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Objectives
Review materials behavior principles
Overview of AASHTO T 307
repeated-load triaxial test procedure
and related issues
Brief overview of new FHWA study of
lab versus field properties of
pavement materials
Discuss how the two projects can
complement each other
1
A little quiz
How many agencies present
occasionally or routinely perform the
laboratory repeated-load triaxial test
Occasionally?
Routinely?
Materials Behavior
A couple of definitions
Stress
Stress = Load / Area
Strain
Strain =
Deformation / Original length
Stress
Stress-strain curve
Tangent
Chord
Strain
5
Elastic
Viscous
Deformation
Elasto-Plastic
Load
Released
Yield
Point
Recoverable
Unrecoverable
Visco-elastic
Time
Stress
>
>
Unloading
Strain
7
Stress
>
Strain is fully recovered
>
Strain
8
Hooke's law
z = E z
Stress
Stress is linearly
proportional to
strain
E is Young's
modulus of
elasticity
Mr is the resilient
modulus
E or Mr
Mr is often interchanged
with E
Strain
Poisson's ratio
When a material is
compressed it expands
laterally
is Poisson's ratio ( is
also used)
The strains are of
opposite sign, so a
negative is inserted to
keep a positive
number
= 0.50 for an
incompressible material
(no volume change)
x = - z
11
Stress
>
>
Strain
12
13
14
Principal stresses
1
Y
X
3
Z
17
Type 2 (fine-grained)
Unbound bases, subbases and subgrades
Do not meet the Type 1 criteria
18
Subgrade materials
2-4-6-8-10 psi
Same sequence for all cell pressures
Test procedure
500 to 1000 cycles conditioning at
start of test (first sequence)
100 cycles at each subsequent stress
level
Measure and record specimen
response for the last four cycles of
each sequence
Terminate test if >5% permanent
strain occurs
20
Permanent
Deformation
(Recoverable Deformation)
21
Resilient modulus
Cyclic stress =
Repeated Load / Specimen Area
Recoverable strain =
Total Vertical Deformation / initial
Gage Length
22
Resilient modulus
Cyclic stress
Mr =
Recoverabl e strain
23
Issues in T 307
Double plunger compaction method
Initial confining stress ratio effect
Constitutive models
Pulse duration too fast
Procedure needs a good edit
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
In AASHTO T 307
kc = 1.05 to 1.1
Under a pavement
0.2 < kc < 2.0
Research has shown
that Mr (kc)-0.7
31
Stress-dependent materials
For many years we have believed
E = k1 Stress k2
which is a log-log model
[ Log E = log k1 + k2 Log Stress ]
Log E
Log k1
k2
Log Stress
32
Deviator Stress : d = 1 3
Octahedral Shear Stress :
1
oct =
(1 2 )2 + ( 2 3 )2 + (3 1 )2
3
33
Problem
Pavement under load is in bending,
thus stresses can be positive
(compression) or negative (tension)
Bulk stress is often negative at
bottom of upper layers (surface and
base courses)
34
Tensile zones in
pavement layers
Surface
Base
Tensile zones
Subgrade
35
Solution
Use a semi-log model
E = k1 exp(k2 * Stress)
[ Log E = log k1 + k2 * Stress]
Log E
Log k1
k2
Stress
36
Modulus, MPa
Comparison of models
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
-50
50
150
250
350
Semi-log Model
Test Data
37
Comparison of models
Results of regression with the data:
E = 4181
0.779
Relationships Between
Laboratory-Measured and
Field-Derived Properties of
Pavement Layers
DTFH61-08-R-00032
40
Research teams
Michigan State University
Dr. Karim Chatti
Dr. M. Emin Kutay, P.E.
Asphalt concrete characterization
Cornell University
Dr. Lynne H. Irwin, P.E.
Dr. David P. Orr, P.E.
Unbound materials characterization
41
Objectives
Develop a fundamental understanding of
the factors underlying observed
differences between laboratory-measured
and field-derived properties of pavement
layers
Develop improved methods and/or
relationships that will allow both to be
used interchangeably for design and
performing analyses
42
Goal
This project will be considered
successful if it yields either
relationships enabling the
interchangeable use of laboratoryresilient modulus test data and
backcalculated values, or a clear
explanation of why it was not
possible to derive such relationships
43
Outputs
The expected outputs from this
research may take one of two
posssible forms. (1) Develop
meaningful relationships between
laboratory-measured and fieldderived properties of pavement
materials, based upon the
fundamental materials properties
that are obtaned from each
approach. Or ...
44
Outputs
(2) If meaningful relationships
cannot be developed, conduct further
investigation as needed to explain
reasons underlying the discrepancies
between laboratory and field moduli,
and provide a clear explanation of
the reasons that relationships could
not be derived
45