World Cities

Millionaire Cities, Megacities and World Cities

Millionaire city: 1 million+ pop
Megacity: 10 million+ pop, 2,000 persons/km, one or two places merged
World City: Major area which doesnt just serve area, but world, normally multinational
These are all interlinked in a pattern, usually by train. Also they started mainly in MEDCs,
but have slowly appeared more in LEDCs.

Contemporary Urbanisation Processes

Urbanisation: the movement and growth of proportion of people living in urban areas.
Characteristics: Since the 1950s, urbanisation has started rapidly to increase in LEDCs. the
main two reasons for this are population growth and migration.
Push factors
Pull factors

Poor infrastructure
Unemployment
Poverty/Famine
Natural Disasters
Civil War
Desertification

Better Jobs
Better Education
City life Bright Life
Better Social life
Higher pay
Financial Aid
Better Healthcare
- Urbanisation in the UK: Started with the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s

Push Factor
Pull Factor

Economic
1. Unemployment from mechanisation
2. Little pay
1. More and better quality jobs
2. Better pay

Social
1. Poorer education
2. Poorer social life
3. Poorer healthcare
1. Better education
2. Better social life
3. Better healthcare
4. Increased social status
5. Better transport

Effects: The results were an increase in pollution, more employment in the secondary
industry over primary, new land use in the city, lots of denser terraced housing and economic
growth of major cities.
The UK is still urbanised, but its population is slowly moving to more rural areas (counter
urbanisation).From the 1960s onwards, all walks of life seem to be reducing in urbanisation.

Case Study: Dharavi, Mumbai, India (Urbanisation LEDC)

Background:
Not capital city, but it is the biggest with a population of 14,500,000
Indias financial centre, a major port and home of Bollywood movie industry
Typical fast growing city which it cant cope with from migration and population growth
Used to be small place full of fishing villages and encouraged development, but failed
British colonial peoples set it all up and when they left, the place had a boom in
development
Becoming a world city
Now heavily overcrowded, drawing in people from all over India who are uneducated and
unskilled, this has led to cheap suburbs being created, transport overcrowding and slums
being made at the outskirts of the city for the poorest of the poor
One partially successful attempt for control was to move the money making centres to
Navi Mumbai to the east, but it still left a lot of people in Mumbai and hasnt stopped
growing, with the main concern being Dharavi
The Problem:
Most likely the biggest slum in Asia with 600,000 people
Makes around $40 million a year but takes up the area which rich Mumbai should be
moving to as the city grows with valuable land
Dharavi lies across a narrow part of the peninsula and cant move, causing conflict
between the developers and residents.
The Solution:
Governments of Mumbai etc. want to destroy the housing in stages, giving temporary
accommodation, make proper housing and seven storey buildings, then re-enter the
population if they have been living there since 1995, therefore they can use more of the
expensive land
The rest of the land will be sold or made into an open market
BUT they need the agreement of the majority of Dharavi population for the go-ahead,
which some residents worry that once it does finally go ahead, that some of their land will
go even more to business through dirty tactics, reducing the size for a population there.

Suburbanisation: from the centre of the city to the suburbs or rural-urban fringe. This is
usually in MEDCs because of technological advances, better transport and to live in a more
pleasant environment.
Characteristics: Happened around 1920-1960s, race has played an important part of
suburbanisation, especially as immigrants like to live closely together for social and economic
support. Suburbanisation couldnt have happened without improvements to the transport
infrastructure such as railways and roads London underground very important. As the trains
improved and reduced in fare price the rich kept moving further out and so did the poorer
groups, which is called Succession and Invasion. This increased the business of small
businesses buying cheaper land. It also created edge cities. Although many people believe
that suburbanisation is a bad thing as it causes urban sprawl and inner-city decay. Some places
have incorporated green-belt policies which limit the growth to stop inner-city and city
decay.
Causes:
Push Factor

Pull Factor

Economic
1. Hard to get jobs

1. Lower price of land

2. More job opportunities
3. Transport affordable by
rich
4. New out-of-town
development by
government

Social
1. Congestion
and population
density
2. Better QOL
3. Succession and
Invasion
1. Correct social
mix

Environmental

Demographical

1. Pollution
from industry
and traffic

1. Worse
education for
kids so
young
families
move
1. Better
education for
kids so
young
families
move

1. More
space and
nature

Effects:
Inner City

Suburbs

More transport aimed at

suburb area

More pollution from transport

Clearance for more buildings

Environmental improvement
Less crowding

Suburb land prices rose

Increase in office jobs
Pressure on green belt
Congestion spread
Increased retail demand
Increased recreational demand
Better housing and range
Better QOL and SOL

Whole City

City growth
Developed transport
More housing and jobs
More dispersed pollution
More open spaces
Outer city traffic
Greater segregation

Mini Case Study: Manchester (MEDC Suburbanisation)

Mid 19th century, of people in the city centre where there were factories producing
cotton.
Suburbs were only 1km away from city centre leading to the poor surrounding the rich
Late 19th century, a new act was passed which made housing much more spacious
The transport improved along with trains, reaching 6km out from the city centre
In the 20th century, the transport kept thriving and the population kept growing, although
the River Mersey proved hard to build around due to flooding

Mini Case Study: Los Angeles (MEDC Suburbanisation)

Huge difference between development in inner-city and suburbs

Uniform, large, medium density, small store buildings, started around 1945, port, trade,
short commute, racial segregation between inner suburbs with the blacks, while whites on
outer suburbs, who were richer with higher statuses, larger less dense housing and up to
60km from CBD but have own shopping malls
Therefore, they didnt have inner city redeveloped, but kept building out and so, much
further from CBD with few transport links (mainly car)

Counter-Urbanisation: population from the city moves out from the rural-urban fringe for a
quieter, easier life.
Characteristics: Happened around 1980s, people retiring from the urbanisation and
suburbanisation to go live in countryside, transport even more developed allowing further
distances from work, families moving away from cities, some able to afford 2 nd home in
countryside.
Causes:
Push Factor

Pull Factor

Economic
1. expensive living
costs including
congestion charge

Social
1. overcrowding
2. higher crime rate

1. lower cost of living

2. Accessibility with
transport
3. Ability to work at
home
4. retirement migration
5. Out-of-town
shopping
6. Greenfield site
developments

1. communities
2. more space and
parks and separate
housing (quieter and
better for children)
3. More leisure
facilities
4. Perceived better
education

Environmental

Demographical

1. Pollution,
especially
childrens
health risk
2. Little
greenery
3. Higher
vandalism
4. Eye-sore
1. Better
views/green
area
2. Cleaner air
3. Quiter

1. Loud
population

1. Quiet
population

Case Study: St. Ives, Cambridgeshire (Counter-Urbanisation MEDC)

Location: Small town in Cambridgeshire, 100km north of London, just off A14 and East
Coast railway making London very accessible
Pull Factors:
15th century Georgian and Victorian housing
Lots of Greenland
Affordable housing
Good accessibility including transport to 100km way London
Plenty of space
Variety of housing
Quiet and clean
Higher than average income
Effects:
Demographic Effects:

Social Effects:

Old people left for retirement

Young families escaping to the quiet and
cheap
Population of out-of-town workers grows

Shops and services stay

High status estate agents and restaurants
Secondary school numbers increase
25% commute to London

Re-urbanisation: movement of people back to city after redevelopment, mainly young

people looking for a better life.
Characteristics: From the 1980s, many development schemes started to get involved, some
private, some governmental and some local authority. They took over the old areas which had
out-of-date housing and factories which were no longer fit for purpose, which were mainly
abandoned or had few people living/working there. These schemes then made use of the
brown field sites by creating better housing, more jobs, bringing in younger talent, training
people for new skills in new jobs, encourage private-sector investment, improve social
activities and the quality of environment.
Causes:
Push Factor
Pull Factor

Economic
1. Little
professional jobs for
young people
1. More jobs
2. Train new skills
3. Money being
pumped into the
area

Social
1. Little social
activities for young in
rural areas
1. Modern housing,
possibly increased
social status
2. More social stuffs

Environmental

Demographical
1. Area for old
people and
families
1. Young,
exciting people

Effects: A number of initiative schemes were set up.

Urban Development Corporations (UDCs, 1980s 1990s) regenerate large areas of
derelict land. They did the London Docklands and 10 other schemes in the 1980s-1990s.
They cleared the land then got private investment in. It did bring in economic development,
but found it ignores locals, but they are now trying harder to take in locals accounts.
Enterprise Zones (EZs, 1980s) Reducing tax to businesses to increase employment. Not
many new businesses set up, just existing businesses moved for the tax break.
Inner-City Task Force (1987) Temporary scheme to provide training opportunities, approx.
500,000 jobs made.
Single Generation Budgets (SGB, 1997) At change of government, local authorities had to
bid for regeneration budgets for rundown housing areas, more power to the people.
English Partnerships => National Regeneration Agency Lots of partnerships working
together from government to locals for housing.

Case Study: London Docklands (Re-urbanisation MEDC)

Location: East of the Tower Bridge, East London and majority north of the Thames
Reasons:
All of the docks shut, the last one shutting in 1981 because it was too small
Port industry shut, so people were moving out
Vicious Circle of Poverty
Male unemployment at 24%, twice the national average
Schools and hospitals old and it had thin and twisty roads
Potential to use River Thames as an attractive environment
Huge area with pubs and warehouses which could be removed
Close to central London
Aims:
Private investment to increase economy
Physically regenerate the environment
Improve living conditions + prospects of the community of the Docklands
Positives:
Economic:
DLR built (1987)
Infrastructure improved including
roads
Attracted new offices (Canary Wharf
+ London Arena)
Airport for light aircraft
Jubilee expansion (trains)

600/1000 ha reclaimed
Job nos increased
30 spent of training projects
For every 1 spent on the project,
10s was given in investment
Flagships like Canary Wharf brought
in even more investment

Physical:
City formed
Parks and
walkways
developed
300 spent
improving
facilities

Social:
Home owners rose
from 5% to 45% in 8
years
Cleaned water and
cleaned area
8,000 old houses
improved and 50,000
new ones built
More shops

Negatives:
80% of new house prices are too expensive for locals, by 1995 only 4% of locals own
homes there
30,000 new jobs created, but 20,000 of them were just transfers
45,000 local people unemployed due to lacking business skills
Most newcomers are only young and rich
Transport isnt big enough for the future

Case Study: Singapore (Re-urbanisation LEDC)

Background (1960s):
Very dense population 1700p/ha
Poor basic amenities and infrastructure e.g. lack of good sewage system and electricity
within buildings
Buildings densely put together and dilapidated

Street congestion

Problems:
Limited space for building (small island)
Few resources
Re-housing everyone is very troublesome
Recent Positive Outcomes:
Positives
Economic
Promoted land for transnational companies
Grown economically 10% each year
Worlds 4th largest foreign exchange centre
Worlds 3rd best oil refiner
In top economic league table
One of the biggest ship repairers in the world
Very high income
Social

More people speak English

State of the art transport system within city
Huge shopping centres and high quality companies
Developed huge container port and airport
Centres for every nation/culture

Housing:
Skyline area, 9/10 people live in high rise buildings
Made and rented by the Housing Development Board (HDB)
High-density still, but space for greenery
Equal buildings with no separate segregation (quotas of different ethnic groups)
Only lease flats to married couples, not single mothers (rent private or stay with family)
Paid by pensions - 1/5 salary into state account
Local services for each estate
Special Design Features:
Void Deck empty ground floor for flooding, circulation of air, communal area for social
functions, reduced crime, least desirable place to live
Aesthetics different rooflines and minimal building design changes
Access easy access such as elevator maintenance, 30 min call out time
Waste Automatic waste disposal systems + incinerators
Cleanliness Public areas are monitored by CCTV fines (minimum 130), shaming
culprits in newspapers, wee detecting floors
Outcomes:
Economic

Social

Positives
Eradicated slums
Attracted investment and other
people
All income families catered for
Cleanliness
Less ghettos and poverty
stricken areas
Reduction in ability for
spreading diseases

Negatives
Singles not allowed flats
Little room for private
development

Strict control of country (Human

Rights fail)
Lack of original architecture
Singles not allowed flats

Environmental

More greenery and space

Urban Decline and Regeneration within Urban Areas

Characteristics: Mainly found in inner-city areas or outer city council estates. They usually
feature deindustrialization, depopulation or changing population, abandoned buildings, high
local unemployment, single families, political rejection and high crime rates.
Causes:
Reasons for Inner-City Decline
Economic

Social

Environmental

1. Millions of jobs
dismissed due to
technology/unemploy
ment
2. Service job growth
didnt compensate
manufacturing job loss
3. More jobs in rural
areas rose
4. Deindustrialisation
5. Lack of capital
investment

1. Left for better

employment
opportunities
2. Counterurbanisation
3. Poor image of
inner-city compared
to suburbs/rural
4. Access to jobs with
transport and other
job growth
5. Rising crime
rates/riots

1. Poor low quality

derelict housing and
area
2. High vandalism
and graffiti
3. Few parks, play
areas and space
4. Loud and concrete
surrounding
5. Slum-like area
6. Pollution

Political/
Demographical
1. People feel
rejected by
government
2. Government
isnt actually
working hard on
them
3. Political
extremism
4. Ageing
popultion

Reasons for Outer-City Council Estates Decline

Economic
1. Unskilled people
for the jobs in the
nearby area
2. Lack of transport
to inner-city

Social
1. Poor quality
housing
2. Lack of strong
community
3. Hidden places
led to criminal
activity

Environmental
1. Slum-like area
2. High vandalism
and graffiti

Political
1. People feel
rejected by
government
2. Government isnt
actually working
hard on them

Gentrification: Renewal of a deteriorated neighbourhood by new residents who are wealthier

than the locals. This can cause an increase in house prices and lead to displacement of locals.
It is small scale done by individual people. It is accompanied by landscape and street furniture
improvements.

Case Study: Notting Hill, Centre West London (Gentrification MEDC)

Location: West of central London within M25 near the end of the River Thames, below the
A1, edge of the inner city, east of M4. Followed the northern line in the late 1980s sweeping
towards Surrey. Houses in these areas have double in the last two years with many new
services causing the multiplier affect businesses moving, house prices go up.
Background: Used to be a stopping point for highwaymen in the mid 18th century, unpopular
tollgate gave the main road its name which was then followed by workers from
industrialisation from the countryside with landlords building small terraced houses for the
poor. It used to be a rough working class area and by the 1950s it was known for slum
landlords and inner city deprivation. In 1958 it was scene of race riots after tensions arose
between the newly arrived Afro Caribbean community and the teddy boys of the fascist
British Union. A second riot took place during the infamous Notting Hill Carnival of 1976.
Present: In the past 30 years there has been a swarm of gentrification with estate agents
coining names like Hillgate Village for previously working class neighbourhoods sending
property prices rocketing. Houses can cost more here than in ultra upmarket Mayfair.
Notting Hill secluded communal gardens sandwiched between the rows of houses and
scarcely visible from the street, make it Londons most desirable area for families.
Reason: Notting Hill movie popularised area, many famous actors and rock singers and
fashion designers flooded into area, Sainsburys supposed to be best place in London to spot
celebrities. Close to centre of London. Leisure activities on the River Thames. In need of
renewal. Very nice area with Victoria architecture, large houses and gardens. Many upmarket
services then joined the area.
Trellick Tower: Britains largest apartment block built in 1973. Epitomised everything that
was wrong with modern high rise buildings. Stories of women being raped in lifts, children
being attacked by heroin addicts and squatters setting fire to flats. Since the installation of a
concierge and extra security the towers reputation has been transformed, it is now something
of a style icon becoming a grade II building in 1998. It is considered a trendy address.
Portabello Road: One of the worlds most famous street markets dating back from 1837.
The market serves up three experiences, antiques to the south, fruit and veg in the middle and
second hand clothing and bits and bobs to the north.
Notting Hill Carnival: Large Caribbean population leading to a three day carnival over the
last Bank Holiday weekend of August. Largest street festival outside Rio de Janeiro attended
by over 1m people. Revellers are drawn in by the colour, people, food, huge sound systems,
dancing and all day street partying with grand parade floats.
Outcome: It has received many good and bad reviews.
Economic
Social

Positives
stabilisation of declining areas
increased property values
reduced vacancy rates
increase social mix
decrease crime

Negatives
speculative property price
increases
displacement of locals through
rent/price increases
community resentment and
conflict
loss of affordable housing
homelessness

Environmental

changes to local services

reduction of urban sprawl

refurbishment of properties

Property Led Regeneration Scheme

Case Study: London Docklands Regeneration, LDDC (MEDC)
Problems: counter-urbanisation, suburbanisation, segregation, deindustrialisation and
cumulative causation. These led to:
1 million people leave the inner city between 1961 1981, 243,000 jobs lost between
1961 - 1971
Leaving because of slum clearance, decentralisation, improved public and private
transport, cheaper housing, better quality of life, reduced unemployment.
Many ethnic groups such as Africans and Pakistanis came in around that period and took
the abandoned area
Phase 1 (Mid 1940s Mid 1960s): Tackle bomb damage from WW2, Eastenders show asked
to move, tower blocks being set up and being found it be failing
Phase 2 (Mid 1960s Mid 1970s): Experimentation of ideas found to be only working for
outsiders and well off
Phase 3 (Mid 1970s late 1970s): Docklands became partnership area, giving it more
money to work with, but only little progress being made
Phase 4 (Late 1970s Mid 1990s): London Docklands Development Corporation set up.
21km land, 40,000 residents in Newham, Tower Hamlets and Southwark. They said with
440 million, they made 4,400 million of private investment. Throughout this time, there
was a recession, followed by a small boom, and then another period of Dockland retraction.
Flagship projects: Canadian developers Olympia and York invest 3,700 million in 24 super
scale office buildings for 50,000 people; they also made the 2 nd largest skyscraper in Europe
at 800ft.
Catalyst Schemes:
Docklands Light Railway at a cost of 73 million
London City airport for small planes
Tube extension to Jubilee line from Bank to Canary Wharf

Successes

rd

Docklands 3 most popular place to

visit in London
Thousands of new jobs created
Environment now accessible and has
little derelict land
Reversed population decline

Failures

Local people suffered a bit and had no

input
Too expensive housing
Local industry squeezed out
In architectural opinion, it is a
disappointing urban landscape
Social segregation of yuppies (young
urban professionals) and dinkies 9double
income couple, no kids)

Partnership schemes between local and national governments and the private sector
Case Study: City Challenge, Hulme, Manchester (MEDC)
City challenge: Inner city regeneration scheme
It started in 1991
11 places first round, 20 areas second round
Differences to UDC are that you had to bid, everyone had to work together, smaller scale,
bottom up approach
Background: Redeveloped in the 1960s as part of a slum clearance programme and a
number of high rise flats were built. Of the 5,500 dwellings, 98% were council owned. Many
of these had very poor design features such as being damp, having thin walls, lack of security,
broken lifts and poor access. This led to low levels of families and children with a
disproportionate number of single person households from university students. There was
also a high number of single parents and other people with social difficulties. There was
some evidence to suggest the local authorities had used the area to dump some of its more
unfortunate residents.
Redevelopment: In 1992 under the Hulme City Challenge Partnership, plans were drawn up
to build 3,000 new homes, with new shopping centres, roads and community facilities. A
more traditional pattern of housing development was designed with streets, squares, two
storey houses and low rise flats. By 1955, 50 hectares of land had been reclaimed, with the
majority of it being land from the demolished high rise flats. The main shopping area was
totally refurbished including the Asda supermarket. A new community centre including
creche facilities and other social provision and the Zion Arts Centre was also constructed.
Crime in the area had been greatly reduced and there was more of a social mix with the
appearance of Hulme being altered radically. Green areas were made with office
development housing companies coming strongly into the area. One significant part of the
1970s Hulme that still exists is the Moss Side Sports and Leisure Complex. Upgraded for the
2002 Commonwealth Games. This has become a popular place to live particularly for
university students. A symbol of the regeneration is the Hulme Arch which provides a local
landmark.
Partners: Guinness Trust and Bellway Homes worked closely together with the Manchester
City Council. The Manchester Airport also funded money for the project. Hulme is a good
example of how the public and private sectors work together to improve a declining area.

Retailing and Other Services

Causes:
Increased Mobility: High % of pop. have access to a car. In the CBD there is limited parking
which can be pricey, whereas out-of-town shopping centres have lots of parking space and its
usually free. Locations of shopping centres near motorway for quick and easy access.
Changing Nature of Shopping Habits: Freezers, female employment and read-made meals
have changed over the decades.
Changing Expectations of Shopping Habits: Shopping has become more family friendly and
led to restaurants and entertainment areas. For example, Bluewater has a coffee shop within
every 100 metres.
Changing Nature of Retailing: Less competition since very large companies dominate and
monopoly the market.

Case Study: Merry Hill, West Midlands (Out-of-town Retailing)

Background:
Located west of Birmingham, 10/15km from central Birmingham, south of Dudley Hill
Main section built from 1984-89 and is still ongoing extensions
Touchwood shopping centre made from competition
50ha, 10 screen cinema, 2 floors, car park 10,000 spaces
185 shops and kiosks, two supermarkets, 24 catering outlets 2,200 seats e.g. M&S
3rd largest centre after Bluewater and The biggest Metro Centre
21 million customer visits a year in a catchment area of 3 million
Bus station en route to many places e.g. Birmingham and Wolverhampton
Waterfront building opposite overviews canal with bars and restaurants
Previously railway underneath, failed due to safety and problems over ownership
Enterprise zone in 1980s made planning easy
The area it was built on was over the steelwork industry factory and Merry Hill farm and
wildlife area, even though it received many complaints and protests
The building was so big that the canal was shut off for a while due to safety concerns
Reasons:
Close to highly populated cities (conurbation)
Easy access from M5 motorway with buses and A roads
One of the enterprise zones and people took advantage of planning conditions
Need for jobs and business in the area
Plenty of space, including both Brownfield and Greenfield
No other shopping centres in the West

Impact:
Positives

Many new easy jobs made

Large area for eating shopping and for
entertainment
Unique and larger shops led to the
multiplier effect
Friendly and cheap
Variety of shops in one place
Dry, warm, clean
Policed well
Over 4,000 new jobs compared to
1,200 at steelworks
Compacted area reduced sprawl
All types of people can shop there,
including elderly and disabled
Free parking
Trying to turn more eco-friendly now
High streets and other businesses
trying harder for work

Negatives

Destroyed Merry Hill farm, the

steelworks, wildlife and green space
Temporary access restriction on canal
Many people protested
Many stores in surrounding area knocked
out of business e.g. 70% of Dudley, whole
M&S left and moved to Merry Hill
Increased pollution and traffic, especially
in that area
Mainly accessible by car
Loss of jobs at certain areas
Cycle of Decline around

Recent and Planned Developments:

Forced to integrate with outside business due to complaints
Merry Hill and Brierley Hill interconnected with walkway and tram system by 2011,
which made Dudley Canal rerouted and a few houses and flats built around the area.
Replacement cinema with bowling alley, comedy club, outdoor performing area, more
bars and a casino made on vacant land
Apparently the first shopping centre to receive BREEAM accreditation, meaning its all
eco and shiz
Local factors thinking of closing and selling their land for housing and other businesses
Box Malls (Greenbridge Retail and Leisure Park): They are box-shaped retail outlets, often
specialised in furniture, DIY materials, electronic goods and computers. Tend not to specialise
in comparison goods, but are close by to shopping malls or leisure attractions.

Case Study: Touchwood, Solihull (Urban Centre Redevelopment)

Background:
Shopping centre on the south-east of the West Midlands conurbation opposite side from
Dudley
On redeveloped land in the town centre, close to bus and railway stations, with its own
multi-storey car park
Prosperous area
National Exhibition Centre and Birmingham airport
Less derelict land than Dudley and has far more employment in growing sectors of the
economy
Touchwood was becoming old fashioned in the 90s, and therefore refurbished itself
60,000m space, opened in Sept 2001, modern theme
Won UK Retail Destination of the year and Best major new shopping centre, also in the
top 50 shopping centre destinations
Created 2,000 retail jobs

80 stores, 20 restaurants, 9-screen cinema, 6,000 parking spaces

Links to M42
Architecture reflects Solihull very well and looks very pretty
Largest arcade centre and most courtyard gardens and open spaces in the UK for a centre
2 internal courtyards
3 special arcade rooms
4 new gardens

Contemporary Sustainability Issues in Urban Areas

Waste Management: EU and UK government have produced targets for all local authorities
to reduce the waste buried in their landfill sites and to increase the amount which is recycled.
If they go over, then they have to pay a fine. Also, government suggested that local authorities
should consider charging households which throw away more than average without recycling,
although this was challenged by press claims so they backed down for the while at least.
However, the problem is not seizing to go away.
Case Study: Mucking, London (Landfill)
Landfill facts:
1956 Clean Air Act meant no more burning of rubbish for health reasons and smog
70% of Londons rubbish goes to landfills in Essex now
4 landfills closing a week on average
Plan to half methane output by by 2020.
Short Term Positives
1. Quick
2. Cheap
3. Easiest solution

Long Term Positives

1. Burn it or plant grass over it once
finished with
2. Use the methane gas as energy to heat
homes

Short Term Negatives

1. Build up of disease and rats
2. Unpleasant smell
3. Releases poisonous methane gas
4. Lots of traffic caused nearby
Long Term Negatives
1. Unpleasant to live near
2. Will get full at some point
3. Long decaying time
4. Chemical waste and leeching of chemicals
into soil which is unsafe
5. Contributes to global warming
6. Tax on landfill site

Curitiba
Case Study: Chelmsford, Essex (Recycling)
Recycling facts:
In 2006, 18% of waste was recycled in the UK, 26% in Chelmsford.
Chelmsford added more to routine at cost of 750,000 with double amount of workers,
but still relies heavily on residents to help.
30% target by 2010, 38% for Chelmsford, but only 18% for tower Hamlets because of
difficulty of recycling in city.

Short Term Positives

1. More jobs as collectors
2. Sell or re-use recycled material

Short Term Negatives

1. Expensive and time consuming
2. Difficult to sort materials
3. Rely on people to sort their rubbish out
4. Reliant on market and price
5. Difficult to collect in inner-city
e.g. high-rise flats

Long Term Positives

1. Better for environment
2. Less global warming
3. Meet EU targets

Long Term Negatives

1. Expensive and will continue to be
expensive
2. Increased transport cost and harm to
environment

Case Study: Rivenhall, Central Essex (Incineration) + Singapore

Incineration facts:
0.5 million tonnes incinerated each year
Incinerator to last around 30 years
Below A120, Bradwell, old airfield, brownfield near Braintree, good access
Short Term Positives
1. Quick and effective
2. Jobs through transport
3. Reduces landfill and actually rids waste

Short Term Negatives

1. Pollution from transport and gases given off
health risk
2. Residents close-by have view of tall tower
3. Early morning smoke and fog

Long Term Positives

1. Receive power through burning
2. Use of brownfield site
3. Paid by others to take their rubbish

Long Term Negatives

1. Increases transport and busy motorway
2. Incineration plants can become huge and
lower quality of area, especially countryside
3. Health worries from dioxins

Transport Management:
Public
Transport

Vehicle
Transport

Pollution
Control

Local
1. Boris Bikes for London
2. Park + Pay in Chelmsford
3. Oyster Card in London
4. Bus routes and lanes
5. Cycle lanes
1. Red routes for no stopping in
London
2. Changing road surface to slow
vehicles down
3. Congestion charge
4. Park + Pay in Chelmsford
5. Widening of M25 and other
motorways
6. A12 accident patrols
1. Low-emission zone in London
2. Electric and zero carbon cars
finally promoted

National
1. Free buses for elderly
2. Cycle lanes

1. Bridge Tolls
2. Speed bumps + cameras
3. Speed warning signs

1. Tax on fuel

Pricing
Mechanism

3. Faster lane for cars with more

than one person
1. Congestion charge
2. Tax on carbon emissions
3. Road tolls for town centres
(Manchester rejected idea because
of rejecting business)

1. Tax on fuel
2. Park + Pay in Chelmsford
3. Congestion charge