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This article is about the country. For other uses, see ond in South Asia, to have that status. It has a semiPakistan (disambiguation).
industrialised economy with a well-integrated agriculture
sector, its economy is the 26th largest in the world in
terms of purchasing power and 45th largest in terms
Coordinates: 30N 70E / 30N 70E
of nominal GDP and is also characterized among the
i
Pakistan ( i /pkstn/ or
/pkistn/; Urdu: emerging and growth-leading economies of the world.
ALA-LC: Pkistn, pronounced [pkstn]), ocially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu:
The post-independence history of Pakistan has been
characterised by periods of military rule, political in
HISTORY
History
2.2
Colonial period
3
Movement
2.2
Colonial period
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) whose vision formed Over 10 million people were uprooted from their homeland and
travelled on foot, bullock carts and trains to their promised new
the basis of Pakistan
home during the Partition of India. During the partition between 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in the retributive
genocide.[73]
2.3
HISTORY
5
marines, in response to Indias support for the insurgency
in East Pakistan, sparked the conventional war in 1971,
which witnessed the Indian victory and East Pakistan
gaining independence as Bangladesh.[86]
With Pakistan surrendering in the war, Yahya Khan
was replaced by Zulkar Ali Bhutto as President; the
country worked towards promulgating constitution and
putting the country on roads of democracy. Democratic
rule resumed from 1972 to 1977 an era of selfconsciousness, intellectual leftism, nationalism, and nationwide reconstruction.[90] During this period, Pakistan
embarked on ambitiously developing the nuclear deterrence in 1972 in a view to prevent any foreign invasion; the countrys rst nuclear power plant was inaugurated, also the same year.[91][92] Accelerated in response
to rst nuclear test by India in 1974, this crash program
completed in 1979.[92] Democracy ended with a military
coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General
Zia-ul-Haq become the president in 1978. From 1977
to 1988, President Zia's corporatisation and economic
Islamisation initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one
of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia.[93]
While consolidating the nuclear development, increasing
Islamization,[94] and the rise of homegrown conservative
philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute
U.S. resources to factions of the mujahideen against the
USSR's intervention in communist Afghanistan.[95][96]
Parliament House
lic with Islam as the state religion.[113] The rst set was
adopted in 1956 but suspended by Ayub Khan in 1958
who replaced it with the second set in 1962.[72] Complete and comprehensive Constitution was adopted in
1973suspended by Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 but reinstated
in 1985is the countrys most important document, laying the foundations of the current government.[114] The
Pakistani military establishment has played an inuential
role in mainstream politics throughout Pakistans political
history.[72] There were military coups which resulted in
imposition of martial law and military commanders continued governing as de-facto presidents from 19581971,
19771988, and 19992008.[115] As of now, Pakistan has
a multi-party parliamentary system with clear division of
powers and responsibilities between branches of government. The rst successful demonstrative transaction was
held in May 2013. Politics in Pakistan is centered and
dominated by the homegrown conceive social philosophy, consisting the ideas of socialism, conservatism, and Prime Ministers Secretariat
the third way. As of the general elections held in 2013,
the three main dominated political parties in the country:
well as running the government operations, taking
the centre-right conservative Pakistan Muslim League-N
and authorizing executive decisions, appointments
(PML-N); the centre-left socialist Pakistan Peoples Party
and recommendations that require executive conr(PPP); and the centrist and third-way Pakistan Movement
mation of the Prime Minister.
for Justice (PTI) led by cricketer Imran Khan.
Provincial governments: Each of the four province
has a similar system of government, with a directly
Head of State: The President who is elected by
elected Provincial Assembly in which the leader of
an Electoral College is the ceremonial head of the
the largest party or coalition is elected Chief Minisstate and is the civilian commander-in-chief of the
ter. Chief Ministers oversees the provincial governPakistan Armed Forces (with Chairman Joint Chiefs
ments and head the provincial cabinet, it is common
of Sta Committee as its principal military adviser),
in Pakistan to have dierent ruling parties or coalibut military appointments and key conrmations in
tions in each provinces. The provincial assemblies
the armed forces are made by the Prime Minister
have power to make laws and approve provincial
after reviewing the reports on their merit and perbudget which is commonly presented by the provinformances. Almost all appointed ocers in the
cial nance minister every scal year. Provincial
judicature, military, chairman joint chiefs and joint
governors who play role as the ceremonial head of
sta, and legislatures require the executive conrprovince are appointed by the President.[114]
mation from the Prime Minister, whom the President must consult, by law. However, the powers to
pardon and grant clemency vest with the President
of Pakistan.
Legislative:
The bicameral legislature comprises a 100-member Senate (upper house) and a
342-member National Assembly (lower house).
Members of the National Assembly are elected
through the rst-past-the-post system under
universal adult surage, representing electoral districts known as National Assembly constituencies.
According to the constitution, the 70 seats reserved
for women and religious minorities are allocated to
the political parties according to their proportional
representation. Senate members are elected by
provincial legislators, with all of provinces have Supreme Court of Pakistan
equal representation.
Executive: The Prime Minister is usually the leader
of the majority rule party or a coalition in the
National Assembly the lower house. The Prime
Minister serves as the head of government and is
designated to exercise as the countrys chief executive. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet consisting of ministers and advisers as
Judicature: The judiciary of Pakistan is a hierarchical system with two classes of courts: the superior
(or higher) judiciary and the subordinate (or lower)
judiciary. The Chief Justice of Pakistan is the chief
judge who oversees the judicatures court system at
all levels of command. The superior judiciary is
composed of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the
Federal Shariat Court and ve High Courts, with
3.1
3.1
7
istans nuclear deterrence program focused on countering Indias nuclear ambitions in the region, and nuclear
tests by India eventually led Pakistan to reciprocate the
event to maintain geopolitical balance as becoming a
nuclear power.[126] Currently, Pakistan maintains a policy
of credible minimum deterrence, calling its program vital
nuclear deterrence against foreign aggression.[127][128]
The local government system consists of a three-tier system of districts, tehsils and union councils, with an elected
body at each tier.[166] There are about 130 districts altogether, of which Azad Kashmir has ten[167] and Gilgit
Baltistan seven.[168] The Tribal Areas comprise seven
Because of diculties in relations with its geopolitical tribal agencies and six small frontier regions detached
[169]
rival India, Pakistan maintains close political relations from neighbouring districts.
with Turkey and Iran.[152] Saudi Arabia also maintains Clickable map of the four provinces and four federal territories
a respected position in Pakistans foreign policy, and of Pakistan.
both countries has been a focal point in Pakistans foreign policy.[152] The Kashmir conict remains the major point of rift; three of their four wars were over Law enforcement is carried out by a joint network of
this territory.[153] Due to ideological dierences, Pak- the intelligence community with jurisdiction limited to
istan opposed the Soviet Union in the 1950s and dur- the relevant province or territory. The National Inteling Soviet-Afghan War in the 1980s, Pakistan was one ligence Directorate coordinates the information intelliof the closest allies of the United States.[132][154] Rela- gence at both federal and provincial level; including the
such
tions with Russia have greatly improved since 1999 and FIA, IB, Motorway Police, and paramilitary forces
[170]
as
the
Pakistan
Rangers
and
the
Frontier
Corps.
cooperation with various sectors have increased between
Russia and Pakistan.[155] Pakistan has had on-and-o Pakistans premier intelligence agency, the Interrelations with the United States. A close ally of the Services Intelligene (ISI), was formed just within a year
United States in the Cold war, Pakistans relation with after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947.[171] Inter Serthe United States relations soured in the 1990s when the vice Intelligence Agency of Pakistan was ranked as the
3.4
Kashmir conict
top intelligence agency in the world in 2011, 2014 and volved in four conventional wars, the rst war occurred in
2015.[172][173]
Kashmir with Pakistan gaining control of Western Kashmir,
(Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan), and India capThe court system is organised as a hierarchy, with the
turing
Eastern Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir). TerriSupreme Court at the apex, below which are High Courts,
torial
problems
eventually led to another conventional
Federal Shariat Courts (one in each province and one in
war
in
1965;
over
the issue of Bengali refugees that
the federal capital), District Courts (one in each district),
led
to
another
war
in 1971 which resulted in PakJudicial Magistrate Courts (in every town and city), Execunconditional
surrender
of East Pakistan.[186] Tenistans
utive Magistrate Courts and civil courts. The Penal code
sions in Kargil brought the two countries at the brink
has limited jurisdiction in the Tribal Areas, where law is
of war.[100] Since 1947, the unresolved territorial prob[170][174]
largely derived from tribal customs.
lems with Afghanistan saw border skirmishes which
was kept mostly at the mountainous border. In 1961,
the military and intelligence community repelled the
3.3 Military
Afghan incursion in the Bajaur Agency near the Durand
Line border.[187][188] Rising tensions with neighboring
Main article: Pakistan Armed Forces
USSR in their involvement in Afghanistan, Pakistani
intelligence community, mostly the ISI, systematically
The armed forces of Pakistan are the eighth largest in the coordinated the U.S. resources to the Afghan mujahideen
world in terms of numbers in full-time service, with about and foreign ghters against the Soviet Union's presence in
617,000 personnel on active duty and 513,000 reservists, the region. Military reports indicated that the PAF was in
as of tentative estimates in 2010.[175] They came into engagement with the Soviet Air Force, supported by the
existence after independence in 1947, and the military Afghan Air Force during the course of the conict;[189]
establishment has frequently inuenced in the national one of which belonged to Alexander Rutskoy.[189]
politics ever since.[115] Chain of command of the military is kept under the control of the Joint Chiefs of Sta Apart from its own conicts, Pakistan has been an active
Committee; all of the branches joint works, coordina- participant in United Nations peacekeeping missions. It
tion, military logistics, and joint missions are under the played a major role in rescuing trapped American soldiers
Somalia, in 1993 in Operation Gothic
Joint Sta HQ.[176] The Joint Sta HQ is composed of from Mogadishu,
[190][191][192]
Serpent.
According to UN reports, the Pakthe Air HQ, Navy HQ, and Army GHQ in the vicinity of
[177]
istani
military
are
the
largest troop contributors to UN
the Rawalpindi Military District.
peacekeeping missions.[193]
The Chairman Joint Chiefs of Sta Committee is the
highest principle sta ocer in the armed forces, and the Pakistan has deployed its military in some Arab counproviding defence, training, and playing advisory
chief military adviser to the civilian government though tries, [194][195]
The PAF and Navy's ghter pilots have volroles.
the chairman has no authority over the three branches
[176]
untarily
served
in Arab nations' militaries against Israel
of armed forces.
The Chairman joint chiefs conin
the
Six-Day
War
(1967) and in the Yom Kippur War
trols the military from the JS HQ and maintains strate(1973).
Pakistans
ghter pilots shot down ten Israeli
gic communications between the military and the civilian
[176]
planes
in
the
Six-Day
War.[190] Requested by the Saudi
government.
As of current, the Chairman joint chiefs
is General Rashid Mahmood alongside chief of army sta monarchy in 1979, the special forces units, operatives,
in
General Raheel Sharif,[178] chief of naval sta Admiral and commandos were rushed to assist Saudi forces[196]
[179]
Mecca
to
lead
the
operation
of
the
Grand
Mosque.
Muhammad Zaka,
and chief of air sta Air Chief
Marshal Suhail Aman.[180] The main branches are the In 1991 Pakistan got involved with the Gulf War and sent
coalition, specically for
ArmyAir ForceNavyMarines, which are supported 5,000 troops as part of a US-led
[197]
[181]
the
defence
of
Saudi
Arabia.
by the number of paramilitary forces in the country.
Control over the strategic arsenals, deployment, employ- Since 2004, the military has been engaged in a war
ment, development, military computers and command in North-West Pakistan, mainly against the homegrown
and control is a responsibility vested under the National Taliban factions.[198][199] Major operations undertaken by
Command Authority which oversaw the work on the the Army include Operation Black Thunderstorm and
nuclear policy as part of the credible minimum deter- Operation Rah-e-Nijat.[200][201]
rence.[99]
The United States, Turkey, and China maintain close
military relations and regularly export military equipment and technology transfer to Pakistan.[182] Joint logistics and major war games are occasionally carried
out by the militaries of China and Turkey.[181][183][184]
Philosophical basis for the military draft is introduced by
the Constitution in times of emergency, but it has never
been imposed.[185] Since 1947, Pakistan has been in-
10
fought at least three large-scale conventional wars in successive years of 1947, 1965, and 1971. The conict
in 1971 witnessed Pakistans unconditional surrender
and a treaty that subsequently led to the independence
of Bangladesh.[202] Other serious military engagements
and skirmishes included the armed contacts in Siachen
Glacier (1984) and Kargil (1999).[153] Approximately
45.1% of the Kashmir region is controlled by India while
claiming the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the
Siachen.[153] The claim is contested by Pakistan, which
approximately controls the 38.2% of the Kashmir region,
known as the Azad Kashmir and GilgitBaltistan.[153][203]
3.5
Law enforcement
4.1
11
12
5 INFRASTRUCTURE
5 Infrastructure
5.1 Economy
Main articles: Economy of Pakistan and Economic
history of Pakistan
4.2
5.1
Economy
13
A Pakistani textile market. Pakistan has the third largest GDP growth rate of Pakistan compared with global average since
spinning capacity in Asia.
2000.
14
The textile industry enjoys a pivotal position in the exports of Pakistan. Pakistan is the 8th largest exporter of
textile products in Asia. This sector contributes 9.5%
to the GDP and provides employment to about 15 million people or roughly 30% of the 49 million workforce
of the country. Pakistan is the 4th largest producer of
cotton with the third largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, and contributes 5% to the global
spinning capacity. China is the second largest buyer of
Pakistani textiles, importing US$1.527 billion of textiles
last scal. Unlike U.S. where mostly value added textiles are imported, China buys only cotton yarn and cotton fabric from Pakistan. In 2012, Pakistani textile products accounted for 3.3% or US$1.07bn of total United
Kingdoms textile imports, 12.4% or US$4.61bn of total
Chinese textile imports, 2.98% or $2.98b of total United
States textile imports, 1.6% or US$0.88bn of total German textile imports and 0.7% or US$0.888bn of total Indian textile imports.[277]
5 INFRASTRUCTURE
while the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority regulates safe usage of the nuclear energy.[287] The electricity
generated by commercial nuclear power plants constitutes
roughly ~5.8% of electricity generated in Pakistan, compared to ~62% from fossil fuel (petroleum), ~29.9% from
hydroelectric power and ~0.3% from coal.[288][289][290]
Pakistan is one of the four nuclear armed states (along
with India, Israel, and North Korea) that is not a party
to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but is a member in good standing of the International Atomic Energy
Agency.[291][292][293]
For the commercial usage of the nuclear power, China
has provided an avid support for commercializing the nuclear power sources in Pakistan from early on, rst providing the Chashma-I reactor. The Karachi-I, a Candutype, was provided by Canada in 1971 the countrys rst
commercial nuclear power plant. In subsequent years,
Peoples Republic of China sold the nuclear power plant
for energy and industrial growth of the country. In 2005,
both countries reached out towards working on joint energy security plan, calling for a huge increase in generating capacity to more than 160,000 MWe by 2030. Original admissions by Pakistan, the government plans for lifting nuclear capacity to 8800 MWe, 900 MWe of it by
2015 and a further 1500 MWe by 2020.[294]
5.4
Transport
15
5.3
Tourism
5.4 Transport
Main article: Transport in Pakistan
The transport industry accounts for ~10.5% of the nations GDP.[307] Pakistans motorway infrastructure is
better than those of India, Bangladesh, and Indonesia, but
the train system lags behind those of India and China,
and aviation infrastructure also needs improvement.[308]
There is scarcely any inland water transportation system, and coastal shipping only meets minor local
requirements.[309]
Highways form the backbone of Pakistans transport system; a total road length of 259,618 km accounts for 91%
of passenger and 96% of freight trac. Road transport services are largely in the hands of the private sector, which handles around 95% of freight trac. The
16
5 INFRASTRUCTURE
National Highway Authority is responsible for the maintenance of national highways and motorways. The highway and motorway system depends mainly on north
south links, connecting the southern ports to the populous provinces of Punjab and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Although this network only accounts for 4.2% of total road Atta-ur-Rahman won the UNESCO Science Prize for
length, it carries 85% of the countrys trac.[310][311]
pioneering contributions in chemistry in 1999, the rst
The Pakistan Railways, under the Ministry of Railways Muslim to win it.
(MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the
1970s, the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national
highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry. Since the 1990s, there was a marked shift in trafc from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after
the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railways share of inland trac is only 10% for passengers
and 4% for freight trac. Personal transportation dominated by the automobiles, the total rail track decreased
from 8,775 km in 199091 to 7,791 km in 2011.[310][312]
Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign
trade with China, Iran and Turkey.[313][314]
Development on science and technology plays an inuential role in Pakistans infrastructure and helped the
country to reach out to the world.[315] Every year, scientists from around the world are invited by the Pakistan
Academy of Sciences and the Pakistan Government to
participate in the International Nathiagali Summer College on Physics.[316] Pakistan hosted an international seminar on Physics in Developing Countries for International
Year of Physics 2005.[317] Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdus Salam won a Nobel Prize in Physics for his work
on the electroweak interaction.[318] Inuential publications and the critical scientic works in the advancement
Rough estimates accounts for 139 airports in Pakistan of mathematics, biology, economics, computer science,
scienboth military and civilian airports which are mostly pub- and genetics have been produced by the Pakistani
[319]
tists
at
the
domestic
and
international
standings.
licly owned. Though the Jinnah International Airport
is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the In chemistry, Salimuzzaman Siddiqui was the rst Pakinternational airports in Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar, istani scientist to bring the therapeutic constituents of
Quetta, Faisalabad, Sialkot and Multan also handle sig- the neem tree to the attention of natural products
nicant amounts of trac. The civil aviation industry chemists.[320][321][322] Pakistani neurosurgeon Ayub Omis mixed with public and private sectors, which has been maya invented the Ommaya reservoir, a system for treatderegulated in 1993. While the state-owned Pakistan In- ment of brain tumours and other brain conditions.[323]
ternational Airlines (PIA) is the major and dominated air Scientic research and development plays a pivotal role
carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and in Pakistani universities, collaboration with the governall domestic freight, the private airlines such as airBlue, ment sponsored national laboratories, science parks, and
Shaheen Air International, and Air Indus, also provide co-operation with the industry.[324] Abdul Qadeer Khan
the similar services with low cost expenses. Major sea- regarded as the founder of HEU-based Gas-centrifuge
ports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port and Port uranium enrichment program for Pakistans integrated
Qasim).[310][312] Since the 1990s, the seaport operations atomic bomb project.[325] He founded and established
have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1976, beGwadar Port and Gadani Port.[310][312]
ing both its senior scientist and the Director-General un-
5.6
Education
17
til his retirement in 2001, and he was an early and vital 5.6 Education
gure in other science projects. Apart from participating
in Pakistans atomic bomb project, he made major con- Main articles: Education in Pakistan and Higher Educatributions in molecular morphology, physical martensite, tion Commission
and its integrated applications in condensed and material
physics.[326][327]
The Constitution of Pakistan requires the state to provide
In 2010, Pakistan was ranked 43rd in the world in terms free primary and secondary education.[339][340] At the
of published scientic papers.[328] The Pakistan Academy time of establishment of Pakistan as state, the country had
of Sciences, a strong scientic community, plays an in- only one university, the Punjab University in Lahore.[341]
uential and vital role in formulating the science policies On immediate basis, the Pakistan government established
recommendation to the government.[329]
public universities in each four provinices including the
The 1960s era saw the emergence of the active space Sindh University (1949), Peshawar University (1950),
program led by the SUPARCO that produced advances Karachi University (1953), and Balochistan University
in domestic rocketry, electronics, and aeronomy.[330] The (1970). Pakistan has a large network of both public
space program recorded a few notable feats and achieve- and private universities; a collaboration of public-private
ments. The successful launch of its rst rocket into universities to provide research and higher education in
space made Pakistan the rst South Asian country to the country, although there is concern about the low
[342]
have achieved such a task.[330] Successfully producing quality of teaching in many of the newer schools.
and launching nations rst space satellite in 1990, Pak- It is estimated that there are 3193 technical and vo[343]
and there are also
istan became the rst Muslim country and second South cational institutions in Pakistan,
[331]
madrassahs that provide free Islamic education and ofAsian country to put a satellite into space.
fer free board and lodging to students, who come mainly
As an aftermath of the 1971 war with India, the clandesfrom the poorer strata of society.[344] Strongly instigated
tine crash program developed atomic weapons in a fear
public pressure and popular criticism over the extremists
and to prevent any foreign intervention, while ushering in
usage of madrassahs for recruitment, the Pakistan govthe atomic age in the post cold war era.[127] Competition
ernment has made repeated eorts to regulate and monwith India and tensions eventually led Pakistans decision
itor the quality of education in the madrassahs.[345][346]
of conducting underground nuclear tests in 1998; thus becoming the seventh country in the world to successfully Education in Pakistan is divided into six main levels: nursery (preparatory classes); primary (grades
develop nuclear weapons.[332]
one through ve); middle (grades six through eight);
The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the only Muslim
matriculation (grades nine and ten, leading to the
country that maintains a research station in Antarctica
secondary certicate); intermediate (grades eleven and
and it has maintained a presence there since 1991.[333]
twelve, leading to a higher secondary certicate); and uniAfter establishing an Antarctic program, Pakistan is one
versity programmes leading to graduate and postgraduate
of the small number of countries that have an active reprograms.[343] Network of Pakistani private schools also
search presence in Antarctica. The Antarctic program
operate a parallel secondary education system based on
oversees two summer research stations on the continent
the curriculum set and administered by the Cambridge Inand plans to open another base, which will operate all year
ternational Examinations of the United Kingdom. Some
round.[334] Energy consumption by computers and usage
students choose to take the O-level and A level exams
has grown since the 1990s when the PCs were introduced;
conducted by the British Council.[347] According to the
Pakistan has over 20 million internet users and is ranked
International Schools Consultancy, Pakistan has 439 inas one of the top countries that have registered a high
ternational schools.[348]
growth rate in internet penetration, as of 2011.[335] Key
publications has been produced by Pakistan, and domes- Initiatives taken in 2007, the English medium educatic software development has gained a lot international tion has been made compulsory to all schools across the
country.[349][350] Additional reforms taken in 2013, all
praise.[336]
educational institutions in Sindh began instructions in
Overall, it has the 27th largest population of internet
Chinese language courses, reecting Chinas growing role
users in the world. Since the 2000s, Pakistan has made
as a superpower and increasing inuence in Pakistan.[351]
signicant amount of progress in supercomputing, and
The literacy rate of the population is ~58 %. Male litvarious institutions oers research in parallel computeracy is ~70.2% while female literacy rate is 46.3%.[260]
ing. Pakistan government reportedly spends . 4.6
Literacy rates vary by region and particularly by sex; for
billion on information technology projects, with emphainstance, female literacy in tribal areas is 3.0%.[352] With
sis on e-government, human resource and infrastructure
the launch of the computer literacy in 1995, the governdevelopment.[337]
ment launched a nationwide initiative in 1998 with the
aim of eradicating illiteracy and providing a basic education to all children.[353] Through various educational reforms, by 2015 the MoEd expects to attain 100.00% en-
18
6 DEMOGRAPHICS
6 Demographics
After earning their HSC, students may study in a profes- Main articles: Demographics of Pakistan, Demographic
sional college or the university for bachelorate program history of Pakistan and Pakistanis
courses such as science and engineering (BEng, BS/BSc, As per United States Census Bureau estimates the counBTech) surgery and medicine (MBBS, MD), dentistry
(BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), criminal justice and
law (LLB, LLM, JD), architecture (BArch), pharmacy
(Pharm D.) and nursing (BNurs). Students can also attend
a university for a bachelorate degree for business administration, literature, and management including the BA,
BCom, BBA, and MBA programs. The higher education
mainly supervises by the Higher Education Commission
(HEC) that sets out the policies and issues rankings of the
nationwide universities. In October 2014, education activist Malala Yousafzai became by far the youngest ever
person in the world to receive the Nobel peace prize.[355]
Kalash people maintain a unique identity and religion within
Pakistan.
5.7
6.1 Health
Expenditure spend on healthcare was ~2.8% of GDP in
2013. Life expectancy at birth was 67 years for females
and 65 years for males in 2013.[370] The private sector ac-
6.5
Religion
19
counts for about 80% of outpatient visits. Approximately is also a large Pakistani diaspora, numbering over seven
19% of the population and 30% of children under ve are million residing worldwide.[382]
malnourished.[247] Mortality of the under-ves was 86 per
1,000 live births in 2012.[370]
6.5 Religion
6.2
Languages
6.3
Immigration
20
ship were banned from being called mosques.[399] As there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families
of 2012, 12% of Pakistani Muslims self-identify as non- for socio-economic reasons.[409] The traditional dress for
denominational Muslims.[400]
both men and women is the Shalwar Kameez; trousers,
[38]
The
Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic inu- Jeans, and shirts are also popular among men.
middle
class
has
increased
to
around
35
million
and
the
ences, resulting in a religion with some traditions disupper
and
upper-middle
classes
to
around
17
million
in
[401]
tinct from those of the Arab world.
Two Sus whose
recent
decades,
and
power
is
shifting
from
rural
landownshrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri
[410]
Pakistani festivals such
in Lahore (c. 12th century)[402] and Shahbaz Qalander ers to the urbanised elites.
as Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, Easter,
[403]
in Sehwan, Sindh (c. 12th century).
Susm, a mysti[408]
Incal Islamic tradition, has a long history and a large pop- Holi, and Diwali are mostly religious in origin.
creasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking
ular following in Pakistan. Popular Su culture is cen[411]
tered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and an- 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.
nual festivals which feature Su music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular
character, which in their view, does not accurately reect the teachings and practice of the Prophet and his
7.1
companions.[404][405]
After Islam, Hinduism and Christianity are the largest
religions in Pakistan, with 2,800,000 (1.6%) adherents
each in 2005.[61] In 1998 following a census, they were
followed by the Bah' Faith, which had a following of
30,000, then Sikhism, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism,
each back then claiming 20,000 adherents,[406] and a very
small community of Jains. There is a Roman Catholic
community in Karachi which was established by Goan
and Tamil migrants when Karachis infrastructure was
being developed by the British during colonial administration between World War I and World War II. Inuence of atheism is very little with 1.0% of the population
aligned as atheist in 2005.[407] However, the gure rose
to 2.0% in 2012 according to Gallup.[407]
7.2 Feminism
emphasising local cultural etiquettes and traditional Is- Main articles: Women in Pakistan, Role of women in
lamic values that govern personal and political life. The Pakistani media and Women in the Pakistan Armed
basic family unit is the extended family,[408] although Forces
7.3
21
The Lollywood, an Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto lm industry is based in Karachi, Lahore, and Peshawar. While
Bollywood lms were banned from public cinemas from
1965 until 2008, they have remained important in popular culture.[420][421] Contrary to the ailing lm industry,
the Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances
are popular, as many entertainment media air the series regularly.[422] Urdu dramas dominate the TV entertainment industry, and have debuted critically acclaimed
miniseries, and have featured popular actors and actresses
since the 1990s.[423] In the 1960s1970s, pop music and
disco (1970s) dominated the countrys music industry. In
the 1980s1990s, British inuenced rock music appeared
and jolted the countrys entertainment industry.[424] In
the 2000s, heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim.[425]
Pakistani music ranges from diverse provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal
Gayaki to modern forms fusing traditional and western
music.[426][427] Pakistan has many famous folk singers.
The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces
has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there
has been intolerance of it in some places.[428] Pakistan has
some of the worlds modern vibrant and open media.[429]
Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing
corruption.[430]
7.4 Urbanisation
Main article: Urbanisation in Pakistan
Since achieving independence as a result of the partition
of India, the urbanization has exponentially increased
and has several dierent causes for it.[369] Majority
of southern side population resides along the Indus
River, with Karachi being its most populous commercial city.[369] On the east,west, and northern skirts, the
most of the population lives in an arc formed by the cities
of Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Sargodha,
Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat, Jhelum, Sheikhupura,
Nowshera, Mardan and Peshawar. During 19902008,
the city dwellers made up 36.0% of Pakistans population,
making it the most urbanised nation in South Asia. Furthermore, more than 50% of Pakistanis live in towns of
22
7.5
Diaspora
7.7
7.6
Architecture
23
7.7 Architecture
Main articles: Pakistani architecture and Hindu and Buddhist architectural heritage of Pakistan
Pakistani architecture has four recognised periods: preIslamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilisation around the middle of the
3rd millennium BCE,[449] an advanced urban culture developed for the rst time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[450] Mohenjo
Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic
settlements that are now tourist attractions.[221] The rise
of Buddhism and the Greek inuence led to the developHistorically, philosophical development in the coun- ment of the Greco-Buddhist style,[451] starting from the
try was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed, 1st century CE. The high point of this era was reached
24
25
at bread made from wheat, is a staple food, served with
curry, meat, vegetables and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet
dishes.[217][455][456]
Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Black
tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan
and is taken daily by most of the population.[38][457] Sohan
Halwa is a popular sweet dish from the southern region of
Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[458]
and Jansher Khan won the World Open Squash Championship several times during their careers.[465] Jahangir
Khan also won the British Open a record ten times.[464]
Pakistan has competed many times at the Olympics
in eld hockey, boxing, athletics, swimming, and
shooting.[466] Pakistans Olympic medal tally stands
at 10 of which 8 were earned in hockey.[467] The
Commonwealth Games and Asian Games medal tallies
stand at 65 and 160 respectively.[468][469]
9 Notes
[1] Include data for Pakistani territories of Kashmir; Azad
Kashmir (13,297 km2 or 5,134 sq mi) and Gilgit
Baltistan (72,520 km2 or 28,000 sq mi).[12] Including
these territories would produce an area gure of 881,913
km2 (340,509 sq mi).
[2] Urdu: ALA-LC: Diyodr
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11
Further reading
related
to
Pakistan
at
40
13
13
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Original artist: ?
File:National_anthem_of_Pakistan.OGG
anthem_of_Pakistan.OGG License:
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http://www.nationalanthems.info
BY
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/National_
3.0 Contributors:
http://www.nationalanthems.info/pk.mp3 Original artist:
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