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: Darmawati
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INTRO TO LINGUISTICS

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What is definition of linguistics?


What are some of the branches of linguistics? Give definition each of them?
How does phonetics different from phonology?
What is grammaticalization? How does it occur? Give example
Give two definitions of phoneme; which of the definitions do you prefer?
What is ambiguilty? Why is ambiguilty inherent in language?

ANSWER
1. Definition of linguistic
Linguistics is the scientific, study of language. There are three aspects to this
study: language form, language meaning, and language in context.
2. BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS Language in general and language in particular
can be studied from different points of view The field of linguistics as a whole can
be divided into several subfields according to the point of view that is adopted
3. Phonetics: In order to produce sound humans use various body parts including the
lips, tongue, teeth, pharynx and lungs. Phonetics is the term for the description and
classification of speech sounds, particularly how sounds are produced, transmitted
and received. A phoneme is the smallest unit in the sound system of a language;
for example, the t sound in the word top.
Various phonetic alphabets have been developed to represent the speech sounds
in writing through the use of symbols. Some of these symbols are identical to the
Roman letters used in many language alphabets; for example:p and b. Other
symbols are based on the Greek alphabet, such as to represent the th- sound
in thin and thought. Still others have been specially invented; e.g. for
the th- sound in the and then. The most widely used phonetic script is
the International Phonetic Alphabet.
Phonology: Phonology is the term used for the study of the speech sounds used in
a particular language. The distinctive accents that many learners of English have
are due to differences between the phonological system of their language and that
of English. From birth, and possibly before, we learn to recognize and produce the
distinctive sounds of our own language. We do not need to give any thought to how
to have the lips, tongue, teeth, etc. working together to produce the desired sounds.
The physical structures of parts of the sound system are adapted to produce
native-language sounds.
4. Grammaticalization is a process of language change by which words representing
objects and actions (i.e. nouns and verbs) transform to become grammatical
markers (affixes, prepositions, etc.). Grammaticalization is a powerful aspect of
language, as it creates new function words by a process other than deriving them

from existing bound, inflectional constructions (, by instead deriving them


from content words). An example is the historical evolution of Old English willan ('to
want', 'to wish') to the Modern English auxiliary verb will, which can express
intention or simply futurity. example in the Old Church Slavonic verb (to want/to
wish, the same as Old English willan) has traversed all the way from a content
word, I want to walk, you want to walk, s/he wants to walk) through an auxiliary verb
in phonetically reduced form ( I will walk, you will walk, s/he will walk) to a clitic and
finally to a fused inflection ( I'll walk, you'll walk, s/he'll walk). In Latin the original
future tense forms (e.g. cantabo) were dropped when they became phonetically too
close to the imperfect forms (cantabam). Instead, a phrase like cantare habeo,
literally I have got to sing acquired the sense of futurity (cf. I have to sing).
5. A phoneme is one of the units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a
particular language. The difference in meaning between the English words kill and
kiss is a result of the exchange of the phoneme for the phoneme. Two words that
differ in meaning through a contrast of a single phoneme form a minimal pair. In
linguistics, phonemes (established by the use of minimal pairs, such as kill vs kiss
or pat vs bat) are written between slashes like this: where as when it is desired to
show the more exact pronunciation of any sound, linguists use square brackets, for
example (indicating an aspirated ). Within linguistics there are differing views as to
exactly what phonemes are and how a given language should be analyzed in
phonemic (or phonematic) terms. However, a phoneme is generally regarded as an
abstraction of a set (or equivalence class) of speech sounds (phones) which are
perceived as equivalent to each other in a given language. For example, in English,
the "k" sounds in the words kit and skill are not identical (as described below), but
they are distributional variants of a single phoneme .
6. Ambiguity or fallacy of ambiguity is a word, phrase, or statement which contains
more than one meaning.
Ambiguous words or statements lead to vagueness and confusion, and shape the
basis for instances of unintentional humor. For instance, it is ambiguous to say I
rode a black horse in red pajamas, because it may lead us to think the horse was
wearing red pajamas. The sentence becomes clear when it is restructured
Wearing red pajamas, I rode a black horse

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