Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Volume 70
Number 9
United States
Department of Justice
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Washington, DC 20535-0001
Features
Contributors' opinions and statements
should not be considered an
endorsement by the FBI for any policy,
program, or service. Agencies can implement an inexpensive
Scholastic Crime Stoppers
The Attorney General has determined
that the publication of this periodical is
By Giant Abutalebi Aryani, 1 and effective proactive campus crime
prevention program.
necessary in the transaction of the Carl L. Alsabrook,
public business required by law. Use
of funds for printing this periodical has and Terry D. Garrett
been approved by the Director of the
Office of Management and Budget.
Organizational Development in a Implementing organizational change
The FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
(ISSN-0014-5688) is published
monthly by the Federal Bureau of
Law Enforcement Environment 14 within their departments can help police
managers experience an overall
By Barbara French and
Investigation, 935 Pennsylvania improvement in their organizational
Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. Jerry Stewart environments.
20535-0001. Periodicals postage paid
at Washington, D.C., and additional
mailing offices. Postmaster: Send Airport Policing Law enforcement agencies must ensure
address changes to Editor, FBI Law
Enforcement Bulletin, FBI Academy,
Madison Building, Room 209,
By Robert T. Raffel 26 that police officers assigned to airports
receive job-specific training.
Quantico, VA 22135.
Editor
John E. Ott
Associate Editors Departments
Glen Bartolomei
Cynthia L. Lewis
Bunny S. Morris 9 Case Study 24 Book Reviews
Art Director The School Shooter Bomb Threats
Denise Bennett Smith
Tired Cops
Staff Assistant
Linda W. Szumilo 20 Focus on Technology
Wanted and Arrested 30 Bulletin Reports
This publication is produced by Person Records Organized Crime
members of the Law Enforcement
Communication Unit, Medical Records as Evidence
William T. Guyton, Chief. The Problem Police Officer
Juvenile Justice Bulletin
Internet Address
leb@fbiacademy.edu
Cover Photo
© PhotoDisc
© Mark C. Ide
T
oday, school violence
stands at the forefront of the crime- and incident-reporting pro- partment established the first Scho-
national and local public gram in middle and high schools, lastic Crime Stoppers in the United
agenda. However, despite recent which pays rewards for successful States.3 The program allowed stu-
occurrences, schools are not dan- tips leading to preventing and solv- dents to provide tips about crimes
gerous places in the community. In ing campus crimes. Modeled after on campus to the school administra-
fact, theft represents the major con- metropolitan and county Crime tion. Students could remain anony-
cern on campus—not violence.1 Stoppers programs across the coun- mous to alleviate fears of retalia-
The implementation of a Scho- try, agencies can implement such a tion. To counter student apathy, the
lastic Crime Stoppers program, a program on campuses in their juris- department offered monetary re-
proactive approach that uses stu- dictions and reap huge benefits for wards ranging from $5 to $100 for
dents to prevent and solve crimes, their communities. tips proving instrumental in solving
constitutes one of the best and least a crime. Student directors, ap-
expensive crime prevention strate- HISTORY OF SCHOLASTIC pointed by the program coordinator
gies. Who has suitable crime pre- CRIME STOPPERS for the agency, advertised, raised
vention information and knows the Scholastic Crime Stoppers funds, and determined award
hearts and minds of their peers but evolved out of the Crime Stoppers amounts for helpful tips after re-
the students themselves? Scholastic program.2 In 1983, an officer with viewing information.4 The success
September 2001 / 1
Mr. Aryani is a Vibhooti Shukla Sergeant Carl L. Alsabrook Lieutenant Terry D. Garrett
Fellow at the University of Texas’ commands the Community heads the Uniformed
School of Social Sciences in Services Division of the Rockwall, Services Division of the
Dallas, Texas, and a board Texas, Police Department and Rockwall, Texas, Police
member of Rockwall County coordinates Rockwall County Department.
Crime Stoppers. Crime Stoppers.
of the Scholastic Crime Stoppers head and the command staff. Ide- communication with the campus
program in Boulder spread slowly, ally, that member should provide administrators, the faculty, and the
but steadily, to other schools around administrators with information public. Such officers should be or-
the country. and statistics about Scholastic ganized and work well with juve-
Crime Stoppers from other jurisdic- niles. Most important, to establish a
PROGRAM tions. Once implemented, the com- trusting relationship with the stu-
IMPLEMENTATION mand staff of the crime prevention dents, they must respect the stu-
The successful implementation and detective divisions should stay dents’ sovereignty. A large amount
of a Scholastic Crime Stoppers pro- involved in the program and keep of patience, ethics, and integrity, as
gram depends on the commitment informed of program activities and well as respect for anonymity, rep-
of the agency, the campus adminis- resulting statistics. The agency’s resent essential character virtues of
trators, and the students. In addi- successful, full-time commitment these officers.
tion, the support and commitment to the program occurs with the Functionally, the coordinator
of a local community Crime Stop- proper selection of a program coor- attends all student board meetings
pers program can help the Scholas- dinator. Generally, an agency’s as a nonvoting member and informs
tic Crime Stoppers program to resident school resource officer and instructs board members about
succeed. (SRO) fills the coordinator’s role crimes that occurred and laws that
because the officer knows the cam- students violated, as well as keep-
Agency Commitment pus, the administrators, and the stu- ing the members abreast of legal
Members of a law enforcement dents. If an agency does not employ developments, such as case law and
agency seeking to establish a Scho- SROs, then a senior police officer penal statutes. During board meet-
lastic Crime Stoppers program must from the crime prevention or detec- ings, members should make recom-
obtain the support of their admin- tive division should fill the mendations for reward payouts for
istrators. The agency member pro- coordinator’s position. successful tips. If requested, the
posing the implementation of such The coordinator should possess coordinator can help with fund-
a program should present the excellent human interaction and raisers and public relations events
program’s concept to the agency media relations skills to ease promoting the program. Also, the
“
Campus Administrators of a Scholastic Crime Stoppers pro-
Commitment gram is the nucleus of the organiza-
The commitment of campus ad- tion. Student board members must
ministrators is crucial to the success The local Crime believe in the program’s benefits
of a Scholastic Crime Stoppers pro- Stoppers commitment and commit to the concept. They
gram. The more encouragement and spans from financial must attend all board meetings and
autonomy the students receive from and educational function as ambassadors for the
these individuals, the greater the help to moral and program, which entails a substantial
probability of a successful pro- time commitment. Additionally,
gram.5 While administrators should ethical support. student board members may have
tailor the program to fit their voting rights at the local Crime
”
schools’ unique needs,6 they also Stoppers board meetings, depend-
should focus primarily on accepting ing on the program’s policies.
that campus crime exists and, in The role of the student board of
turn, knowing how to handle it. Ac- meetings as a nonvoting board directors comprises the advertising
tively responding to campus crime member,8 and appoints successive and marketing of the program, as
can decrease campus victimization student board members, although well as raising funds through dona-
rates in the long run and create a schools should implement a formal tions, bake sales, school dances,
positive perception of campus venue for student applications. The and booster club events. The board
safety by students, faculty, and the advisor constantly monitors the also discusses crime information
public. academic standing of student board and determines reward amounts,10
Once fully committed, adminis- members. Students who fall in aca- but it never investigates a crime.11
trators should dedicate a well-publi- demic standing, as defined by the Further, the identity of informants,
cized phone tip line to the program advisor or administrators, at any victims, and suspects remains con-
or provide another way for students time during the academic year fidential.12 Informants are referred
to anonymously convey crime tips, should be dismissed from board du- to only by their assigned code num-
such as comment boxes. The school ties. The faculty advisor functions ber, and board members must re-
helps the program with Scholastic as a liaison between the campus ad- spect the anonymity requirement.
Crime Stopper hot lines, message ministration and students, keeps Participating students must remain
billboards, video reenactments, students abreast of campus rules in good academic standing and stay
September 2001 / 3
out of trouble both on and off cam- its meetings and include the coordi- campus program should never be
pus. With the help of the program nator and faculty advisor as nonvot- jeopardized. The commitment of
coordinator and the faculty advisor, ing members. The Scholastic Crime the local Crime Stoppers program
student board members devise a set Stoppers board members inform the cements the foundation for a benefi-
of bylaws for the organization. The local Crime Stoppers board about cial partnership with the Scholastic
greatest task of the student board campus incidents and planned ac- Crime Stoppers program.
members is to create the awareness tivities. In return, student board
and philosophy among all students members attending these meetings COSTS
that their responsibilities include receive the learning experience of a The costs of a Scholastic Crime
taking a stand against victimization countywide or metropolitan pro- Stoppers program to the coordinat-
by reporting all criminal activity to gram and of general crime preven- ing law enforcement agency are
the proper authorities.13 It is not just tion activities. But, board members comparatively minimal. Participat-
the role of law enforcement and of the local Crime Stoppers pro- ing students and the campus admin-
campus administration.14 gram should not attend the Scholas- istrators assume almost all of the
tic Crime Stoppers board meetings costs associated with the implemen-
Local Crime Stoppers tation and operation of the program.
Commitment For example, students volunteer
“
The support of a local Crime their labor for board meetings, pro-
Stoppers program helps ensure the motional events, and fund-raisers.
long-term viability of a Scholastic The success of The individual and business dona-
Crime Stoppers program. The local the Scholastic tions received through these fund-
Crime Stoppers commitment spans raisers ideally cover the cost of re-
from financial and educational help Crime Stoppers ward payments and materials, such
to moral and ethical support. For program...spread as banners, flyers, signs, T-shirts,
example, the local Crime Stoppers slowly, but steadily, and miscellaneous supplies.
can fund appreciation dinners for to other schools Additionally, the partnering
student board members, donate around the country. community Crime Stoppers pro-
start-up money to the student board gram may help alleviate some of the
”
to organize fund-raisers, and aug- costs by partially paying for mate-
ment reward payments for success- rial costs. In rare circumstances, it
ful tips beyond the Scholastic may help out with the reward pay-
Crime Stoppers reward schedule because their attendance may limit ment cost.
limits. Further, it may provide guid- the autonomy of the campus pro- The campus administration
ance and advice when contacting gram. At the very least, students helps financially with material
individual and corporate sponsors. may perceive such activity as a dan- costs. The administration also alle-
The local Crime Stoppers program ger, which might damage the cor- viates the cost of promotional ad-
should assist the campus program dial relationship between the two vertisement in local news media
in obtaining nonprofit organization organizations. and the student paper, if it cannot
status recognition from the Internal If the state in which the Scho- negotiate access to free public ser-
Revenue Service—often a neces- lastic Crime Stoppers exists has a vice messages in the media. Official
sary precursor for corporate certification process, the program’s press releases can be substituted to
donations. board may decide to pursue inde- minimize costs. The school pro-
Ideally, the local Crime Stop- pendent certification or become vides accommodation for board
pers board should invite a limited certified under the umbrella of the meetings and facilities for anony-
number of the Scholastic Crime local Crime Stoppers program. In mous tips, such as a phone tip line
Stoppers student board members to either case, the autonomy of the or comment box. It also pays any
September 2001 / 5
faster crime resolution.26 Good pub- ranging from $25 to $100 for suc- The Rockwall Police Depart-
lic relations and cooperation with cessful tips. In 1994, the police de- ment evaluates its Scholastic Crime
campus administrators, students, partment brought the campus pro- Stoppers programs through con-
and parents become an indirect grams under the umbrella of tinuous feedback from students,
benefit of the program to the Rockwall County Crime Stoppers. campus administrators, faculty, and
agency. The resulting public good- Although the Scholastic Crime its own peace officers. Initially, the
will toward the agency can fa- Stoppers still remain autonomous department’s SROs reluctantly fol-
cilitate future agency investigations entities, this organizational move lowed the crime prevention officers
and implement future department facilitated the direction of financial, and investigators and lacked their
programs and support help for educational, moral, and ethical sup- enthusiasm. They questioned the
their needs, such as personnel and port toward the programs. Three necessity of the program because
equipment. student director members attend the they thought it was unnecessary ad-
county Crime Stoppers board meet- ditional labor input. But, when they
ROCKWALL’S EXPERIENCE ings to learn about a countywide learned about the program’s poten-
In 1991, the Rockwall, Texas, program and crime prevention pro- tial benefits and organizational
Police Department became one of grams in general. structure, they took the lead in orga-
the first agencies in Texas to form The success of Rockwall’s nizing the first board of directors.
Scholastic Crime Stoppers pro- Scholastic Crime Stoppers pro- Their excitement grew with the suc-
grams in the middle and high grams resulted in neighboring juris- cess of the programs.
schools in its jurisdiction. Using dictions adopting the concept for In some cases, agencies
their SROs as program coordinators their campuses. The concept has may have difficulty convincing the
and faculty members as advisors, had a national proliferation, espe- campus administration of the poten-
student boards of directors began cially since the mid 1990s when the tial benefits of such a program. This
programs similar to the program public’s concern about campus difficulty increases rapidly if the
in Boulder. The schools’ adminis- crime increased. Today, Texas has department’s jurisdiction lies in a
trators established an anonymous more than 200 Scholastic Crime statistically low crime area. One
tip line and set a reward schedule Stoppers programs.27 campus administrator’s response to
the department’s program proposal
© Don Ennis
typifies this mentality. This admin-
istrator did not want the public to
think offenses occurred on campus.
The department overcame this situ-
ation by responding with education,
patience, and tenacity. The key to
bringing administrators on board
lies with the effectiveness of the
program’s designated faculty
advisor.
Students immediately became
motivated and then grew excited
when they saw the promotions of
the program and the advertisement
of the reward schedules and when
they realized that the organizational
structure leaves them in command.
Years of feedback have shown that
students must remain in charge of
“
pers program while still retaining outweigh costs.
their autonomy. This move guaran-
teed the long-term viability of all
campus programs. For example, The costs...are Endnotes
1
U.S. Department of Justice and U.S.
Rockwall County Crime Stoppers comparatively Department of Education, 1999 Annual Report
pays for appreciation dinners for minimal. on School Safety (Washington, DC, 1999), 3.
2
Officer Greg MacAleese of the Albuquer-
”
student board members and par-
que, New Mexico, Police Department founded
tially finances miscellaneous sup- the first local Crime Stoppers program in 1976
plies. It also augments reward pay- in response to a heinous homicide that he and
ments in severe crime and The department’s investigators and his partner were investigating at the time. See
Greg MacAleese, The Crime Stoppers Story,
victimization cases. crime prevention officers are satis- 1993. The name Crime Stoppers was derived
The success of a Scholastic fied because their workload de- from the Dick Tracy comic strip. Officer
Crime Stoppers program is com- creases through the realization of MacAleese received authorization from the late
plete with the solving of major investigative and crime prevention artist Chester Gould to employ the Crime
Stoppers name for the program. The program
crimes on campus. This, in turn, time savings. Overall, less crime was an instant success. In response to this
motivates all program stakeholders goes unreported and more crime is success, other agencies implemented similar
even further. For example, solved in Rockwall’s schools mak- programs throughout the country. Midland
Rockwall’s programs experienced a ing its campuses safer due to lower County, Texas, Sheriff’s Office Crime
Stoppers, Crime Stoppers History, http://
major boost in 1994. At the start of victimization rates following the nonprofit.apex2000.net/mcsocs/history.htm;
that school year, information pro- implementation of its Scholastic accessed July 9, 2001.
vided through the high school pro- Crime Stoppers programs. 3
Officer Larry Wieda of the Boulder,
gram led to the breakup of an LSD Colorado, Police Department took the concept
CONCLUSION of Crime Stoppers to Fairview High School in
narcotics network. According to
Boulder and established the first Scholastic
student feedback, LSD was unavail- Successfully implementing a Crime Stoppers in the nation. High School
able on campus for the remainder of Scholastic Crime Stoppers program (Scholastic) Crime Stoppers, http://
the school year. In this case, to send depends on the commitment of the www.ci.boulder.co.us/police/community/
hs_crime_stoppers.htm; accessed July 9, 2001
a strong message, Rockwall County local law enforcement agency, cam-
and Crime Stoppers International, CSI, http://
Crime Stoppers augmented the pus administrators, and students, www.c-s-i.org/scs.htm; accessed July 9, 2001.
campus program’s reward payment who help to prevent and solve 4
Supra note 3 (Wieda).
September 2001 / 7
5 11 19
Supra note 3 (Crime Stoppers Interna- Supra note 8. Campus Crime Stoppers, Who Needs It?
12
tional) and Stephen R. Band and Joseph A. Supra note 9. http://www.campuscrimestoppers.com;
13
Harpold, “School Violence—Lessons Learned,” Crime Stoppers of Fayetteville/ accessed July 9, 2001.
20
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September Cumberland County, North Carolina, Crime Jeff Bingley, University of British
1999, 9-15. Stoppers School Program, http://www.fay- Columbia Campus Security Department,
6
Supra note 5 (Band and Harpold, 15). nccrimestoppers.org/school.htm; accessed Volunteer for UBC Campus Crime Stoppers,
7
Supra note 3 (Crime Stoppers Julyy 9, 2001. http://www.security.ubc.ca/CrimeStoppers/
14
International). Supra note 8. volunteer.htm; accessed July 9, 2001.
8 15 21
Joe Martino, Marshall, Texas, High Marina Pisano, “Speak No Evil?” San Ibid.
22
School, Marshall High School Crime Stoppers Antonio Express News, May 10, 1999. Supra note 19.
16 23
Procedures, 1990. See Greg MacAleese’s experience, supra Supra note 13.
9 24
Pamela Hurt, Summary Report of the note 2. Supra note 19.
17 25
Crime Stoppers Program at Boulder High, Supra note 15. Supra note 19.
18 26
1990. Supra notes 3 (Wieda) and 5 (Band and Supra note 19.
10 27
Ibid., and supra note 3 (Crime Stoppers Harpold, 15). Supra note 15.
International).
The Bulletin’s
E-mail Address
September 2001 / 9
emotionless, the boy said nothing as he waited for the and from news agencies worldwide began to flood the
police to arrive and place him into custody. Although police department. Fortunately, additional police
the tragedy ended a few short minutes after he dispatchers came to the station to help with the calls
fired the first shot, it might have lasted much longer when they learned what had happened.
had he kept his back pack, which contained enough Within 1 hour of the incident, the department
ammunition for several reloads. received more than 200 calls from the media. To
manage the volume of inquiries on the incident, the
The Law Enforcement Response chief assigned the deputy chief to control the crime
Within minutes of receiving the 911 call, the chief scene, thus allowing himself to act as the official
of the Fort Gibson Police Department, along with spokesperson for the department, helping quell
other officers, arrived at the school. A teacher di- rumors and speculation and providing factual infor-
rected the officers to the area where another teacher mation at numerous press conferences held that
was standing with the young shooter. When the chief afternoon.3
asked the boy if anyone else with guns was in the
school, his response, “No, I’m alone,” was one of the The Investigation
few statements he would make about the shooting. Of the 15 shots fired by the young boy, 6 either
At that point, the police did not know the number hit or grazed their target. None of the shots proved
of casualties, only who had fired the shots. Fortu- fatal. Most of the victims sustained minor wounds to
nately, the emergency medical © Don Ennis their arms or legs and only one
service and law enforcement required surgery. One of the
response was immediate and victims found a bullet lodged in
professional. Ambulances his algebra book, which he
responded quickly, and, within carried in his backpack during
minutes, officers from a neigh- the assault.
boring police department arrived The police accounted for
to help secure the perimeter. each round the boy fired.
Within a short period of time, a Because many of the students
significant number of federal, dropped their books when they
state, and county law enforce- began to run, the police could
ment personnel had converged more easily determine where
on the middle school to offer many students stood when the
additional assistance. assault began. The police roped
The departments involved off the primary crime scene and
had conducted no advanced secured a secondary boundary
training or rehearsal for this type outside that perimeter. Police
of incident. However, basic spent 2 days collecting evi-
knowledge of crime scene dence, reconstructing the boy’s
processing and investigative protocol proved suffi- actions, and guarding the crime scene until they
cient. As officers arrived on the scene, they ap- completed the processing.
proached the chief and awaited orders, allowing him Police found the boy’s background of particular
to supervise and control the scene while dealing with interest in this case. His social history does not fit the
the expected plethora of distractions. popular image of an aspiring psychotic killer. Accord-
Preserving the crime scene and securing witnesses ing to his certification study prepared by the Office of
proved difficult with the arrival of many concerned Juvenile Affairs several months after the shooting,
parents and the media. As school officials notified neither he nor anyone in his family had any prior
parents and the news spread, calls from other parents contact with the juvenile system or law enforcement.
“
police did find a nontypical
collection of military books in his for delinquent children
closet, and all of the games on his The crime in Fort Gibson was
Within 1 hour of aggressive and violent. The boy’s
computer had a military motif as
the incident, the actions, before and during the
well.
department received shooting, and the preparation
The Certification Study more than 200 calls involved strongly suggest a
Ultimately, police charged the from the media. premeditated and willful crime.
young shooter with six counts of The boy committed the crime
shooting with intent to kill and one against other individuals, which
count of possessing a weapon on
school property. Law enforcement
and prosecutors had to address one
” resulted in serious injuries. Based
on interviews with his family,
friends, and school officials,
primary question—should the criminal justice system juvenile officers concluded that he had the sophistica-
process the boy as an adult or a juvenile? Oklahoma tion, maturity, and capability of distinguishing right
law lists certain criteria courts must consider when from wrong. Because he had no previous criminal
determining whether to certify a juvenile offender as record, a “clean” school file, and a positive demeanor,
an adult.4 officials did not perceive him as a threat. The juvenile
• The seriousness of the alleged offense to the officer concluded that public safety could be assured
community, and whether the juvenile committed if the boy was detained in an institution for juvenile
the offense in an aggressive, violent, premedi- delinquents. Moreover, the juvenile officer concluded
tated, or willful manner that if the courts processed him through the juvenile
justice system, assuming his willingness to work
• Whether the juvenile committed the offense toward identified treatment goals, rehabilitation could
against persons or property, and, if personal be achieved.5
injury resulted, the degree of injury The aggregative result of the young boy’s violent
• The sophistication and maturity of the juvenile act would determine his fate—there was only one
and the capability of distinguishing right from serious injury and no deaths. Nevertheless, 6 out of 15
wrong, determined by psychological evaluation; shots established intent to cause great bodily harm.
September 2001 / 11
Moreover, one multiple hit, and a missed shot at a social relationships and restricted range of emotional
wounded victim, strongly indicated a specific intent to expression. The experts concluded that, rather than
kill. Due to the intent and the extreme violence of the being impulsive, the boy’s behavior during the
act, the prosecution sought to have the boy certified as shooting remained controlled, organized, and pre-
an adult and processed through the criminal justice meditated and that he experienced his first combat
system; yet, the courts decided that the juvenile action during that shooting.
system would provide a greater opportunity for The board found the boy guilty on all charges,
understanding and rehabilitating him. denied certification, and recommended placement in a
state juvenile institution. The defense argued unsuc-
The Certification Hearing cessfully that placement among the predominantly
During his certification hearing, physicians and aggressive population in such an institution would
psychiatrists for the defense and prosecution argued prove detrimental to his treatment needs. Arguing for
the boy’s fate. In the process, a greater understanding a more private therapeutic setting, the defense empha-
of the contributory factors that led sized that this otherwise model
him to such violence emerged. student had committed a single
Although he seemed to have a abhorrent act. Nevertheless, after
“
model life at home and at school, considering the testimony from
he suffered from recurrent severe experts on both sides and the
headaches, for which he took ...the shooter seriousness of the crime, the court
several prescription medicines and seemed the least concluded that he should receive
received treatment from a psy- “the most extreme treatment”
likely candidate
chologist for 9 months prior to the available under this system.
shooting. In addition, 3 weeks for carrying out
The prosecution argued that, if
before the shooting, he received an such violence. not certified, the boy may get
injection of a steroid to treat released back into the community
”
poison ivy. Three medical experts, after only a few months because,
who testified at the hearing, agreed under Oklahoma law, he can only
that the steroid he received might remain incarcerated until his 19th
produce psychotic effects on some birthday. Notwithstanding, the court assured that it
users, such as depression and a psychotic breakdown. would make additional stipulations before he could
Considering the combined expert opinions offered, get an early release.
the board could not completely dismiss biological
factors and chemical reactions as determinants of the The School’s Response
violent behavior. Although it remains unlikely that school adminis-
Furthermore, expert testimony revealed a poten- trators could have foreseen or prevented this shooting,
tial motive stemming from the boy’s own fantasy of they still felt considerable pressure to reassure the
becoming a general. A psychologist, who spent community that they would take some decisive action
several hours interviewing him, testified that an to ensure that similar violence would not happen
obsession with military tactics and the desire to sagain. In a form letter sent to parents, the school
become a general might have actually served as superintendent announced a new policy that could
motives for testing himself in a combat situation. prevent violence by suppressing certain gestures, such
Another expert in psychiatry and neurology who also as pointing a finger at another person and pretending
interviewed the boy shared this opinion and suggested to shoot, or making comments, such as “You’re
that his migraines resulted from a self-induced dead,” “I could just kill you for that,” “You are the
pressure to make good grades and that his pain reason students bring guns to school and shoot
disorder had progressively worsened to a schizoid teachers,” or “Someone should take a bomb and blow
personality disorder resulting in his detachment from this place up.”
September 2001 / 13
Organizational Development in
a Law Enforcement Environment
By BARBARA FRENCH, Ph.D., and JERRY STEWART, Ed.D.
© PhotoDisc
September 2001 / 15
results of the data collection for a improved? What are your recom- PLANNING AND
clearer understanding of organiza- mendations for improvement? IMPLEMENTATION
tional issues. The planning phase Then, they analyzed the results for
includes intervention strategies and content, based on frequencies and Prior to launching an OD inter-
designs for improving the identified trends. vention, managers must provide
strengths and weaknesses in the or- The findings revealed positive careful attention to planning. This
ganization. The implementation attitudes toward organizational step proves critical because any-
phase puts the strategies into effect. leadership in terms of professional- thing less than completely thorough
The feedback phase remains a criti- ism and goal achievement, high sat- planning can lead to exacerbated
cal part of the OD cycle as the man- isfaction with training access, and organizational issues.
agers gather information about the deep-seated commitment to work To expedite this process, DIF
results of the implementation inter- and to each other. They also identi- managers formed an OD team com-
vention. As managers examine this fied the major areas for improve- prised of respected members from
feedback, the OD cycle is repeated, ment as organizational culture (e.g., each region of the state to reflect the
including each phase. These cycles entire system. This systems ap-
of organizational development con- proach proves instrumental in the
“
tribute to a constant monitoring and creation of a meaningful strategy
development of the organization that includes and represents the
and should never remain static, but overall organization.6
always dynamic and synergistic.
Because managers Besides rotating members
Organizational cultures and set- can learn lessons yearly to continuously have diverse
tings represent significant issues in throughout various input and creativity, the OD team
attempting an organizational devel- stages of the designates four specific roles within
the team. The team leader directs
opment initiative because readiness process, they may the overall activities of the team and
for change and the traditional hier- need to make
archical chains of command can se- keeps the division informed of the
riously hamper these efforts. Those
some alterations team’s decisions and actions. The
traditionally designed and operated along the way. scribe takes and transcribes notes of
organizations often prove particu- the team meetings and maintains
”
larly inflexible to transformation. these records. The team facilitator
keeps the team focused and moving
DATA GATHERING forward and ensures that all mem-
AND ANALYSIS trust and empowerment, sworn ver- bers contribute. Project leaders
To acquire deeper knowledge sus nonsworn divisiveness), infra- oversee individual projects gener-
about the DIF’s culture and issues, structure issues (e.g., consistency ated by the team. All team mem-
members of the Office of Quality and standardization in policies, bers welcome input, suggestions,
and Development and the DIF’s as- practices, and processes), and man- and concerns from each division
sistant director conducted confiden- agement/leadership practices (e.g., member.
tial, qualitative interviews with ev- the need for more flexibility, ac- The OD team began its process
ery member of the organization that countability, and communication by focusing on issues that they
wished to participate, including em- within the organization). When the could address most straightfor-
ployees in field offices. After ensur- team completed the first cycle of wardly. The team initially focused
ing participant confidentiality, the data gathering and analysis, they on infrastructure issues related
interviewers asked three open- shared the results throughout the di- to consistency of policies, prac-
ended questions. What is positive in vision via e-mail and then began the tices, and processes because this
the organization? What needs to be implementation phase. also would impact organizational
September 2001 / 17
investigators from each of the three insurance fraud and related matters, stages of the process, they may need
regions, to concentrate on the available to employees during train- to make some alterations along the
division’s hiring process, which ing sessions. way. The DIF team has learned
some employees characterized as various lessons during the OD cycle
lengthy, inconsistent, and cumber- Assessment of Policies and expects to discover more as the
some. The team reviewed the hiring and Procedures process continues.
process and discovered that the av- Several projects aid the devel-
erage cycle time for hiring was 7 opment of standardized polices and Consider All Benefits
months. Through careful analysis procedures for the division. For ex- Because the Quality and Orga-
and redesign, the team reduced the ample, one project focuses on the nizational Development Office of-
hiring cycle time to 1 month. divisionwide use of a case manage- fers 360-degree management evalu-
Hiring and promotions repre- ment system. In another project, the ations based on peer, employee, and
sent sensitive organizational issues OD team is reviewing new policies managers feedback, the team noted
and arose as an area of concern in and procedures involved in the that more managers in the division
the data analysis. DIF has imple- division’s law enforcement accredi- requested this type of evaluation,
mented changes in the processes to tation endeavor. To include input indicating a heightened awareness
include behavior-based assess- from all personnel in the accredi- and involvement in personal, pro-
ments, involving both written and tation process, the team uses fessional, and organizational devel-
oral testing, designed to better volunteers from the field offices in opment. Clearly, related benefits
evaluate a law enforcement candi- the review of new policies and exist when organizational develop-
date’s ability to perform. Volunteer procedures. ment takes place.
supervisors and investigators from
each of the regions are working to- Involve Employees
“
ward a consensus and standardiza- The involvement of employees
tion of the testing process. in OD projects (i.e., teams and feed-
The savvy back) proves priceless because it
Creation of a Lead Investigator implementation for actually increases both employee
Employees often cite upward organizational change empowerment and commitment.
mobility and career advancement as remains a primary Employees also are extremely
organizational problems. There- knowledgeable about organiza-
fore, the team created a lead in-
issue for law tional processes and issues, which
vestigator designation within each enforcement. increases an effective outcome. Of-
investigative unit in the division. ten, individuals emerge who are
”
This new designation also provided willing to lead and make change
a 5 percent pay increase for lead happen.
investigators. The data gathering phase serves
RESULTS AND a dual purpose of gathering infor-
Review of Professional LESSONS LEARNED mation and as a productive means
Development After the first year of imple- for everyone to express ideas and
Although employees generally mentation, the division will perform frustrations, which result in a more
reported satisfaction with training the feedback phase of the organiza- cohesive organizational culture.
quality and availability, some tional development cycle through Many employees reported a great
individuals felt a need for more the use of surveys and interviews to deal of satisfaction with this phase.
professionally oriented training. gather and analyze new information
In response to this, DIF managers concerning the current OD imple- Nurture Teamwork
expanded the educational arena mentation. Because managers can Some research suggests that
by making new topics, such as learn lessons throughout various teams go through four distinct
September 2001 / 19
Focus on Technology
Wanted and Arrested Background
Person Records Recently, members of the Southern Working
Group for the FBI’s Criminal Justice Information
By Mark Huguley, M.C.J.
Services (CJIS) advisory process met to discuss
advances in law enforcement information systems.
One major issue concerned all members in atten-
dance—how to get agencies to enter wanted persons
into the National Crime Information Center (NCIC).1
This problem goes beyond just the issue of entering
persons into NCIC; it resonates to include fingerprint-
ing and conducting wanted person checks on recently
arrested individuals. In fact, the issue applies to all
basic processes associated with managing information
about individuals sought for arrest, as well as those
recently arrested.
While the working group attempts to establish
integrated justice data systems, develop new biomet-
ric identification techniques, and use other new
information technologies in law enforcement, the
police and other criminal justice practitioners must
focus on three essential procedures. Following these
basic steps in managing information about wanted and
arrested subjects can help officers expedite the
identification and apprehension of criminals.
© Mark C. Ide Fingerprinting All Full-Custody Arrests
W
Most citizens believe that when police arrest
hen a firearms dealer screened a prospec- them they get fingerprinted. Although this generally
tive gun customer through a point-of- happens, for various reasons, some officers do not
contact state for the National Instant Check System always fingerprint everyone they arrest. Police
(NICS) for any criminal history that would preclude managers should ensure that the fingerprints of every
the buyer from purchasing the weapon, the inquiry person subjected to a full-custody arrest are submitted
found the individual wanted on criminal charges. to a state identification bureau or central records
When law enforcement agents responded to arrest repository. The state bureau and the FBI CJIS
her, she acted surprised and when asked if she knew Division will use the fingerprints to establish a
of the outstanding warrants, she replied “Yes, but I criminal history and identification record on that
have been in jail three times, and no one ever men- individual. Criminal history record information,
tioned it!” supported by fingerprints, will allow positive identifi-
Although in the end law enforcement officers cation in both criminal and civil investigations.
finally captured this woman, better use of records Fingerprints permit the most accurate and reliable
probably would have resulted in an earlier arrest and searches of criminal records. Oftentimes, the use of
may have prevented subsequent offenses. Information fingerprints may determine whether law enforcement
management plays a key part to successful policing. can identify a subject.
If managed and used properly, arrest and wanted Although police agencies can have a well-
person records can provide officers significant assis- managed records office, occasionally, some agencies
tance in the resolution of crime and apprehension of do not fingerprint until obtaining a disposition for
offenders. pending charges on an individual. Because the FBI
September 2001 / 21
Entering Wanted Person Records
An IAFIS
Success Story N CIC records for wanted persons must include the
FBI-assigned originating agency identifier; the
subject’s name, sex, race, height, weight, hair color, offense,
I n Massachusetts, the
police charged an 18-
year-old male with trespass-
and warrant date; and the agency case number. In addition,
agencies must enter at least one numeric identifier with the
record, such as the subject’s date of birth, FBI number,
ing, underage drinking, and vehicle operator license number, or social security number.
drinking in public. Based Based on this information alone, investigators generally can
on these offenses, his make a tentative identification of an individual, although
release was imminent. fingerprint comparison remains more reliable and can
However, using the FBI’s provide the basis for a more conclusive result.
Integrated Automated
Fingerprint Identification
System (IAFIS), law enforcement officers learned of wanted
charges for a drug-related murder of another 18-year-old in
Greenville, South Carolina. This case shows how IAFIS can
raise the capacity of the police to identify wanted persons to
the next generation of crime fighting.6
other convenient places, for easy retrieval. Unfortu- Checking Arrested Persons
nately, during the interim, other officers in the same Similar to the example of the firearm purchaser
or another jurisdiction may have contact with the at the beginning of this article, some wanted persons
individual without even realizing that the individual serve time in jail for a minor offense and get released
has outstanding wants or warrants. Another depart- without the discovery of their wanted status in
ment may have even jailed and released the individual another jurisdiction for a more serious crime. In most
because the officer either did not enter the individual cases, a simple name search through the FBI’s NCIC
into NCIC or did not enter the record in a timely Wanted Person File will determine whether an
manner. individual is wanted.4 Because criminals often use
Although NCIC mandates agencies to enter altered or false identification, fingerprints remain the
wanted records in a timely manner, some agencies best means to accurately identify subjects and deter-
do not enter or complete all wanted person entries. mine whether they are wanted.
Although it remains true that every entry requires NCIC’s “hit” confirmation procedures ensure
maintenance and action to remove it upon capture of rapid verification of an individual’s wanted status.
the suspect, not promptly or thoroughly completing Within 10 minutes of the inquiry, the agency that
entries can result in costly mistakes. entered the wanted person record must confirm to an
To help ensure officer safety, managers should inquiring agency if the subject is still wanted. Wanted
encourage their officers to“pack the record” when person records remain in NCIC until the entering
entering wanted persons in NCIC. By entering all agency removes them.
available nonmandatory data, particularly vehicle To maximize the capability for conclusive
information, officers can help make the NCIC record identification, numerous states are working to imple-
even more useful in locating wanted persons. ment the FBI IAFIS initiative that will allow rapid
September 2001 / 23
Book Reviews
Bombs: Defusing the Threat by William J. alternate command posts, and stresses the need
Borbidge III, Institute of Police Technology and for practicing bomb threat evacuation drills.
Management, University of North Florida, Because bombs can enter a facility in a variety
Jacksonville, Florida, 1999. of ways, including via the mail, the author ad-
Bomb threats and actual bombings are on the dresses how to evaluate a package, what to look
rise in the United States and have been for several for in a mailed explosive device, and what to do
years. Businesses and government agencies that with such an item. Besides the importance of
may fall victim to such criminal acts should be developing a bomb threat response plan, the
aware of this fact and take steps to prepare author also equally stresses getting an accurate,
themselves and their employees in advance. The realistic assessment of the level of the threat and
author begins with this thesis and then proceeds to the ability of the location to resist such attacks.
offer sound, easily understood advice on how to The author offers some areas to examine, but
prepare for and respond to all aspects of a bomb freely admits that entire books have been dedi-
threat, an unexploded improvised explosive cated to the subject. However, the points covered
device, or an actual bombing. in this work offer an excellent starting point for
In the early chapters, the author addresses examining an area’s physical security.
bomb threats—who makes such threats, the types The final chapter addresses what to do if a
of threats, the need to remain calm when pre- location falls victim to an actual bombing. This
sented with a threat, and how to respond to a book offers excellent advice on how to mitigate
bomb threat. For example, the author presents not additional damage and loss of life, as well as how
only a list of suggested questions to ask a person to recover from the bombing and resume normal
who has telephoned in a bomb threat, but also operations.
explains the reasoning behind asking each ques- This book is excellent for anyone interested in
tion, as well as providing two different bomb preparing a comprehensive plan for dealing with
threat checklists, suitable for reproduction. After bomb threats, unexploded improvised explosive
explaining why an organization should have a devices, and actual bombings. The topic is not
bomb threat response plan in place, the author pleasant, yet the author provides excellent advice
provides a list of possible responses, along with in an easy to understand, often humorous, fashion.
the pros and cons inherent to each. Readers can read the book quickly and obtain
One chapter covers searching for explosive invaluable information on planning for an event
devices, starting off with a simple, yet vital that everyone thinks will not happen to them. The
question—why search? The author offers sound, author ends the book with a stark question that
succinct reasons and then thoroughly covers the puts such planning into perspective. “Somewhere
“nuts and bolts” of searching an area for hidden in the world someone is building a bomb. Isn’t it
improvised explosive devices. Following this, the time to begin building your own defenses against
author explains all of the aspects of conducting a this very real threat?”
safe, effective, rapid evacuation, from fairly
obvious requirements—choosing a route for
evacuees to depart and accounting for all person- Reviewed by
nel—to not so obvious details, such as the need to Special Agent T.C. Fuller
avoid parking lots and the establishment of FBI Burlington, Vermont
September 2001 / 25
Airport
Policing
Training
Issues
and Options
By ROBERT T. RAFFEL
“
security issues involving verifica-
tion of police credentials at U.S.
airports have prompted officials to
take further steps to confirm the Criminal activity in
identification of law enforcement airports includes
officers. Additionally, narcotics in- crimes that most
terdiction efforts at airports require officers would not
particular techniques and have law encounter outside
enforcement support organizations, of an airport....
such as task forces, which are re-
sponsible solely for identifying
these subjects. Criminal activity in
airports includes crimes that most
officers would not encounter out-
side of an airport, such as ticket
”
Mr. Raffel serves as a federal security manager with the
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C.
September 2001 / 27
identification and investigation of
airline ticket fraud.3 Additionally,
the Air Line Pilots Association,
a union representing 59,000 air-
line pilots employed with 49 U.S.
and Canadian airlines, recently de-
veloped training in aviation secu-
rity.4 Globally, the International
Civil Aviation Organization has
presented worldwide instruction
in a variety of aviation security
topics.5
Other Law Enforcement
© Digital Vision Organizations
In recent years, the Airport Law
Enforcement Agency Network
policing methods work best present devoted to aviation security for its (ALEAN) has taken a lead in
problems. agents assigned to airports. Agents organizing seminars and meetings
and aviation industry participants and improving communication
U.S. Federal Aviation benefit from the open discussions among airport police departments.
Administration and networking opportunities ALEAN, formed in 1990, addresses
For several years, the FAA has where they attempt to resolve issues the unique policing problems
offered a training course for airport of mutual interest. These enhanced shared by law enforcement officials
police officers at their security training efforts show the FBI’s responsible for safety and security
training center in Oklahoma City, growing realization that aviation se- of the major international airports
Oklahoma, or at an off-site training curity issues continue to increase. in the United States. 6 ALEAN
location. The off-site training oc- Given its jurisdictional preroga- presented its first class on the
curs at various locations within the tives, the FBI’s focus in this area is introduction to basic airport polic-
United States. Based on regulatory both timely and necessary. ing in April 2000, and, due to
mandates concerning law enforce- The U.S. Customs Service overwhelming interest, offered
ment officer support of air carrier also has become interested in avi- another class in November 2000.
and airport security functions, the ation security. Although their train- Further, the Metro-Dade Police
course concentrates on FAA regula- ing seminars primarily address Department in Miami, Florida,
tions as they affect airport policing. explosives issues, the overwhelm- offers classes in airport-related
Some of the problems with this ing popularity of these courses subjects and posts an airport inves-
training include too few course of- demonstrates the receptivity toward tigator’s course schedule on the
ferings and a subject matter that is police officer-based training by ALEAN Web page.
restricted to regulations. U.S. law enforcement agencies.
CONCLUSION
Federal Law Enforcement Aviation Organizations A wide, across-the-board inter-
Organizations Many aviation groups have de- est regarding training airport police
In recent years, the FBI has veloped training programs for air- officers exists. The proliferation
increased its focus on aviation port police officers. For example, of training programs entails an un-
security issues and conducted two the Airline Reporting Corporation derstanding of the complexity of
interagency training conferences has offered seminars dealing with airport policing and an attempt to
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September 2001 / 29
Bulletin Reports
September 2001 / 31
FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin
Author Guidelines
GENERAL INFORMATION additional specifications, detailed examples, and
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Patch Call
The colorful patch of the Lake View, South The patch of the town of Bernalillo, New Mexico,
Carolina, Police Department depicts Page's Mill pond Police Department shows the American flag and the
and the old mill house. The patch also shows a state flag of New Mexico. The helmet and pike
palmetto tree and crossed cannon symbol of the state depict the first "western" occupants of the area—
of South Carolina. the Spanish Conquistadores.