Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Surveys
Required:
Readings:
17-1 to 17-9.
Figures: 17-1 to 17-4,17-6, 17-7,17-10, 1711.
Recommended, not required, extra readings:
Hydrographic Surveys section 17-13.
Topographic Maps
Topographic surveys, why?
Planimetric vs hypsometric maps.
A combination of Planimetric and hypsometric
maps is a topographic map.
DEMs and three dimensional perspective models.
Large areas:
-photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, automatic. With
ground survey for control, GPS?
Overlapped images from a plane, geometry is solved,
images are oriented , and finally 3D models are produced
and digitized to produce maps.
Large areas:LIDAR
Terrain mapping using scanning airborne laser radar
(LIDAR): the aircraft is simply transformed into the
equivalent of an airborne total station by combining laser
range-finder technology with GPS and inertia systems
Knowing the aircraft position (GPS) and orientation, the
distance to the ground point, and the angular orientation
of the laser beam, the position of a point on the earths
surface can be found.
Several footprints of laser are available to perform
various tasks. For example, large footprints VS small
footprints in forested and bare-ground areas.
LIDAR DEM
USGS
DEM
WHOA!
(1 m resolution)
Minus
Canopy Height
(m)
Click on image
Click on image
Source:
http://pugetsoundlidar.ess.washington.edu/example1.htm
Contour Lines
Lines connecting points of equal elevations, such as a
shoreline of a lake.
Contour Interval: the vertical distance between level surfaces
Characteristics of Contours
Must
Characteristics of Contours
Concentric
Locating Contours
Direct
Indirect
Breaklines:
linear Topographic features which have
uniform slopes.
Must be triangle sides.
For example: notice how roads are shown in
the TIN and in the contours.
allowed error.
Example: not more than 10% of tested points shall
be in error in horizontal position by more than
1/30 inch, what about a map 1 in: 100 ft
Project 2
Map the site of project 1, extend it to the edges of
vegetation.
Map every thing that DOES NOT MOVE, big or small.
Use known control stations and coordinate. Keep good
sketches.
Contours: interpolated from project 1 earthwork grid,
extend it to the limits by hand.
Check out: TS, battery check the charge before you leave,
tripod, prism or two, prism pole or two, tape measure,
Radios
TOB: TS on point 36, first point in table is 20, must give
reference azimuth
point
Horiz. Angle H. Dsitance Remarks
reading
PI (V)
PC
BVC 2
20
BVC 1
Two vertical
curves can be setout at the same
time from either
BVC 1 or BVC 2.
The direction of
each of the
Centerlines curves
is shown to the
left. Assume that
the BM for
elevation is BVC
and IS NOT 20
Last tree
Yellow-to post
X
40
5%
Grade