Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Learning objectives
What are you going to learn about in this chapter?
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The earth is made up of three main layers: the crust, the mantle and the
core (A). The crust is a thin surface which forms the land on which we live.
It floats on the semi-liquid (molten) mantle. The core is the centre of the
earth and is made of iron.
Plates
Huge blocks of the earths crust.
The core
Scientists believe that:
the inner core is solid, because it is so dense
the outer core is molten rock.
The mantle
The mantle is a layer of molten rock
(magma) underneath the crust.
Plate boundary
Where plates meet.
The crust
Where land is on the surface it is
called continental crust and is usually
2060 km thick.
Where oceans are on the surface it is
called oceanic crust and is thinner
usually between 8 and 25 km thick.
In some places the crust is very thin
and molten material bubbles up to
the surface through cracks these
are called hot-spots.
H O W H OT I S
IT INSIDE
T H E E A RT H ?
No one really knows
the answer to this
question, but we do
know that inside the
earth is hotter than the
outside. One way we
can tell this is when
volcanoes erupt or red
hot lava comes to the
earths surface. The
photographs in source
B show other evidence
which tells us that
temperatures are higher
inside the earth.
Key words
T H E E A RT H S C RU S T
The earths crust is not one solid mass. It is made up of large pieces
called plates (map C). Continental Plates have land on the surface and
Oceanic Plates have an ocean on the surface. The plates are slowly
moved around by currents inside the earth. Notice how in some places
the plates are moving towards each other and in other places they are
moving apart. Plate boundaries are the places where plates meet this is
where earthquakes and volcanoes often occur.
or
th
Eurasian
m
er
ic
an
I ra n
Ar
P a c i f i c
ian
ab
ia
Caribbean
P h ili p p in e
African
South
American
Nazca
Au Ind
st ora
lia
n
Indo-Australian
Key
Plate boundary (edge)
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
Antarctic
3000 Kilometres
Activities
1 Copy out the following paragraph. Use the words
in the box below to fill in the gaps. Start by putting
the heading: What is the earth like?
The earth is made up of ______layers, the crust,
the _______ and the core. The ______ is the part
we live on and is between 8 and 60 km thick. The
mantle is made up of _______rocks called
_______. The core is in the _______ of the earth
and is made of ____________.
iron
three
molten
magma centre
crust
mantle
3 Look at source C.
a) Which plate does Britain lie on?
b) Why does Britain not have major earthquakes
and volcanoes?
c) Why is the edge of the Pacific Ocean often
called the Pacific ring of fire?
4 Below are some sentences that describe the
location of volcanoes. Write out the two that
are correct.
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H O W FA S T D O T H E P L ATE S M OV E ?
The plates move between 1 cm and 12 cm a year, which is about the
speed of growing fingernails! This does not sound very fast but dont
forget that the earth is millions of years old, so a small movement can
make a big difference given enough time.
About 160 million years ago South America and Africa were next to each
other; today they are separated by the Atlantic Ocean (A).
H O W C A N W E TE LL T H AT T H E E A RT H S
P L ATE S M OV E ?
Pl
at
bo
un
da
ry
South America
N
A t l a n t i c
O c e a n
Movement
Africa
4000 Kilometres
A Plate movement
W H AT H A P P E N S W H E R E P L ATE S M E E T ?
Plates can move apart, push together or slide past each other. This
means that the area where plates meet is very unstable.
W H AT H A P P E N S W H E N T WO P L ATE S M OV E A PA RT ?
4 The tops of some of the mountains stick
up out of the ocean to form islands
Iceland
-A
tla
nt
ic
id
ge
id
A t l a n t i c
O c e a n
E u r o p e
N o r t h
A m e r i c a
Plate
Molten
rock
Plate
W H AT H A P P E N S W H E N A N O C E A N I C P L ATE
A N D A CO N T I N E N TA L P L ATE P U S H TO G E T H E R ?
4 Liquid rock (magma)
rises to the surface
5 Volcanic eruption
Japan
Pacific Ocean
Eurasian Plate
Pacific Plate
1 The heavier Pacific Plate
pushes under the Eurasian Plate
3 Rock begins to melt
Activities
1 Copy and complete the following sentences using
the words in the box below.
plates
Melting rock
Rising magma
Start of an earthquake
Key words
Epicentre the point on the
earths surface above where
an earthquake starts
Most earthquakes happen when two of the earths plates stick as they
push past each other (A).
Pla
te
Pla
te
mo
vem
ent
mo
vem
ent
Cr u
Cr u
st
st
Ma
Cr
ntle
Cr
us
us
t
ntle
Ma
FAC T F I LE
The word seismic is Greek for
shake. As earthquakes cause
the ground to shake, anything
to do with earthquakes is
called seismic!
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W H AT A B O U T T H E S T R E N G T H O F A N
E A RT H Q UA K E ?
The strength of an earthquake is measured by the Richter scale. The
higher the number on the scale the greater the damage.
The Richter scale
Measures the amount of energy released.
1
Barely felt
Slight vibrations
Widespread destruction
8.9 Strongest
recorded earthquake
H O W A R E E A RT H Q UA K E S M E A S U R E D ?
An instrument called
a seismometer is
used to record the
shaking of the earth
(photo B).
The information
collected is shown
on a seismograph
(C). Comparing
seismographs from
different places can
help to tell where an
earthquake started.
Strong earthquake
Smaller eathquake
Calm
Time
B A seismometer
C A seismograph
H O W D O E A RT H Q UA K E S C AU S E DA M A G E ?
Shaking causes
buildings to collapse
Buildings destroyed
by the earthquake
Activities
1 What does the word seismic mean?
Vibrations
Focus
Epicentre
Type of damage
Richter scale
Barely felt
2
4
6
Widespread destruction
11
A
IN
CH
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Hokkaido
N. KOREA
J A PA N
At 5.46 am on 17 January
1995 the city was rocked by
a massive earthquake (A)
recorded at 7.2 on the
Richter scale.
Honshu
Kyoto
S. KOREA
Tokyo
Kobe
Osaka
Nearly 12,000
buildings destroyed
Many killed as parts of
Hanshin Expressway collapse
Epicentre
300 Kilometres
Nara
Tarumi
At 5.46 am local time tremors
spread from island epicentre
Kobe
International
Airport unaffected
Osaka Bay
FAC T F I LE
Kobe was Japans worst
earthquake for 72 years
6,310 people were killed
Awaji Island
16 Kilometres
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W H AT WA S I T L I K E
TO L I V E T H RO U G H
T H E E A RT H Q UA K E ?
There was a rumbling sound that got louder and louder. Everything started
to shake a lot of buildings began to collapse. Most people did not have
time to get out.
Local resident
I was driving to work and the car was suddenly thrown across the road. All
the cars stopped. It was only later I was told that the road ahead had
collapsed, killing a number of people.
W H AT WA S I T L I K E
FOR THE
EMERGENCY
S E RV I C E S ?
I was staying in a hotel and was woken up by a flash that lit up the sky.
I was later told it was an electrical explosion. Everything began to move.
It seemed to last for ages, but was probably only about 20 seconds.
Local fireman
The biggest problem was that fires
were breaking out everywhere.
Gas mains and electrical cables were
damaged, causing thousands of fires.
We could not cope with them all.
Ambulance driver
The biggest problem was getting
to people who needed help. Lots
of the roads and bridges were
damaged. Others were blocked
by buildings that had collapsed.
Visiting businessman
the earthquake
Activities
1 Write a heading The Kobe Earthquake Japan.
Underneath the heading write down:
when it happened
how powerful it was
Person
Point
Local resident
13
Caspian
Sea
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Tehran
I r a n
Kerman
Iraq
Bam
The
Gulf
Saudi
Arabia
0
W H AT C AU S E D T H E E A RT H Q UA K E ?
N
400 Kilometres
Bam, Iran
The Iranian plate and the Arabian plate pushed together. This caused a
shockwave which was the start of the earthquake (B).
The following news reports describe what it was like in Bam after the
earthquake.
Caspian
Sea
Afghanistan
Eurasian
Plate
Tehran
Iranian Plate
Iraq
I r a n
Arabian
Plate
Th
Bam
G
ul f
400 Kilometres
Y OF BAM
ANCIENT CIT
S
K
C
O
R
E
K
A
QU
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sterday when an
le were killed ye
op
pe
00
,0
20
r
Ove
of Bam. With
cient Iranian city
an
e
th
t
hi
e
ak
earthqu
e fears that
stroyed, there ar
de
es
m
ho
of
s
thousand
homeless in the
e from being left
many more will di
winter cold.
00 people, with
t city of over 80,0
en
ci
an
an
is
m
Ba
0 years old. It
ildings over 2,00
bu
k
ic
br
ud
m
y
man
e badly
itals and both wer
only has two hosp
earthquake.
damaged by the
S THOUSANDS
EARTHQUAKE KILL
are feared
rning 40,000 people
Just before dawn this mo
volunteers,
e
scu
the dead. Re
an ear thquake devastated
edics are
am
par
and
brick doctors
city of Bam in Iran. Mud
untry to
co
the
to
n
and being flow
homes in the city
whom
of
ny
ma
,
ors
were help sur viv
sur rounding villages
g.
hin
ryt
eve
to have lost
reduced to rubble and up
Activities
1 Write the title The Bam earthquake Iran 2003.
a) Copy out and complete the following sentences.
The number of people living in Bam is
_____________.
The ancient Citadel is _______ years old and
made from _______ _______.
b) Copy out the following passage, which
describes what happened in the Bam
earthquake. Use the words in the box below to
complete the passage.
The earthquake happened because the Iranian
and Arabian _________ moved together,
causing the ground to __________. It happened
__________ in the morning and many people
were asleep in their red _________ houses.
Most houses were poorly _______ and
__________ during the earthquake.
plates
early
Roads
15
W H AT I S A V O LC A N O ?
A volcano is an opening or vent in the earths crust where different
materials are able to reach the earths surface (AD).
W H AT S O RTS O F M ATE R I A L C A N R E AC H
T H E E A RT H S S U R FAC E ?
Lots of different types of material can be forced up from inside the earths
crust during a volcanic eruption. Not all volcanic eruptions are explosive.
In places like Hawaii lava flows in channels and can be studied at quite
close range.
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Types of material
erupted from the earth
W H AT DA M A G E C A N A V O LC A N I C
E RU P T I O N C AU S E ?
Gas clouds can suffocate people.
Lava flows destroy everything in their path.
Volcanic bombs can
destroy buildings.
A R E A LL V O LC A N O E S AC T I V E ?
Volcanoes can be active, dormant or extinct.
Active volcanoes
Dormant volcanoes have not erupted for many years but could still erupt.
Extinct volcanoes
Activities
1
Magma is
People
Roads
Lava is
Buildings
Farmland
active volcanoes
dormant volcanoes
extinct volcanoes.
5
17
Sudan
Cameroon
Ug
and
Gabon
Democra tic
Republic of
Congo
Goma
Rwanda
Bukava
Burundi
Kinshasa
z
Tan
Mbuji-Mayi
ani
Kananga
W H AT WA S I T L I K E L I V I N G
T H RO U G H T H E E RU P T I O N ?
The following newspaper article and sources B and C
show what it was like to live through the eruption.
Angola
Lubumbashi
0
400 Kilometres
Key
Nyiragongo
of Goma
The African city
a volcanic
was lit up by
t as lava
eruption last nigh
e sides of
poured from th
It
Nyiragongo.
Mount
small vildestroyed many
e its way
lages as it mad
the shore
towards Goma, on
ldings were
of Lake Kivu. Bui
the red hot
turned to ash by
people had
lava and many
es.
to run for their liv
ning nearly
By early this mor
had left
300,000 people
looked like
Goma the city
n the edge
a ghost town. O
only airport
of the city the
royed and
had been dest
could be
many buildings
seen burning.
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Aid worker
Local fireman
We had to leave our home. I tried to return a
few days later but everything was destroyed.
Local resident
I was working in the area. I
could not believe the noise and the
smell of chemicals as the lava flowed
through the streets of Goma.
Foreign worker
Visiting doctor
I was told that the lava was flowing
from Mount Nyiragongo at over
thirty miles per hour!
Activities
1 Copy out the following passage which explains
what happened in Goma. Use the words in the box
below to fill in the gaps.
When Mount Nyiragongo ___________ a flow of
_________ moved towards the city of ________. It
Experience
Local resident
lava
Goma
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C A N E A RT H Q UA K E S B E P R E D I C TE D ?
We know that most earthquakes
happen near the edges of plates so
we can use instruments (A) to tell if
anything is happening in these areas.
A heavy weight at
the top stops the
building swaying
as much
Cross-bracing
means that the
building can sway
without collapsing
A broad base
makes the
building more
stable
A A laser detector
PL ANNING FOR
E A RT H Q UA K E S
The following measures can reduce the
risks from earthquakes:
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W H Y I S P R E PA R AT I O N I M P O RTA N T I N A N
E A RT H Q UA K E Z O N E ?
D!
E
R
A
P
E
ChRE
our
BE PRou knowBE
oose D!
a safe place
where yPREPA
to shelter in
your hom
sure y
e
Mak
l is.
family
hospita
l
a
c
lo
in your
e
n
o
y
r
e
ev
e sure
an
Mak
to do if
t
a
h
w
s
w
kno
es.
ake strik
is fixed
earthqu
rniture
fu
r
u
o
y
over.
e sure
t topple
o
n
n
Mak
a
c
and
elter in
to walls
e to sh
c
la
p
fe
a
ose a s
Cho
.
e
m
your ho
e.
Have spa
re batteries
for your
mobile phon
e and a torc
h.
Prepare a
n earthquake
emergency ki
t include fir
st-aid
materials an
d other things
you
might need
to survive fo
ra
couple of da
ys.
W H AT A B O U T V O LC A N O E S ?
Before volcanoes erupt there are often warning signs
including:
appear
warm clothes
Activities
1 Copy out and complete the following sentences by
adding the correct word from the box below:
______________ is about working out when
something is going to happen.
______________ is about making sure buildings
are well constructed.
______________ is about making sure people
know what to do if an earthquake strikes.
PREPARATION
PREDICTION
Warning signs
PLANNING
a number of points
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What is a tsunami?
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In Japanese the word tsu means wave and nami means harbour, so the
word tsunami really means harbour wave. It was called this because of
giant waves hitting the Japanese coast.
FAC T F I LE
The highest recorded wave
created by a tsunami hit Japan
in 1921 and was just under
90 metres high!
W H AT C AU S E S A TS U N A M I ?
Earthquakes or volcanoes create tsunamis. Sudden movements on the
seabed push water upwards and start a wave. In deep water the wave is
quite small, but moves very fast often up to 500 mph. As the wave gets
near to land, it slows down but gets much bigger. It swallows everything in
its way and can totally destroy coastal areas (source A).
H O W D O E S A TS U N A M I D E V E LO P ?
4 The wave gets
bigger as water
piles up behind it.
ter
w wa
Shallo
dow
wave
ws the
o
l
s
d
e
b
on sea
Friction
1 The seabed is
shaken by an
earthquake or
volcano.
n.
Deep water
A Development of a tsunami
H I S TO R I C TS U N A M I S
Alaska 1946 1964 1965
California 1896
Japan 1896
Hawaii
Colombia 1906
Philippines 1976
Papua New Guinea 1998
Indonesia 1938
Sumatra 2004
0
Chile 1960
3000 Kilometres
22
H O W C A N Y O U P R E PA R E
F O R A TS U N A M I ?
To help some countries prepare for tsunamis, the
Pacific Tsunami Warning System was set up. This
involves twenty-four countries in the Pacific Ocean
area. It is organised from the island of Hawaii, in
the centre of the Pacific Ocean (B).
so that
it can
P L A N N I N G F O R A TS U N A M I
In richer parts of the world, such as Japan, coastal
areas have been changed to help them cope with
tsunamis. The diagrams in source E show how a
coastal area can be changed so that if a tsunami
occurs, the damage will be much less.
Tell governments
when to move
people away from
coastal areas
Without planning
Houses
Road
Planted forest
With planning
Houses
Sea wall
Raised road
Beach
Activities
1 Draw a sketch like the following one.
Shallow
water
Deep water
Small waves
Buildings destroyed
23
W H AT C AU S E D T H E TS U N A M I ?
sian
Eura te
Pla
n
tralia
-Aus
o
d
n
e
I
Plat
1 The Indo-Australian Plate
suddenly moved about
20 metres under the
Indian Ocean.
India
ia
ys
Mala
an
Sri L
ka
atra
Sum
n
Indo
esia
FAC T F I LE
1000 Kilometres
W H AT WA S T H E R E S U LT I N CO A S TA L
AREAS?
24
Bombay
Dhaka
Calcutta
I n d i a
Thailand
Western coast of southern
Thailand badly affected,
including the holiday resort
of Phuket and Phi Phi Island.
Bangladesh
Burma
Andhra
Pradesh
Bay of Bengal
Laos
Vishakhapatnam
N
Rangoon
Thailand
Tamil
Nadu
Madras
M a
l d i
v e s
Maldives
High waves and floods
inundate islands.
Two-thirds of the low-lying
capital, Male, reported to be
under water.
Pondicherry
Kerala
Trincomalee
Mutur
500 Kilometres
Bangkok
Gulf of
Thailand
Indonesia
Province of Aceh on
northern tip of
Sumatra island badly
hit, including capital
Banda Aceh.
M a l a y s i a Dozens of buildings
destroyed in the initial
earthquake before
floodwaters washed
over the region.
Sumatra
Phuket
Phi
Phi
Island
Nicobar Is
(India)
Penang
Banda Aceh
Sri
Lanka
2 hours
Andaman
Sea
INDIAN
OCEAN
Colombo
Male
3 hours
Andaman Is
(India)
Malaysia
People reported to
have been swept
away from beaches
near the northern
city of Penang.
1 hour
Sri Lanka
Wide stretch of eastern and southern coast
devastated by massive waves, and national
disaster declared.
Districts of Mutur and Trincomalee apparently
inundated by waves as high as 6 metres.
Part of the capital, Colombo, shut by floods.
Epicentre of earthquake
9.6 kilometres below
seabed 7.59 am local time.
Indonesia
Activities
1 Copy out the following points in the correct order
to explain what caused the tsunami:
Effects
Sri Lanka
25
When the tsunami struck the coastal areas surrounding the Indian Ocean
millions of people were affected, including thousands of holidaymakers
who had gone to the area for a sunshine break during the Christmas
holidays. The following resources give an impression of what it was like to
live through the tsunami.
their
Thousands of people were swept to
the
deaths yesterday as a giant wave hit
holiday beaches of south-east Asia
Beach resorts across the
area from Thailand to Sri
Lanka were ripped apart by
a wave of water up to
nine metres high.
There was little warning as
the wave of water swept
across the area. People
As millions of people
were going about
their daily lives, they w
ere totally unaware
of the horrors facing th
em
People were not to kn
ow
that the gentle swaying beaches, many based
on the fishing industry
of skyscrapers in Sing
.
a- More recently, th
e tourist
pore was the result of
an industry has de
veloped
earthquake which wa
s with large resorts
and
about to bring a wall
of holiday homes
dotted
water crashing down
on along the coas
t. When
their homes.
th
e
wa
ve
str
uck, many
Towns and villages ha
ve of these area
s were
grown up near th
e totally destroyed.
26
1000 Kilometres
INDIA
We were sitting in our bedroom and
heard an enormous roar. Seconds later the door
burst open and the room filled up with water. We were
swept out of the windows, but managed to
struggle towards higher land
and safety.
I n d i a
Burma
THAILAND
We were on a diving boat and were thrown around by
the waves. The boat was taken inland by the wave and stuck between
two buildings. We climbed to the roof of a hotel. We were
lucky to survive.
I was just going for a swim in the pool when a giant wave appeared.
The wave knocked me down several times it was very strong. I was hit by trees,
tables and other things, but managed to struggle to safety. I am covered in
cuts and bruises, but am lucky to be alive so many people in
the area have lost their lives.
P h i l i p p i n e s
Thailand
I n d i a n
O c e a n
Sri
Lanka
SRI LANKA
Activities
1 What information do the newspaper reports give
about:
the size of the waves?
the power of the waves?
2 What happened in Singapore to suggest that an
earthquake had occurred?
3 Why do a lot of people live on the coast in this
area?
4 Describe what is happening in the photographs on
the opposite page.
27
Provides
medicine
Provides doctors
and nurses
Short-Term
Emergency Aid
SAVES
LIVES
Finds missing
people
Builds emergency
shelters
Provides
warm clothes
Emergency
transport
Repairs broken
water pipes
Rebuilds houses
Increases food
production
Reconnects
electricity
Improves
education
IMPROVES
THE LIVES
OF PEOPLE
Long-Term Aid
Rebuilds roads
Improves
health care
H O W D I D A I D H E LP P E O P LE A F F E C TE D BY
T H E I N D I A N O C E A N TS U N A M I ?
Government aid
Japan
260m
USA
180m
UK
50m
Sweden
40m
Spain
35m
China
31m
France
30m
Taiwan
26m
Australia
24m
Canada
17m
1500 American
soldiers and 20
helicopters were
sent to the area
to help distribute
food and water.
The Japane
se
government
gave
millions of p
ounds
much of w
hich
was used to
supply
food, shelte
r and
medical help
.
and
Doctors, nurses
t were
en
pm
medical equi
ea from a
sent to the ar
tries.
number of coun
28
C Aid in action
V O LU N TA RY A I D
The following diagram shows some of the help given by
charities after the Indian Ocean tsunami.
INDIA
UNICEF supplying water
purification tablets; medical
supplies; blankets
Action Aid providing clean
water; food
Christian Aid supplying
50,000 emergency packs
THAILAND
World Vision supplying 2,000
survival kits; arranging transport
to take injured people to hospital
SRI LANKA
World Vision building temporary
shelters for 2,000 people
Oxfam supplying blankets, clothes,
food and medical supplies
Red Cross supplying cooking stoves
and water purification tablets; setting up
a system to reunite families who have
been separated
INDONESIA
World Vision building shelters for 8,000 people
Oxfam sending water tanks and materials to build emergency toilets
Activities
government aid?
voluntary aid?
2 Copy out and complete the spider diagrams to
show how aid can help countries.
Food/water
Short-term aid
200
150
100
50
0
Long-term aid
Improved healthcare
Japan
USA
Country
29
Looking at a world map it is easy to see that several of the worlds largest
cities, including Tokyo, Mexico City and Los Angeles are in active
earthquake areas. One reason people live in these areas is that
earthquakes and volcanoes dont happen very often, so they feel that they
will be safe. Also, if you have always lived in an area and it is where your
family and friends are, it is difficult to move away.
There are lots of reasons why people live in active areas, some of which
are shown below and in the travel report about Nicaragua.
Key
Plate boundaries
ICELAND
Direction of movement
JAPAN
Pa c i f i c
E u ra s i a n
P l a t e
A f r i c a n
P l a t e
Philippine
Plate
Nazca
Plate
Indo-Australian Plate
S o u t h
A m e r i c a n
P l a t e
erupting volcanoes
HAWAII
30
ITALY
INDONESIA
P l a t e
3000 Kilometres
A n t a r c t i c
P l a t e
TRAVEL REPORT
S
E
O
N
A
C
L
O
V
E
H
T
G
N
O
M
A
Y
JOURNE
erica
Nicaragua is a country in Central Am
an active
about the size of England. It is
and giant
volcanic region of deep valleys
heavy
waterfalls. The volcanic soil and
green and
rainfall make the country very
ering plants
there is a great variety of flow
of
and animals. There are a number
ng Cerro
volcanoes in the country, includi
volcano.
Negro, Nicaraguas most active
gives
Climbing its cone is hot work, but
ding
fantastic views over the surroun
d leads to
countryside. Further south, a roa
Masaya,
the edge of the crater of Volcan
to shelter
where a sign helpfully tells you
Gulf
of
Mexico
Caribbean Sea
Mexico
Guatemala H o n d u r a s
El
Salvador
Nica ragu a
Costa
Rica
Panama
400 Kilometres
for a holiday,
This small area has everything
d quality
great beaches, a hot climate, goo
tastic scenery
hotels and the bonus of the fan
why not give it a try!
Activities
1 What is meant by the term: active area?
2 Name three large cities found in active areas.
3 Copy out and complete the table below by adding
examples from three more countries.
Why people live in active areas
Place
Reason
Italy
31
Assessing 360
Key
Earthquakes
Volcanoes
6000 Kilometres
6000 Kilometres
Eurasian Plate
Pacific
Plate
Nor th
American
Plate
Hellenic
Plate
Anatolian
Plate
Caribbean
Cocos Plate
Plate
Nazca South
Plate American
Plate
Iran
ia
Plate n
n
ia
ab te
Ar Pla
Jauan
de Fuca
Plate
Philippine
Plate
Pacific
Plate
Indo-Australian
Plate
African
Plate
Antarctic Plate
DIA
EARTHQUAKE STRIKES IN
to recover
People in northern India are trying
50 years.
ly
near
in
ake
from the worst earthqu
to have
ght
thou
are
ple
peo
00
An estimated 20,0
sing.
mis
or
red
inju
are
e
mor
s
sand
thou
died and
s
area
ole
Wh
j.
Worst hit was the city of Bhu
the city
were flattened. In villages surrounding
ds of
usan
Tho
d.
many farms have been destroye
ices
serv
cy
rgen
eme
and
people are homeless
ical
med
and
er
wat
,
food
ide
are trying to prov
ase.
help. There is a growing threat of dise
C Indian earthquake
newspaper report
Using source C:
a) Describe the effects of the Indian earthquake.
b) Why are poor countries often more badly affected by earthquakes?
3 Reducing the effects of earthquakes and volcanoes.
a) How could predicting earthquakes and volcanoes help to reduce
their effects?
b) List four things you might include in an emergency earthquake kit.
Explain your choices.
4 The importance of aid after natural disasters.
a) What sorts of emergency aid are often helpful immediately after an
earthquake or volcanic eruption has happened?
b) After an earthquake poorer countries are often given help to:
rebuild homes repair water pipes repair roads
Explain why any one of these is important.
32