Practicals Manual XI BCKZ

VERNIER CALLIPER
Aim:-
PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL
EXPERIMENT # 1
Using Vernier Callipers determine the Volume of a given solid cylinder and capacity of a
test tube.
Working Formula:2
Volume of solid cylinder = x r x L

Capacity of test tube= x R2 x D
Observation:(i)
Least count of vernier callipers = L.C. = _____ cm
(ii)
Zero Error = Z.E. = _____ cm
Quantity
S.No.
External
Diameter
of Solid
Cylinder
1.
Length of
Solid
Cylinder
1.
M.S.R.
cm
V.S.R.
Div
F.P.=L.C. x V.S.R.
cm
T.R.=M.S.R.+F.P.
cm
C.R.=T.R. Z.E.
cm
Mean
cm
d=
2.
3.
L=
2.
3.
Internal
Diameter
of test tube
1.
d1=
2.
Prerpared by ARIF RAZA
Page 1 of 44
VERNIER CALLIPER
EXPERIMENT # 1
3.
Depth of
test tube
1.
D=
2.
3.
Calculation:-
d
Radius of solid cylinder =r= = = cm
2 2
Radius of test tube=R=
(i)
d1
= = cm
2 2
Volume of solid cylinder = x r 2 x L=3.142 x ()2 x ( )

cm3
(ii)
Capacity of test tube= x R2 x D=3.142 x ()2 x ()

cm 3
Result:(i)
Volume of the given solid cylinder =
(ii)
Capacity of the given test tube =
cm3.
cm3.
Page 2 of 44
SCREW GUAGE
EXPERIMENT # 2
Page 3 of 44
SCREW GUAGE
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 2
Using Micrometer Screw gauge determine the Volume of a given sphere and cross
sectional area of the given wire.
Working Formula:4
3
Volume of sphere= x x r
3
Cross sectional area of wire= x R2
Observation:(i)
Least count of micrometer screw gauge = L.C. = 0.001 cm
(ii)
Zero Error = Z.E. =
Quantity
Diameter
of sphere
S.No.
M.S.R.
cm
C.S.R.
Div
cm
F.P.=L.C. x C.S.R.
cm
T.R.=M.S.R.+F.P.
cm
1.
C.R.=T.R. Z.E.
cm
Mean
cm
d=
2.
3.
Diameter
of wire
1.
D=
2.
3.
Calculation:-
d
Radius of sphere=r = = = cm
2 2
Radius of wire=R=
(i)
(ii)
D
= = cm
2 2
4
4
3
3
3
Volume of sphere= x x r = x 3.142 x ( ) = cm
3
3
Cross sectional area of wire= x R2 =3.142 x ( )2= c m2
Result:Prerpared by ARIF RAZA
Page 4 of 44
SCREW GUAGE

cm3.
(i)
Volume of the given sphere =
(ii)
Cross sectional area of the given wire =
EXPERIMENT # 2
- cm2.
Page 5 of 44
SPHEROMETER
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 3
Using Spherometer, determine the Radius of Curvature of Spherical Surface and

Thickness of Glass Plate.
Working Formula:2
Radius of Curvature=R=
a h
+
6h 2
Thickness of Glass Plate=t=h 2h1

Observation:(i)
(ii)
Least count of micrometer Spherometer = L.C. = 0.001 cm

Mean distance between
++ = =cm
3
3
legs of Spherometer
a + a +a
a= 1 2 3 =
3
Distance between Legs of Spherometer
Calculation:-
Page 6 of 44
SPHEROMETER
EXPERIMENT # 3
Calculation:Thickness of Glass Plate=t=h 2h1= cm
Height of Spherical surface=h=Ah1= cm

2
a2 h ( )
R= + = + = + + cm
6h 2 6x 2
Result:Quantity
Base Plate
S.No.
M.S.R.
cm
C.S.R.
Div
F.P.=L.C. x C.S.R.
cm
T.R.=M.S.R.+F.P.
cm
1.
C.R.=T.R. Z.E.
cm
Mean
cm
h1 =
2.
3.
Glass Plate
1.
h2 =
2.
3.
Spherical
Surface
1.
A=
2.
3.
(i)
Thickness of given Glass Plate =
(ii)
Radius of Curvature of given Spherical Surface =
cm.
cm.
Page 7 of 44
VALUE OF g
Aim:-

(i)
(ii)
EXPERIMENT # 4
Using Simple Pendulum, determine the value of g.
With the simple pendulum, record the time for 10 oscillations three times for each
of the following lengths of pendulum.
*
75 cm *
85 cm *
95 cm *
105 cm
And hence time period (T) for each length and take its square.
115 cm
Draw a graph between L and T2. Select a suitable point from the graph (Not
plotted one), find its coordinates and hence calculate the value of g at Karachi
2 L
g=4 2
using formula;
T
(iii)
Working Formula:g=4 2
L
2
T
Observation:(i) Least count of stop watch = 0.01 sec

(ii) Diameter of bob = d = ___ cm
(iii)
Length of
String
and Hook
l
cm
Radius of bob = r = ___ cm

Length of
Pendulum
Time for 10
Oscillations
L
L=l+r
cm
t
sec
95
105
115
sec
Time Period
T=
T2
t
10
sec
sec2
1.
2.
3.
75
85
Mean Time
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
Page 8 of 44
VALUE OF g
Graph:-
EXPERIMENT # 4
(Graph between L and T2)
Page 9 of 44
VALUE OF g
Calculations:-
L=
EXPERIMENT # 4
(From Graph)
cm;
T2 =
sec2
3.142 x =4 x 9.872 x=cm/se c

g=4 2
L
=4 x
T2
Result:The value of g at Karachi is
cm/sec2
Page 10 of 44
VALUE OF g
EXPERIMENT # 4
Page 11 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 5
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
a)
(iv)
Verify the law of mass and law of amplitude (or law of length) by using simple
pendulum of length 90 cm.
Note down time for 10 oscillations, two times for five different amplitudes and
three different bobs.
Plot a graph between:Amplitude and Time period OR
b)
Mass and Time period.
Write down conclusive result.
Observations:S.No
.
(For Law of Mass)
Material Mass of
of Bob
Bob
Radius
of Bob
m
gm
r
cm
Length
of String
and
Hook
l
cm
Length of
Pendulu
m
L=l + r
cm
1.
90
2.
90
3.
90
Observations:-
sec
Mean
Time
t
sec
Time
Period
T=
t
10
sec
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
(For Law of Amplitude)

cm
i)
Radius of bob = r =
ii)
Length of string and Hook = l =
S.No
.
Time for 10
Oscillations
Amplitude Time for 10

Oscillations
X
cm
sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
10
5.
12
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Mean
Time
t
sec
cm
Time
Period
T=
iii)
Length of Pendulum = L
= l + r = 90 cm
t
10
sec
Page 12 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Observations:S.No.
i)
EXPERIMENT # 5
(For Law of Length)

Length of
String and
Hook
l
cm
Length of
Pendulum
Time for 10
Oscillations
L= l+ r
cm
1.
80
2.
90
3.
100
4.
110
5.
120
Radius of bob = r =
sec
Mean
Time
t
sec
Time
Period
T=
T
L
cm1/2
sec/cm1/2
t
10
sec
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
cm
Page 13 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 5
Page 14 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Graph:(Graph between m and T)
EXPERIMENT # 5
Page 15 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Graph:(Graph between X and T)
Graph:-
EXPERIMENT # 5
(Graph between L and T)
Page 16 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 5
Results:(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Aim:-
The graph between time period and mass of the bob is a horizontal line, which shows that
the time period
S.No.
Radius
of
Curvature
of
Mean
Radius
of
Curvature
is
independent of
Concave Mirror
of Concave Mirror
the mass of the
(Without Water)
(Without Water)
bob.
R1
The graph
cmof Curvature
S.No.
Radius of cm
Curvature of
Mean Radius
between time
1.
Concave Mirror
of Concave Mirror
period and
(With Water)
(With Water)
amplitude of
2.
the bob is a
R2
horizontal line,
cm
cm
3.
which shows
1.
that the time
period is
2.
independent of
the amplitude
3.
of the bob.
The graph between time period and length of the pendulum is a straight line, which
shows that the time period is directly proportional to the length of the pendulum.
(i)
(iv)
Find the Refractive index of water by using two different concave mirrors having
different focal lengths and a pin.
Draw a ray diagram.
Take at least three observations for radius of curvature R1without water and
three with water R2 for each respectively.
R1
=
Calculate the refractive index of water for both cases using the formula
R2 and
(v)
find their mean.

Write down the result.
(ii)
(iii)
Working Formula:=
Observations:-
R1
R2
1st Concave Mirror
Page 17 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 5
2nd Concave Mirror
S.No.
Radius of Curvature of
Concave Mirror
(Without Water)
S.No.
1.
Radius of cm
Curvature of
Concave Mirror
(With Water)
2.
Calculations:For 1st Concave
cm
3.
1.
Mean Radius of Curvature

of Concave Mirror
(Without Water)
R1
cmof Curvature
Mean Radius
of Concave Mirror
(With Water)
R2
cm
Mirror
2.
3.
1.
1=
R1
= =
R2
For 2nd Concave Mirror

2.
2=
R1
= =
R2
Mean Refractive index =
+ = =
2 2
+
= 1 2 =
2
Ray Diagram:-
Page 18 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 5
Result:The refractive index of water is
Page 19 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 6
(i)
(iii)
(iv)
b)
(v)
Verify the law of mass and law of amplitude (or law of length) by using simple
pendulum of length 90 cm.
Note down time for 10 oscillations, two times for five different amplitudes and
three different bobs.
Plot a graph between:Amplitude and Time period OR
b)
Mass and Time period.
Write down conclusive result.
Observations:S.No
.
(For Law of Mass)
Material Mass of
of Bob
Bob
Radius
of Bob
m
gm
r
cm
Length
of String
and
Hook
l
cm
Length of
Pendulu
m
L=l + r
cm
4.
90
5.
90
6.
90
Observations:-
sec
Mean
Time
t
sec
Time
Period
T=
t
10
sec
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
(For Law of Amplitude)

cm
i)
Radius of bob = r =
ii)
Length of string and Hook = l =
S.No
.
Time for 10
Oscillations
Amplitude Time for 10

Oscillations
x
cm
sec
1.
2.
3.
4.
10
5.
12
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Mean
Time
t
sec
cm
Time
Period
T=
iii)
Length of Pendulum = L
= l + r = 90 cm
t
10
sec
Page 20 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Observations:S.No.
ii)
EXPERIMENT # 6
(For Law of Length)

Length of
String and
Hook
l
cm
Length of
Pendulum
Time for 10
Oscillations
L= l+ r
cm
6.
80
7.
90
8.
100
9.
110
10.
120
Radius of bob = r =
sec
Mean
Time
t
sec
Time
Period
T=
T
L
cm1/2
sec/cm1/2
t
10
sec
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
cm
Page 21 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 6
Page 22 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Graph:(Graph between m and T)
EXPERIMENT # 6
Page 23 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
Graph:(Graph between X and T)
Graph:-
EXPERIMENT # 6
(Graph between L and T)
Page 24 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 6
Results:(iv)
The graph between time period and mass of the bob is a horizontal line, which shows that
the time period is independent of the mass of the bob.
(v)
The graph between time period and amplitude of the bob is a horizontal line, which shows
that the time period is independent of the amplitude of the bob.
(vi)
The graph between time period and length of the pendulum is a straight line, which
shows that the time period is directly proportional to the length of the pendulum.
Page 25 of 44
LAWS OF
SIMPLE PENDULUM
EXPERIMENT # 6
Page 26 of 44
RESONANCE TUBE
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 7
(i)
Two tuning forks of different frequency 480 Hz and 512 Hz and resonance tube
apparatus are given to you.
Record three observations for 1st resonating length of each fork in tabular form.
Calculate the approximate value of the velocity of sound for each tuning fork at:V t =4 Lf
(a) Room temperature (Vt) using formula
; and take the mean,
(ii)
(iii)
(b) Note down the room temperature T =
C0.
(c) Zero degree centigrade (V0) with the mean value of Vt using formula
V 0=V t 61 x T
, where the letters show their usual meanings.
(iv)
Write down the results with proper units.
Working Formula:V t =4 Lf V 0=V t 61 x T

Observation:(i) Room temperature = T =
S.No.
1.
2.
C0
Frequency of
Tuning Fork
f
Hz
fA = 512 Hz
fB = 480 Hz
1st Resonating
Length
Mean
cm
cm
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
LA =
LB =
Calculations:(For velocity of sound at room temperature)

1.
V t =4 L A f A =4 x x = cm/sec
2.
V t =4 LB f B =4 x x = cm/sec
+ = = cm/sec
2 2
V t +V t
Mean Velocity=V t=
=
2
A
V t = cm/sec
Page 27 of 44
RESONANCE TUBE
(For velocity of sound at zero degree centigrade)
EXPERIMENT # 7
V 0=V t 61 x T = 61 x ()=()( ) cm/sec=cm/ sec

Result:1. Velocity of sound at room temperature is
2. Velocity of sound zero degree centigrade is
cm/sec
cm/sec
Page 28 of 44
CONVEX LENS
Aim:(ii)
(iii)
a)
b)
c)
(iv)
(v)
EXPERIMENT # 8
(i)
Find out the focal length of convex lens by no parallax method using two pins.
Note down the approximate focal length.
Record five sets of observations by placing the object pin at a distance:Away from 2f
(Two observations)
Equal to 2f
(One observation)
Between 2f and f
(Two observations)
Draw a ray diagram for any one position.
Plot a graph between p and q. Select a suitable point (not plotted one), find its
coordinates and calculate the focal length of the given convex lens using formula
pxq
f=
p+q , where all letters stand for their usual meaning.
(vi)
Write down the result with suitable units.
Working Formula:pxq
f=
p+q
Observations:Approximate focal length = f =
cm
2f =
cm
Object
Distance
p
cm
Position of Object Pin
Beyond 2f
(p > 2f)
On 2f
(p = 2f)
Between f and 2f
(p < 2f)
Image
Distance
q
cm
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
4.
5.
Ray Diagram:-
Page 29 of 44
CONVEX LENS
EXPERIMENT # 8
Page 30 of 44
CONVEX LENS
Graph:(Graph between p and q)
EXPERIMENT # 8
Page 31 of 44
CONVEX LENS
Calculations:-
EXPERIMENT # 8
(From Graph)
p=
f=
cm
and
q=
cm
p x q ( )x ()
=
= =cm
p+q ()+()
Result:The focal length of the given convex lens is
cm
Page 32 of 44
CONVEX LENS
EXPERIMENT # 8
Page 33 of 44
GLASS SLAB
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 9
(i)
Determine the refractive index of glass by real and apparent depth method using a
glass slab.
(ii) Take two observations for real and apparent depth along the length and two along
breadth.
Real depth
=
(iii)
Calculate the refractive index of glass using the formula
Apparent depth
(iv)
Write down the result.
Working Formula:Real depth

=
Apparent depth
Ray Diagram:-
(Not required in Examination)

Along Breadth
Observations:Direction of
Observation
Along Breadth
Along Length
S.No
.
1.
2.
1.
2.
Real Depth
a
cm
a1=
Apparent Depth
b
cm
b1=
a2=
b2=
a3 =
b3 =
a 4=
b 4=
Calculations:a1
=
==
1
1.
b1
Page 34 of 44
GLASS SLAB
2.
2=
a2
==
b2
3.
2=
a2
==
b2
4.
4 =
a4
==
b4
EXPERIMENT # 9
+++ = =
4
4
+ + +
Mean = 1 2 3 4 =
4
=
Result:The refractive index of the glass is
Page 35 of 44
GLASS SLAB
EXPERIMENT # 9
Page 36 of 44
GLASS PRISM
Aim:-
EXPERIMENT # 10
(i)
Determine the refractive index of glass by critical angle method method using a
prism.
(ii) Take three observations for critical angle properly indicating the direction of rays.
1
=
(iii)
Calculate the refractive index from all observations using formula
sin C
and find their mean.
(iv)Write down the result.
Working Formula:1
=
sin C
Ray Diagram:-
Observations:S.No.
PNL=2 C
Critical Angle
C
degree
C=
PNL
2
degree
Page 37 of 44
GLASS PRISM
1.

C1=
2.
C2=
3.
C3 =
Calculations:1.
1=
1
1
1
=
= =
sin C1 sin()
2.
2=
1
1
1
=
= =
sin C2 sin()
3.
3=
1
1
1
=
= =
sin C3 sin()
EXPERIMENT # 10
++ = =
3
3
+ +
Mean = 1 2 3 =
3
=
Result:The refractive index of the glass is
Page 38 of 44
GLASS PRISM
EXPERIMENT # 10
Page 39 of 44
VECTORS
Aim:-
(i)
EXPERIMENT # 11
(ii)
(iii)
Using Gravesends apparatus, draw the force diagram once, for:(a) Two similar weights of P and Q;
(b) Two different weights of P and Q.
Record the observation in tabular form.
Determine the resultant of the two given vectors (forces) by rectangular components
method or by the law of parallelogram method using formula
R = P2 +Q2 +2 PQ cos
(iv)
Write down the results with suitable units.
Working Formula:R = P2 +Q2 +2 PQ cos

Force Diagram:-
(For sample)
Observations:S.No Suspended
Weights
1.
2.
gm-wt
P
Q
Magnitude Magnitude Magnitude Experimental

of
of
of
Error
Resultant
Resultant
Resultant
by
Formula
cm
gm-wt
degree
cm
gm-wt
gm-wt
| |OB
| AOB=
|
|OA
|OD
|R|
|
R|
||R ||R||
60
40
6
4
60
60
Length of
Vectors
Angle
6
6
Page 40 of 44
VECTORS
Calculations:-
EXPERIMENT # 11
(For Equal Forces)

R = P +Q +2 PQ cos = (60)2+(60)2+ 2(60)(60)cos ( )
2
R = 3600+3600+2 x 3600 x= 7200+7200 x

7200+= = gmwt
R =
R = gmwt
(For Un-equal Forces)

R = P +Q +2 PQ cos = (40)2 +(60)2 +2(40)(60)cos ()
2
R = 1600+3600+2 x 2400 x= 5200+4800 x

5200+= = gmwt
R =
R = gmwt
Result:-
R
(
) of the resultant of two forces by the parallelogram law of forces and
The calculated value
R
its observed value ( ) are same within the limits of experimental error.
Page 41 of 44
VECTORS
EXPERIMENT # 11
Page 42 of 44
VIBROGRAPH
12
Aim:-

(i)
(ii)
EXPERIMENT #
With the help of Meldes apparatus determine the frequency of A.C. supply.
Record the observations for n number of loops once for five different weights in
pan.
Find mean length of a loop in each case.
Calculate the frequency for five different weights in pan using formula
1 Mg
f=
and hence find their mean.
2L
(iii)
(iv)
= g/cm
Given constant
Working Formula:1 Mg
f=
2L
Observations:Mass per unit length of string,
Mass of pan = m1 =
S.No
Mass in
Pan
m2
gm
= g/cm
Total
Suspended
mass
M = m1 + m2
No. of
Loops
Length of
n Loops
L
cm
gm
1.
M1 =
2.
M2 =
3.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Length of
One Loop
L = l/n
cm
Mean
Length of
One Loop
L
cm
L1 =
L2 =
M3 =
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
L3 =
M4 =
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
L4 =
4.
Prerpared
by ARIF RAZA
5.
M5 =
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Page 43 of 44
L5 =
VIBROGRAPH
12
EXPERIMENT #
Calculations:1.
f 1=
M 1 g 1 () ( 9.8 ) 1
1
=
=
2 L1
2( )
()
x= Hz
2.
f 2=
M2 g
1
1 ( ) ( 9.8 ) 1
=
=
2 L2
2( )
()
x= Hz
3.
f 3=
1 M 3 g 1 ( ) ( 9.8 ) 1
=
=
2 L3
2( )
()
x= Hz
4.
f 4=
M 4 g 1 () ( 9.8 ) 1
1
=
=
2 L4
2()
()
x= Hz
5.
f 5=
1 M 5 g 1 ( ) ( 9.8 ) 1
=
=
2 L5
2( )
()
x= Hz
++++ = =
5
5
f +f +f +f +f
Mean f = 1 2 3 4 5 =
5
f = Hz
Result:The frequency of A.C. supply is
Hz
Page 44 of 44

Practicals Manual XI BCKZ

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VERNIER CALLIPER

PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Volume of solid cylinder = x r x L

Least count of vernier callipers = L.C. = _____ cm

Zero Error = Z.E. = _____ cm

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Volume of solid cylinder = x r 2 x L=3.142 x ()2 x ( )

Capacity of test tube= x R2 x D=3.142 x ()2 x ()

Volume of the given solid cylinder =

Capacity of the given test tube =

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Least count of micrometer screw gauge = L.C. = 0.001 cm

Zero Error = Z.E. =

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Volume of the given sphere =

Cross sectional area of the given wire =

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Using Spherometer, determine the Radius of Curvature of Spherical Surface and

Thickness of Glass Plate=t=h 2h1

Least count of micrometer Spherometer = L.C. = 0.001 cm

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Calculation:Thickness of Glass Plate=t=h 2h1= cm

Height of Spherical surface=h=Ah1= cm

Thickness of given Glass Plate =

Radius of Curvature of given Spherical Surface =

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

Using Simple Pendulum, determine the value of g.

Observation:(i) Least count of stop watch = 0.01 sec

Radius of bob = r = ___ cm

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

(Graph between L and T2)

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

3.142 x =4 x 9.872 x=cm/se c

Result:The value of g at Karachi is

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

(For Law of Mass)

(For Law of Amplitude)

Length of string and Hook = l =

Amplitude Time for 10

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

(For Law of Length)

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL

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(Graph between L and T)

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PHYSICS XI PRACTICAL MANUAL