordancewiththeUNFCCCguidelinesforthepreparationoftheBURs,developingcountryPartiesshall
providethefollowinginformation,inatabularformat,foreachmitigationactionorgroupsofmitigation
actionsincluding,asappropriate,thoselistedindocumentFCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12tothegreatestextent
possible:
Nameanddescriptionofthemitigationaction,includinginformationonthenatureoftheaction,
coverage(i.e.sectorsandgases),quantitativegoalsandprogressindicators;
Informationonmethodologiesandassumptions;
Objectivesoftheactionandstepstakenorenvisagedtoachievethataction;
Informationontheprogressofimplementationofthemitigationactionsandtheunderlyingstepstaken
orenvisaged,andtheresultsachieved,suchasestimatedoutcomes(metricsdependingontypeof
action)andestimatedemissionreductions,tothegreatestextentpossible;
Informationoninternationalmarketmechanisms.
NonannexIPartiescanreporttheprogressofNAMAsincludedinFCCC/SBI/2013/INF.12intheBURs.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2002)
2. UNFCCC.(2011)
39
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q22:Howarebiennialupdatereportsverifiedorreviewed?
A:ThereisnoofficialinternationalverificationandreviewprocessforBURssubmittedbynon
AnnexIParties.Instead,internationalconsultationandanalysis(ICA)ofBURsisimplemented.
Indetail
AlthoughtheBURssubmittedbynonAnnexIPartiesareneitherverifiednorreviewed,thosearesubjecttoICA forthe
purposeofincreasingthetransparencyofmitigationactionsandtheireffects.ICAisimplementedinaccordancewiththe
modalitiesandguidelinesforICAcontainedinAnnexIVofdecision2/CP.17 andComposition,modalitiesandproceduresofthe
teamoftechnicalexpertsunderICAadoptedatCOP19.
The1st roundofICAwillcommencewithinsixmonthsofthesubmissionofthefirstroundofBURs.
ThefrequencyofparticipationinsubsequentroundsofICAwillbedeterminedbythefrequencyofthesubmissionofBURs
basedontheirrespectivecapabilitiesandnationalcircumstances.
LDCsandSIDSmayundergoICAasagroupofPartiesattheirdiscretion.
ComparisonofInternationalAssessmentandReview(IAR)forBRsfromAnnexIPartiesandICAfor
BURsfromnonAnnexIParties
IARforBRs
fromAnnexIParties
ICAforBURs
fromnonAnnexIParties
Step1
Technicalreview
byexpertreviewteam(ERT)
Technicalanalysis
bytechnical teamofexperts (TTE)
Step2
Multilateralassessment
undertheSBI
undertheSBI
Reference:UNFCCC.(2011),UNFCCC.(2013)
40
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q23:Howarebiennialupdatereportsanalysed?
A:BURsareanalysed byatechnicalteamofexperts(TTE)inamannerthatisnonintrusive,non
punitiveandrespectfulofnationalsovereignty,andICAisconductedtoincreasethe
transparencyofmitigationactionsandtheireffects.
OverviewofICAprocess
Technicalanalysis
byTTE
(workshopundertheSBI)
13hoursessionfor
eachPartywhich
consistsofabrief
presentationbythe
PartyontheirBURs,
followedbyoral
questionsandanswers.
Partiesmayrequestto
presentindividuallyor
inagroupofuptofive
Parties.
BURs
Additional
technical
information
providedby
theParty
Technical
analysis
ofBURs
inasingle
location
(byTTE)
Draft
Summary
report
(prepared
byTTE)
withinthreemonths
Reference:UNFCCC.(2011),UNFCCC.(2013)
Review
and
comment
ondraft
report
(byNAI)
withinthreemonths
Final
Summary
report
(prepared
byTTE)
withinthreemonths
Outcome
Summary
report
Recordofthe
facilitative
sharingof
views
Written
Questions
41
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q24:Howisateamoftechnicalexpertscomposedof?
A: Ateamoftechnicalexperts(TTE)iscomposedofexpertsnominatedtotheUNFCCCrosterof
expertswhohavecompletedthetrainingprogramme.
Indetail
ATTEiscomposedofaUNFCCCrosterofexpertswhohavesuccessfullycompletedthetrainingprogramme preparedbythe
CGE.TheUNFCCCsecretariatselectsexpertsofTTEsundertheguidanceoftheCGE.
ATTEincludesatleastoneCGEmemberanduptoonethirdoftheTTE.ThemajorityofexpertsofaTTEarefromnonAnnexI
PartieswithefforttoensuregeographicalbalanceamongtheexpertsselectedfromAnnexIPartiesandnonAnnexIParties.
EachTTEisledbytwoexperts:onefromanAnnexIPartyandanotherfromanonAnnexIParty.
ThenumberofexpertsineachTTEisnotdefined.
ExampleofcompositionofTTE
TTE
fromAnnexI
Leadexperts
fromnonAnnexI
or
Experts
Rosterofexperts
CGE
42
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q25:Whatisthetrainingprogramme fortechnicalanalysis?
A: Thetrainingprogramme fortechnicalanalysisisaseriesoftrainingmaterialsdevelopedbythe
CGE(ConsultativeGroupofExpertsonNationalCommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention).Ateamoftechnicalexperts(TTE)shallsuccessfullycompletethe
trainingprogramme.
Indetail
StructureoftheTTEtrainingprogramme
Inaccordancewithdecision20/CP.19,theCGEhas
developedatrainingprogramme forTTEtoundertake
technicalanalysisofsubmittedBURsbynonAnnexIParties.
Cluster1:provisionsonreportinginformationintheBURsand
conductingtechnicalanalysisofBURsundertheICAprocess
Cluster2:backgroundmaterialscoveringmethodsandscience
onkeythemesaddressedinBURs
Cluster3:provisionsrelevanttothetechnicalanalysisofa
technicalannexcontaininginformationonresultsbased
actionsrelatingtoREDDplusactivities.
TYPEOFINFORMATION
Thetrainingprogramme coversthefollowingthreeclusters
oftrainingmaterials;
THEMATICAREAS
Cluster1
provisionsonthe
technicalanalysisof
BURs
Cluster2
backgroundmaterials
coveringmethodsand
science
Cluster3
provisionsontechnical
analysisoftechnical
annexonREDDplus
Module1
Overview
Module2.1
Mitigation
Module2.2
GHG
Inventory
Module2.3
Needsand
Support
Module3
REDDplus
Thetrainingmaterialsconsistsofsometrainingmodulesby
eachthematicarea.TTEneedtosuccessfullycompletethe
correspondingmodulesbasedontheirexpertiseand
experiencesofactivitiesrelatedtothereportingandreview
undertheUNFCCC.
Reference:UNFCCC.(2015b)
43
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q28:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletodevelopbiennial
updatereports?
A:GEFprovidesfinancialsupporttononAnnexIPartiespreparingtheirfirstBURsonthebasisof
agreedfullcostfunding.
IndicativeguideforthebudgetofBURs
Indetail
ComponentsofBURs
COP17decidedtourgenonAnnexIPartiesto
submittheirrequeststotheGEFforsupport,ina
timelymannerandthatenhancedsupportforthe
preparationofBURsshouldbeensuredby
developedcountryPartiesbymeansofresources
onthebasisofagreedfullcostfunding.
TheCOPrequeststhesecretariattofacilitate
assistancetononAnnexIPartiesinthepreparation
oftheirBURs.
TheCOPurgesandrequeststheGEFtomake
supportavailabletononAnnexIPartiespreparing
theirfirstBURsasearlyaspossiblein2012.
NonannexIPartiescanaccessuptoUSD352,000
throughaGEFAgencyorviadirectaccess.Non
AnnexIPartiesthatwishtoaccessthefundforthe
preparationofBURscansubmitprojectproposals
usingthefollowingtemplate.
(http://www.thegef.org/gef/content/gef5
enablingactivitytemplatesept2011)
(a)Informationonnationalcircumstancesandinstitutional
arrangements
~10,000
(b)NationalGHGinventory,includinganationalinventory
report
~120,000
(c)Informationonmitigationactionsandtheireffects
~100,000
(d)Constraintsandgaps,andrelatedfinancial,technicaland
capacityneeds,includingadescriptionofsupportneededand
received
~5,000
(e)Informationonthelevelofsupportreceivedtoenablethe
preparationandsubmissionofBURs
~5,000
(f)InformationondomesticMRV
(g)Anyotherinformation
~45,000
~5,000
(h)Monitoring,reportingandpreparation offinancialaudits
~15,000
(i)PublicationandsubmissionofBURs
~15,000
Subtotal
320,000
(j)ProjectManagement(maximum10%ofprojecttotal)
Total
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2011)
2. GEF.(2012)
Suggested
funding(USD)
32,000
352,000
44
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q29:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletodevelopbiennial
updatereports?
A:MostofthetechnicalsupportthatisavailableforNCsisalsoavailableforBURsbecausethe
reportingelementsofbothoverlap.Inaddition,CGEhasbeendevelopingnewsupplementary
trainingmaterialsforthepreparationofBURs.
TechnicalassistancefromtheCGEforthepreparationofBURs
Reporting elementsofBURs
TrainingmaterialsprovidedbyCGE
Details
(a)Nationalcircumstancesand
Presentation andhandbookon
InstitutionalArrangements are
prepared.
Thepresentationandhandbookprovidetheoverview ofinstitutional
arrangements,processandtoolsfordesigningeffectiveinstitutional
arrangementsandbestpracticesandlessonslearnedfromtheNCprocess.
(b)NationalGHGinventory
Manyexistingtrainingmaterialfor GHG
inventoriesforNCscanbeused.
Information onhowtoestimateGHGemissionsandremovalsareprovided
asapresentation,handbook,exerciseandotherformsbyeachIPCC
categoryincludingcrosscuttingissues.
(c) Mitigationactionsandtheir
effects
PresentationonMitigationActionsand
TheirEffectsis prepared.
Thepresentationprovidessuggestivetoolkithowtoreporttherelevant
informationrequired intheBURreportingguidelines,andillustrative
examplesof reportingfromnonAnnexIPartiesforreference.
(d)Constraintsandgaps,and
relatedfinancial,technical
andcapacityneeds
Presentation andhandbookon
ConstraintsandGapsandRelated
Financial,TechnicalandCapacity
BuildingNeedsareprovided.
Thepresentation andhandbookprovidetheoverviewofreporting
elements,processforidentifyingsupportneeds,guidetoreport
barriers/challenges/bottlenecksandsupportreceived.
(f)Levelofsupportreceivedfor
preparingBURs
Same asabove
Sameasabove.
(g)DomesticMeasurement,
ReportingandVerification
(MRV)
Presentationonmitigationactionsand
theireffectscovers thisreporting
element.
Inthepresentation,exampleofKenyasreportingandverification
frameworkisprovided.
(h)Anyotherinformation
None
ThetrainingmaterialsbyCGEcanbedownloadathttp://unfccc.int/national_reports/nonannex_i_natcom/training_material/methodological_documents/items/7914.php
Reference: UNFCCC.(2014,2015c,2015d)
45
4.3.NationalGreenhouseGasInventories(nonAnnexI)
Thissectioncoversquestionsandanswersonnationalgreenhousegas(GHG)inventories,asfollows:
30. WhatisanationalGHGinventory?
31. WhyprepareanationalGHGinventory?
32. WhatistheroleofGHGinventoriesingoalsettingandperformancetracking?(seeQ61)
33. HowfrequentlyshouldnationalGHGinventoriesbeprepared?
34. HowshouldwepreparenationalGHGinventories?
35. HowshouldweverifynationalGHGinventories?
36. ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesfornationalGHGinventorypreparation?
37. ArethereanyprinciplesforpreparingnationalGHGinventories?
38. WhatcategoriesandgasesshouldnonAnnexIPartiescoverintheirnationalGHGinventories?
39. HowshouldweestimatenationallevelGHGemissionsandremovals?
40. ArethenationalGHGinventoriessubmittedbynonAnnexIPartiesreviewed?
41. Aretheredifferentlevelsofestimationmethods?
42. Whatshouldwedoifitisnotpossibletoestimateallemissionsourcesandremovalsinks?
43. WhoshouldpreparenationalGHGinventories?
44. HowdocountriesestablishinstitutionalsystemstopreparenationalGHGinventories?
45. IsthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletopreparenationalGHGinventories?
46. IsthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletopreparenationalGHGinventories?
46
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q30:WhatisanationalGHGinventory?
A:AnationalGHGinventoryisaninventorywhichprovidesinformationonnationallevelemissions
andremovalsofGHGs,whichisoneofthefundamentalpiecesofinformationforacountryto
developandmonitorpoliciesandmeasuresonmitigationofclimatechange.
Indetail
NonAnnexIPartiesshallsubmittheirnationalGHGinventoriestotheCOPundertheUNFCCC
asapartoftheirNCsandBURs.
BasicinformationonGHGemissionsandremovalsprovidedbythenationalGHGinventoryare:
NationaltotalGHGemissionsandremovalsduetoanthropogeniccauses.
Inaddition,nonAnnexIPartiesareencouragedtosubmitthefollowinginformation:
Methodologiesforhowtoestimatetheemissionsandremovals,
Proceduresandarrangementsundertakentocollectandarchivedataforthepreparation
ofnationalGHGinventories.
Forfurtherinformation,see:
Q1:Whatarenationalcommunications?,
Q13:Whatarebiennialupdatereports?.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2002)
2. UNFCCC.(2011)
47
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q31:WhyprepareanationalGHGinventory?
A:COPneedstounderstandthestatusofGHGemissions/removalsbyeachPartytoconsiderhow
totackleclimatechange.Hence,preparationofnationalGHGinventoriesisrequiredtoall
PartiesunderArticle4,paragraph1,andArticle12oftheUNFCCCinordertofigureoutquantity
ofGHGemissionsandremovalsfromeachPartyduetohumanactivities.
Indetail
TheUNFCCCaimstostabilise GHGconcentrationsintheatmosphereatalevelthatwould
preventandreducedangeroushumaninducedinterferencewiththeclimatesystem.
Inordertoachievethisobjective,itisnecessarytoaccuratelyunderstandanthropogenicGHG
emissionstrendsandourcollectiveabilitytoalterthesetrends.
Therefore,all PartiesintheUNFCCCmustprepareandsubmittheirnationalGHGinventoriesto
theCOP.
NonAnnexIParties:
NeedtosubmittheirnationalGHGinventoriesasapartoftheirNCs,
NeedtosubmittheirnationalGHGinventoriesbienniallyasapartoftheirBURsfrom
December2014.
Q2:Whydonationalcommunicationsneedtobeprepared?,
Q14:Whydobiennialupdatereportsneedtobeprepared?.
Reference: UNFCCC.(2013)
48
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q33:HowfrequentlyshouldnationalGHGinventoriesbe
prepared?
A:NonAnnexIPartiesneedtoprepareandsubmittheirnationalGHGinventoriesonceeverytwo
years totheCOPundertheUNFCCCasapartofBURsorNCs.
Indetail
IncontrasttoAnnexIParties,nonAnnexIPartiesdonothavetosubmittheirnationalGHG
inventoriesasindependentreportstotheCOP.
TheCancunAgreementdeterminedthatnonAnnexIPartiesshouldsubmittheirNCsonce
everyfouryears,andtheDurbanOutcomesstatesthatnonAnnexIPartiesshallsubmittheir
BURsonceeverytwoyears.
Hence,nonAnnexIPartiesneedtopreparetheirnationalGHGinventoriesandsubmitthemto
theCOPonceeverytwoyearsasapartoftheirBURsorNCs.
Forfurtherinformation,seethepageson:
Q3:Howfrequentlyshouldnationalcommunicationsbeprepared?,
Q15:Howfrequentlyshouldbiennialupdatereportsbeprepared?.
49
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q34:HowshouldwepreparenationalGHGinventories?
A:WeshouldpreparenationalGHGinventoriesbyfollowingaproceduralarrangementdetermined
inaccordancewitheachcountrysnationalcircumstances.
Indetail
AproceduralarrangementfornationalGHGinventorypreparationisimportantforclarifyingthe
processforperiodicallypreparingnationalGHGinventories.
Theproceduralarrangementshouldbedocumentedanddisclosedtorelevantstakeholdersin
ordertoenhancesmoothpreparationofnationalGHGinventories.
Therearevariousproceduralarrangementsaccordingtoeachcountrysnationalcircumstances,
butthemainstepsoftheproceduralarrangementareplanning,preparationandmanagement.
Example:Japansproceduralarrangement:
I.
1.
2.
II.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
III.
8.
9.
PlanningPhase:
Discussionontheinventoryimprovement
HoldingameetingoftheCommitteeregardingthemethodsforestimatingGreenhouseGasEmissions
PreparationPhase:
Collectionofdataforthenationalinventory
PreparationofadraftoftheCommonReportingFormat(CRF)
PreparationofadraftoftheNationalGHGInventoryReport(NIR)
Implementationoftheexteriorqualitycontrol(QC)andthecoordinationwiththerelevantministriesandagencies
CorrectionofthedraftsofCRFandNIR
ManagementPhase:
Submissionandofficialannouncementofthenationalinventory
Holdinga meetingoftheGreenhouseGasInventoryQualityAssuranceWorkingGroup
50
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q35:HowshouldweverifynationalGHGinventories?
A:Asdomesticverification,weshouldverifynationalGHGinventoriesbyutilising QA/QC
procedures.
Indetail
QA/QCproceduresinnationalGHGinventorypreparationcontributestotheaccomplishmentof
thedevelopmentofnationalGHGinventoriesthatcanbereadilyassessedintermsofqualityand
completeness.
QCisasystemofroutinetechnicalactivities,tomeasureandcontrolthequalityofthe
inventoryasitisbeingcompiled.
QCisdonemainlybyinventorycompilers.
ThemainpurposeofQCistocontroltheaccuracyofestimatedGHGemissionsand
removals.
QAisaplannedsystemofreviewproceduresconductedbypersonnelnotdirectlyinvolved
intheinventorycompilation/developmentprocess.
ThenationalGHGinventoriespreparedbynonAnnexIPartiesarenotverifiedinternationally.However,the
inventoriesaresubjecttoICAasapartofBURs.
Q22:Howarebiennialupdatereportsverifiedorreviewed?
Q23:Howarebiennialupdatereportsanalysed?
51
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q36:ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesfornationalGHG
inventorypreparation?
A:TheGuidelinesforthepreparationofnationalcommunicationsfromPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConventionunderDecision17/CP.8andtheUNFCCCbiennialupdatereporting
guidelinesforPartiesnotincludedinAnnexItotheConventionunderDecision2/CP.17include
guidelinesfornationalGHGinventorypreparationfornonAnnexIParties.
ThecontentsoftheguidelinesunderDecision17/CP.8and
Decision2/CP.17whicharerelevanttonationalGHGinventory
preparationareasfollows:
A)
B)
Methodologies
Decision17/CP.8andDecision2/CP.17alsodecidewhichIPCC
GuidelinesfornationalGHGinventoriesneedtobeusedby
nonAnnexIParties.TheIPCCGuidelinesincludeconcrete
methodologiesonGHGemission/removalestimationandother
issuesrelevanttonationalGHGinventories.Thenamesofthe
Guidelinesareasfollows:
1.
ChoiceofIPCCGuidelines
2.
Choiceofestimationmethods,fromtheIPCC
Guidelines,forGHGemissionandremoval
1.
Revised1996IPCCGuidelinesforNational
GreenhouseInventories(1996GL),
3.
Applicationanddevelopmentofcountryspecific
emissionfactorsandactivitydata
2.
GoodPracticeGuidanceandUncertainty
ManagementinNationalGreenhouseGas
Inventories(GPG(2000)),
Reporting
1.
InformationtobereportedinthenationalGHG
inventories
3.
GoodPracticeGuidanceforLandUse,Landuse
ChangeandForestry(GPGLULUCF),
2.
GHGstobeestimated
4.
3.
Choiceofglobalwarmingpotentials(GWP)
2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGas
Inventories(2006GL)
communications?;Q19:Arethereanystandardsorguidelinesfor
biennialupdatereports?.
1996GL
GPG(2000)
GPG-LULUCF
52
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q37:ArethereanyprinciplesforpreparingnationalGHG
inventories?
A:TheprinciplesfornationalGHGinventoriesareTransparency,Consistency,Comparability,
CompletenessandAccuracy,abbreviatedasTCCCA.
Principle
Definition
Transparency
Transparencymeansthattheassumptionsandmethodologiesusedforaninventoryshouldbeclearly
explained tofacilitatereplicationandassessmentoftheinventorybyusersofthereportedinformation.
Thetransparencyofinventoriesisfundamentaltothesuccessoftheprocessforthecommunicationand
considerationofinformation.
Consistency
Comparability
Consistencymeansthataninventoryshouldbeinternallyconsistentinallitselementsoveraperiodof
years.Aninventoryisconsistentifthesamemethodologiesareusedforthebaseandallsubsequent
years andifconsistentdatasetsareusedtoestimateemissionsorremovalsfromsourcesorsinks.
ComparabilitymeansthatestimatesofemissionsandremovalsreportedbyPartiesininventories
shouldbecomparableamongParties.Forthispurpose,Partiesshouldusethemethodologiesand
formatsagreedbyCOPforestimatingandreportinginventories.Theallocationofdifferentsource/sink
categoriesshouldfollowthesplitoftheIPCCGuidelinesadopted bytheCOP.
Completeness
Completenessmeansthataninventorycoversallsourcesandsinksaswellasallgasesincludedinthe
Revised1996GLinadditiontootherexistingrelevantsource/sinkcategorieswhicharespecificto
individualParties(andthereforemaynotbeincludedintheIPCCguidelines.
Accuracy
Accuracyisarelativemeasureoftheexactnessofanemissionorremovalestimate.Estimatesshouldbe
accurateinthesensethattheyaresystematicallyneitherovernorundertrueemissionsorremovals,
asfarascanbejudged,andthatuncertaintiesarereducedasfaraspracticable.Appropriate
methodologiesconformingtoguidanceongoodpracticesshouldbeusedtopromoteaccuracyin
inventories.
53
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q38:WhatcategoriesandgasesshouldnonAnnexIParties
coverintheirnationalGHGinventories?
A:NonAnnexIPartiesshallcoverCO2,CH4 andN2Ofromenergy;industrialprocesses;solventand
otherproductuse;agriculture;landusechangeandforestry;andwaste,asappropriateandto
thegreatestextentpossible.Inaddition,nonAnnexIPartiesareencouragedtoestimatethe
gasesmentionedbelow:
GHGswhichnonAnnexI
Partiesshallestimate
Carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),
GHGswhichnonAnnexI
Partiesareencouragedto
estimate
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons (PFCs),sulphur

hexafluoride(SF6),carbonmonooxide (CO),nitrogenoxides(NOx),and
nonmethanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOCs)
Sectorstobeestimatedin
theinventories
Energy,Industrialprocesses,SolventandOtherProductUse,
Agriculture,Landusechangesandforestry(LUCF),Waste
54
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q39:HowshouldweestimatenationallevelGHGemissionsand
removals?
A:AgeneralmethodforestimatingnationallevelGHGsistomultiplyactivitydatabyemission
factors.
ThebasicequationforestimatingGHGemissions
E =AD*EF
E:
GHGemissions
AD:
Activitydata
EF:
Emissionfactor
Indetail
Basically,nationallevelGHGemissionsarenotdirectlymeasuredatemissionsourcesbut
estimatedbyusingtheequationshownabove.
Term
ExplanationintheGlossaryof2006IPCCGuidelines
forNationalGreenhouseGasInventories
Material
AD
Dataonthemagnitudeofhumanactivityresultingin
emissionsorremovalstakingplaceduringagiven
periodoftime
Dataobtainedfromnationallevelstatistics,such
asquantity ofenergyconsumption,cement
production,andthenumberofdomesticanimals
byspecies.
EF
Acoefficientthatquantifiestheemissionsor
removalsofagasperunitactivity.
Researchresultsfrommeasurementdata,suchas
thecarboncontentofeachfueltypeandCH4
emissionperheadofaruminantanimal.
55
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q40:ArethenationalGHGinventoriessubmittedbynonAnnexI
Partiesreviewed?
A:No,thenationalGHGinventoriessubmittedbynonAnnexIPartiesarenotreviewed.Insteadof
thisthenationalGHGinventories,whichareapartofBURs,willbeanalysed underICAfor
BURs.
Indetail
TheICAwillbeconductedinamannerthatisnonintrusive,nonpunitiveandrespectfulof
nationalsovereignty.
TheICAconsistsofthetwostepsasmentionedbelow:
Technicalanalysis
Q22:Howarebiennialupdatereportsverifiedorreviewed?,
Q23:Howarebiennialupdatereportsanalysed?.
56
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q41:Aretheredifferentlevelsofestimationmethods?
A:TherearethreelevelsofestimationmethodsprovidedbytheIPCCGuidelinesforNational
GreenhouseGasInventories.Thelevelsofmethodologicalcomplexityarereferredtoastiers
intheGuidelines.
Tier
Level
Explanation
Tier1
Basic
Usereadily availableestimationmethodsanddefaultemission
factorsprovidedbytheIPCCGuidelines
Tier2
Intermediate
Usereadily availableestimationmethodsprovidedbytheIPCC
Guidelinesandcountryspecificemissionfactors
Tier3
Mostcomplex
Usecountryspecific estimationmethods,suchascomplex
modelingapproaches,andcountryspecificemissionfactors
Reference:
1. IPCC.(2006)
2. UNFCCC.(2006)
57
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q42:Whatshouldwedoifitisnotpossibletoestimateall
emissionsourcesandremovalsinks?
A:IfaninventorydoesnotcoverallsourcesandsinksaswellasgasesincludedintheIPCC
Guidelines,youshouldclarifywhythesources,sinksorgasesarenotcoveredintheinventory.
IftherearesourcesandsinksnotcoveredinanationalGHGinventory,butwhichareincludedinthe
IPCCGuidelines,usingnotationkeys isaneffectivewaytoindicatethereasonswhysourcesandsinks
arenotcovered.
NotationKey
Definition
Explanation
NE
Notestimated
Emissions and/orremovalsoccurbuthavenotbeenestimatedorreported.
IE
Includedelsewhere
Emissionsand/or removalsforthisactivityorcategoryareestimatedandincludedin
theinventorybutnotpresentedseparatelyforthiscategory.
Confidential
information
Emissionand/orremovalsareaggregatedandincludedelsewhereintheinventory
becausereportingatadisaggregatedlevelcould leadtothedisclosureofconfidential
information.
NA
Notapplicable
Theactivityorcategoryexistsbut relevantemissionsandremovalsareconsidered
nevertooccur.
(Suchcellsarenormallyshadedinthereportingtables.)
NO
Notoccurring
Anactivityorprocessdoesnotexistwithinacountry.
58
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q43:WhoshouldpreparenationalGHGinventories?
A:ThenationalgovernmentofeachPartyshallprepareitsnationalGHGinventories.Allocationof
detailedrolesforthepreparationdependsoneachPartysnationalcircumstances.
Indetail
NationalGHGinventoriesshallbepreparedasapartofNCsandBURs.AsstatedinArticle12of
theUNFCCCandDecision2/CP.17,PartiesareresponsibleforpreparingandsubmittingtheNCs
andBURstotheUNFCCC.Hence,thenationalgovernmentofeachpartyisresponsiblefor
preparingthenationalGHGinventoriesaswellasNCsandBURs.
InordertoensureperiodicalnationalGHGinventorypreparation,itisnecessarytoclearly
allocatewhichentityshallimplementwhichroleofthepreparation.
StepsfordesignatingrolesofnationalGHGinventorypreparation:
1. Designateasinglenationalentitywithoverallresponsibilityforthenationalinventory,
2. Defineandallocatespecificresponsibilitiesintheinventorydevelopmentprocessbyspecifyingtherolesof,
andcooperationbetween,governmentagenciesandotherentitiesrelevanttoinventorypreparation.For
example,specificresponsibilitiesincludethefollowingroles:
a. Choiceofestimationmethods,
b. Datacollection,
c. Processingandarchivingofinventoryinformation,
d. Qualityassurance/qualitycontrol(QA/QC).
Q9:Whoshoulddevelopnationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?.
Reference:U.S.EPA.(2013)
59
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q44:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalsystemstoprepare
nationalGHGinventories?
A:TheinstitutionalsystemsforeachnonAnnexIPartiestopreparenationalGHGinventoriescan
beestablishedbyconsideringthekeyelementsoftheinventorypreparationprocess,suchas
planning,preparation,andmanagement.
KeyelementsinthepreparationofnationalGHGinventories
Planning
Designation ofasinglenationalentitywithoverallresponsibilityforthepreparation
Allocation ofspecificresponsibilitiesintheinventorypreparationprocess,suchaschoiceofestimation methods,
datacollection,estimation ofGHGemissions/removals,qualityassurance/qualitycontrol(QA/QC)activities
ElaborationofaninventoryQA/QCplan
Establishmentofprocessesfortheofficialconsiderationandapprovaloftheinventory
Actual
Preparation
Datacollection, preparationofestimatesonGHGemissionsandremovals,recalculation,keycategoryanalysis,
uncertaintyassessment,documentationofestimationmethodologiesandinformationrelevanttoinventory
preparation
Management
Archiving ofinventoryinformationondatausedfortheinventorypreparation,estimationmethodologies,
QA/QCproceduresandinventoryimprovementplan
Q10:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalarrangementstopreparenationalcommunicationsandbiennialupdatereports?
60
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q45:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletopreparenational
GHGinventories?
A:GEFprovidesnonAnnexIPartieswithfinancialsupportforpreparingnationalGHGinventories
asapartofNCsandBURs.
Indetail
NationalGHGinventoriespreparedbynonAnnexIPartiesaresubmittedtotheCOPunderthe
UNFCCCasapartofNCsandBURs;hence,thefinancialsupportforNCsandBURsfornonAnnexI
PartiesincludesthoseforthenationalGHGinventories.
Organisation
Coverage
Reference
GEF
Comprehensivefinancial supportforNCsand
BURs,includingfornationalGHGinventories
Forfurtherinformation,seethefollowing
pages:
Q8:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailableto
developnationalcommunications?(page 25),
Q20:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailable
todevelopbiennialupdatereports?(page35)
APN
Financialsupport forglobalchangeresearchin
theAsiaPacificregion,includingclimatechange
issues,suchasresearchfundsfordeveloping
country orregionalspecificemissionfactors
http://www.apngcr.org/programmesand
activities/arcp/
http://www.apngcr.org/programmesand
activities/capable/
61
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q46:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletopreparenational
GHGinventories?
A:Thereisvarioustechnicalsupportprovidedbyinternationalinstitutesandbilateraldonorsas
shownbelow.
Organisation
Reference
ConsultativeGroupofExpertsonNational
CommunicationsfromPartiesnot
Forfurther informationontheseorganisations,seeQ9:Isthereany
includedinAnnexI(CGE)
technicalsupportavailabletodevelopnationalcommunications?
(page26).
NationalCommunicationSupport
Program(NCSP)
IPCC(inventory software)
http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/software/index.html
UNFCCC
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/non
annex_i_natcom/training_material/methodological_documents/ite
ms/349.php
USEPA
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/EPAactivities/internationalpartn
erships/capacitybuilding.html#National
AsianDevelopBank
http://www.adb.org/projects/43100012/main
JapanInternationalCooperation Agency
http://wwwgio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg10/pdf/3_1.pdf
USAID
62
4.4.NationallyAppropriateMitigationActions(NAMAs)
ThissectioncoversquestionsandanswersonMRVforNationallyAppropriateMitigationActions
(NAMAs):
47. WhatareNAMAs?
48. WhatisMRVforNAMAs?
49. WhydoesMRVforNAMAsneedtobeconducted?
50. HowfrequentlyshouldMRVofNAMAsbeconduced?
51. WhatisthedifferenceofMRVforinternationallyanddomesticallysupportedNAMAs?
52. HowshouldweimplementMRVofNAMAs?
53. ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesforMRVofNAMAs?
54. HowcanNAMAsbereportedinBURs?
55. HowIsverificationconductedinthecontextofMRVforNAMAs?
56. WhoshouldconductMRVofNAMAs?
57. HowdocountriesestablishinstitutionalarrangementstoconductMRVofNAMAs?
58. IsthereanytechnicalandfinancialsupportavailabletohelpcountriesconductMRVofNAMAs?
63
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q47:WhatareNAMAs?
A:NAMAsindicatemitigationactionswithinframeworksoflongtermnationaldevelopmentplansin
asustainablemanner,emphasising nationalownership,consensusandGHGemissionsreductions,
undertheuniqueconditionsofeachdevelopingcountry.NAMAsaresupportedandenabledby
technology,financingandcapacitybuilding.
Indetail
TheBaliActionPlanin2007indicatedthatdevelopingcountryPartieswilltakenationally
appropriatemitigationactionsinthecontextofsustainabledevelopment,supportedand
enabledbytechnology,financingandcapacitybuilding,aimedatachievingadeviationin
emissionsrelativetobusinessasusualemissionsin2020.
Later,theCancunAgreementin2010wasadoptedtoformalise thoseideas,andthesubsequent
DurbanOutcomesin2011thenaddedproceduresandformatofreportingthroughBiennial
UpdateReports(BURs)andInternationalConsultationandAnalysis(ICA).
ForfurtherinformationonBUR,seesection4.2
andonICA,seeQ23:Howarebiennialupdatereportsanalysed?.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2007)
2. UNFCCC(2010)
3. UNFCCC(2011)
64
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q48:WhatisMRVforNAMAs?
A:MRVofNAMAscancompriseof:MRVoftheeffectsofNAMAsrelativetobusinessasusual
(BAU)GHGemissionsin2020andMRVofsupportprovided,whenapplicable,forthereductionof
emissions.
Indetail
GHGemissions
NAMAimplementationbyaParty
NAMAs
Time
MRV
BAU: ReferstocalculationofGHG
emissionswithoutNAMAs.Partiesagreed
ondevelopingcountryPartiesto
implementNAMAs,aimedatachievinga
deviationinemissionsrelativetobusiness
asusualemissionsin2020.
Emissionsreduction:Refersto
measurementofGHGemissionsreduction
throughNAMAsinrelationtothe
correspondingBAUGHGemissions.
Support: Focusesonhowdeveloped
countriesmobilise supportprovidedfor
mitigationactions,wheresupportmeans
finance,technologydevelopmentand
transfer,andcapacitybuilding.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2010)
65
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q49:WhydoesMRVforNAMAsneedtobeconducted?
A:MRVofNAMAscanhelpprovidetransparency,showthecountryslevelofambitionandeffort,
andexposethepotentialofemissionsreductiontoreceiveinternationalsupport.
Transparency
Informationonmeasurementofemissionsreductiontogetherwith
informationaboutwhatfinancialsources(internationalsupport)
havebeenusedinordertoobtainthosereductionscanprovide
transparencytotheinternationalcommunity.
Ambition/
effort
ByreportingonNAMAs,countriescanshowthelevelofambitionor
effortinvestedinspecificsectors.Itcanalsoshowthecountrys
levelofcommitmentandcontributionsmadeinrelationtoglobal
effortstoattainthetwodegreegoal.
Needof
support
ByproperlyreportingonNAMAs,countriescanexposethepotential
ofemissionsreductioninspecificsectors,aswellasinformingon
constraintsandgapswhichcanattractinternationalsupportto
conductNAMAs.
Source:Authors.(2015)
66
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q50:HowfrequentlyshouldMRVofNAMAsbeconduced?
A:Attheinternationallevel,BURsshouldbepreparedeverytwoyears.Atthenationallevel,the
frequencyofMRVofeachmitigationactioncoulddependonhowadevelopingcountryPartydesigns
NAMAsandMRVofeachmitigationaction.
TimeframeforsubmissionofBURsandMRVofNAMAs
(AssumingFirstBURissubmittedin2014)
2014
2016
2018
2020
BUR
MRV
Examples
ofNAMAs
TypeA:
National
target
TypeB:
Policyin
sectorX
TypeC:
Projects
ForfurtherinformationonBUR,see:
Q15:HowfrequentlyshouldBURsbeprepared?
Indetail
Atthenationallevel:
NAMAsarenationally
appropriate,takinginto
accountdifferentnational
circumstances.Diversityof
NAMAsisreportedthrough
acountryssubmissions
(http://unfccc.int/meetings
/cop_15/copenhagen_acco
rd/items/5265.php).
Hence,MRVofeach
mitigationactionshouldbe
conductedinanationally
appropriatemanner,
includinghowfrequentlyit
isconducted.
67
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q51:WhatisthedifferenceofMRVforinternationallyand
domesticallysupportedNAMAs?
A:InternationallysupportedNAMAsaresubjecttointernationalMRVthroughBURsandICA.
DomesticMRVprocessshouldbeappliedtodomesticallysupportedNAMAs.Guidelinesfordomestic
MRV,adoptedinCOP19,areforvoluntaryuse.
Indetail
Inaccordancewith1/CP.16,
Internationallysupportedmitigationactionswillbemeasured,reportedandverified
domesticallyandwillbesubjecttointernationalmeasurement,reportingandverificationin
accordancewithguidelinestobedevelopedundertheConvention;and
Domesticallysupportedmitigationactionswillbemeasured,reportedandverifieddomestically
inaccordancewithgeneralguidelinestobedevelopedundertheConvention.
OverviewofMRVelementsforNAMAs
InternationalMRV
DomesticMRV
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2010)
2. UNFCCC.(2013)
3. UNFCCCSecretariat.(2014)
MRVofinternationally
supportedNAMAs
BUR
ICA
MRVofdomestically
supportedNAMAs
(voluntary)
68
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q52:HowshouldweimplementMRVofNAMAs?
A:InternationalreportingrequirementsforNAMAsthroughBURs,domesticpoliciesforNAMAsand
MRV,andrequirementsgivenbyinternationalsupporters,ifany,altogetherdeterminehowspecific
MRVprocessforNAMAsshouldbe.
International
requirements
UNFCCCbiennialupdatereportingguidelinesforPartiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention(2/CP.17,AnnexIII)
GeneralguidelinesfordomesticMRVofdomesticallysupportednationally
appropriatemitigationactionsbydevelopingcountryParties(21/CP.19,
Annex)
DomesticpolicyandarrangementsgovernhowMRVofNAMAsshouldbe
Domesticpolicyand conductedatthecountrylevel.
arrangements
TheyalsodeterminewhichoftheNAMAsimplementedarereported
internationallythroughBURs.
Requirements
associatedwith
support
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2011)
2. UNFCCC.(2013)
3. Lutken etal.(2014)
InternationallysupportedNAMAsusuallycontainrequirementsforMRV.
Theserequirementsareconsideredstringent,becausesupportproviders
haveresponsibilityforclearoutput,e.g.GHGemissionsreductionorother
impacts.
69
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q53:ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesforMRVofNAMAs?
A:Attheinternationallevel,therearetwosetsofguidelinesadoptedforBURandMRVofdomestic
NAMAs.Atthecountrylevel,itisdevelopingcountryPartiesthatdecidewhichstandardsorguidelines
tofollowor,iftheywish,theycanmaketheirown,keepinginmindthattheyareencouragedtouse
existingresourcesandcapacities.
Decision
Requirements
SeeQ22:Whatinformationisincludedinbiennialupdate reports?(page37)
UNFCCCbiennialupdate
reportingguidelinesfor
Partiesnotincludedin
AnnexItotheConvention
(2/CP.17,AnnexIII)
Generalguidelinesfor
domesticMRVof
domesticallysupported
NAMAsbydeveloping
countryParties
(21/CP.19,Annex)
a.
b.
c.
Toestablish,whenappropriate,and/orrecognise,whererelevant,interalia,
theinstitutions,entities,arrangementsandsystemsinvolvedinthedomestic
measurement,reportingandverificationofNAMAs;
TomeasuredomesticallysupportedNAMAs,includingthecollectionand
managementofrelevantandavailableinformationandthedocumentationof
methodologies;
ToverifydomesticallysupportedNAMAs,includingtheuseofdomesticexperts
usingdomesticallydevelopedprocesses,therebyenhancingthecost
effectivenessoftheverificationprocess
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2011)
2. UNFCCC.(2013)
70
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q54:HowcanNAMAsbereportedinBURs?
A:Aconsultativegroupofexperts(CGE)hassuggestedsometabularformatsthatcanbetakenasa
modeltoprepareforreportingonNAMAsandtheireffectsinBURs.
Tabularformat:SummaryofMitigationActions
Mitigation
Action
Status
(planned/
ongoing/
imple
mented)
Specific
objective
s
Description
(Typeof
action,
timeframe,
etc.)
Coordinati
onand
Managem
ent
Estimated
Emissions
Reduction
Potential
Co
benefits
Other
effects
Typeof
Support
Received
Costof
Preparatio
nand
Implemen
tation
Action1
(e.g.
NAMA1)
Action2
Action3
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2015)
71
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q55:HowisverificationconductedinthecontextofMRVfor
NAMAs?
A:ThereisnoofficiallyagreedverificationandreviewprocessforNAMAs.Instead, International
ConsultationandAnalysis(ICA)ofBURsisconducted.Atthenationallevel,itislargelythechoiceof
countriestoimplementverificationtoincreasetransparencyandaccountabilityofinformationabout
NAMAs.Internationalsupportersorschemesthatcountriesparticipateinmayrequirecountriesto
implementverification.
ICAforBURsandpotentialverificationprocessfornationallysupportedNAMAs
Internationally Atinternationallevel,BURsaresubjecttotheprocessofverificationcalled
supported
InternationalConsultationandAnalysis(ICA)conductedbyateamoftechnical
NAMAs
experts(TTE)withinsixmonthsofsubmissionoftheBURtothesecretariat.
Nationally
supported
NAMAs
Discussionsareongoingonhowandwhoshouldconductverificationofnationally
supportedNAMAs.IftheNAMAdoesnotinvolvecreditsorsomekindof
offsettingscheme,itisuptothecountrysclimatechangeauthoritytodecide
whethertoask athirdparty(verifier),ordesignateanationalentitytoconduct
theverificationprocessbuildinguponexperiencessuchastheCDMorothers.
ForfurtherinformationonICA,see:Q22:Howarebiennialupdatereportsverifiedorreviewed?(page38);andQ23:Howare
biennialupdatereportsanalysed?
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2011)
72
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q56:WhoshouldconductMRVofNAMAs?
A:BURscoordinatingentityineachPartydesignatedasresponsiblefortheoverallBURspreparation
shoulddevelopBURs.MRVofeachmitigationactiontobereportedinaBURshouldbeconductedby
differententitiesdesignatedbythegovernment/coordinatingentity.
Imageofinstitutionalarrangements
Indetail
SinceNAMAsaredecidedfordeveloping
countryPartiestoimplementunderthe
UNFCCC,thegovernmentofeachcountry
Partyshouldhavetheoverall
responsibility.
NAMAscancomeindiverseforms,
involvingdiverseNAMAimplementation
entities,e.g.relatedministries,
municipalities,privateentities,etc.
Generallytheseentitiesinvolvedin
NAMAimplementationhaverolesin
conductingMRVofeachNAMA.
ForfurtherinformationonBUR,see:
Q9:WhoshoulddevelopNCsandBURs?
UNFCCC
Coordinating
entity
BUR
Relatedministries
andagencies
Related
municipalities
NAMA
implementers
NAMAimplementers
couldcoverawide
range,fromnational,to
subnationaltolocal
levels.
73
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q57:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalarrangementsto
conductMRVofNAMAs?
A:DevelopingcountryPartiesareencouragedtouseexistingdomesticprocesses,arrangementsor
systemsasmuchaspossibletoestablishinstitutionalarrangementsforMRVofNAMAs.
Indetail
Inaccordancewith21/CP.19:
DevelopingcountryPartiesare
encouragedtoutilise existing
domesticprocesses,arrangementsor
systems,includingdomestically
availableinformation,methodologies,
expertsandotheraspects,for
domesticMRV.
Otherwise,developingcountry
Partiesmaywishtovoluntarily
establishdomesticprocesses,
arrangementsorsystemsforthe
domesticmeasurement,reporting
andverificationofdomestically
supportedNAMAs.
Mostdevelopingcountrieshaveexperiencewith:
NationalCommunications(NCs)
BiennialUpdateReports(BURs)
NationalGHGinventories
CleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM)
Somecountrieshaveexperiencewithother
initiatives,includingtheonesoutsidetheUNFCCC.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2013)
74
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q58:Isthereanytechnicalandfinancialsupportavailabletohelp
countriesconductMRVofNAMAs?
A:Arangeoftechnicalandfinancialsupportisprovidedthroughmultilateralandbilateral
collaborationsandotherorganisations,suchasNGOs.BecauseNAMAscantakevariousformsbased
onnationalcircumstances,supportavailableforotherinitiativesisalsoconsideredlinkedtoNAMAs.
Indetail
Thefollowingorganisationsaresomeexamplesofthoseprovidingsupportandusefulresources.
AsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)
GlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)
JapanInternationalCooperationAgency(JICA)
DeutscheGesellschaftfrInternationaleZusammenarbeit(GIZ)
InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)(*)
NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies(NIES),Japan(*)
OrganisationofEconomicDevelopmentCooperation(OECD)(*)
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)Secretariat(*)
UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)
UnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)
WorldBank
WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)(*)
(*indicatesorganisationsprovidingmainlytechnicalguidance).
Reference:
1. Lutken etal.(2014)
75
4.5.CityScaleGreenhouseGasInventories
Thissectioncoversquestionsandanswersoncityscalegreenhousegas(GHG)inventories,asfollows:
59. WhatisacityscaleGHGinventory?
60. WhydevelopingGHGinventoriesforcities?
61. WhatistheroleofGHGinventoriesingoalsettingandperformancetracking?
62. HowfrequentshouldcitiesdevelopGHGinventories?
63. Whatarethedifferencesbetweennationalandcityinventories?
64. Howlongdoesitnormallytaketocompleteaninventory?
65. WhatarethedifferencesbetweencityGHGinventoriesandmitigationactionsGHGaccounting?
66. HowmanycitiesusetheGPC?
67. CantheGPCbeusedforothersubnationalentities?
68. HowtodevelopacityscaleGHGinventory?
69. IsthereanystandardmethodologyfordevelopingandreportingcityscaleGHGinventories?
70. IsthereanystandardtemplateforreportingcityGHGinventories?
71. ArecitiesrequiredtodisclosetheirGHGinventorydata?
72. Howtoreportinboundaryandtransboundaryemissions?
73. Whatshouldacitydoifnotabletoaccountforallemissionsources?
74. Wheretofindcalculationtoolsandtrainingresources?
75. WhocandevelopcityscaleGHGinventories?
76. ArethereanytechnicalandfinancialsupportsavailabletohelpcitiesdevelopGHGinventories?
77. Arethereanytrainingprogrammes forcityscaleinventories?
76
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q59:WhatisacityscaleGHGinventory?
A: AcityscaleGHGinventorypresentstheGHGemissionsandremovaldataforacityina
continuousperiodof12months(calendarorfiscalyear).Itincludesallemissionssourceswithin
thecityboundaryaswellasemissionsthatoccuroutsidethecityboundaryasaresultof
activitiestakingplaceswithinthecity.AncompleteGHGinventoryincludessevenGHGs,namely
carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs),sulphur hexafluoride(SF6),andnitrogentrifluoride (NF3).
CO2CH4N2OHFCsPFCsSF6NF3
CityBoundary
Reference:WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2014)
77
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q60:WhydevelopingGHGinventoriesforcities?
A: GHGinventorieshelpcitiesbenchmarktheiremissions,identifykeyemissionsources,and
developeffectivemitigationactions.
Benchmarking
Ithelpscitiesunderstandtheirlevelsofemissionsandbenchmark
withothercities.
IdentifyingGHG IthelpscitiesmeasureGHGemissions,setemissionreduction
targets,identifyemissionreductionopportunities,anddevelop
reduction
mitigationactionplans.
opportunities
Tracking
performance
Crosslearning
betweencities
Source:Author(2013).
RegularandconsistentGHGinventorieshelpcitiesmonitortheir
GHGreductionprogresstowardsthetargetsandevaluatethe
effectivenessofmitigationactions.
ComparingGHGinventoriesandmitigationmeasuresbetween
citiestofacilitatecrosslearningofgoodpractices.
78
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q61:WhatistheroleofGHGinventoriesingoalsettingand
performancetracking?
A:DevelopingGHGinventories,settinggoalsandtrackingprogressarepartofaninterconnected
process.GHGreductiongoalscanapplytoacitysoverallemissionsortoasubsetofthegasesor
emissionsectorsidentifiedintheinventoryboundary.Citiesmayalsosetgoalsseparatelyforeach
scopeinordertoavoiddoublecountingthesameemissionsinthesamegoal.
Fourtypicalgoaltypes
GoalType
Description
Example
Baseyear
emissiongoal
Representsareductioninemissionsrelativetoan
emissionslevelinahistoricalbaseyear.
By202560%GHGemissions
reductionon1990levels
Fixedlevelgoal
Representsareductioninemissionstoanabsolute
emissionslevelinatargetyear.
Achieve zeronetcarbonemissions
by2020
Baseyear
intensity goal
20%GHGemissions
Representsareductioninemissionsintensityrelative
reductionpercapitauntil2030
toanemissionsintensitylevelinahistoricalbaseyear.
from2007levels
Baselinescenario
goal
Representsareductioninemissionsrelativetoa
baselinescenarioemissionslevel.
ReduceGHGemissionsto16%
belowbusinessasusual(BAU)
levelsby2020
Baseyear:Aspecificyearofhistoricaldataagainstwhichemissionsarecomparedovertime.
Targetyear:Forsingleyeargoals,theyearbywhichthegoalistobemet,whichisthelastyearofthegoalperiod.
Baselinescenario:Areferencecasethatrepresentsfutureconditionsmostlikelytooccurintheabsenceofactivitiestakentomeetthegoal.
Businessasusualscenario:Areferencecasethatrepresentsfutureconditionsmostlikelytooccurasaresultofimplementedpoliciesandactions.
79
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q62:HowfrequentshouldcitiesdevelopGHGinventories?
A:Itdependsoncountryandprogrammerequirements.TheGPCrecommendscitiestoupdate
GHGinventoriesonanannualbasis,asitwillprovidemorefrequentandtimelyupdatetothe
GHGemissionsdata.
Indetail
TheGPCrecommends
citiestoupdateGHG
inventoriesonanannual
basis butitisnotastrict
requirement.
Countriesandprogrammes
mayimposetheir
requirementsor
recommendations.
Ingeneral,itvariesfrom
onetofiveyears.Some
countriesrequireonlybase
yearandtargetyear
inventories.(seesome
examplesontheright)
CitiesvoluntarilyreporttheirGHGdatawithoutany
specificrequirementonthefrequencyofinventories.
Reference:
1. cCCR.(2015)
2. CompactofMayors.(2015)
3. WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2014)
CompactofMayors
CitiesarerequiredtoupdatetheirGHGinventories
atleastonceineverythreeyears.
RiodeJaneiro
Itsclimatechangelawrequiresthecitytodevelop
GHGinventorieseveryfouryears.
Tokyo&NewYorkCity
TokyoandNewYorkCityupdatetheirGHG
inventoriesannually.
80
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q63:Whatarethedifferencesbetweennationalandcity
inventories?
A: ThekeydifferenceisthatnationalinventoriesmainlymeasureGHGemissionswithinthe
countrywhilecityinventoriesmeasurebothinboundaryandtransboundaryemissions.
NationalInventories
MeasuremainlyGHGemissions
occurwithinnationalterritory(in
boundaryemissions)
CityInventories
Measurebothinboundaryand
transboundaryGHGemissions.
Transboundaryemissionsinclude
gridsuppliedelectricityand
heating/cooling,outofboundary
wastetreatment/disposal,trans
boundarytransportation,and
transmissionanddistributionlosses
fromgridsuppliedenergy
Pleaserefertothenextpage(Q58)
forfurtherdetails.
Theonlytransboundaryemissionis
frominternationalbunkers(flights
andvessels).
Reference:
1. IPCC.(2006)
2. WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2014)
81
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q64:Howlongdoesitnormallytaketocompleteaninventory?
A: Typicallyittakessixtoninemonthstocompleteaninventory.Someexamplesarepresented
belowforreference.
Buenos
Aires
4to6
months
Durban
6months
Kyoto
Melbourne
2months 2months
Riode
Janeiro
Sydney
Tokyo
10months 6months 12months
82
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q65:WhatarethedifferencesbetweencityscaleGHG
inventoriesandmitigationactionsGHGaccounting?
A: CityscaleGHGinventoriesprovideacomprehensivesetofGHGemissiondataforacityina
givenyear;whilemitigationactionsGHGaccounting,measureschangesinemissionsdueto
specificpoliciesoractions.
Typeofaccounting
Advantages
CityGHGinventory
Mitigation actionsGHGaccounting
Reference:GHGProtocol.(2014a,b)
Disadvantages
Comprehensiveaccounting
ofallGHGemissions.
Necessarytotrackthe
overallprogresstowards
GHGreductiongoals.
Doesnotprovide
detailedexplanationof
theeffectivenessof
eachaction.
AttributeschangesinGHG
emissionstospecific
policiesandactions.
Notcomprehensive.The
overallemissionsmay
increaseevenif
individualpoliciesor
actionsarereducing
emissions.
83
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q66:HowmanycitiesusetheGPC?
A: BasedonthelatestcountbyGHGProtocol(August2015),thereare175citiesuseorcommitted
tousetheGPCtodevelopGHGinventories,including135citiessigneduptotheCompactof
Mayors,23citiescompletedtheGPCpilotprojectsin2013,and21citiesparticipateintheInter
AmericaDevelopmentBanksEmergingandSustainableCitiesInitiativethatusetheGPCto
Indetail
measureemissions.
CitiesuseorcommittedtousetheGPCtodevelopGHGinventories
Reference:Author(2015)
84
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q67:CantheGPCbeusedforothersubnationalentities?
A:Yes,theGPCcanbeusedforassessingGHGemissionsofanygeographicallydefined
subnationalarea.
Indetail
AlthoughtheGPCisprimarily
designedforcities,the
accountingframeworkcan
alsobeusedforboroughsor
wardswithinacity,aswellas
towns,districts,counties,
prefectures,provinces,and
states.
IntheGPCandthisdocument,
thetermcityisusedtorefer
toallthesejurisdictions,
unlessotherwisespecified.
Reference:WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2013,2014)
The Wellington Region, New Zealand uses the GPC to account and
reporting GHG emissions for the entire region as well as for its eight
Territorial Authorities within the region (see above map), namely
Carterton, Kapiti Coast, Lower Hutt, Masterton, Porirua, South
Wairarapa, Upper Hutt, Wellington.
85
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q68:HowtodevelopacityscaleGHGinventory?
A: CitiestypicallydeveloptheirGHGinventoriesbycalculationmethods.Theycollectdataofall
activitiesthatproduceGHGs,multiplyeachofthemwiththeirrespectiveemissionfactors,then
aggregatethemtoyieldtotalGHGemissions.
Indetail
ThefigurebelowprovidesanoverviewofatypicalGHGinventoryprocess.
Forfurtherinformation,pleaserefertotheGPC.
TypicalGHGInventoryProcess
Set
inventory
boundary
Identify
emission
sources
Decide
calculation
methods
Collect
activity
data
Calculate
GHG
emissions
Report
emission
data
86
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q69:Isthereanystandardmethodologyfordevelopingand
reportingcityscaleGHGinventories?
A:Yes,theGlobalProtocolforCommunityScaleGreenhouseGasEmissionInventories(GPC)isan
internationalstandardforaccountingandreportingcityscaleGHGinventories.
Indetail
TheGPCisaGHGProtocolstandardjointlydevelopedbyWorld
ResourcesInstitute,C40CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup,and
ICLEI LocalGovernmentsforSustainability,withsupportfrom
theWorldBank,UNHABITAT,andtheUnitedNations
EnvironmentProgramme.
ItwaslaunchedinDecember2014.
TheelectroniccopyoftheGPCisavailableat
www.ghgprotocol.org/cityaccounting.
TheGPCsetsoutrequirementsandprovidesguidancefor
calculatingandreportingcityscaleGHGinventories,consistent
withthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGas
Inventories.Italsoidentifiescalculationmethodsanddata
options,andprovidescalculationequationsorproceduresto
assistcitiesdeveloptheirGHGinventories.
87
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q70:IsthereanystandardtemplateforreportingcityGHG
inventories?
A: Yes,the GlobalProtocolforCommunityScaleGreenhouseGasEmissionInventories (GPC)
providesstandardtemplatesforreportingcityscaleGHGemissions.Belowarethesummary
tables.PleaserefertotheGPCformoredetails.
Totalemissionsbyscope(tCO2e)
Sector
Scope1
(Territorial)
Scope2
Scope3
Other
Scope3
Totalbycityinducedreporting
level(tCO2e)
BASIC
BASIC+
Energyuse
Stationary
Energygeneration
Energy
suppliedtothegrid
Transportation
Waste
Wastegeneratedin
thecity
Waste generated
outsidethecity
Industrial process&productuse
Agriculture,forest,andotherland
use
Total
88
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q71:ArecitiesrequiredtodisclosetheirGHGinventorydata?
A: Itdependsonthecountryandprogramme requirements.Thereisnointernationalrulethat
requirescitiestodisclosetheirGHGinventorydata(seebelowforsomeexamples).
TheCarbonn ClimateRegistrypubliclydisclosestheGHGinventoriesthat
aresubmittedtothem.
CompactofMayors
CitiessignuptotheCompactofMayorsarerequiredtoreportand
publiclydisclosetheirbaseyearGHGinventories.
France
InFrance,citieswithapopulationabove50,000arerequiredtoreport
theirGHGinventoriesbutthereisnospecificrequirementonpublic
disclosure.
Tokyo
TokyodevelopsGHGinventoriesannually,andpubliclydisclosesthem
throughitswebsiteandothervoluntaryGHGreportingprogrammes.
Reference:
1. cCCR.(2013)
2. CompactofMayors.(2015)
3.
4.
ARENE.(2013)
WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2013)
89
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q72:Howtoreportinboundaryandtransboundaryemissions?
A:Cityemissionsaregroupedintothreescopesasfollows:Scope1 includesemissionsfrom
sourceslocatedwithinthecityboundary;Scope2 includesemissionsoccurringasaconsequence
oftheuseofgridsuppliedelectricity,heat,steamand/orcoolingwithinthecityboundary;Scope3
coversallotheremissionsthatoccuroutsidethecityboundaryasaresultofactivitiestakingplaces
withinthecityboundary.
90
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q73:Whatshouldacitydoifnotabletoaccountforall
emissionsources?
A:TheGPCallowsdifferentoptionsofreportingandprovidesnotationkeystoindicateany
exclusionofemissionsources.
Indetail
TheGPCallowstwooptionsof
reporting(BASIC,BASIC+)and
providesnotationkeysforcitiesto
indicateanyexclusionofemission
sources:
IE:GHGemissionsforthis
activityareestimatedand
presentedinanothercategoryof
theinventory.
NE:Emissionsoccurbuthavenot
beenestimatedorreported.
NO:Anactivityorprocessdoes
notoccurorexistwithinthecity.
C:GHGemissionswhichcould
leadtothedisclosureof
confidentialinformationandcan
thereforenotbereported.
BASIC totalsinclude:
Allscope1emissionsfromstationaryenergysources(excluding
energyproductionsuppliedtothegrid,whichshallbereported
inthescope1total)
Allscope1emissionsfromtransportationsources
Allscope1emissionsfromwastesources(excludingemissions
fromimportedwaste,whichshallbereportedinthescope1
total)
Allscope2emissionsfromstationaryenergysourcesand
transportation
Scope3emissionsfromtreatmentofexportedwaste
BASIC+ totalsincludeallBASICsources,plus:
GPCallowsthreelevelsofreporting
Allscope1emissionsfromIPPU
Allscope1emissionsfromAFOLU
Scope3emissionsfromstationaryenergysources(only
transmissionanddistributionlosses),andfromtransportation
91
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q74:Wheretofindcalculationtoolsandtrainingresources?
A:GHGProtocolandpartnershavedevelopedcalculationtools,trainingmaterialsandresearch
paperstohelpcitiesdevelopGHGinventoriesaccordingtotheGPC.Citiesmayvisittheofficial
websiteoftheGPCatwww.ghgprotocol.org/cityaccounting tofindtheseresources.Alternatively,
citiesmayalsovisitpartnerswebsites:www.wri.org,www.c40.org,andwww.iclei.org.
GPC Calculation Tool

(available soon)
AbovearesomeoftheavailableresourcesonGHGProtocolwebsite.Moreresourceswillbeavailablesoon.
Reference:Author(2015)
92
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q75:WhocandevelopcityscaleGHGinventories?
A: CurrentlythereisnoaccreditationofcityGHGinventoryprofessionals.Anybodywhohasthe
necessarytechnicalcapacitymaydevelopGHGinventoriesforcities.
Indetail
Ingeneral,anyindividualsororganisationsthathavethenecessarytechnicalcompetenciesin
performingGHGinventories,accordingtothecountryorprogrammerequirements,can
developGHGinventoriesforcities.
However,certaincountriesandprogrammesmayhavemorespecificrequirementson
qualificationsfordevelopingcityscaleGHGinventories.
Forothervoluntaryinitiatives,itisrecommendedtoapplytheGlobalProtocolforCommunity
ScaleGreenhouseGasEmissionInventories(GPC).Soitisessentialthattheindividualsor
organisationswhodevelopGHGinventoriesshouldhaveafullunderstandingoftheGPC.
93
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q76:Arethereanytechnicalandfinancialsupportsavailableto
helpcitiesdevelopGPCinventories?
A: Thereareanumberofdonors,multilateralorganisations,andotherorganisations thatprovide
technicalandfinancialsupporttocitiesfordevelopingGHGinventoriesandotherrelatedlow
carboninitiatives.
Indetail
CitiesmayreachouttothefollowingGPCpartnersformoreinformationonpotentialtechnicaland
financialsupportstodevelopGPCinventories:
CompactofMayors
GHGProtocol
ICLEILocalGovernmentsforSustainability(ICLEI)
WorldBank
WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)
UNHABITAT
94
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q77:Arethereanytrainingprogrammes forGPCinventories?
A: Thereareanumberoforganisations providetrainingtocitiesandpractitionersfordeveloping
GPCinventories.
Indetail
CitiesmayreachouttothefollowingGPCpartnersformoreinformationontrainingopportunities:
CompactofMayors
GHGProtocol
ICLEILocalGovernmentsforSustainability(ICLEI)
WorldBank
WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)
UNHABITAT
95
4.6.CleanDevelopmentMechanism
ThissectioncoversquestionsandanswersontheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),asfollows:
78. WhatisMRVfortheCDM?
79. WhyisMRVneededfortheCDM?
80. HowfrequentlyshouldMRVoftheCDMbeconducted?
81. HowlongdoesittaketodoMRVfortheCDM?
82. HowmuchdoesitcosttoconductMRVfortheCDM?
83. HowmanyprojectactivitieshavefinishedtheMRVprocessfortheCDM?
84. HowistheCDMmonitoredandreported?
85. HowistheCDMverified?
86. ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesforMRVintheCDM?
87. IsMRVdifferentacrosssectors?
88. WhoshoulddoMRVfortheCDM?
89. HowisthemonitoringsystemfortheCDMestablished?
90. Howcananorganizationetc.becomeaverificationbody?
91. IsthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletotheCDM?
92. IsthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletoimplementtheCDM?
96
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q78:WhatisMRVfortheCDM?
A:MonitoringreferstothecollectionandarchivingofdatafromCDMprojects.Reportingrefersto
makingamonitoringreport.Verificationinvolvestheindependentreviewandcheckofthe
monitoringreport.ApplicationofabaselineandmonitoringmethodologybyProjectParticipants
(PP)isrequiredinordertodeterminetheamountofCertifiedEmissionReductions(CERs)generated
byaCDMprojectactivityinahostcountry.
Indetail
GHGemissions
Emissions
reductions
time
Reference:
1. IGES.(2015a,b)
2. UNFCCC.(2014)
Thebaseline(scenarioandemissions)
reasonablyrepresentsGHGemissions
thatwouldoccurintheabsenceofthe
proposedprojectactivity.
TheUNFCCCCDMMethodology
Bookletisavailabletoguidepotential
CDMPPsthroughmethodologiesand
assisttheminidentifying
methodologiessuitablefortheir
projectactivities.
EmissionsreductionsfromaCDM
projectshallbeadditionaltoanythat
wouldoccurintheabsenceofthe
certifiedprojectactivity.
97
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q79: WhyisMRVneededfortheCDM?
A:AnnexIParties,withGHGemissioncaps,assistnonAnnexIPartieswithnoemissioncaps,to
implementCDMprojectactivitiestoreduce/removeGHGemissions.Thereneedstobeaccurate
calculationandMRVoftheamountofemissionsreducedsincethisamountisdirectlylinkedwith
thenumberofCERsissuedandtraded.
Indetail
CERsissuanceunderUNFCCCProcess
DOE
PPs
CDMExecutive
Board(EB)
ProjectDesign
Document
PP1
PPs
Project
Monitoring
GHGemissionsreduction
Verification&Certification
CERs
Distribution
CERs
PP2
(Project
Participants)
CERsIssuance
DOE
PP3
CERstradeactivitiesare
notundertheUNFCCC.
(designated
operational
entity)
CreditSellers
Emission Trading
CreditBuyer
CreditSeller
Reference:
1. Authors.(2013)
2. UNFCCC.(2006)
CreditBuyer
CDMEB
(CDM
Executive
Board)
APartyinvolvedthatintends
toparticipate,oraprivate
and/orpublicentity
authorisedbythe
DesignatedNational
AuthorityofaPartyinvolved
toparticipateinaCDM
projectactivityor
ProgrammeofActivities,as
applicable.
Anentityqualifiedbythe
Conventiontovalidate
proposedCDMproject
activities aswellasverify
andcertifyGHGreductions.
TheExecutiveBoardofthe
CDMasdefinedinArticle12
oftheKyotoProtocol.The
CDMEBsupervisestheCDM
inaccordancewith
paragraph5oftheannexto
decision3/CMP.1.
98
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q80: HowfrequentlyshouldMRVoftheCDMbeconducted?
A: The timingandfrequencyofMRVarenotspecifiedintheofficialdocumentsoftheCDM.The
frequencyofmonitoringisnormallyspecifiedinthemonitoringplaninPDD.Thetimingand
frequencyofreportingandverificationisdeterminedbyPPs.Fortheselection,PPsgenerally
considertheverificationcost,amountofCERtobeissuedandtheaveragetradingprice.
ImageofthemonitoringplaninPDD:
RecordingfrequencyofmonitoringisindicatedinPDD.
Reference:Authors.(2013)
99
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q81:HowlongdoesittaketodoMRVfortheCDM?
A:Ittakesapproximatelytwoyearsfromthestartofthemonitoringperiodtothedateofthe
requestforissuanceofCERduringtheCDMprojectactivities.
Monitoringperiod
391
250
M
R
V
Stage
Monitoringperiod
Monitoringreportpreparation&
submission
Verification
ProcessedbyUNFCCCsecretariat
andunderconsiderationbythe
CDMEB
Reference:IGES.(2015a)
UNFCCCconsideration
Monitoringreport
Verification
processforCER
preparation&submission
195
77
issuance84
500
Startdate
750
Numberofdays(average)
Enddate
Startdateofthemonitoringperiod
Enddateofamonitoringperiod
Enddateofthemonitoringperiod
Dateofthemonitoringreportpublished
Dateofthemonitoringreportpublished
DateoftherequestforissuanceofCER
DateoftherequestforissuanceofCER
DateofCERissuance
100
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q82:HowmuchdoesitcosttoconductMRVfortheCDM?
A:Thecost ofMRVfortheCDMdependsontheprojectsactivityfeatures(i.e.applied
methodology,scale,complexityandetc.)TheverificationcoststhatarepaidtoDOEvaryfrom
10,000USDto25,000 USD.
Indetail
Componentsofmonitoringand
reportingcost:
Verificationcost:
Installingmonitoring
equipments
Scaleof
project
First/initialverification
Ongoing/periodical
verification
Datacollection
Smallscale
5,000 15,000USD
5,000 10,000USD
Calibration
Employmentcost
Largescale
5,000 30,000USD
5,000 25,000USD
Feeto
consultant/specialized
measuringinstitution
Reference:
1. Hayashietal.(2010)
2. UNFCCC.(2010)
3. EcoSecuritiesandUNEPRisoe Centre.(2007)
Programme of 30,000 100,000 EUR

Activities(PoA)
15,000 40,000EUR
101
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q83:HowmanyprojectactivitieshavefinishedtheMRVprocess
fortheCDM?
A: Approximately40%oftheregisteredCDMprojectshavegonethroughMRV(inotherwords,
finishedverificationandsubmittedtheCERissuancerequest).ConductingMRVfortheCDMisa
periodicalcyclethatisrepeatedcontinuously.AprojectwilldoMRVmultipletimesduringits
creditingperiod(theperiodinwhichverifiedandcertifiedGHGemissionreductions/removals
attributabletoaCDMprojectactivitycanresultintheissuanceofcredits).
CERissuance
8,401 issuancesfrom
2,804 projects
1.59 billion CERs
7,639 projects
9.59billionestimatedERsby2020
Registered
ProjectActivity
(monitoringperiod)
Monitoring
Report
Preparation
Verification
by DOE
Consideration
bytheCDMEB
CER
Issuance
34 issuancerequestsrejectedorwithdrawn
Reference:
1. IGES.(2015a)
2. IGES.(2015b)
102
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q84:HowistheCDMmonitoredandreported?
A:PPsshallmonitor,inaccordancewiththemonitoringplanasdescribedintheregisteredPDD,and
reportallnecessaryinformationanddocumentationinamonitoringreport.
Monitoringplan
Monitoringreport
(InthePDD)
(individualdocument)
Verificationrequestto
theDOE
Dataandparametersmonitored
Operationalandmanagement
structure
Provisionsforensuringdatakeeping
Definitionofresponsibilitiesand
QA/QCprocedures
Uncertaintylevels,methodsandthe
associatedaccuracylevelof
measuringinstruments
Specificationsofthecalibration
frequency
Generaldescription
Descriptionofimplemented
registeredprojectactivity
Descriptionofthemonitoring
system
Dataandparameters
Calculationofemissionreductions
ornetremovals
Monitoringreportandsupporting
documentsaresubmittedduring
verificationrequest.
Monitoringreportismadepublicly
availablebyDOEthroughthe
UNFCCCCDMwebsite:
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Issuance/Mo
nitoringReports/index.html
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2013a)
2. UNFCCC.(2013b)
103
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q85:HowistheCDMverified?
A: TheDOEshallconductathorough,independentassessmentoftheregisteredproject
activities.Theverificationapproachesmayincludedeskassessment,onsitevisitsand
interviews.
Determineprojectactivitycompliance
withtherequirementsofCDM
modalitiesandprocedures
Assessquantitativeandqualitative
informationonemissionreductions
providedinthedocument
Assesswhetherdatacollectionsystem
meetstherequirementsofthe
monitoringplanoftheapplied
methodology,includingapplicable
tool(s)
Reference:UNFCCC.(2013c)
Indetail
Makethemonitoringreportpublicly
available
Determinewhethertheoperationof
theprojectandthestepstakento
reportemissionreductionscomply
withtheCDMcriteriaandrelevant
guidance
Ensurethatonlyverificationactivities
shallbeusedasabasisfortheDOEto
concludetheirverificationandsubmit
requestforissuanceofCERs
Documentsreviewed:
a)
RegisteredPDDand
themonitoringplan
b)
Validationreport
c)
Previousverification
reports,ifany
d)
Appliedmonitoring
methodology
e)
Monitoringreport
f)
Anyother
information
104
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q86:ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesforMRVintheCDM?
A:TherearethreeprincipalstandardandproceduredocumentsforimplementingCDMproject
activities,whichmentionMRVprocess,twoMRVspecifiedguidelines,andonespecifiedform.
Documents
Contents forMRV
Cleandevelopmentmechanismprojectstandard
(PS)
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Standards/index.html
Standard
Para239 323 (Version09.0)

Implementationandmonitoringrequirements
forallprojecttypes
Para11 15,345 432(Version09.0)

Principlesforvalidationandverification,
verificationrequirements
Cleandevelopmentmechanismprojectcycle
procedure(PCP)
Para208 217(Version09.0)
Procedure forpublicationofmonitoringreport
Cleandevelopmentmechanismvalidationand
verificationstandard(VVS)
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Procedures/index.html#proj_cycle
Guidelineforcompletingthemonitoringreport
form
Generalandspecificguidelineforcompleting
themonitoringreportform
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/iss/iss_guid07.pdf
Guideline
Form
Guidelineontheapplicationofmaterialityin
verifications
Generalinformationontheconceptof
materiality
Considerationofmaterialityinplanning
andconductingtheverification
Reportingontheapplicationofmateriality
Flowchartontheapplicationofmateriality
inverifications
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Guidclarif/iss/iss_guid08.pdf
Monitoringreportform(FCDMMR)
Monitoring reportformtemplate
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/PDDs_Forms/Issuance/iss_form07.pdf
105
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q87:IsMRVdifferentacrosssectors?
A: Yes,thisisduetothedifferentmonitoringparametersandmethods(i.e.,bymeterorsurvey)for
eachsector.
ExampleofparameterstobemonitoredfortypicalprojectsintheCDM
Sector
Monitored bymeter
Monitoredbysurvey
Renewable energy
CO2 emissionfactor
Quantityofnetelectricitysupplied
Industrial gas
QuantityofHFC23generatedandemitted
attheoutlet
AmountofHCFC22produced
Energy efficiency
Poweroftheprojectequipment
Energyuseoftheprojectequipment
Numberofpiecesofequipmentdistributed
Landfill gasvolumeandcontent
TemperatureandpressureoftheLG
Waste
Methanerecovery
Composting
Biogas
Biogasvolumeandcontent
TemperatureandpressureoftheBG
Flareefficiency
Quantityofwastecomposted
Wastedeliveredtothefacility
Percentage of waste,byweight,delivered
forcomposting
Manure
Numberofanimalsanddays
Volumeofwastewater
Chemicaloxygendemand
106
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q88: WhoshouldconductMRVfortheCDM?
A:MRVfortheCDMnormallystartsaftertheimplementationofaproject.Theinstitutionalstructureof
MRVfortheCDMinvolvesPPs,anindependentverifier(DOE)andtheCDMEBundertheUNFCCC.
Step
Mainactor(s)
Output
PPs
ProjectDesign
Document(PDD)
Designated
NationalAuthority
(DNA)
LetterofApproval(LoA)
PPs
DOEs
Validationreport
CDMEB
Referencenumber
(6) Monitoring CDM

projectactivity
PPs
Monitoringreport
(7)Verificationand
certification
DOEs
Verificationreportand
certificationreport
CDMEB
CERsserialnumber
PPs
CERsinPPaccountin
CDMregistry
(1) PlanningaCDM
projectactivity
(2) MakingaPDD
(3) Approvalfromeach
Party
(4) Validation
PPscollectandarchiveallrelevantdata
necessaryforcalculatingGHGemissions
reductionsduetoCDMprojectactivity,in
accordancewiththemonitoringplanwritten
inthePDD.
Verification is the periodic independent

review and ex post determination of the
monitored GHG emissions reductions
(5) Registration
(8) IssuanceofCERs
(9) DistributionofCERs
107
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q89: HowisthemonitoringsystemfortheCDMestablished?
A:PPsshoulddevelopa monitoringsystemthatcancoverthefollowinginformation.
Includesdatageneration,aggregation,
recording,calculation,andreporting.
Datacollection
procedure
Organizationalstructure
Showshoweachunitofanorganization
playsaroleininformationflow.
Rolesandresponsibilities Indicateswhodoeswhat,including
trainingforpersonnel,ifnecessary.
ofpersonnel
Emergencyprocedures
Reference:UNFCCC.(2013a)
Preparesforemergencycasestobackup
themonitoringsystem.
108
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q90:Howcananorganizationbecomeaverificationbody?
A:UndertheCDM,verificationbodiesareequivalenttoaDOE.Anapplicantentity(AE)becomesa
DOEthroughadeskreviewandanonsiteassessmentthatdemonstratesthecompetenceofthe
AEtoconductpropervalidationandverificationinaccordancewiththevalidationandverification
standard.
AssessmentofAE/DOE:
Initialaccreditation
Deskreview
Onsiteassessment
Processofaccreditation(forAE)orreaccreditation(forDOE):
Application
Secretariat
AppointmentofCDMAT
Accreditation
Duringaccreditedperiod
Performanceassessment
Regularonsitesurveillance
CDMAccreditationteam
AE/
DOE
Deskreview
Onsiteassessment
etc.
Submissionofassessmentreport
CDMAccreditationpanel
Accreditation
Recommendationof
accreditation
CDMExecutiveBoard
Reaccreditation
Deskreview
Onsiteassessment
Reference:
1. CDMEB.(2012)
2. CDMEB.(2013)
Designation
DOE
Recommendationof
designation
CMP
109
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q91:IsthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletotheCDM?
A:TheCDMLoanScheme(http://cdmloanscheme.org/)providesfinancialsupportfortheMRV
processforCDMprojectactivitylocatedintheleastdevelopedcountries(LDCs)andanycountry
withfewerthan10registeredCDMprojects.
LoanSchemeOverview
Indetail
Coverageofcostbytheloan
scheme:
Tocoverthecostsofthe
developmentofPDDs;
Tocoverthecostsofvalidation
andthefirstverificationfor
theseprojectactivities;
Loansaretobepaidstarting
fromthefirstissuanceofCERs;
Financialresourcesarethe
interestaccruedonthe
principaloftheTrustFundfor
theCDMaswellasany
voluntarycontributionsfrom
donors.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2010)
2. UNFCCCLoanSchemeforCDMWebsite(2015).
Eligible beneficiaries
LDCs (with>7,500CERs/year)
Countrieswithlessthan10registeredCDM
projects(>15,000CERs/year)
Implementingagency
UNFCCCsecretariat,UnitedNationsOfficefor
ProjectServices(UNOPS),andUNEPRisoe Centre
Decision Maker
Technicalreviewcommitteewilldecide
implementationoftheloan.
Covered cost
PDDdevelopment,validation,registration,
monitoring,andverification.
Disbursement method
andinterest rate
Nointerestrate.Paymentwill bemadetothe
contractedconsultantwithUNOPS.
Time ofdisbursement
6milestones fordisbursement:
1) PDDdevelopment
2) Validationstart
3) Draftvalidationreport
4) Registrationrequest
5) Registration
6) Monitoringandverificationcompleted
110
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q92:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletoimplementthe
CDM?
A:Immediatetechnicalsupportisavailablethroughsomehelpdesksandonlinesourcesonthe
UNFCCCwebsite(http://cdm.unfccc.int/).
Name
CDMHelp Desk
http://cdm.unfccc.int/helpdesk
DNA HelpDesk
http://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/helpdesk
Online resourcesand
FrequentlyAsked
Questions
EligibleUser
Technicalsupportprovided
PPs,developers,coordinatingand/or
managingentities(CMEs),DNAs, DOEs
inAfrica,leastdevelopedcountries
(LDCs),smallislanddevelopingstates
(SIDS)andcountriesthathad10or
fewerregisteredCDMprojects
AnswerstechnicalquestionsrelatedtoCDM,
includingMRVprocess.Theprojectin
questionneedstobeintheprocessof
validationorverification.
DNAsfromAfrica,leastdeveloped
countries(LDCs),smallisland
developingstates(SIDS)andParties
thathad10orfewerregisteredCDM
projects
Supportfordevelopingproposalsfor
standardizedbaselines,microscale
additionality,andgridemissionfactors.
Open topublic
Answersquestionsongeneralissues,
registrationandissuance,feesandpayment
details,CDMnews,methodologies,DOEs,
CERs,post2012issues,andtrueupperiod
issues.
http://cdm.unfccc.int/faq/index.html
Reference:
1. UNFCCCCDMHelpDesk.(2015)
2. UNFCCCCDMDNAHelpDesk.(2015)
3. UNFCCCCDMFrequentlyAskedQuestions.(2015)
111
4.7.JointCreditingMechanism
ThissectioncoversquestionsandanswersontheJointCreditingMechanism(JCM),asfollows:
93. WhatistheJCM?
94. WhatistheschemefortheJCM?
95. WhatisthecurrentstatusoftheJCM?
96. WhatistheMRVfortheJCM?
97. WhyisMRVneededfortheJCM?
98. HowistheMRVsimplifiedintheJCM?
99. How many JCM methodologies are approved?
100.How many JCM projects are registered?
101.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheCDMandtheJCMintermsofMRV?
102.Whatistherelationship between the JCM and Japans INDC?
103.HowistheJCMmonitoredandreported?
104.HowistheJCMverified?
105.ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesfortheJCM?
106.HowareemissionsreductionsthroughtheJCMreportedtotheCOP?
107.Howisanetdecreaseand/oravoidanceofGHGemissionsensuredintheJCM?
108.WhoshouldconductMRVfortheJCM?
109.HowcanacandidateentitybecomeathirdpartyentitythatverifiestheamountofGHG
emissionreductionsorremovals?
110.IsthereanysupportavailabletoconducttheJCM?
112
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q93: WhatistheJCM?
A:TheJCMisoneofvariousapproachesbasedonDecision1/CP.18,jointlydevelopedand
implementedbyJapanandpartnercountries,andJapanintendstocontributetoelaboratingthe
frameworkforsuchapproachesundertheUNFCCC.
Indetail
BasicconceptoftheJCM:
Facilitatingdiffusionofleadinglowcarbontechnologies,products,systems,services,andinfrastructureaswellasimplementation
ofmitigationactions,andcontributingtosustainabledevelopmentofdevelopingcountries.
AppropriatelyevaluatingcontributionsfromJapantoGHGemissionreductionsorremovalsinaquantitativemanner,byapplying
measurement,reportingandverification(MRV)methodologies,andusethemtoachieveJapansemissionreductiontarget.
ContributingtotheultimateobjectiveoftheUNFCCCbyfacilitatingglobalactionsforGHGemissionreductionsorremovals.
JAPAN
Usedtoachieve
Japansemission
reductiontarget
Leadinglowcarbontechnologies,etc.,
andimplementationofmitigation
actions
Operation and management
by the Joint Committee
consists of representatives
from the both sides
Credits
HostCountry
JCMProjects
MRV
GHGemission
reductions/removals
Allideasaresubjecttofurtherconsiderationanddiscussionwithhostcountries
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2013a)
2. GovernmentofJapan.(2015)
113
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q94: WhatistheschemefortheJCM?
A:Bothsides(Japan&Hostcountry)establishaJointCommitteewhichconsistsofrepresentatives
frombothsides.TheJointCommitteemaydevelopormodifytheRulesofImplementationand
otherrulesandguidelinesnecessaryfortheimplementationoftheJCM.
Japan
Notifies
registration
ofproject
Government
Issuanceofcredits
Reports
issuanceof
credits
Request
issuanceof
credits
JointCommittee
(Secretariat)
Development/revisionof
therules,guidelinesand
methodologies
Registrationofprojects
Discussesthe
implementationofJCM
Conductpolicyconsultations
Notifies
registration
ofproject
Reports
issuanceof
credits
HostCountry
Government
Issuanceofcredits
Requestregistration
ofprojects
Request
Requestregistration
issuanceof
ofproject
credits
SubmitPDD/
SubmitPDD/
Thirdpartyentities
monitoring
(TPEs)
ProjectParticipants(PPs) monitoring
PPs
report
report
Implementation&
Implementation&
Validation of projects
monitoringofprojects
monitoringofprojects
Verification of amount
Informresults ofGHGemission
Informresults
ofvalidation
reductionsorremovals ofvalidation
/verification
/verification
Reference:
1. JCMbetweenMongoliaandJapan.(2013b)
114
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q95: WhatisthecurrentstatusoftheJCM?
A:JapanhasheldconsultationsfortheJCMwithdevelopingcountriessince2011andsignedthe
bilateraldocumentfortheJCMwith15countries(asofSeptember2015).
RoadmapfortheJCM
Indetail
JapanheldJointCommittee
meetingswith11countries
respectively.
Three (3) JCM projects have
been registeredbetween
IndonesiaandJapan, one (1)
JCM project has been
registered between Palau,
Japan and two (2) projects
have been registered
between Mongolia and Japan
and one (1) JCM project has
been registered between Viet
Nam and Japan.
Reference:
115
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q96: WhatistheMRVfortheJCM?
A: Monitoring iscollectingandarchivingallrelevantdatanecessaryforestimatingGHGemissionsthat
aresignificantandreasonablyattributabletoaregisteredJCMproject. Amonitoringreport is
preparedbyaPPandsetsouttheGHGemissionreductionsforanimplemented,registeredJCM
projectforaparticularmonitoringperiod. Verification istheperiodicindependentreviewandexpost
determinationbyaTPEofthemonitoredGHGemissionsreductionsasaresultofaregisteredJCM
projectduringtheverificationperiod.
Development
ofPDD
APDDconsistsofacompletedPDDformandmonitoringplanusingaMonitoringPlan
SheetandMonitoringStructureSheet.Amonitoringreportiscompletedbyusinga
MonitoringReportSheet.
Validation
PPsconductmonitoringinlinewiththemonitoringplanoftheregisteredPDD.
Registration
Monitoring
Verification
Issuance
ofcredits
PPsprepareamonitoringreportandmakearequesttoathirdpartyentity(TPE)for
verification.
TheTPE verifiestheamountofGHGemissionreductionsorremovalsonthebasisof
themonitoringreportsubmittedbythePPs,preparesaverificationreportandsends
thereporttothePPsrequestingverification.
Reference:
1. JCMbetweenMongoliaandJapan.(2013d)
2. JCMbetweenMongoliaandJapan.(2013f)
116
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q97: WhyisMRVneededfortheJCM?
A:ToappropriatelyevaluatecontributionstoGHGemissionreductionsorremovalsfromJapanina
quantitativemanner,byapplyingmeasurement,reportingandverificationmethodologies,anduse
themtoachieveJapansemissionreductiontarget.
Frameworkforvariousapproaches(FCCC/CP/2012/8/Add.1,1/CP.18)
42.Reemphasizes that,assetoutindecision2/CP.17,paragraph79,allsuchapproachesmustmeet
standardsthatdeliverreal,permanent,additionalandverifiedmitigationoutcomes,avoiddouble
countingofeffortandachieveanetdecreaseand/oravoidanceofgreenhousegasemissions;
JapanhasbeenpromotingtheJCMasoneofthesevariousapproaches.
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2013a)
2. UNFCCC.(2012)
117
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q98: HowistheMRVsimplifiedintheJCM?
A:TheJCMmethodologiesaredesignedinsuchawaythatPPscanusethemeasilyandverifierscan
verifythedataeasily.
Indetail
KeyfeaturesoftheJCMmethodology:
Inordertoreducemonitoringburden,defaultvaluesarewidelyusedinaconservativemanner.
Eligibilitycriteriaclearlydefinedinthemethodologycanreducetherisksofrejectionoftheprojects
proposedbyPPs.
Eligibility criteria
A checklistwillalloweasydeterminationofeligibilityofaproposed
projectundertheJCMandapplicabilityofJCMmethodologiestothe
project.
Data(parameter)
ListofparameterswillallowPPstodeterminewhatdataisnecessaryto
calculateGHGemissionsreductions/removals withJCMmethodologies.
Defaultvaluesforspecificcountryandsectorareprovidedbeforehand.
Calculation
PremadespreadsheetswillallowGHGemission reductions/removalstobe
calculatedautomaticallybyinputtingrelevantvaluesforparameters, in
accordancewithmethodologies.
Reference:
118
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q99: How many JCM methodologies are approved?

A:18 Methodologies in five countries are approved asJCMmethodologies byeachJointCommittee
respectively(as of September 2015).Approved methodologies arepublicly available ontheJCM
website.
Country
Number of Approved
Methodology
Mongolia
2
(AM_MN001~002)
Maldives
1
(AM_MV001)
Viet Nam
Indonesia
Palau
Reference:
1. JCMWebsite(2015)
Sectoral scope of the Methodology

1.Energyindustries (Energysaving transmission lines)
2. Energy distribution (High efficiency Heat Only Boiler (HOB))
1.Energyindustries(renewable/nonrenewablesources) (Solar PV system)
4
(AM_VN001~004)
3.Energydemand (Inverter air conditioners, Energy efficient buildings (High

efficiency boiler, Heat recovery heat pump and LED lighting))
7.Transport (Digitaltachographsystems)
13.WasteHandlingandDisposal (Anaerobic digestion of organic waste)
10
(AM_ID001~010)
1.Energyindustries (Waste heat recovery at Cement Plant, PV)

3.Energydemand (Highefficiencycentrifugalchiller, Energyefficient
refrigerators, Invertertypeairconditioningsystem, LED lighting, Optimisation
ofrefineryplant, Optimisation ofboileroperation, Separatetypefridgefreezer
showcase, Regenerativeburnersforaluminumholdingfurnaces, Double
bundlemodularelectricheatpumps)
1
(AM_PW001)
1.Energyindustries(renewable/nonrenewablesources) (SmallscaleSolarPV
System)
119
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q100: How many JCM projects are registered?

A: Seven projects in four countries are registered as JCM project by each Joint Committees
respectively (as of September 2015).JCM PDD and validation reports are summarised ontheJCM
website.
Country
ID
Titleofregistered project
ID001
EnergySavingforAirConditioningandProcessCoolingbyIntroducingHighefficiency
CentrifugalChiller
ID002
ProjectofIntroducingHighEfficiencyRefrigeratortoaFoodIndustryColdStoragein
Indonesia
ID003
ProjectofIntroducingHighEfficiencyRefrigeratortoaFrozenFoodProcessingPlant
inIndonesia
Palau
PW001
Smallscalesolarpowerplantsforcommercialfacilitiesinislandstates
Mongolia
MN001
InstallationofhighefficiencyHeatOnlyBoilersin118thSchoolofUlaanbaatarCity
Project
MN002
Centralisation ofheatsupplysystembyinstallationofhighefficiencyHeatOnly
BoilersinBornuur soum Project
VN001
EcoDrivingbyUtilising DigitalTachographSystem
Indonesia
Viet Nam
Reference:
1. JCMWebsite(2015)
120
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q101: WhatisthedifferencebetweentheCDMandtheJCMin
termsofMRV?
A:Themajordifferencesaresummarizedasfollows.
JCM
CDM
Validationof
projects
InadditiontoDOEs,ISO14065
certificationbodiescanconduct
Check whetheraproposedproject
fitseligibilitycriteriawhichcanbe
examinedobjectively
OnlyDOEs canconductvalidation
ofprojects
Assessmentofadditionality ofeach
proposedprojectagainst
hypotheticalscenarios
Calculationof
Emission
Reductions
Spreadsheetsareprovided
Defaultvaluescanbeusedin
conservativemanner when
monitoredparametersarelimited.
Variousformulasarelisted
Strict requirementsfor
measurementofparameters
Verification of
projects
Theentitywhichvalidatedthe
projectcanconductverification
Validation&verificationcanbe
conductedsimultaneously
Inprinciple,theentitywhich
validatedtheprojectcannot
conductverification
Validation&verificationmustbe
conductedseparately
Reference:
121
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q102: Whatistherelationship between the JCM and Japans INDC?

A:The JCM is not included as a basis of the bottomup calculation of Japans IntendedNationally
DeterminedContributions(INDC).However,the amount of emissions reductions and removals
acquired by Japan under the JCM will be appropriately counted as Japans reduction.
Indetail
Japancommunicated itsINDCtowardspost2020GHGemissionsreductionsandthisisatthelevel
ofareductionof26.0%byfiscalyear(FY)2030comparedtoFY2013 (25.4%reductioncompared
toFY2005)(approximately1.042billiontCO2 eq.as2030emissions).
In the reference information of the INDC,the JCM is clearlydescribed as follows:
JapanestablishesandimplementstheJCMinorderbothtoappropriatelyevaluate
contributionsfromJapantoGHGemissionsreductionsorremovalsinaquantitativemanner
achievedthroughthediffusionoflowcarbontechnologies,products,systems,servicesand
infrastructureaswellasimplementationofmitigationactionsindevelopingcountries,and
alsotousethemtoachieveJapansemissionsreductiontarget.
Apart from contributions achieved through privatesector based projects, accumulated
emissions reductions or removals by FY2030 through governmental JCM programmes to be
undertaken within the governments annual budget are estimated to range from 50 to 100
million tCO2.
Reference:
1. Japans INDC(2015)
122
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q103: HowistheJCMmonitoredandreported?
A: PPsconductmonitoringinlinewiththemonitoringplanoftheregisteredPDDanddevelopa
monitoringreportusingtheMonitoringReportSheetthatappliestotheregisteredJCMproject.
MakingaMonitoringReport:
AMonitoringReportshouldbemadebyfillingcellsfordatainput(expost)intheMonitoringReportSheetwith
monitoredvalues.
PPspreparesupportingdocumentswhichincludeevidenceforstatedvaluesinthecellsfordatainput.
MonitoringReport
Cellfordatainput
(expost)
Monitoring
period
Reference:
2. JCMbetweenMongoliaandJapan.(2013d)
Othernecessaryinformation
onmonitoredparametersare
tobefilledin:
Monitoringoptions
Sourceofdata
Measurementmethods
andprocedures
Monitoringfrequency
123
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q104: HowistheJCMverified?
A: Incarryingoutitsverificationactivities,aTPEdetermineswhethertheprojectcomplieswiththe
requirementsoftheappliedmethodology(ies),JCMGuidelinesforValidationandVerification,and
decisionsbytheJointCommittee.
Indetail
Themainfocusofverificationactivitiesistheassessmentofthefollowingaspects:
Satisfactionoftheeligibilitycriteriawhicharestipulatedintheappliedmethodologyof
implementedprojects.
Thedatausedinmonitoringreportsiscredibleandreliable.
Doubleregistrationisavoided.
Therearenopostregistrationchangeswhichpreventtheuseoftheappliedmethodology.
InassessinginformationprovidedbythePPs,theTPEappliesthemeansofverificationspecified
throughoutJCMGuidelinesforValidationandVerification,includingbutnotlimitedto:
Documentreview;and
Onsiteassessment
Reference:
124
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q105: ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesfortheJCM?
A: RulesandguidelinesoftheJCMbetweenJapanandpartnercountriesareavailableontheJCM
Website.(website:https://www.jcm.go.jp/).
Contents
Generalinformationpage
IndividualJCMPartnercountriesJapanpage
Function
Informationsharingtothepublic,e.g.,
theJCdecisions,
rulesandguidelines,
methodologies,
projects,
callforpublicinputs/comments,
statusofTPEs,etc.
InternalinformationsharingfortheJCmembers,e.g.,
FilesharingforelectricdecisionsbytheJC
Reference:
1. JCMWebsite.(2014)
Imageofthegeneralinformationpage
PartnerCountry Japan
ImageoftheindividualJCMPartnercountriesJapanpage
125
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q106: HowareemissionsreductionsthroughtheJCMreportedto
theCOP?
A:JapanwillreporttotheCOPtheuseoftheJCMinBiennialReportsincludingtheCommonTabular
inlinewithDecision19/CP18.
Decision19/CP18
Commontabularformatfor
UNFCCCbiennialreportingguidelinesfordevelopedcountryParties
Table4(b)Reportingonprogress
Reference:
126
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q107: Howisanetdecreaseand/oravoidanceofGHGemissions
ensuredintheJCM?
A:TherearetwoconservativewaysofcalculatingemissionsreductionsorremovalsintheJCM.
Startofprojectoperation
GHGemissionsfromsources
coveredbyaproject
(Figure1)
Projectemissions
Time
Startofprojectoperation
GHGemissionsfromsources
coveredbyaproject
(Figure2)
Emission
Reductions
(credits)
Emission
Reductions
(credits)
Calculatedprojectemissions
Actualprojectemissions
Figure1showsanexampleofaconservativewayof
calculatingemissionsreduction.Thereference
emissionsherearesetbelowthelikelyrangeof
businessasusual(BAU)emissions whichrepresent
plausibleemissionsinprovidingthesameoutputsor
serviceleveloftheprojectunderthemechanism by,
forinstance,discountingcertainpercentagepointsfrom
BaU emissions.Inthiscase,theemissionreductionsto
becreditedarecalculatedasthedifferencebetween
thereferenceemissionsandtheprojectemissions.
Inanotherexample,showninFigure2,project
emissionsarecalculatedasbeinglargerthantheactual
projectemissionsbyapplyingconservativedefault
valuesforparameterstocalculateprojectemissions
insteadofmonitoringactualvalues.Inthiscase,the
emissionsreductiontobecreditedarecalculatedasthe
differencebetweentheBaU emissionsandtheproject
emissionscalculatedinasimpleandconservative
manner.
Time
Reference
1. UNFCCC.(2014)
127
Basic
Institution
Technical
Support
Q108: WhoshouldconductMRVfortheJCM?
CanbeconductedbythesameTPE
Canbeconductedsimultaneously
A: Themainactorsforeachprocessareasfollows.
PP
Development
ofPDD
TPEs
Validation
JointCommittee
Registration
PP
Monitoring
TPEs
Verification
JointCommittee decidestheamount
EachGovernmentissuesthecredit
Issuance
ofcredits
PPs:
(d)ImplementtheJCMprojectandconduct
monitoringinlinewiththePDD;
(e)Prepareamonitoringreportandsendthe
reporttoathirdpartyentityfor
verification;
ATPEthatisdesignatedbytheJoint
Committee:
(b)OnthebasisofrequestsfromPPs,
verifiesGHGemissionsreductionsor
removalsachievedbytheJCMprojectas
describedinthemonitoringreport
preparedbythePPs,inlinewiththe
guidelinesfortheverificationofGHG
emissionsreductionsorremovalsas
developedbytheJointCommittee,records
theverificationresultinaverification
reportandsendsthisreporttothePPs.
Reference:
128
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q109: Howcanacandidateentitybecomeathirdpartyentitythat
verifiestheamountofGHGemissionsreductionsorremovals?
A: TobeeligibletobecomeaTPEundertheJCM,thecandidateentitymustbeeither:
(a)AnentityaccreditedunderISO14065byanaccreditationbodythatisamemberofthe
InternationalAccreditationForum(IAF)basedonISO140642;or
(b)ADOEoftheCDM.
Competence:
ATPEmusthavesufficientknowledgeoftheJCMbetweentheHostcountryandJapanbyreading
and knowingalltheapplicablerulesandguidelinesoftheJCM.
ProcedurefordesignationasaTPE:
Candidateentitiessubmitanapplicationform* totheJointCommittee(JC).
Thesecretariatcheckswhethertheapplicationformiscomplete,andcommunicatestheresultto
thecandidateentitywithinseven(7)daysafterthereceiptofthesubmission.
Whentheapplicationhasbeencompleted,theJointCommittee(JC)determineswhetherto
designatethecandidateentityasaTPEorrejecttheapplication.
Thesecretariatnotifiesthecandidateentityoftheresultoftheabovedecisionandmakesthe
relevantinformationaboutthedesignatedTPEandthesectoral scopespubliclyavailablethrough
theJCMwebsite*.
*TheapplicationformfordesignationasaTPEisavailableathttps://www.jcm.go.jp/mnjp/rules_and_guidelines
*TPEsoftheJCMbetweenJapanandMongoliaarepubliclyavailableathttps://www.jcm.go.jp/mnjp/tpes
Reference:
1. JCMbetweenMongoliaandJapan.(2013e)
3. JCMbetweenMongoliaandJapan(2013g)
129
Basic
Technical
Institution
Support
Q110: IsthereanysupportavailabletoconducttheJCM?
A:Bothsides(Japan&hostcountry)workinclosecooperationtofacilitatethefinancial,technological
andcapacitybuildingsupportnecessaryfortheimplementationoftheJCM.GovernmentofJapan
providessupportingprogrammes inFY2015(fromApril2015toMarch2016)asfollows:
MinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry(METI)
JCMDemonstrationProjects
ThebudgetforFY2015:3billionJPY(approx.
USD30 million)
JCMFeasibilityStudy(FS)
TopromotepotentialJCMProjectsandto
surveytheirfeasibilityaswellastocheckthe
practicalityoftheMRVmethodology
CapacityBuildingProgrammes
Varietyofcapacitybuildingactivitiestoincrease
technicalexpertse.g.,)Expertsonmeasuring
amountofemissionreductionsbyintroducing
lowcarbontechnologiesandproductsinthe
hostcountry
MinistryoftheEnvironment(MOE)
FinancingProgramme forJCMModelProjects
ThebudgetforFY2015:2.4billionJPY (approx. USD24
million) per year by FY2017 (total 7.2 billion JPY)
SupportProgramEnablingLeapfrog
Development(Finance/ADB)
Collaborative Financing Programme:1.8billionJPY per
year by FY2018 (total 7.2 billion JPY)
ADBTrustFund:1.8billionJPY
FeasibilityStudies
ElaboratinginvestmentplanonJCMprojects,
developingMRVmethodologiesandinvestigating
feasibilityonpotentialJCMprojects
CapacityBuildingProgrammes
FacilitatingunderstandingontheJCMrulesand
guidelines,enhancingcapacitiesforimplementingMRV
Outreach
NewMechanismsInformationPlatformwebsite
Reference:
130
5.Goodpractices lessonsfromAsia
Guidetoselectedgoodpractices
The subsequent section presents those good practices that the authors identified as being
in place for some developing countries when they practice MRV. The following icons can
assist in linking good practices and challenges.
Relevantchallenge
Technical
capacity
Data
Funding
Human
resources
Institutional
systems
Awareness
131
Listofgoodpractices
NationalCommunications(nonAnnexI)
1. Dealingwithdatagaps
2. Institutionalcapacitybuilding
3. Establishmentofinstitutionalarrangements
4. Mobilisation offinancialresources
BiennialUpdateReports
5. AdvancedreportingofGHGinventories
6. Advancedreportingofmitigationactionsandtheireffects
NationalGHGInventories(nonAnnexI)
7. EstimationoftimeseriesGHGemissions/removals
8. Developmentofcountryspecificemissionfactors
9. Southsouthcooperationforimprovementofdataquality
10. ExchangeofinformationonhowtoimprovetechnicalcapacityofGHGinventorycompilation
11. MutuallearningonhowtoimprovetechnicalcapacityofGHGinventorycompilation
12. Enhancementoflocalexpertstechnicalcapacity
13. EstablishmentofnationalsystemsfornationalGHGinventorypreparation
14. DevelopmentofQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)system
15. AdvancedreportingofNAMAsinaBUR
132
Listofgoodpractices(continued)
CityscaleGHGInventories
16. GHGinventorytoolforChinesecities
17. FirstcitiesGHGreportingprograminChina
18. AnnualupdatesofGHGinventoriesinTokyo,Japan
19. Demonstratingcitiesclimateactionthroughglobalplatforms
CleanDevelopmentMechanism
20. DevelopmentofGridEmissionFactors
JointCreditingMechanism
21. DevelopmentofJCMmethodologiesusingdefaultvalues
133
GoodpracticeforNationalCommunications(nonAnnexI)
Data
1.Dealingwithdatagaps
ItisrarethattheNCscoordinatingentitycangatherallthenecessaryinformationanddatafor
preparingNCs.MostnonAnnexIPartieshavefacedthechallengeofdatagapsandhavesoughta
rangeofwaystodealwiththesedatagaps.
Country
Goodpractice
Bangladesh
BangladeshconductedsurveysontheactivitydatausedforitsGHGinventorytodealwiththeir
datagaps.Thesurveyswereimplemented withtrainingcoursesforprofessionalsworkingon
agriculture,landusechangeandforestry,andmunicipalsolidwastemanagementindivisional
headquartersanddistricttowns toensurethequalityofthedatacollectedbysurveys.
Philippines
ThePhilippineshaddatagapsintheforestrysector.Thiswashandled byimprovingthedata
collectionapproachusingsimpledatacollectionspreadsheetsadoptedbytheforestry
department.
Thailand
Thailandestablishesnetworksamongacademicsandimplementingagenciesfor preparingGHG
inventories, andtheNationalCommitteefacilitatescommunicationsbetweenthoseinvolvedin
thenetworkandkeepsarosterofexperts.Thiskindofnetworkisalsoimportantforpreparing
BURswhich isanewreportingobligationundertheConventionfornonAnnex IParties.
Reference:NCSP/UNDPUNEPGEF.(2012)
134
Technical
capacity
2.Institutionalcapacitybuilding
SincevariousexpertiseisnecessaryfordevelopingNCs,nonAnnexIPartiesoftenutilise external
orinternalconsultantstoobtaintechnicalassistance.ThisisusefulfordevelopingNCseffectively
andprovidesmanybenefits.However,thiscanleadtothedissipationofinformationanddataused
forthepreparationofNCs,ashortageofdomesticwellexperiencedexpertsanddifficultiesin
maintaininganNCspreparationteam.Institutionalcapacitybuildingisanimportantelementfor
preparingNCsoncontinuousbasis.
Country
Goodpractice
Philippines
ThePhilippinesprepared itsinitialNCsbyrelyinglargelyonexternalconsultants.However,the
second NCswasprepared withoutrelyingoninternationalconsultantstoenhancethecapacity
ofthegovernmentinstitutions.
ThePhilippines haspreparedaNationalReferenceManualwhichincludesinformationonhow
toaddressthevarioustasksinvolvedinpreparingNCs.Ituseslistsofquestions&answersthat
arerepeatedlyencounteredwhilepreparingGHGinventoriessothatfuturedomesticexperts
cansmoothlyimplementtasksrelatedtothepreparationofNCsandBURs.
Thailand
TheinitialandsecondNCswasdevelopedbyacademicinstitutions.However,theNational
Climate ChangePolicyCommitteedecided toundertakethepreparationofthethird NCsand
BURsinordertoimprovethecapacityofthenational implementing agency.
135
Institutional
systems
3.Establishmentofinstitutionalarrangements
NCscoverawiderangeofclimatechangeissuessuchasGHGinventories,mitigationpolicies,
vulnerabilityandadaptationassessments,supportneeds,etc.ThereforeitisimportantforParties
toestablishinstitutionalarrangementswithgoodcooperationandcollaborationamongvarious
stakeholdersandmanagetheNCspreparationprocessefficiently.
Country
Goodpractice
Bangladesh
TherewerefiveCoreSectoral WorkingGroupswhichpreparedtheNCs,theseconsistedof
governmentalandnongovernmentalinstitutionsandacademics.Theyprovidedthetechnical
staffwith guidancefordevelopingeachreportingelementoftheNCs.
Malaysia
NC2 ProgramManagementGroup,whichischairedbytheMinistryofNaturalResources
andEnvironment,wasestablishedforthepreparationofthesecondNCs.TheNC2 Program
ManagementGroupincludesGHGInventory,MitigationandAdaptation.
Myanmar
MyanmarsinitialNCshasbeenpreparedbythefollowing6teamsofexperts involving55
multidisciplinaryscientists:
i)GHGinventoryandmitigationoption analysis,ii)Vulnerabilityandadaptationassessment,iii)
Developmentandtransferofenvironmentallysoundtechnologies,iv)ResearchandSystematic
observation,v)Education,trainingandpublicawareness,vi)CompilationofNCs.
Philippines
Diverse civilsocietyorganisations andnationalconsultantsparticipatedinthepreparation

processforthe NCs.
Reference:
1. Than.(2013)
136
Funding
4.Mobilisation offinancialresources
Adequatesecurement andeffectiveallocationoffinancialresourcesisessentialtoprepareNCs
smoothly.ItishelpfulfornonAnnexIPartiestobuildtheirowncapacitiesformakingthe
informationincludedinNCsavailabletotheorganisations inchargeofprovidingfinancerelatedto
climatechangeinordertoimprovethequalityoftheirNCsandimplementclimatechangerelated
policiesandactions.
Country
Goodpractice
Bangladesh
BangladeshestablishedtheBangladeshClimateChangeTrustFund(BCCTF),which isUSD300
millionfromitsnationalbudgetbetween2009and2012.ThisBCCTFfundingisforassisting
manyprojectsrelatedtoclimatechangebygovernmententities,NGOs,researchorganisations
andtheprivatesector.Theseorganisations continuetousedataandinformationincludedinits
NCs.
Thailand
Thegovernmentof Thailandneedstoconsider howtoallocatefundsfromvariousdonorson

projectsandprogramsinorderto avoid funding overlaps.TheinformationincludedintheNCs
canprovide guidancefordecisionmakingontheallocation offunds.
137
GoodpracticeforBiennialUpdateReports(nonAnnexI)
Technical
capacity
Data
5.AdvancedreportingofGHGinventories
SomenonAnnexIPartieshavevoluntarilyreportedthemoreadvancedandhighqualitynational
GHGinventoriesintheirBURs,whichisbeyondtherequirementsofthereportingguidelinesfor
theBURs.
Country
Goodpractice
Chile
Chilehasalsosubmittedthe NationalInventoryReport(NIR)asasingledocumentin
additiontoitsBUR.TheNIRcontainsdetailedtablesofemissionsandremovals,emissions
trendsfor19902010,methodsoftiers,descriptionofmethodologiesanddatausedby
eachcategoryfortheestimationofGHGemissionsandremovals.
RepublicofKorea
RepublicofKoreahas reportedits nationalGHGinventorieswhichcovertheentiretime

seriesbetween1990and2012.Inaddition,detaileddatatablesofemissionstrendsbygas
andbysectorfor19902012areprovidedintheannexofitsBUR.
SouthAfrica
SouthAfricahassubmittedthe NationalInventoryReport(NIR)asasingledocumentin
additiontoitsBUR.TheNIRcontainsadetaileddescriptionofGHGinventoriessuchas
methodologiesanddatausedbyeachcategory,keycategoryanalysisanduncertainty
assessment.Furthermore,SouthAfricausesthe2006IPCCguidelinesforitsestimationof
GHGemissionsandremovals.
Reference:
1. RepublicofKorea.(2014)
2. SouthAfrica.(2014)
3. Chile.(2014)
138
GoodpracticeforBiennialUpdateReports(nonAnnexI)
Technical
capacity
Data
6.Advancedreportingofmitigationactionsandtheireffects
Ingeneral,itisdifficulttoreportthequantitativegoalsandemissionsreductionsachievedforeach
mitigationactionduetothelimitationofdataavailable.However,somenonAnnexIParties
successfullyreportedquantitativedataontheseindicators.Inaddition,somePartieshavealso
submittedtheirprojectionsintheBURsalthoughthereportingguidelinesfortheBURdoesnot
explicitlyrequirenonAnnexIPartiestoreporttheirfutureGHGemissionsandremovals.
Country
Goodpractice
Republic of
Korea
RepublicofKorea hasreportedGHGreductionpathwaysuntil2020whichincludesBAUand
withmeasuresprojections.
Singapore
Singaporehasreported thelistofmitigationmeasureswhichincludesthedescription,
progress,quantitativegoalin2020andresultsachieved.
SouthAfrica
SouthAfricahas reporteditsprojectionofGHGemissionsto2050undertwodifferentcases
whichare(1)withoutmeasurescase,assumingthatnomitigationmeasureshavebeen
implementedsince2000and(2)withexistingmeasurescase,includingtheimpactsof
mitigationactions,policiesandmeasuresimplemented todate.
VietNam
VietNamhasreported theGHGreductionpotentialandcostofmitigationactionsbysector.
Inaddition,VietNamhasalsoreportedtheprojectionsofGHGemissionsandremovalsfor
2020and2030.Theresultsofprojectionsareprovidedinthetablebyeachsector.Thekey
variablesandassumptionsusedintheprojectionsarealsoprovided.
Reference:
1. Singapore.(2014)
2. SouthAfrica.(2014)
3. RepublicofKorea.(2014)
4. VietNam.(2014)
139
GoodpracticeforNationalGHGInventories(nonAnnexI)
Data
7.EstimationoftimeseriesGHGemissions/removals
NonAnnexIPartiesarenotrequiredtoprepareandsubmittimeseriesGHGemissionsand
removalstotheCOPundertheUNFCCC.However,someAsianPartiesvoluntarilyestimatethe
timeseriesGHGemissionsandremovals.ThetimeseriesGHGemissionsarehelpfulforsimulating
aprojectionoffutureGHGemissionsbyprovidingthetrendsofpastemissionstatus.
Country
Achievement
Indonesia
EstimatedannualtimeseriesGHGemissionsandremovalsfrom2000to2005.
Mongolia
Estimatedannualtimeseries GHGemissionsandremovalsfrom1990to2006.
Thailand
Estimatedquadrennial timeseriesGHGemissionsandremovalsfrom1990to2003,as
wellasannualtimeseriesGHGemissionsexcludingLULUCFfrom2000to2005.
Reference:
1. Jargal.(2009)
2. Towprayoon etal.(2009)
3. Boer.(2009)
140
Data
8.Developmentofcountryspecificemissionfactors
IPCCGuidelinesprovidedefaultemissionfactorsforestimatingGHGemissionsandremovals.
However,thedefaultemissionfactorssometimesdonotfitcountryspecificcircumstances.Hence,
developingcountryspecificemissionfactorsiseffectiveforimprovingtheaccuracyofnational
GHGemissionsandremovalsbecausethecountryspecificfactorscanreflectcountryspecific
circumstancesintheestimation.Forexample,thefollowingAsiancountriesdevelopedcountry
specificemissionfactorsforcertainsectors.
Country
Achievement
China
Developedcountryspecific emissionfactorsfor
CH4 emissionsfrompaddyfields,
N2Oemissionsfromcropland.
India
Developedcountryspecificemissionfactorsfor
CH4 emissionsfromentericfermentationbyruminant animals,
N2Oemissionsfromagriculturalsoils.
Indonesia
Developedcountryspecificemissionfactorsfor
CH4 emissionsfrom ricecultivation.
Reference:
1. Hanetal.(2012)
2. Sharma.(2010)
3. Sing.(2010)
4. Boer.(2009)
141
Data
9.Southsouthcooperationforimprovementofdataquality
OneapproachforimprovingthequalityofnationalGHGinventoriesistocooperatewith
neighbouring countriesthathavesimilarsocioeconomicorclimaticconditions.Ifyour
neighbouring nonAnnexIPartyhassimilarsocioeconomicorclimaticconditions,itisgoodfor
yourcountrytocooperatewithyourneighbouring nonAnnexIPartyinordertoenhanceregional
cooperationforimprovingbothPartiesnationalGHGinventories.
ThefollowingpicturesshowastudyvisittoThailandthatwasconductedbyMyanmarsinventory
compilerstoshareinformationonmeasurementmethodologiesintheagriculturesector.
LecturefromaThai
Professor
Practicingtaking
measurementsofrice
strawburning
Demonstrationofmeasuring
GHGemissionsfromcrop
residueburning
Practicingcollecting
methanegasfromfields
Reference:Swe.(2010)
142
Technical
capacity
10.Exchangeofinformationonhowtoimprovethetechnical
capacityofGHGinventorycompilation
ToimprovetheaccuracyofGHGinventoriesintheAsiaregion,theWorkshoponGreenhouseGasInventoriesin
Asia(WGIA)hasbeenheldannuallysince2003withthesupportoftheMinistryoftheEnvironmentofJapan.It
providesanopportunityforcountriesintheregiontocooperateandsharetheirinformationandexperiencesin
relationtothedevelopmentofnationalGHGinventories.Participantsoftheworkshopsincluderesearchersand
governmentofficialswhoareengagedinpreparingnationalGHGinventoriesandexpertsfromrelevant
internationalorganisations.
Workshoptitle:
WorkshoponGreenhouseGasInventoriesinAsia(WGIA)
Objective:
TosupportcountriesinAsiatoimprovethequalityofnationalGHGinventoriesviaaregional
informationexchange
Organisers:
MinistryoftheEnvironmentofJapan/NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies
Participatingcountries:
Cambodia,China,India,Indonesia,Japan,RepublicofKorea,LaoP.D.R.,Malaysia,Mongolia,Myanmar,
Philippines,Singapore,Thailand,Vietnam(14countries)
Style:
Annualworkshopsince2003
Funds:
MinistryoftheEnvironmentofJapan
ParticipantsinWGIA
Reference:GIO.(2013)
Plenarysession
Handsontrainingsession
Sectoralworking
groupsession
Mutuallearningsession
143
Technical
capacity
11.Mutuallearningonhowtoimprovethetechnicalcapacityof
GHGinventorycompilation
Studyinganothercountrysinventory,askingquestionsofacountrysinventorycompilersandgettingtheir
answers,helpscountriestoobtainusefulinformation/data.Thisinformationcouldbeusedforpreparinga
countrysowninventory,findinggoodexamplestofollowtomaketheirowninventoryreportmoretransparent,
betterunderstandingthemethodologiesforpreparinganinventoryaswellasenhancingtheirowncapacityfor
inventorycompilation.Hence,JapancooperateswithotherAsiancountriesandprovidesopportunitiesfor
countriestomutuallylearnabouteachothersnationalGHGinventoryindetail.
MeetingsforbilateralpeerreviewsofeachnationalGHGinventoryonthewastesectorwereheldbetween
theRepublicofKorea(RoK)andJapanandtheseeventswerethefirstexperienceswheretheRoK and
JapanlearnedabouteachothersnationalGHGinventory.
Heldtwicesofaronavoluntaryandinformalbasis.
1st meeting:October2008inSeoul,RoK
2nd meeting:November2009inTsukuba,Japan
Attendedbyexpertswhoactuallyproducedwastesectorinventoriesatthenationallevel.
Studiedtheactual,latestinventoriesthroughQ&Asessionsthatwereheldbetweenthetwo
groups(twoway,notoneway)inanatmosphereoffriendlinessandcooperation.
MutuallearningsessionswereheldinWGIAsbetweenthefollowingpairs.
Energy
Mutuallearningsessionin
WGIA11ontheenergysector
Reference:GIO.(2013)
WGIA9
Indonesia Mongolia
WGIA10
Cambodia Thailand
WGIA11
WGIA12
Industrial
Processes
Indonesia Japan
Agriculture
Bilateralpeerreview
betweenRoK andJapan
LULUCF
Waste
LaoPDR Japan
Cambodia,Indonesia,RoK
Indonesia Vietnam
China RoK
LaoPDR Thailand
China Myanmar
Malaysia Vietnam
Indonesia Myanmar
China Mongolia
Vietnam Intl
consultants
144
Technical
capacity
12.Enhancementoflocalexpertstechnicalcapacity
IntensivecapacitydevelopmentprojectsforenhancingthecapacityofnationalGHGinventories
areeffectiveforcomprehensivelyimprovingnonAnnexIPartiesinventorypreparationsystems
andthetechnicalskillsoftheinventorycompilersintheParties.TheJapanInternational
CooperationAgency(JICA)hasimplementedtwoprojectsrelatedtoGHGinventorypreparationin
nonAnnexIParties.
Case1:ProjectforCapacityDevelopmentoftheNationalGHGInventoryinVietnam(20102014)
Project
Purpose
Outputs
StrengthenthecapacitytoperiodicallyprepareGHGinventoriesbasedonclearestimationmethodsforGHGemissions,
usingaccurateandconsistentdata
1.
CapacitytoperiodicallyandsystematicallycollectandcompilenecessarydataforNationalGHGinventorieswas
enhanced.
2.
CapacitytopromoteunderstandingofnationalGHGinventoriesinrelevantministriesandagencieswasenhanced.
3.
Capacitytomanagequalityassurance/qualitycontrol(QA/QC)ofGHGinventorieswasenhancedineachsector.
Case2:ProjectofCapacityDevelopmentforClimateChangeStrategiesinIndonesia(20102015)
Project
Purpose
Outputs
TobuildcapacitysothatGHGinventoriescanbepreparedincooperationwiththekeyministriesandlocalgovernments
onaregularbasis.
1.
NationalsystemforpreparingnationalGHGinventoriesisbeingdesigned.
2.
CapacitytoperiodicallyandsystematicallymanagedatanecessaryfornationalGHGinventoriesisbeingenhanced.
3.
Understandingonaccuracy,transparencyandreliabilityofGHGinventoriesisbeingenhancedforeachsector
amongkeyministriesandlocalgovernments.
Reference:Mori.(2012)
145
Institutional
Systems
13.EstablishmentofnationalsystemsfornationalGHG
inventorypreparation
AnationalsystemfornationalGHGinventorypreparationisasystemwhichincludesall
institutional,legal,andproceduralarrangementsforestimatingGHGemissions/removalsandfor
reportingandarchivinginventoryinformation.Thissystemisindispensableforperiodicalnational
GHGinventorypreparation.ThefollowingnonAnnexIPartieshavedevelopedtheirownnational
systems.
Country
Achievement
Indonesia
EnactedPresidentialRegulation71/2011asthefoundationforIndonesianGHGinventory
preparationandestablishedanationalGHGinventorysystem.
Mongolia
Appointedthe NationalAgencyforMeteorology,HydrologyandEnvironmentMonitoringas
adesignatedprofessionalauthorityfornationalGHGinventorypreparationanddesignedthe
structureofitsnationalsystemwiththeworkofthisAgencyatthecentre.
RepublicofKorea
EstablishedtheGHGInventory&ResearchCenterofKoreaandimproved theexisting
nationalsystembyentrustingtheGIRwithacentralcoordinationfunction.
Reference:
1. Batimaa etal.(2010)
2. Lee.(2011)
3. MinistryoftheEnvironment,Korea.(2009)
4. Mori.(2012)
146
Institutional
Systems
14.DevelopmentofQualityAssurance/QualityControl(QA/QC)
system
QA/QCproceduresinthenationalGHGinventorypreparationactsasadomesticverificationfor
enhancingtheaccuracyandcompletenessoftheinventories.ThefollowingnonAnnexIParties
havedevelopedtheirownQA/QCsystems.
Country
Achievement
Mongolia
EstablishedaQA/QCplanfortheenergyandindustrial processessector.
Republicof
Korea
DevelopedQA/QCsystem forthewastesector.AsoneofitsQAactivities,itapplieda
bilateralpeerreviewthatwascarriedoutontheGHGinventoriesof theRepublicofKorea
andJapanbythesetwocountries.
Reference:
1. Jargal.(2011)
2. Lee.(2011)
147
Technical
capacity
GoodpracticeforNationallyAppropriateMitigationActions
Data
15.AdvancedreportingofNAMAsinaBUR
InternationalreportingonNAMAsthroughBURshasbegunrecently.Amongthosewhichalready
submittedinformationonNAMAsintheirBURs,Singaporeprovidedquantitativeinformationon
NAMAs,suchasagoaltoward2020andachievedemissionsreductions,asshowninbelow.This
helpstoincreasethetransparencyandaccountabilityoftheinformationprovidedatthe
internationallevel.
SingaporesreportingonNAMAs:Exampleofreducingemissionsfromwasteandwastewatertreatment
Mitigation
Action
Objectives
Description
Progress
Wastewater
sludge
disposalby
incineration
Toreduce
methane
gas
emissions
from
waste
water
sludge
Incinerating
wastewater
sludge,aby
productof
water
reclamation
plants,which
would
otherwisebe
disposedoffat
landfills.
Since2009,
ECOSpecial
Waste
Management
andSumitomo
MitsuiBanking
Corporation
havebeen
contractedto
performsludge
incineration.
Reference:
1. Singapore.(2014)
Nature
Infra
structure
2020
goal
Method&
assumptions
Gas
Progress
indicators
Results
0.10
(MT)
Assumptions
are
referenced
fromIPCC
methodology
CH4
Amountof
sludge
incinerated
Estimated
abatement
achieved
in2012:
0.06MT
148
GoodpracticeforCityscaleGHGInventories
Technical
capacity
16.GHGinventorytoolforChinesecities
InChina,theWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)
developedacountryspecificGHGinventory
tool forcities.
ItiscompatiblewiththeGlobalProtocolfor
CommunityScaleGreenhouseGasEmission
Inventories(GPC) andconsistentwiththeChinese
governmentsrequirements.
ItisauserfriendlyExcelbasedtool.
ItprovidesbuiltinemissionfactorsforChina.
Itemphasisesonbuildings,industries,
transportation,andwasteemissions,whicharethe
keyemissionsourcesinChinesecities.
Itisavailableforfreedownloadat
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/chinesecitytool
WRIprovidescitiesandpractitionerswithtraining
onhowtoapplythetool.
Reference:WRI,CASS,WWF,ISC.(2013)
149
Technical
capacity
Institutional
systems
17.FirstcitiesGHGreportingprograminChina
In2014,ZhejiangprovinceestablishedthefirstcitiesGHGreportingprograminChina byrequiring
all11citiesand90countiesintheprovincetoreporttheirGHGinventorydataonaannualbasis.
Indetail
In2009,ChinamadeacommitmenttoUNFCCCtoloweritscarbondioxideemissionsperunit
grossdomesticproduct(GDP)by4045%from2005levelsby2020.Tofulfillthiscommitment,
underitsTwelfthFiveYearPlan(20112015),Chinasetamediumtermtargettoreduceits
carbondioxideemissionsperunitGDPby17%from2010levelsby2015.
Toachievethistarget,thenationalgovernmentusesatopdowncommandandcontrol system
byassigningnationaltargettoallprovincesthatrangefrom10.0%to19.5%.
ZhejiangprovincesTwelfthFiveYearPlantargetis19%.Usingthesameapproach,the
provincialgovernmentallocatedtheprovincialtargettoits11cities.
Inordertracktheperformanceofitscities,in2014,ZhejiangDevelopmentandReform
Commissionannouncedthatallcitiesandcountiesintheprovincearerequiredtodevelopand
reportGHGinventories.All11citiesshallcompletetheir20102013inventoriesbytheendof
2014andall90countiesshallcompletethesameby2015.
Complementingthisreportingprogram,theZhejiangDevelopmentandReformCommission
developedanonlinereportingplatformandconductedaseriesoftrainingforcities.
Reference:Author.(2015)
150
Technical
capacity
Institutional Human
resources
systems
18.AnnualupdatesofGHGinventoriesinTokyo,Japan
TokyoisoneoftheworldleadersincityGHGinventories.ThecityhascompletedGHGinventories
for1970,1980,andannuallysince1990.BelowaresomeofthegoodpracticesofTokyo.
Forfurtherinformation,pleasevisithttp://www.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/en/climate/index.html.
AnnualGHG
Inventories
PublicDisclosure
TokyohasconductedGHGinventorieseveryyearsince1990to
monitoritsGHGperformance.
Theinventoryreportsarepubliclyavailableonthecity
governmentswebsite.ThecityalsodisclosesitsGHGdata
throughtheCarbonn ClimateRegistryandCDP.
DetailedData
Analysis
Thecityconductsdetailedanalysisforeachemissionsourceto
identifythekeydriversofemissionssoastodesignand
implementeffectiveinterventionmeasurestomitigatethem.
InhouseStaff
TheGHGinventoryworkisledbyinhousestaffwhohavein
depthunderstandingofgovernmentpoliciesandhowtodesign
interventionmeasures.
Reference:Author.(2015)
151
Technical
capacity
Institutional Human
resources
systems
19.Demonstratingcitiesclimateactionthroughglobalplatforms
Citiesareencouragedtodemonstratetheiremissionsreductioncommitments,actionsand
progressthroughglobalcitiesplatforms.CompactofMayorsisamongthemostinfluentialcities
platformsthatwaslaunchedin2014bytheUNSecretaryGeneralBanKimoon,theU.N.
SecretaryGeneralsSpecialEnvoyforCitiesandClimateChangeMichaelR.Bloomberg,ICLEILocal
GovernmentsforSustainability(ICLEI),C40CitiesClimateLeadershipGroup(C40),UnitedCities
andLocalGovernments(UCLG),andtheUnitedNationsHumanSettlementsProgramme (UN
Habitat).
Compact of Mayors is not merely a city network. Upon signing up to the Compact of Mayors, cities must
demonstrate their action transparently. Within three years, cities should develop their citywide GHG inventories
based on the GPC, set their GHG reduction targets, and develop their mitigation and adaptation action plans.
Signuptothe
CompactofMayors
Reference:CompactofMayors(2015)
DevelopaGHG
inventorybasedon
theGPC
CommittoaGHG
reductiontarget
Developmitigation
andadaptation
actionplans
152
GoodpracticeforCleanDevelopmentMechanism
Data
20.DevelopmentofGridEmissionFactors
Therearetwotypesofdatavintage;exante(definedinthePDD)andexpost(monitoredinthe
projectactivityimplementation).Iftheexantedataoption,suchasagridemissionfactor(GEF)which
isalreadycheckedbythedesignatedoperationalentity(DOE)invalidation,isselectedthenithelpsto
reducethecostofmonitoringandverification.
LengthoftimeforMRVprocessforCERissuedprojectactivitieswithandwithoutGEF:
M
Ex ante
Ex post
57days
176days
Skipdatacollectionandcalculationfor
GEFwhenreporting
Skip checkingtheGEF
calculationandrelateddata
470days
113days
378days
PPsmayplantohavealong
monitoringperiodtoreducethe
numberofstepsintheMRVprocess
Need tocollectdatafromallpower
plantsinthesystem.Theproject
activityconnectsandcalculatesGEF
usingthisdata
ChecktheGEFcalculation
andrelateddata
389days
GEFis:
TheCO2 emissionfactorforthedisplacementofelectricitygeneratedbypowerplantsinanelectricitysystem
Usedinelectricityrelatedprojectactivities(e.g.renewableenergy,energyefficiency)
Reference:
1. UNFCCC.(2013g)
2. IGES.(2013a)
153
GoodpracticeforJointCreditingMechanism(JCM)
Data
21.Development of JCM methodologies using default values

Each methodology prepares its monitoring report format with clearly defined parameters
to be monitored expost (monitoring parameters) and projectspecific parameters to be
fixed exante. GHG emissions reductions of the following projects could be measured and
reported in a streamlined and conservative manner under the JCM.
Case 1: Introduction of highefficiency centrifugal chiller in Indonesia
(Project No. ID001, Methodology No. ID_AM002)
Monitoring
parameter
Only electricity consumption of project chiller is monitored by using measurement methods

and procedure described in the methodology.
Projectspecific
parameters to be
fixed exante
Coefficient of Performance(COP) of reference chiller are selected from default values set in the
methodology. COP of project chiller is calculated by specification of project chiller. Grid
emission factor is sourced from Emission Factors of Electricity Interconnection Systems,
National Committee on CDM Indonesian DNA
Case 2: Transportationenergyefficiencyactivitiesby installingdigitaltachographsystems in Viet Nam

(Project No. VN001, Methodology No. VN_AM001)
Monitoring
parameter
Project fuel consumption of freight vehicle and project distance travelled by freight vehicle are
monitored by using measurement methods and procedure described in the methodology.
Projectspecific
parameters to be
fixed exante
Net calorific value of fuel and CO2 emission factor of fuel are selected from IPCC default
values. Reference fuel efficiencies of freight vehicles are calculated before activation of digital
tachograph system.
Reference:
1. JCMWebsite(2014)
154
6. Annexes
References
1. Introduction:
UNFCCC.(2007)Decision1/CP.13.BaliActionPlan.
FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1.
4.1. National Communications (nonAnnex I):

GEF.(2007)OperationalProceduresfortheExpedited
FinancingofNationalCommunicationsfromnonAnnexI
Parties(GEF/C.22/Inf.16/Rev.1)
NCSP/UNDPUNEPGEF.(2006)TheNationalcommunications
process.Resourcekit
NCSP/UNDPUNEPGEF.(2012)LessonsLearnedand
ExperiencesfromthePreparationofNational
CommunicationsfromNonannexICountries
UNFCCC.(1992)UNITEDNATIONSFRAMEWORKCONVENTION
ONCLIMATECHANGE.Availableat
http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/items
/6036.php
UNFCCC.(2002)Guidelinesforthepreparationofnational
communicationsfromPartiesnotincludedinAnnexIto
theConvention(Decision17/CP.8)
UNFCCC.(2003)REPORTINGONCLIMATECHANGEuser
manualfortheguidelinesonnationalcommunications
fromnonAnnexIParties
UNFCCC.(2005)Submissionofsecondand,where
appropriate,thirdnationalcommunicationsfromParties
notincludedinAnnexItotheConvention(Decision
8/CP.11)
UNFCCC.(2006)UnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon
ClimateChangeHandbook
UNFCCC.(2009)UNFCCCResourceGuideforpreparingthe
NationalCommunicationsofNonAnnexIPartiesModule1
TheprocessofnationalcommunicationsfromNonannexI
Parties
UNFCCC.(2013)Guidelinesforthetechnicalreviewof
informationreportedundertheConventionrelatedto
greenhousegasinventories,biennialreportsandnational
communicationsbyPartiesincludedinAnnexItothe
Convention
Availableat
http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/warsaw_nov_2013/decisio
ns/application/pdf/cop19_review_crf.pdf
UNFCCC.(2015)SubmittedNationalCommunicationsfrom
nonAnnexIPartiesAvailable
athttp://unfccc.int/national_reports/non
annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/items/653.php
4.2. Biennial Update Reports:

GEF.(2012)GEFPolicyGuidelinesforthefinancingofbiennial
updatereportsforPartiesnotincludedinAnnexItothe
UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
Convention(Decision17/CP.8)
155
UNFCCC.(2010)TheCancunAgreements:Outcomeofthe
workoftheAdHocWorkingGrouponLongterm
CooperativeActionundertheConvention(1/CP.16)
UNFCCC.(2011)Decision2/CP.17.Outcomeoftheworkofthe
AdHocWorkingGrouponLongtermCooperativeAction
undertheConvention,FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1. Available
at
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.p
df
UNFCCC.(2013)Composition,modalitiesandproceduresof
theteamoftechnicalexpertsunderinternational
consultationandanalysis,Availableat
http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/warsaw_nov_2013/decisi
ons/application/pdf/cop19_tte_ica.pdf
UNFCCC.(2014)SupplementaryCGEtrainingmaterials
Biennialupdatereports.Availableat
annex_i_natcom/training_material/methodological_docu
ments/items/7915.php
UNFCCC.(2014)Provisionoffinancialandtechnicalsupport,
DraftconclusionsproposedbytheChair,
FCCC/SBI/2014/L.29.Availableat
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2014/sbi/eng/l29.pdf
UNFCCC.(2015)Submittedbiennialupdatereports(BURs)
fromnonAnnexIParties.Availableat
annex_i_natcom/reporting_on_climate_change/items/87
22.php
UNFCCC.(2015b)InternationalConsultationandAnalysis(ICA)
Availableathttp://unfccc.int/national_reports/non
annex_i_natcom/cge/items/8621.php
UNFCCC.(2015c)Provisionoffinancialandtechnicalsupport,
DraftconclusionsproposedbytheChair,FCCC/SBI/2015/L.8.
Availableat
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/sbi/eng/l08.pdf
UNFCCC.(2015d)FinancialandTechnicalSupportfornonAnnex
IParties.Availableat
annex_i_natcom/financial_technical_support/items/6921.p
hp
4.3. National GHG Inventories (nonAnnex I):

IPCC.(2006)IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGas
Inventories.Availableathttp://www.ipcc
nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html
Convention.(Decision17/CP.8)
UNFCCC.(2006)UpdatedUNFCCCreportingguidelineson
annualinventoriesfollowingincorporationoftheprovisions
ofdecision14/CP.11.Notebythesecretariat.
FCCC/SBSTA/2006/9.Availableat
http://unfccc.int/documentation/documents/advanced_sea
rch/items/6911.php?priref=600003988
undertheConvention,FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1.
Availableat
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf
156
UNFCCC.(2013)NationalCommunicationsandBiennialUpdate
ReportsfromNonAnnexIParties.
Availableathttp://unfccc.int/national_reports/non
annex_i_natcom/items/2716.php
U.S.EPA.(2013)NationalSystemTemplates.
Availableat
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/EPAactivities/internatio
nalpartnerships/capacitybuilding.html#National
UNFCCC.(2014)SupplementaryCGEtrainingmaterials
Biennialupdatereports.Availableat
annex_i_natcom/training_material/methodological_docum
ents/items/7915.php
4.4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

(NAMAs):
Ltken,SE,Dransfeld B,Wehner S.(2013)GuidanceforNAMA
design:BuildingonCountryExperiences.Availableat
http://namapipeline.org/publications/guidance_for_nama_
design_2013_.pdf
UNFCCC.(2007)Decision1/CP.13.BaliActionPlan.
UNFCCC.(2010)TheCancunAgreements:Outcomeofthework
oftheAdHocWorkingGrouponLongtermCooperative
ActionundertheConvention.1/CP.16.
UNFCCC.(2011)2/CP.17.OutcomeoftheworkoftheAdHoc
WorkingGrouponLongtermCooperativeActionunder
theConvention.FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1.
UNFCCC.(2013)21/CP.19.Generalguidelinesfordomestic
measurement,reportingandverificationofdomestically
supportednationallyappropriatemitigationactionsby
developingcountryParties.FCCC/CP/2013/10/Add.2.
UNFCCC.(2015)CGETrainingMaterialsforthePreparationof
BiennialUpdateReportsfromnonAnnexIParties.
BiennialUpdateReports:MitigationActionsandtheir
Effects.Availableat
annex_i_natcom/training_material/methodological_docu
ments/items/7915.php
UNFCCCSecretariat.(2014)HandbookonMeasurement,
Reporting,andVerificationforDevelopingCountries.
Availableat
http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_
/application/pdf/nonannex_i_mrv_handbook.pdf
4.5. Cityscale GHG Inventories:

ARENE.(2013)Availableathttp://www.areneidf.org/fr/Plan
climatenergieterritorial811.html
cCCR.(2015)Availableathttp://citiesclimateregistry.org.
CompactofMayors.(2015)Availableat
www.compactofmayors.org
157
CompactofMayors.(2015)Availableat
www.compactofmayors.org
GHGProtocol.(2014a)GreenhouseGasProtocolMitigation
GoalStandardAvailableathttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/
GHGProtocol.(2014b)GreenhouseGasProtocolPolicyand
ActionStandard.Availableat
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/
IPCC.(2006)IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGas
Inventories.Availableat
http://www.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html
WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2014)GlobalProtocolforCommunityScale
GreenhouseGasEmissionsInventories .
Availableathttp://www.ghgprotocol.org/cityaccounting
WRI,C40,ICLEI.(2013)GPCPilotProject.
4.6. Clean Development Mechanism:

CDMEB.(2012)Cleandevelopmentmechanismaccreditation
standardforoperationalentitiesver4.0.EB67Annex5.
CDMEB.(2013)CDMaccreditationprocedurever11.0.CDM
EB05A02PROC.
EcoSecuritiesandUNEPRisoe Centre.(2007)Guidebookto
financingCDMprojects.Availableat
http://www.cd4cdm.org/Publications/FinanceCDMproject
sGuidebook.pdf
Hayashi,D.,Michaelowa,A.,Dransfeld,B.,Niemann,M.,
AndrMarr,M.,Mller,N.,Wehner,S.,Krey,M.,Neufeld,
C.S.,Oppermann,K.(2010)PoA BLUEPRINTBOOK
GuidebookforPoA coordinatorsunderCDM/JI 2.Edition.
KfW Bankengruppe,FrankfurtamMain.
IGES.(2015a)IGESCDMmonitoringandissuancedatabase,asof
September2014.Availableat
http://pub.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php?docid=31
95
IGES.(2015b)IGESCDMprojectdatabase,asofOctober2014.
Availableat
8
UNFCCC.(2006)FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.1.
UNFCCC.(2010)Possibleoptionsforloanschemetocoverthe
costofCDMprojectdevelopmenttocountrieswithlessthan
10projects.Availableat
http://cdm.unfccc.int/EB/054/eb54annagan10.pdf
UNFCCC.(2013a)Cleandevelopmentmechanismproject
standard.Availableat
UNFCCC.(2013b)Cleandevelopmentmechanismprojectcycle
procedure(PCP).Availableat
http://cdm.unfccc.int/Reference/Procedures/index.html#pro
j_cycle
UNFCCC.(2013c)Cleandevelopmentmechanismvalidationand
verificationstandard(VVS).Availableat
UNFCCC.(2014)UNFCCCCDMMethodologyBooklet.Available
on
http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/documentation/index.
html
158
UNFCCCLoanSchemeforCDMWebsite(2015).Availableat
http://cdmloanscheme.org/
UNFCCCCDMHelpDesk.(2015)Availableat
https://cdm.unfccc.int/helpdesk
UNFCCCCDMDNAHelpDesk(2015)Availableat
https://cdm.unfccc.int/DNA/helpdesk
UNFCCCCDMFrequentlyAskedQuestions.(2015)Availableat
https://cdm.unfccc.int/faq/index.html
4.7. Joint Crediting Mechanism:

Japans Intended Nationally Determined Contribution(INDC)
Available at
http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/indc/Submission%20
Pages/submissions.aspx
GovernmentofJapan.(2015)RecentDevelopmentofThe
JointCrediting Mechanism (JCM). July 2015. Availableat
http://www.mmechanisms.org/document/20150724_JCM
_goj_e.pdf
Government of Japan. (2014) Recent Development of The
Joint Crediting Mechanism (JCM). Oct 2014. Available at
http://www.mmechanisms.org/document/20141014_JCM
_goj.pdf
GovernmentofJapan.(2014)RecentDevelopmentofThe
JointCreditingMechanism(JCM).October2014.Available
athttp://www.mmechanisms.org/document/
20141014_JCM_goj.pdf
JointCreditingMechanism(JCM)betweenMongoliaandJapan.
(2013)LowCarbondevelopmentPartnershipbetweenthe
JapanesesideandtheMongolianside.Availableat
https://www.jcm.go.jp/rules_and_guidelines/mn/file_09/JC
M_MN_bilateral_document.pdf
(2013b)RulesofImplementationforTheJointCrediting
Mechanism(JCM).[JCM_MN_RoI_ver01.0]Availableat
M_MN_RoI_ver01.0.pdf
(2013c)JointCreditingMechanismProjectCycleProcedure.
[JCM_MN_PCP_ver03.0]Availableat
M_MN_PCP_ver03.0.pdf
(2013d)JointCreditingMechanismGuidelinesforDeveloping
ProjectDesignDocumentandMonitoringReport.
[JCM_MN_GL_PDD_MR_ver01.0]
Availableat
M_MN_PDD_MR_ver01.0.pdf
(2013e)JointCreditingmechanismGuidelinesfor
DesignationasaThirdPartyEntity.
[JCM_MN_GL_TPE_ver03.0]
Availableat
M_MN_GL_TPE_ver03.0.pdf
159
(2013f)JointCreditingMechanismGuidelinesforValidation
andVerification.[JCM_MN_GL_VV_ver01.0]
Availableat
M_MN_GL_VV_ver01.0.pdf
(2013g)ThirdPartyEntities(TPEs)
Availableat
https://www.jcm.go.jp/mnjp/tpes
JCMWebsite(2015)
Availableat
https://www.jcm.go.jp
UNFCCC.(2012)DecisionsadoptedbytheConferenceofthe
Parties1/CP.18AgreedoutcomepursuanttotheBaliAction
Plan[FCCC/CP/2012/8/Add.1]
Availableat
UNFCCC.(2013a)SubmissionbyJapanonvariousapproaches,
includingopportunitiesforusingmarkets,toenhancethe
costeffectivenessof,andtopromote,mitigationactions.
26April2013.Availableat
http://unfccc.int/files/documentation/submissions_from_pa
rties/application/pdf/fva_japan.pdf
UNFCCC.(2013b)Viewonaframeworkforvariousapproaches
SubmissionsformParties.[FCCC/SBSTA/2013/MISC.11]
Availableat
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2013/sbsta/eng/misc11.pdf
UNFCCC.(2014)SubmissionbyJapanonFrameworkfor
VariousApproaches
Availableat
http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/Lists/OSPSubmission
Upload/53_87_130571694875317894FVA_Japan.pdf
5.GoodPractices LessonsfromAsia
Batimaa,P.,Namkhainyam,B.,Dorjpurev,J.(2010)Mongolias
InstitutionalFrameworktoPrepareGHGInventory.
PresentationatThe8thWorkshoponGHGInventoriesin
Asia(WGIA8).
Availableathttp://wwwgio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg8/pdf/3
wg12_batimaa_punsalmaa.pdf
Boer,R.(2009)TimeseriesestimatesmadeforIndonesias
GHGinventoryincludedintheSNC.PresentationatThe
7thWorkshoponGHGInventoriesinAsia(WGIA7).
Availableathttp://www
gio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg7/pdf/4.2.7.%20Rizaldi%20Boer.pdf
Chile.(2014)ChilesNationalGreenhouseGasInventory,1990
2010.
GreenhouseGasInventoryOfficeofJapan.(2013)Workshop
onGreenhouseGasInventoriesinAsia(WGIA).National
InstituteforEnvironmentalStudies.Availableat
http://wwwgio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wgiaindexe.html
Han,S.,Zhang,W.,Zheng,X.,Huang,Y.,Wang,M.GHG
emissionfromChinacroplands.(2012)Presentationat
The10thWorkshoponGHGInventoriesinAsia(WGIA10).
2_5_AFOLU_China.pdf
160
IGES.(2013a)IGESCDMmonitoringandissuancedatabase,as
ofSeptember2013.Availableat
95
Jargal,D.(2009)ReviewofGHGInventoryPreparationin
Mongolia.PresentationatThe7thWorkshoponGHG
InventoriesinAsia(WGIA7).Availableathttp://www
gio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg7/pdf/4.2.5.%20Dorjpurev%20Jargal.
pdf
Jargal,D.(2011)InventoryQA/QCPlanninginMongolia.
Asia(WGIA9).
wg43_dorjpurev_jargal.pdf
Lee,M.(2011)AnOverviewofGHGInventoryQA/QCSystemin
Korea.PresentationatThe9thWorkshoponGHG
InventoriesinAsia(WGIA9).
wg44_mihyeon_lee.pdf
MinistryoftheEnvironment,Korea.(2009)KoreasGHG
InventoryManagement.PresentationatThe7thWorkshop
onGHGInventoriesinAsia(WGIA7).
gio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg7/pdf/4.1.5.%20Jang
won%20Lee.pdf
Mori,N.(2012)ChallengesforDevelopmentofNationalGHG
Inventory.ExperiencesofJICAsTechnicalCooperation.
Asia(WGIA10).Availableat
NCSP/UNDPUNEPGEF.(2006)TheNationalcommunications
process.Resourcekit
NCSP/UNDPUNEPGEF.(2012)LessonsLearnedand
ExperiencesfromthePreparationofNational
CommunicationsfromNonannexICountries
RepublicofKorea.(2014)FirstBiennialUpdateReportofthe
RepublicofKorea,UndertheUnitedNationsFramework
ConventiononClimateChange.
Sharma,C.(2010)GHGemissionsfromagriculturesoilsin
India.PresentationatThe8thWorkshoponGHG
wg25_chhemendra_sharma.pdf
Singapore(2014).SingaporesThirdNationalCommunication
AndFirstBiennialUpdateReport.
Sing,S.(2010)EntericmethaneemissionsofIndianlivestock
fromprevalentfeedingsystemsindifferentagroecological
regions.PresentationatThe8thWorkshoponGHG
wg23_sultan_singh.pdf
SouthAfrica.(2014)GHGNationalInventoryReportSouth
Africa20002010.
161
Swe,K.L.(2010)ProgressinNationalGHGInventoryinMyanmar.
Asia(WGIA8).
wg27_khin_lay_swe.pdf
Than,A.(inpress)MyanmarNationalCommunicationReport.
Asia(WGIA11).
Towprayoon,S.Chidthaisong,A.,Garivait,S.,Pathumsawas,S.,
Sorapipat,C.,Jiarakorn,S.,Nopparat,A.,Chiemchaisri,C.,
Phongphiphat,A.(2009)Timeseriesestimatesmadefor
ThailandsGHGinventoryincludedintheSNC.Presentation
atThe7thWorkshoponGHGInventoriesinAsia(WGIA7).
gio.nies.go.jp/wgia/wg7/pdf/4.2.6.%20Sirintronthep%20Tow
prayoon.pdf
undertheConvention,FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1.
Availableat
UNFCCC.(2013d)Tooltocalculatetheemissionfactorforan
electricitysystem.
Availableat
http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/tool
s/amtool07v3.0.0.pdf/history_view
VietNam.(2014)TheInitialBiennialUpdatedReportofViet
NamtotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon
ClimateChange.
WRI,CASS,WWF,ISC.(2013)GreenhouseGasInventoryTool
forChineseCities.
Availableatwww.ghgprotocol.org/cityaccounting
162
Index(Q&As)
National Communications (nonAnnex I):
Q 1: What are national communications? (p.19)
Q2:Whydonationalcommunicationsneedtobe
prepared?(p.20)
Q3:Howfrequentlyshouldnationalcommunicationsbe
prepared?(p.21)
Q4:Whatinformationisincludedinnational
communications?(p.22)
Q5:Whatisthestatusofsubmissionofnational
communicationsbynonAnnexIParties?(p.23)
Q6:Howshouldwedevelopnationalcommunications
andbiennialupdatereports?(p.24)
communications?(p.25)
Q8:ArenationalcommunicationsfromnonAnnexI
Partiesverifiedorreviewed?(p.26)
Q9:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletodevelop
nationalcommunications?(p.27)
Q10:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutional
arrangementstopreparenationalcommunications
andbiennialupdatereports?(p.28)
Q11:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletodevelop
Biennial Update Reports:
Q14:Whydobiennialupdatereportsneedtobe
prepared?(p.33)
Q15:Howfrequentlyshouldbiennialupdatereportsbe
prepared?(p.34)
Q16 = Q4 (p.22)
Q17 = Q5 (p.23)
Q18 = Q6 (p.24)
Q19:Arethereanystandardsorguidelinesforbiennial
updatereports?(p.37)
Q20:Whatistherelationshipbetweennational
communicationsandbiennialupdatereports?(p.38)
Q21:Whatistherelationshipbetweenbiennialupdate
reportsandnationallyappropriatemitigation
actions?(p.39)
Q22:Howarebiennialupdatereportsverifiedor
reviewed?(p.40)
Q23:Howarebiennialupdatereportsanalysed?(p.41)
Q24:Howisateamoftechnicalexpertscomposed
of?(p.42)
Q25:Whatistrainingmaterialsforthetechnical
analysis?(p.43)
Q26:=Q9(p.27)
Q27:=Q10(p.28)
Q28:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletodevelop
biennialupdatereports?(p.44)
biennialupdatereports?(p.45)
Q13: What are biennial update reports? (p.32)

163
National GHG Inventories (nonAnnex I):

Q30: What is a national GHG inventory? (p.47)
Q31: Why prepare a national GHG inventory?
(p.48)
Q32=Q61(p.79)
Q33:HowfrequentlyshouldnationalGHGinventoriesbe
prepared?(p.49)
Q34:HowshouldwepreparenationalGHGinventories?
(p.50)
Q35:HowshouldweverifynationalGHGinventories?
(p.51)
GHGinventorypreparation?(p.52)
Q37:ArethereanyprinciplesforpreparingnationalGHG
inventories?(p.53)
Q38:WhatcategoriesandgasesshouldnonAnnexI
PartiescoverintheirnationalGHG
inventories?(p.54)
Q39:HowshouldweestimatenationallevelGHG
emissionsandremovals?(p.55)
Q40:ArethenationalGHGinventoriessubmittedbynon
AnnexIPartiesreviewed?(p.56)
Q41:Aretheredifferentlevelsofestimation
methods?(p.57)
Q42:Whatshouldwedoifitisnotpossibletoestimate
allemissionsourcesandremovalsinks?(p.58)
Q43:WhoshouldpreparenationalGHG
inventories?(p.59)
Q44:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutionalsystemsto
preparenationalGHGinventories?(p.60)
Q45:Isthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletoprepare
nationalGHGinventories?(p.61)
Q46:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailabletoprepare
nationalGHGinventories?(p.62)
CityscaleGHGInventories:
Q47:WhatisaNAMA?(p.64)
Q48:WhatisMRVforNAMAs?(p.65)
Q49:WhydoesMRVforNAMAsneedtobe
conducted?(p.66)
Q50:HowfrequentlyshouldMRVofNAMAsbe
conduced?(p.67)
Q51:Whatisthedifferencebetweentheinternational
andnationallevelsofMRVforNAMAs?(p.68)
Q52:HowshouldweimplementMRVofNAMAs?(p.69)
Q53:ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesforMRVof
NAMAs?(p.70)
Q54:HowcanNAMAsbereportedinBURs?(p.71)
Q55:HowIsverificationconductedinthecontextofMRV
forNAMAs?(p.72)
Q56:WhoshouldconductMRVofNAMAs?(p.73)
Q57:Howdocountriesestablishinstitutional
arrangementstoconductMRVofNAMAs?(p.74)
Q58:Isthereanytechnicalandfinancialsupportavailable
tohelpcountriesconductMRVofNAMAs?(p.75)
164
CityScale Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Q59: What is a cityscale GHG inventory? (p.77)
Q60: Why developing GHG inventories for cities? (p.78)
Q61:WhatistheroleofGHGinventoriesingoalsetting
andperformancetracking?(p.79)
Q62: How frequent should cities develop GHG
inventories? (p.80)
Q63:Whatarethedifferencesbetweennationalandcity
inventories?(p.81)
Q64: How long does it normally take to complete an
inventory? (p.82)
Q65: What are the differences between city GHG
inventories and mitigation actions GHG accounting?
(p.83)
Q66: How many cities use the GPC? (p.84)
Q67: Can the GPC be used for other subnational entities?
(p.85)
Q68:How to develop a cityscale GHG inventory? (p.86)
Q69:Isthereanystandardmethodologyfordeveloping
andreportingcityscaleGHGinventories?(p.87)
Q70:Isthereanystandardtemplateforreportingcity
GHGinventories?(p.88)
Q71:ArecitiesrequiredtodisclosetheirGHGinventory
data?(p.89)
Q72:Howtoreportinboundaryandtransboundary
emissions?(p.90)
Q73:Whatshouldacitydoifnotabletoaccountforall
emissionsources?(p.91)
Q74:Wheretofindcalculationtoolsandtraining
resources?(p.92)
Q75:WhocandevelopcityscaleGHGinventories?(p.93)
Q76:Arethereanytechnicalandfinancialsupports
availabletohelpcitiesdevelopGHGinventories?
(p.94)
Q77: Are there any training programmes for cityscale
inventories? (p.95)
Clean Development Mechanism:

Q78: What is MRV for the CDM? (p.97)
Q79: Why is MRV needed for the CDM? (p.98)
Q80:HowfrequentlyshouldMRVoftheCDMbe
conducted?(p.99)
Q81:HowlongdoesittaketodoMRVforthe
CDM?(p.100)
Q82:HowmuchdoesitcosttoconductMRVforthe
CDM?(p.101)
Q83:HowmanyprojectactivitieshavefinishedtheMRV
processfortheCDM?(p.102)
Q84: How is the CDM monitored and reported?(p.103)
Q85: How is the CDM verified? (p.104)
Q86:ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesforMRVinthe
CDM?(p.105)
Q87:IsMRVdifferentacrosssectors?(p.106)
Q88:WhoshoulddoMRVfortheCDM?(p.107)
Q89:HowisthemonitoringsystemfortheCDM
established?(p.108)
Q90:Howcananorganizationetc.becomeaverification
body?(p.109)
Q91:IsthereanyfinancialsupportavailabletotheCDM?
(p.110)
165
Index(GoodPractices)
Q92:Isthereanytechnicalsupportavailableto
implementtheCDM?(p.111)
Joint Crediting Mechanism:

Q93:WhatistheJCM?(p.113)
Q94:WhatistheschemefortheJCM?(p.114)
Q95:WhatisthecurrentstatusoftheJCM?(p.115)
Q96:WhatistheMRVfortheJCM?(p.116)
Q97:WhyisMRVneededfortheJCM?(p.117)
Q98:HowistheMRVsimplifiedintheJCM?(p.118)
Q99:HowmanyJCMmethodologiesareapproved?
(p.119)
Q100:HowmanyJCMprojectsareregistered?(p.120)
Q101WhatisthedifferencebetweentheCDMandthe
JCMintermsofMRV?(p.121)
Q102:WhatistherelationshipbetweentheJCMand
JapansINDC?(p.122)
Q103:HowistheJCMmonitoredandreported?(p.123)
Q104:HowistheJCMverified?(p.124)
Q105:ArethereanystandardsorguidelinesfortheJCM?
(p.125)
Q106:HowareemissionreductionthroughtheJCM
reportedtotheCOP?(p.126)
Q107:Howisanetdecreaseand/oravoidanceofGHG
emissionsensuredintheJCM?(p.127)
Q108:WhoshouldconductMRVfortheJCM?(p.128)
Q109:Howcanacandidateentitybecomeathirdparty
entitythatverifiestheamountofGHGemission
reductionsorremovals?(p.129)
Q110:IsthereanysupportavailabletoconducttheJCM?
(p.130)
National Communications (nonAnnex I):

1.
2.
3.
4.
Dealing with data gaps (p.134)

Institutional capacity building (p.135)
Establishment of institutional arrangements (p.136)
Mobilisation of financial resources (p.137)
Biennial Update Reports:

5.AdvancedreportingofGHGinventories(p.138)
6.Advancedreportingofmitigationactionsandtheir
effects(p.139)
National GHG Inventories (nonAnnex I):

7.EstimationoftimeseriesGHG
emissions/removals(p.140)
8.Developmentofcountryspecificemissionfactors(p.141)
9.Southsouthcooperationforimprovementofdata
quality(p.142)
10.Exchangeofinformationonhowtoimprovetechnical
capacityofGHGinventorycompilation(p.143)
166
Index(GoodPractices)
11.Mutuallearningonhowtoimprovetechnicalcapacity
ofGHGinventorycompilation(p.144)
12.Enhancementoflocalexpertstechnical
capacity(p.145)
13.EstablishmentofnationalsystemsfornationalGHG
inventorypreparation(p.146)
14.DevelopmentofQualityAssurance/QualityControl
(QA/QC)system(p.147)
Joint Crediting Mechanism:

21.DevelopmentofJCMmethodologiesusingdefault
values(p.154)
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions:

15.AdvancedreportingofNAMAsinaBUR(p.148)
Cityscale GHG Inventories:

16.GHGinventorytoolforChinesecities(p.149)
17.FirstcitiesGHGreportingprograminChina(p.150)
18.AnnualupdatesofGHGinventoriesinTokyo,
Japan(p.151)
19.Demonstratingcitiesclimateactionthroughglobal
platforms(p.152)
Clean Development Mechanism:

20.DevelopmentofGridEmissionFactors(p.153)
167
Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the printing of a book or translation does not imply
IGES endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or the endorsement of IGES financers. IGES maintains a
position of neutrality at all times on issues concerning public policy. Hence conclusions that are reached in IGES
publications should be understood to be those of authors and not attributed to staffmembers, officers, directors,
trustees, funders, or to IGES itself.
Copyright2015MinistryoftheEnvironment,Japan(MOEJ).
ClimateandEnergyArea
InstituteforGlobalEnvironmentalStrategies(IGES)
210811Kamiyamaguchi,Hayama
Kanagawa2400115,Japan
Phone:+81468553860Fax:+81468553809
Email:mrvinfo@iges.or.jp
URL:http://www.iges.or.jp

MRV One Hundred Q&as (Cop21)

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

MRV One Hundred Q&as (Cop21)

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

This book aims to present information on existing MRV schemes for greenhouse gases in plain language,

Climate and Energy Area

Examples of these schemes at the national

Why this book has been made

One of the tasks at hand is to strengthen the

The aim of this book is to help those who

practices for developing countries when they

How this book is useful

This book may be found to be useful for

The one hundred and more Q&As are

Technical Institution Support

TodetermineGHGemissionsreduction andremoval through

GHGemissionsreduction andremoval withintheCDMprojectboundary.

To monitorGHGemissionsreduction andremoval byJCM

4. Questions and Answers

CGEtrainingmaterials cover VulnerabilityandAdaptation

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),perfluorocarbons (PFCs),sulphur

10months 6months 12months

GPC Calculation Tool

Programme of 30,000 100,000 EUR

Para239 323 (Version09.0)

Para11 15,345 432(Version09.0)

(6) Monitoring CDM

Verification is the periodic independent

Q99: How many JCM methodologies are approved?

Sectoral scope of the Methodology

3.Energydemand (Inverter air conditioners, Energy efficient buildings (High

1.Energyindustries (Waste heat recovery at Cement Plant, PV)

Q100: How many JCM projects are registered?

Q102: Whatistherelationship between the JCM and Japans INDC?

Diverse civilsocietyorganisations andnationalconsultantsparticipatedinthepreparation

Thegovernmentof Thailandneedstoconsider howtoallocatefundsfromvariousdonorson

RepublicofKoreahas reportedits nationalGHGinventorieswhichcovertheentiretime

21.Development of JCM methodologies using default values

Only electricity consumption of project chiller is monitored by using measurement methods

Case 2: Transportationenergyefficiencyactivitiesby installingdigitaltachographsystems in Viet Nam

4.1. National Communications (nonAnnex I):

4.2. Biennial Update Reports:

4.3. National GHG Inventories (nonAnnex I):

4.4. Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

4.5. Cityscale GHG Inventories:

4.6. Clean Development Mechanism:

4.7. Joint Crediting Mechanism:

Biennial Update Reports:

Q13: What are biennial update reports? (p.32)

National GHG Inventories (nonAnnex I):

CityScale Greenhouse Gas Inventories:

Clean Development Mechanism:

Joint Crediting Mechanism:

National Communications (nonAnnex I):

Dealing with data gaps (p.134)

Biennial Update Reports:

National GHG Inventories (nonAnnex I):

Joint Crediting Mechanism:

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions:

Cityscale GHG Inventories:

Clean Development Mechanism:

También podría gustarte