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ADVANCE LOGGING PROCEDURE Q/A

Q. 1) what is ECD?
Ans: It is an expression of circulating pressure at the bottom of hole in terms
of equivalent mud weight. OR It is the apparent density of mud while
circulation.
Q. 2) what the overbalance condition means?
Ans: Hydrostatic pressure of the mud will be higher than the formation
pressure in to the well bore.
Q. 3) Enlist 3 parameters of Stuck Pipe?
Ans: Stuck Pipe due to:
a) Casing Collapsed b) Junk in Hole c) Bore hole failure d) Poor Hole
cleaning d) Hole under gauge e) Key seating f) primary cementing
failure
Q. 4) Why the Driller/ Coman make conditioned trip?
Ans:
a) To conditioned hole.
b) To conditioned mud.
Q. 5) Why the driller use the trip tank for flow check instead to use the active
pit?
Ans: B/c trip tank is narrow and long (Small and cylindrical) and small
variation in volume can be easily monitor.
Q.6) Difference b/w Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids?
Newtonian Fluids

Non Newtonian Fluids

Simplest form of fluid, Have no


Structure.

Have solids to form structure.

As the force applied, fluids starts


to move.

Fluid will not move until the


yield point (YP) overcomes.

Linear relationship b/w shear rate


& shear stress.

No linear relation ship until the


yield point (YP) overcomes.

Fluids have constant viscosity.

Viscosity is not constant.

These are non plastic fluids.

These are plastic fluids.

Q. 6a) What good sorting effects on cuttings size?


Ans: Cuttings size will be equal.
Q. 6b) What good sorting effects on cuttings shape?
Ans: Cuttings will be rounded or sub rounded.
Q. 6c) What good sorting tell us about transportation distance?
Ans: It means cuttings transported from a long distance.
Q. 7) What we describe for oil shows (beside microscope) in Cut?
Ans:
a) Color. b) Intensity. c) Ratings. d) Fluorescence.
Q. 8) by using the pressure loss across the bit:
Ans:
a) If it is 48% we will achieve the maximum jet impact force (ROP)
b) If it is 65% we will achieve the maximum hydraulic horse power (Hole
Cleaning).
Q. 9) Compaction disequilibrium is one of the factor of abnormal pressure,
describe briefly?
Ans: Due to fast rate of the overlying sediments, formation fluids have no
chance to escape (De-watering). That formation fluid become isolate and not
remain in contact with the sea water (Surface water) hydraulically which
create the pressure build up and cause the abnormal pressure. This
phenomena called Compaction Disequilibrium.
Q. 10) What kind of tests we performed in case of calcareous shale or
argillaceous limestone?
Ans:
a) HCL
b) Calcimetry

Q. 11) what factors describe the flow regime?


a) Reynolds number-----if Reynolds no. is more than the Reynolds no.
critical (Rec 3450) the flow will be turbulent.
b) Critical velocity----- if the annular velocity is more than the critical
velocity the flow will be turbulent.
Q. 12) Incase of washout why the cuttings accumulate?
Ans: B/c the annular velocity is reduced due to bigger hole size and is not
enough to carry cuttings to the surface.
Q. 13) How the pressure cavings look like or appeared?
Ans:
a) Size-----starting from small to 1cm.
b) Growth-----depend on amount of underbalance or negative differential
pressure and lithology.
c) Description----- long, concave, thin, dark, splintery, delicate and brittle.
Q. 14) What the shear rate effects on fluid viscosity?
Ans: As the shear rate increases, the apparent viscosity of the fluid will
decrease and mud will become thinner. This phenomena called Shear
Thinning
Q. 15) Calculate ECD?
Data: All depths w.r.t TVD
9 5/8 Casing @ 5774 ft, ID: 12.615
8 Drill collar length = 600 ft, ID: 2.81
5 Drill Pipe to surface, ID: 4.276
P.O.P = 0.1546 bbl/ stk
SPM = 150
PV= 15
YP= 17
Open Hole 12 = 1055 ft
Mud Weight = 10.5 ppg

Expected Q/A of Formation Pressure Evaluation


(All Answers lengths depends on marks)

Q.1) Define overburden pressure?


Ans: It is the pressure due to the weight of the overlying sediments and the
water column.
Q.2) What are the tools can use for pressure evaluation?
Ans:
Prior Drilling: surface geophysical data, regional geology, seismic data and
offset data.
While Drilling: Drilling parameters (ROP, TRQ, DXC, pump press), MWD logs
(GR, RES, Sonic, Density), hole problems (Kick), geology (shale density,
cuttings volume, size and shape).
After Drilling: wireline logs, Pressure tests, Data Analysis.
Q.3) Difference b/w laminar and turbulent flow?
Ans:
Laminar Flow

Turbulent Flow

It has direction

No direction, random flow

It does not lead excessive


press drop

Does lead excessive press


drop

Does not create high ECD

Create high ECD

Good for transport cuttings

Not

good

for

transport

cuttings,
but sometime good in high
angle wells
Usually found in concentric annulus
Q.4) Higher the interval transit time Delta t:
Ans: Option (a)
a)
b)
c)
d)

density will be less and porosity will be high


density will be high and porosity will be less
density and porosity will be high
None of these

Q.5) Salinity affects on fluid density and pore pressure of the fluid, if it will be
high:
Ans: Option (d)
a)
b)
c)
d)

Fluid density will be less, pore pressure will be less


Fluid density will be less, pore pressure will be high
Fluid density will be high, pore pressure will be less
Fluid density will be high, pore pressure will be high

Q.6) What is Imposed Pressure?


Ans: Any external pressure which is imposed on the well when it is shut in. it
can be occurs due to:
a) exerted by pumps (LOT, FIT, well shut in)
b) exerted by the formation ( Kick, well shut in)
Q.7) Which age rocks have high pressure?
Ans: Jurassic and Triassic
a)
b)
c)
d)

Jurassic
Triassic
Cretaceous
Permian

Q.8) what is meant by pore pressure, explain its types?


Ans: Pressure exerted by the pore fluids of the formation.
Normal pore pressure: Pore pressure remains normal if the pore fluids of
compacted sediments remains in contact hydraulically with the surface water.
Abnormal Pore Pressure: Pore pressure will be abnormal if the pore fluid of
the compacted sediments may not remain in hydraulic communication with
the surface water.
Q.9) What factors affects on formation pore pressure, Explain any of two?
Ans:
a) Compaction disequilibrium
b) Clay diagenisis
c) Tectonics
d) Temperature or Thermodynamic mechanism
e) Recharge
f) Peizometric changes

Q.10 What factors effects on magnitude of abnormal pressure?


Ans:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Percentage of effective porosity


Degree of overburden
Geothermal Gradient
Percentage of gas

Q.11) What is meant by Effective porosity?


Ans: All drilling fluids have shear thinning to some degreeThe viscosity of
fluid changes with a change in annular shear rate is called Effective porosity.
Q.12) How do you know the effectiveness of seal?
Ans: By determining the:
a)
b)
c)
d)

Permeability
Thickness
Magnitude of pressure
Time the seal in place

Q.13) What could be the problems if the pressure is sub normal or abnormal?
Ans:
Sub Normal Pressure:
a) Lost circulation
b) Differential sticking in porous and permeable formations
Abnormal pressure
a) Kicks in porous and permeable formations
b) Cavings, pack off and stuck pipe in impermeable formations
Q.14) What are Hoop stresses?
Ans: While drilling a bore hole part of the rock (Overburden) remove and the
stresses are re-distributed. This results the stress concentration close to the
bore hole. The phenomena called Hoop Stress

Q.15) What are the common causes of Kick?


Ans:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Failure to keep the hole full while tripping


Result of lost of circulation
Swabbing of light formation fluids
Insufficient mud density
Abnormal formation pressure

Q.16) How you will recognize the Kick?


Ans:
While Drilling
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)

Drilling break
Increase in flow
Increase in pit volume
Pump pressure will be drop
Increase in hook load

While Tripping Out


a) Hole stays full
b) Flow from flow line
c) Increase in pit volume
While Tripping IN
a) Flow does not stop b/w stands
b) Increase in pit volume (more than displacement)
Q.17) How do you know that well is under control or (well has been killed)?
Ans: Shut in drill pipe pressure (SIDP) and shut in casing pressure (SICP) will
be same.
Q.18) Difference b/w Elastic and Plastic rocks?
Elastic Rocks: Deform under stress and return to their original state one the
stress is removed.
Plastic Rocks: Deform under stress also but do not return to their original
state when the stress is removed.

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