Legal and Judicial Ethics |1

Legal Ethics

the embodiment of all principles of morality

and refinement that should govern the
conduct of every member of the bar

broadly defined as the living spirit of the

profession, which limits yet uplifts it as a
livelihood

specifically refers to that branch of moral

science which treats of the duties which an
attorney owes to the court, to his client, to
his colleagues in the profession and to the
public.
Lawyer or Attorney

that class of persons who by license are

officers of the court and who are empowered
to appear, prosecute and defend and on
whom peculiar duties, responsibilities and
liabilities are devolved by law as a
consequence

a person who is a member of the Philippine

Bar and who, by warrant of another,
practices law or who acts professionally in
legal formalities, negotiations or proceedings,
by authority of his client
o
Note: those who pass the Sharia Bar are
not entitled to be called attorneys
unless they have also been admitted to
the Philippine Bar
Counsel de parte

attorney reatined by a party litigant, usually

for a fee, to prosecute or defend his cause in
court
o
Note: The term implies freedom of choice
on the part of the attorney to decline or
accept the employment or on the part of
the litigant to continue or terminate
employment.
Counsel de officio

attorney appointed by the court to defend an

indigent defendant in a criminal action or to
represent a destitute party in a case
o
Note: The term connotes little or no other
choice than the acceptance by the
indigent party of whoever is appointed as
his counsel, and unless excused
therefrom by the court, the discharge by
the designated attorney of the duty to
faithfully and conscientiously render
effective legal assistance in favor of such
party
Attorney of record
attorney whose name, together with his
address, is entered in the record of a case as
the designated counsel of the party litigant in

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the case and to whom judicial notices relative

thereto are sent
Of counsel

an experienced lawyer, who is usually a

retired member of judiciary, employed by law
firms as counsultant
Bar

Bench

refers to the legal profession

means the judiciary

Amicus curiae

an experienced and impartial attorney invited

by the court to appear and help in the
disposition of issues submitted to it

implies the friendly intervention of counsel to

call the attention of the court to some
matters of law or facts which might go
otherwise escape its notice, and in regard to
which it might go wrong

The practice of law is a privelege impressed with

public interest.

An attorney owes duties not only to his client

but also to the court, to his brethren in the
profession and to the public, and takes part
in one of the most important functions of the
state the administration of justice. He sets
the judicial machinery in motion and
participates in judicial proceedings.

The interest of the public requires that the

function be faithfully discharged and
rendered only by those who are qualified, fit
and honest and who possess good moral
character.
The Constitution vests the power to regulate the
practice of law in the Supreme Court.

The legislature, in the exercise of its police

power, may, however, enact laws regulating
the practice of law to protect the public and
promote public welfare. But it may not pass a
law that will control the Supreme Court in
the performance of its function to decide who
may enjoy the privilege of practicing law.
The power of the Supreme Court to regulate the
practice of law includes:
1. authority to define that term;
2. prescribe the qualifications of a candidate to
anf the subjects of the bar examinations;
3. decide who will be admitted to practice;
4. discipline, suspend or disbar any unfit and
unworthy member of the bar;

Legal and Judicial Ethics |2

5.
6.
7.
8.

reistate
any
disbarred
or indefinitely
suspended attorney;
ordain the integration of the Philippine Bar;
punish for contempt any person for
unauthorized practice of the legal profession;
any other power as may be necessary to
elevate the standars of the bar and preserve
its integrity

Membership in the bar is a privilege burdened with

conditions.

A lawyer is an officer of the court, a minister

in the temple of justice, whose high vocation
is to correctly inform the court upon the law
and the facts of the case and to assist it in
administering impartial justice and arriving
at a correct conclusion.

As an officer of the court, an attorney is

subject to the disciplinary authority of the
court and to its orders and directives with
respect to his relation to the court as well as
to his client.
Membership in the bar is in the category of a
mandate of public service of the highest order.

A lawyer is an oath-bound servant of society

whose conduct is clearly circumscribed by
inflexible norms of law and ethics, and whose
primary duty is the advancement of the quest
of truth and justice, for which he has sworn
to be a fearless crusader.

Being a quasi-judicial officer, the court

always looks into, and closely scrutinizes his
transaction with his client and protects the
client from undue disadvantage on account of
his situation.
Privileges of attorney

A lawyer has the privilege to practice law

during good behavior before any judicial,
quasi-judicial or administrative tribunal.

An attorney enjoys the presumption of

regularity in the discharge of his duty. He is
immune, in the performance of his obligation
to his client, from liability to a third person
insofar as he does not materially depart from
his character as a quasi-judicial officer.

The law makes his passing the bar

examination equivalent to a first grade civil
service eligibility for any position in the
classified service in the government the
duties of which require the knowledge of law,
or a second grade civil service eligibility for
any other government position which does
not prescribe proficiency in law as a
qualification.
The duties of an attorney, impressed with the
solemnity of his oath, may be classified into those

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which he owes to the court, to the public, to the

bar and to his client.

Public duty consists of his obligation to

obey the law, aid in the administration of
justice or cooperate with it whenever justice
would otherwise be imperiled

Private duty refers to his obligation to

faithfully, honestly, and conscientiously
represent the interest of his client

Personal duty what he owes to himself

o

Note: Where his duties to his client conflict

with those which he owes to the court and
the public, the former must yield to the latter.

The practice of law is a profession, a form of public

trust, the performance of which is entrusted only
to those who are qualified and who possess good
moral character.

The basic ideal of that profession id to render

public service and secure justice for those
who seek its aid.
Primary charcterisctics which distinguish the legal
profession from business are:
a) A duty of public service, of which emolument
is a by-product, and in which one may attain
the highest eminence without making much
money;
b) A relation as officer of the court to the
administration of justice involving thorough
sincerity, integrity, and reliability;
c) A relation to the client in the highest degree
fiduciary;
d) A relation to the colleagues at the bar
characterized by candor, fairness and
unwillingness to resort to current business
methods of advertising and encroachment on
their practice, or dealing directly with their
clients.

Custodial investigation the questioning by law

enforcement officers of a suspect taken into custody or
otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in a
significant way

Any confession of the person or any

document signed by him expressly or
impliedly admitting the commission of the
crime without having been assisted by his
lawyer is inadmissible in evidence.

He may waive his right to counsel but such

waiver, to be valid and effective, must be
made with the assistance of a lawyer.
In administrative proceedings, the right to counsel
is not indespensable to dues process.

Legal and Judicial Ethics |3

(c)
Code of Professional Responsibility

Establishes norms of conduct and ethical

standards for all lawyers, including those in
the government service, to observe in their
professional, official and private capacities

Binding to all lawyers and failure to live up to

any of its provisions is a ground for
disciplinary action

Promulgated by the Supreme Court on June

21, 1988

Admission to Practice
Judicial in nature
Authority to decide who may be admitted to
the bar belongs to the judiciary represented
by the Supreme Court

The admission to practice law requires:

(a) Previously established rules and principles;
o
Primary
responsibility
of
the
Supreme Court by Constitutional
mandate
(b) Concrete facts, whether past or present,
affecting determinate individuals; and
o
Brought about by the applicant for
admission to the bar
(c) A decision as to whether the facts are
governed by rules and principles
o
Involves judicial adjudication which
is essentially a function of the court
To enable the court to properly discharge its
responsibility for the efficient and impartial
administration of justice requires that it must have
the primary authority to decide:
(a) Who may be admitted to the bar as one of its
officers;
(b) What are the causes for disciplinary action
against him; and
(c) Whether
he
should
be
disciplined,
suspended, disbarred or reinstated.
The Chief Executive cannot, by executive order,
admit a person to the practice of law nor can he,
by treaty with another country, modify the rules
concerning the admission to the bar.
The incidental powers which the Supreme Court
can exercise include:
(a) The fixing of minimum standards of
instruction for all law schools to observe;
(b) The
setting
up
of
the
necessary
administrative
machinery to
determine
compliance therewith; and

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By way of sanction, the refusal to admit to

the bar examinations law graduates from any
law school failing to meet those standards.

Practice of law

To do any of those acts which are

characteristics of the legal profession

Not limited to the conduct of cases in court

Includes legal advice, counseling, and the

preparation of legal instruments and
contracts by which legal rights are secured,
which may or may not be pending in court

Implies customarily or habitually holding

oneself out to the public, as a lawyer, for
compensation as a source of livelihood or in
consideration of his service
Principal Types of professional activities:
(1) Legal advice and instructions to clients to
inform them of their rights and obligations;
(2) Preparation
for
clients
of
documents
requiring knowledge of legal principles not
possessed by ordinary layman; and
(3) Authority to determine rights of life, liberty
and property according to law, in order to
assist in the proper interpretation and
enforcement of law
Note: Engaging in the practice of law presupposes the
existence of an attorney-client relationship.
Private practice

More than an isolated appearance for it

consists of frequent or customary actions, a
succession of acts of the same kind

Note: The appearance as private prosecutor in

one case of a city attorney (pro bono counsel
for his cousin in a criminal case of a judge)
who is prohibited from engaging in private
practice of law does not constitute violation
within the prohibition, his appearance being
isolated.

Note: A lawyer who is a member of the

Legislature cannot appear as counsel before
any court of justice or Electoral Tribunal, or
quasi-judicial and other administrative bodies
even in a single instance.
Cayetano v. Monsod
A persons past experiences as a lawyereconomist, a lawyer-manager, a lawyer-entrepreneur of
industry, a lawyer-negotiator of contracts, and a lawyerlegislator more than satisfy the constitutional
requirement for appointment as Chairman of the
Comelec that he has been engaged in the active practice
of law for at least ten years and that practice of law
need not be habitual services rendered in litigations in
court.

Legal and Judicial Ethics |4

the confidential and trust relation between
attorney and client
Who may practice law
Any person who has been duly licensed as a
member of the bar in accordance with the statutory
requirements and who is in good and regular standing.
Two basic requirements:
1. He must be admitted to the bar.
a. Furnishing satisfactory proof of
educational,
moral
and
other
qualification;
b. Passing the bar examinations;
c. Taking the lawyers oath before the
Supreme Court itself; and
d. Signing the roll of attorneys and
receiving from the clerk of court of
the Supreme Court a certificate of
the license to practice.
2. After his admission to the bar, he must
remain in good and regular standing
(continuing requirement for the practice of
law)
a. Remain a member of the IBP;
b. Regularly pay all IBP membership
dues and other lawful assessments
as well as the annual privilege tax;
c. Faithfully observe the rules and
ethics of the legal profession; and
d. Be continually subject to judiciary
disciplinary control.
Note: A layman is permitted by the SC to appear for
another. Three limitations:
(1) A layman should confine his work to nonadversary contentions;
(2) The services should not habitually be
rendered;
(3) A layman should not charge or collect
attorneys fees.
An individual has the right to conduct his litigant
personally.

Bound by the same rules of procedure and

evidence as those applicable to a party
appearing through counsel

Counsel must always appear in a criminal

case involving grave and less grave offenses
(note: right to counsel may not be waived
without violating his right to due process)

A juridical person must always appear in

court through counsel, except in the MTC
where it may be represented by its agent or
officer who need not be a lawyer.
A corporation cannot engage in the practice of law.

Underlying reason rests on the nature of the

privilege (it cannot perform the conditions
required for membership in the bar) and on

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The appointment or election of an attorney to a

government office disqualifies hum from engaging
in the private practice of law.

Reason: Public office is a public trust, and a

public officer or employee is obliged not only
to perform his duties with the highest degree
of responsibility, integrity, loyalty and
efficiency, but also with exclusive fidelity.
Remedies against unauthorized practice:

Petitions for injunction, declaratory relief,

contempt
of
court,
petition
for
disqualification,
and
complaints
for
disbarment or administrative complaint
against erring lawyer or government official;
criminal complaint for estafa

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

f.
g.

Qualifications for admission

Citizen of the Philippines;
Resident thereof;
At least 21 years old;
A person of good moral character;
Must show that no charges against him
involving moral turpitude, are filed or
pending in court;
Possess the required educational
qualifications; and
Pass the bar examinations

Procedure for admission

The Supreme Court acts through a bar
examination committee composed of a member of the
court as chairman and eight members of the bar as
examiners.
An applicant must file with the clerk of court
of the SC at least 15 days before the beginning of the
bar examination a duly accomplished application form
provided for that purpose, together with supporting
documents concerning his qualifications.
To enable the court to resolve whether a
particular crime involves moral turpitude and thus
determine the applicants moral character, the
applicant is required to disclose, in the application
form, any crime of which he has been charged.
The applicant has the burden of proof to
establish all those qualifications to the satisfaction of
the court.
Lawyers Oath

Prerequisite to the admission to practice law

and may only be taken before the SC by a

Legal and Judicial Ethics |5

person authorized by the high tribunal to

engage in the practice of law.
Condensed code of legal ethics. It is the
source of his obligation and its violation is a
ground for his suspension, disbarment or
other disciplinary action.

2.

Roll of attorneys

The official record containing the names and

signatures of those who are authorized to
practice law.

Note: A lawyer is not authorized to use a

name other than the one inscribed in the roll.
Payment of IBP dues and privilege tax

The integration of the Bar of the Philippines,

as ordained by the SC, made membership
therein by every attorney compulsory with
the obligation to support it financially.

Lawyers duties to society

A.

Upholding the Constitution and the Law

1. Duty to uphold the Constitution and
obey the law
o
The first and foremost duty of a
lawyer is to maintain allegiance to
the Republic of the Philippines,
uphold the Constitution and obey
the laws of the land.
2. Duty not to engage in unlawful conduct
o
Unlawful conduct act or omission
which is against the law
o
Dishonest conduct act of lying or
cheating
o
Immoral or deceitful conduct one
that involves moral turpitude
3. Duty not to counsel illegal activities
4. Duty not to encourage lawsuits
o
The purpose of the prohibition is to
prevent ambulance chasing, which
refers to solicitation of almost any
kind of legal business by laymen
employed by an attorney for the
purpose or by the attorney himself.
5. Duty to encourage amicable settlement
o
A compromise is as often the better
part of justice as prudence is the
better part of valor, and a lawyer
who encourages compromise is no
less the clients champion in
settlement out of court than he is
the clients champion in the battle in
court.

B.

Making legal services available

1. A lawyer shall not reject the cause of the
defenseless

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3.

4.
5.

C.

A lawyer shall not refuse to render legal

advice
o
Note: He shall refrain from giving
legal advice is the reason for not
accepting the case is conflict of
interest. Extending such legal advice
will
create
an
attorney-client
relationship between them.
Participating in legal development
o
A lawyer must broaden out and
continue to grow in knowledge and
competence in order to be able to
make the law socially responsive.
Lawyer shall keep abreast of legal
developments
Mandatory continuing legal education
o
At least 36 hours of continuing legal
education activities every 3 years

Applicability of Code to government

lawyers
1. A prosecutor shall see to it that justice is
done
o
Dimatulac v. Villon
Prosecutors
are
the
representatives not of an ordinary
party to a controversy, but of a
sovereignty whose obligation to
govern impartially is as compelling
as its obligation to govern all; and
whose interest, therefore, in a
criminal prosecution is not that it
shall win every case but that justice
is done.
2. Restrictions on the functions of public
prosecutor
o
Public prosecutors should not allow,
and should avoid, giving the
impression that their noble office is
being used or prostituted wittingly
or unwittingly, for political ends or
other
purposes
alien
to,
or
subversive of, the basic and
fundamental objective of serving the
interests of justice evenhandedly,
without fear or favor to any and all
litigants alike, whether rich or poor,
weak or strong, powerless or mighty.
3. In appeals, the Solicitor General has
control
o
XPN: RA 8249 In all cases elevated
to the Sandiganbayan and from the
Sandiganbayan to the SC, the Office
of the Ombudsman, through its
special prosecutor, shall represent
the People of the Philippines
4. Role of private prosecutor
o
to represent the offended party with
respect to the civil action for the

Legal and Judicial Ethics |6

5.
6.

7.

8.

recovery of civil liability arising from

the offense
Intervention by private lawyer is subject
to prosecutors control
When public prosecutor should take over
handling of the case
o
A public prosecutor should not allow
the trial in the hands of a private
prosecutor to degenerate into a
private persecution.
o
A private prosecutor is allowed to
actively
participate
in
the
proceedings as long as the public
prosecutor is always present at
every
hearing,
retains
control
thereof
and
assumes
full
responsibility therefor.
A lawyer shall not use his public position
to promote private interest
o
A public official should see to it that
his private activity does not interfere
with the discharge of his official
functions.
Former official may not accept certain
employment
o
Qualifying words or phrases that
define the prohibition are:
(a) Any matter
(b) He had intervened while
in
the
government
service

The lawyers duties to the legal profession

A.

Upholding integrity of profession

1. A person shall make no false statement
in his application for admission to the
bar
2. A lawyer shall not support unqualified
applicant to the bar
3. A lawyer shall always conduct himself
ethically and morally
4. Gross immorality reflective of unfitness
to practice
o
Gross immoral act one that is so
corrupt and false as to constitute a
criminal act or so unprincipled or
disgraceful as to be reprehensible to
a high degree
5. Conviction of a crime involving moral
turpitude
o
Moral turpitude anything which is
done contrary to justice, honesty,
modesty or good morals, or to any
act
of
vileness,
baseness
or
depravity in the private and social
duties that a man owes his
fellowmen or to society, contrary to

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6.

the accepted rule of right and duty

between man and man.
Commission of fraud or falsehood
o
May badly reflect on his fitness to
practice law, and he may be
administratively disciplined therefor

B.

Lawyers relation with other lawyers

1. Candor,
fairness
and
truthfulness
should characterize relations
2. A lawyer shall use temperate language in
his professional dealings
o
not abusive, offensive or otherwise
improper
3. A lawyer shall not encroach upon the
business of another
4. Negotiation with opposite party
o
In the absence of the adverse partys
counsel, a lawyer shall not interview
the adverse party and question him
as to the facts of the case even if the
adverse party is willing to do so.
5. Association as a colleague in a case
o
The lawyer subsequently retained as
additional
counsel
should
communicate first with the original
counsel before he enters his
appearance in the case as the
ethical thing to do when a lawyer
associates with another in a pending
litigation.

C.

Preventing unauthorized practice of law

1. Duty to prevent unauthorized practice of
law
2. Intervention of intermediary not allowed
o
The lawyers relation to his client is
personal and his responsibility is
direct to his client
o
He should avoid all relations which
direct the performance of his duties
by or in the interest of such
intermediary.
o
A charitable society rendering aid to
the indigent is not, however, an
intermediary within the meaning of
the rule.
3. A lawyer shall not delegate legal work to
non-lawyers
4. A lawyer shall not divide fees to nonlawyers
o
XPN:
(a) Where there is a pre-existing
arrangement with a partner or
associate that, upon the latters
death, money shall be paid over
a reasonable period of time to
his estate or to persons
specified in the agreement;

Legal and Judicial Ethics |7

(b)

(c)

D.

Where a lawyer undertakes to

complete
unfinished
legal
business of a deceased lawyer;
Where a lawyer or law firm
includes non-lawyer employees
in a retirement plan, even if the
plan is based in whole or in
part on a profit sharing
arrangement.

Solicitation and advertising

1. A lawyer shall not solicit legal business
o
The rule prohibits professional
touting
2. A lawyer shall not charge lower rates to
attract business
3. A lawyer cannot advertise his talent
o
Reason: A lawyer is a member of an
honorable profession whose primary
purpose is to render public service
and to help secure justice and in
which remuneration is a mere
incident.
4. Proper or permissible advertising or
solicitation
o
Activity not being inherently malum
in se
o
Publication in reputable law lists, in
a manner consistent with the
standards of conduct imposed by
the canons, of brief biographical and
informative data.
o
The use of an ordinary professional
card is also permitted.
5. Writing legal articles
o
The giving of advice on legal matters
through the medium of newspaper
column or radio or television
broadcast is improper because it
involves
indirect
advertising,
violation of the confidential relation
of attorney and client, and a breach
of the traditional standards of the
profession
6. Engaging
in
business
or
other
occupation
o
Impropriety
arises
when
the
business is of such nature or is in
such a manner as to be inconsistent
with the lawyers duties as a
member of the bar
7. A lawyer shall make clear whether he is
acting in another capacity
o
Reason:
Certain
ethical
considerations
governing
the
attorney-client relationship may be
operative in one and not in the other
8. A lawyer shall not use false statement
regarding his qualification or service

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9.

A lawyer shall not use false or misleading

firm name
o
Filipino lawyers cannot practice law
under the name of a foreign law
firm, as the latter cannot practice
law in the Philippines and the use of
the foreign law firm in the country is
unethical
10. A partner who accepts public office
should withdraw from the firm
o
XPN: the law allows him to practice
law concurrently
o
Reason: to prevent the law firm from
using his name to attract legal
business and to avoid suspicion of
undue influence
11. A lawyer shall not seek media publicity
E.

The Integrated Bar of the Philippines

o
The official unification of the entire
lawyer population
o
Power to integrate is vested upon the
Supreme Court
o
Integration is constitutional

Freedom of association
Integration does not make
a lawyer a member of any
group of which he is
already a member. He
became a member of the
bar when he passed the
bar examinations.

Regulatory
fee

a
membership fee in the
Integrated
Bar
is
an
exaction for regulation; the
Court does not levy a tax.

Freedom of speech A
lawyer is free, as he has
always been, to voice his
views on any subject in any
manner he wishes, even
though such views be
opposed to positions taken
by the unified bar.
o
Integrated Bar aims to elevate the
standards of the legal profession,
improve the administration of justice
and enable the bar to discharge its
public
responsibility
more
effectively.
o
The Integrated Bar is strictly nonpolitical.

No lawyer holding an
elective, judicial, quasijudicial or prosecutor office
in the government or any
political
subdivision
or
instrumentality
thereof
shall be eligible for election

Legal and Judicial Ethics |8

or appointment to any
position in the Integrated
Bar or any chapter thereof.
Membership, resignation, retirement
and reinstatement

In no case shall any lawyer

be a member of more than
one chapter.

A lawyer who resigns his

membership or who is
retired from the Integrated
Bar cannot practice law,
unless he is reinstated.
Effect
of
non-payment
of
membership dues

He is considered duesdelinquent

All
his
membership
privileges other than the
practice of law shall be
suspended.
The Integrated Bar is governed by a
network of national and local
officials.

Reason: Judges who issue the

orders or rulings should not only be
respected
but
respect
and
consideration should likewise be
extended to the judicial branch of
the government
3. Defending judges from unjust criticism
4. A lawyer shall appear in proper attire
o
If he dresses improperly, he may be
cited for contempt.
5. Lawyer shall be punctual
6. A lawyer shall abstain from offensive
language or behavior
o
A lawyers language should be
forceful but dignified, emphatic but
respectful as befitting an advocate
and in keeping with the dignity of
the legal profession.
o
His arguments, written or oral,
should be gracious to both the court
and opposing counsel and be of
such words as may be properly
addressed by one gentleman to
another.
7. A judge should be courteous to lawyer to
merit respect
8. Upholding courts authority and dignity
o
He should not promote distrust in
the administration of justice.
9. A lawyer shall not attribute to a judge
improper motives
o
The rule does not preclude a lawyer
from criticizing judicial conduct so
long as it is supported by the record
or is material to the case.
10. A lawyer shall submit grievances to
proper authorities
o

Lawyers duties to courts

A.

B.

Lawyer owes candor and fairness to the

court
1. Lawyers duties to court
o
Officer of the court
o
His duties to the court are more
significant than those which he
owes to his clients.
2. A Lawyer should be candid and truthful
to court
3. A lawyer shall do no falsehood
o
His duties to his client should yield
to his duty to deal candidly with the
court.
4. A lawyer should not knowingly misquote
nor misrepresent
5. A lawyer shall not misuse rules of
procedures
o
Procedural rules are instruments in
the
speedy
and
efficient
administration of justice. They
should be used to achieve such end
and not to derail it.
Observing and maintaining respect due to
the courts and judicial officers
1. Respect due the courts
o
Duty devolves not only upon lawyers
but also upon those who will choose
to enter the profession
2. Obeying court orders

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C.

Assisting the court in speedy and efficient

administration of justice
1. Duty to assist in the administration of
justice
o
He should not do an act that
obstructs, perverts, or impedes the
administration of justice and by
faithfully complying with all his
duties to the court and to his client.
2. A lawyer shall come to court adequately
prepared
3. A lawyer shall not file multiple actions
4. Lawyer shall not resort to forum
shopping
5. Duty to disclose pending case
6. Verification must be signed by the party,
not his counsel
o
XPN:

where there are two or

more
plaintiffs
or
petitioners, all of them
must sign unless the one

Legal and Judicial Ethics |9

7.

who signs the verification

and certification has been
authorized to execute the
same by, and on behalf of,
the co-plaintiff or copetitioner

where the joint parties are

husband and wife involving
their
property,
the
husband may sign the
verification

if the party is a juridical

person, the certification
must be executed by a
corporate officer or agent
duly authorized by its
board of directors
Lawyer to temper clients propensity to
litigate

ivygwynn2015

Lawyer must resist the whims and

caprices of his client.
8. A lawyer shall file his pleadings within
the period
9. Duty to inform clients death and change
of counsels address
o
Within 30 days from death of client
10. A lawyer shall not delay nor impede
execution of judgment
o
The law makes it the duty of a
lawyer to delay no man for money or
malice.
o
Page 164
o

D.

Avoiding impropriety
influence the court

that

tends

to