Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
BORROWING
Words or phrases, which have spread from one language and are used in
another. Borrowings can occur at a different linguistic level and can be
originated by a wide range of different causes including:
a. Contact between language codes in multilingual situations
b. The domination of some languages by others.
c. A sense of need because technology or culture advances more
rapidly in countries speaking certain languages.
d. A sense of prestige associated with other languages.
CO-ORDINATE BILINGUAL =/= COMPOUND BILINGUAL
This term applies to someone who has learnt two languages and both
languages have been learnt in different contexts, and they are kept
distinct. It probably entails the existence of two meaning systems with two
different words. This raises the question whether both languages develop
together or separately in the brain.
COMPOUND BILINGUAL
This term applies to someone who has learnt two languages in which one
language has been learnt after the other and, therefore, through the first
one. Both languages are closely connected, as they are composed of a
single meaning system with two words or labels for a single meaning.
LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE
It refers to lexical, phonological, syntactical knowledge and skills and
other dimensions of language as system. This component relates to the
range and quality of knowledge but also to cognitive organization and the
way this knowledge is stored.
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
Term was introduced by Hymes in opposition to the chomskian conception
of linguistic competence. Hymes considered that the linguistic knowledge
of grammar, pronunciation and lexicon is not enough as speakers also
have other types of knowledge about how to use that language properly in
society. This additional knowledge allows speakers to be sensitive to some
determining factors such as the context, the type of interlocutor, and the
register, for example.
CORPUS PLANNING =/= STATUS PLANNING
Actions undertaken in order to partially
modify
the
nature
or
OBSERVER S PARADOX
Term developed by Labov to refer to a phenomenon that takes place when
doing sociol. research. When the sociolinguist needs to gather data from a
speaker or a group of speakers there can be a problem. As soon as the
informants realize that they are being observed they can change their
speech and make use of less natural talk
PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
This term is concerned with the functional use of linguistic resources
used on aural communication or scripts of interactional exchanges. It also
concerns the mastery of discourse, cohesion and coherence, the
identification of text types and forms, irony, parody, etc.
PRAGMATICS
It is a branch of linguistics that studies the use of language in
communication, i.e., the relationship between utterances and the contexts
and situations in which they are used.
PROFICIENCY
This term describes the degree of skill that someone has attained in a
language, generally as a second language, and their ability over the four
basic skills: speaking, reading, writing and listening.
(PROTO)-INDO-EUROPEAN
Languages can be classified genetically. This classification involves
comparing the structure of different languages in order to show common
parentage. Indo-European is the best-known language family. English
belongs to the Anglo-Frisian group of the West German branch of the
Germanic subfamily. A reconstructed language is indicated by the term
proto-.
SABIR
This was a lingua franca used in the Mediterranean area from the Middle
Ages to the twentieth century. This language has been kept stable for
centuries in spite of not having native speakers and being just a contact
language. Some specialists suggest that all pidgins based on a European
language derive from this lingua franca.
SOCIOLINGUSTIC COMPETENCE
This term refers to the sociocultural conditions of language use (rules of
politeness, norms governing relations between generations, sexes, classes
and social groups, etc.) The sociolinguistic component strictly affects all
language communication between representatives of different cultures.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC INTERVIEW
It is a technique to collect speech samples to gather information about a
given speakers, or group of speakers, in a speech community. This method
of research is important for the sociolinguist as it provides face-to-face
interaction with the informant with a technique that allows recording for
later analysis.
SOCIOLINGUISTIC RELATIVITY
When people coming from different social and linguistic backgrounds
interact, they tend to analyse and judge each other s system.The more
interaction with different cultures, dialects, registers, etc, the more
capable they will be of perceiving their culture as just one of many. SR
entails the acknowledgement of sociolinguistic diversity.
SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE
A branch of sociolinguistics that studies large scale processes of
interaction between language and its use in society.
SPEECH ACT
It is an utterance that represents a functional unit in interaction.
Utterances can have a locutionary meaning (the basic literal meaning of
the utterance) or an illocutionary meaning (the effect the utterance has on
the listener, or the text on the reader).
SYNCHRONIC VARIATION
This term refers to the instances and characteristics of variation that
occur at the present time in language. That is, they way variation affects
language at a given time in history. Diachronic variation, however, looks at
language from a historical point of view and considers linguistic change
through time.
TURN-TAKING
In conversation analysis this term describes the fundamental mechanisms
on which conversation is based.
VARIETY
This term is used to refer to a sort of language that is considered as a
separate entity for some reason, but which generally shares a great deal of
common features with a standard or other varieties. Therefore, it is not
considered a different language.