Project

G ABSTRACT :
This project involves the analization of the existing power system

network and protection schemes from load to source bus i.e. 6.6KV to 11KV
with grid connection. The same network is analyzed after including another
turbo generator (TG#5) of 67.5MW at 220KV substation bus where existing
network is synchronized with southern grid of 7500MVA short circuit capacity
at 275KV level.
The effect of TG#5 on fault currents when TPP is operated at island
condition is also analyzed. The future expansion of the VSP is to get the
production levels of capacity 5MT by 2007 and of capacity 10MT by 2012.This
needs an increase in capacity of power generation. Therefore, extension of TPP
generation is required and this can be done by including another generator
transformer set of 67.5MW.
INDEX
TITLE
1.
P.NO.
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Project Introduction
1.2. Introduction to VSP
2.
FAULT ANALYSIS
2.1. Symmetrical Faults
2.2. Unsymmetrical Faults
2.2.1.Line To Ground Fault
2.2.2.Line To Line Fault
2.2.3.Double Line To Ground Fault
3.
RELAYS
3.1. Functions of Relays
3.2. Protective Relays
3.3. Basic Requirements of Protective Relaying
3.4. Types of Protection
10
3.5. Grading
10
3.5.1.Principle of Time & Current Grading
10
3.5.2.Discrimination by Time
10
3.5.3.Discrimination by Current
10
3.5.4.Discrimination by both Time & Current
11
3.5.5.Grading Margin
11
3.6. Classification of Relays
11
3.7. Procedure for Relay Coordination
12
3.8. Types of Relays
13
3.8.1.Overcurrent Relays
13
3.8.2.Earth Fault Relays
14
3.8.3.Differential Relays
14
3.8.4.CTMM Relay
14
3.8.5.IDMT Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relays
14
3.8.6.Instantaneous Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relays
16
3.8.7.Instantaneous High Stability Circulating Current relay
17
3.8.8.High Speed biased Differential Relay
17
4.
FAULT CALCULATION
4.1. Single Line Diagram of VSP including Grid

4.2. Distribution of BFP-Single Line Diagram
4.3. Reactance Diagram
4.4. Name Plate Details
19
4.5. Assumptions for Fault Calculations
25
4.6. Reactance values in P.U. representations
26
4.7. Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Fault Calculation using Z-Bus
28
4.7.1.Fault Calculation of Existing System with Grid
31
4.7.2.Fault Calculation of Existing System without Grid
39
4.7.3.Fault Calculation of Existing System after adding TG5

without Grid
5.
47
FEEDER TRIP SETTINGS
5.1.1.Feeder Switchgear Details
55
5.1.2.Bus MVA Details
56
5.2. HTMCC
56
5.2.1.Drive Protection
57
5.3. 05HVLC1 Substation Relay Setting Calculation
60
5.3.1.05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder
61
5.3.2.05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder
64
5.4. Generator Switchboard Relay Setting Calculations
66
5.4.1.GSB-1 Outgoing Feeder
67
5.4.2.GSB-1 Busbar Protection
68
5.5. Tabular form for Relay Settings
70
5.6. Total Fault Clearance Time
71
5.6.1.Fault Clearance Time for BFP Trip Relay
71
5.6.2.Fault Clearance Time for 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder
72
5.6.3.Fault Clearance Time for 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder
72
5.6.4.Fault Clearance Time for GSB-1 Outgoing feeder
73
5.6.5.Fault Clearance Time for GSB-1 Busbar Protection
73
5.7. Tabular form
73
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
1. Protection System of BFP
2. 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder
3. 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder
4. EE Nomenclature
5. XLPE Cable Resistance & Reactance
6. List of Device no.
7. IDMT Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relay for 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder
8. IDMT Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relay for 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder
1.1. Project Introduction :

An electrical power system should ensure the availability of electrical
energy without interruption to every load connected to the system. Among all
the systems , electrical system is quite transferable to the consumers by
transmission and distribution systems. The power supply to the consumer
should not disturbed and the agencies which supplies the power without
interruption. As industrial processes and plants have become more complex and
extensive, the demand for improved reliability of electrical power supplies has
also increased. The potential costs of outage time following a failure of the
power supply or plant have accordingly risen dramatically as well. If at all any
fault happens in the system the fault system has to be isolated so that other
system should not be disturbed. This is a challenge to the engineers to supply
the uninterrupted power to the customers.
To attain this, logical and fast acting protective equipment is required.
The protective equipment is required. The protective equipment design depends
upon the nature of faults occurring in the power system. If at all fault happens in
the balanced system with huge power loss at fault point. So, with unbalanced
nature of the power system it is difficult and laborious to calculate the fault
currents and voltages. So, power system engineers invented some special
methods to calculate fault conditions such as Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical in
nature.
Among all the faults, symmetrical three phase fault is most seviour fault
and LG fault is most occurring fault. So these two faults are analyzed in this
project symmetrical component method of analysis and Z-bus formation
techniques have followed to analyze that fault parameters in industrial system of
VSP. Networks have been distributed in VSP at different voltage levels from
220 KV to 24V AC. Among the voltage levels we have assumed fault at 6.6 KV
level i.e. at terminals of a squirrel cage induction motor of capacity 2.4 MW
which supplies the feed water to the boiler where it has been connected 6.6 KV
load center called HTMCC. After analyzing the fault coordination and grading
features in protection systems and schemes are studied. In addition to this, the
effect of upcoming generator TG5 on the above mentioned systems have been
analyzed.
1.2. Introduction To VSP :

VISAKHAPATNAM STEEL PLANT is the most sophisticated and
modern integrated steel plant in INDIA.
VSP has the major production facilities.
3 coke oven batteries of 67 oven each having 41.6m3 volume.
2 sinter machines of 312m2 area.
2 blast furnace of 3200 m3 useful volume.
Steel melt shop with three LD converters ( 2 operating and 1 standby ) of
15OT capacity each and 6 no.s of 4 strand continuous blomeaster light and
medium merchant mill of 7,10,000 tones per year capacity.
Wire rod mill of 850,000 tones per year capacity medium merchant and
structural mill of 850,000 tones per year capacity.
Integrated steel plants are major consumers of electricity, with specific
consumption of power at around 600-650 KWh/ton of liquid steel. The
estimated annual power requirement of VSP, at full level of production in each
shop(corresponding to 3.0MT of liquid steel ), is 1932 million KWh. This
corresponds to an average demand of 221MW.
Power Suppliers To VSP :
Power requirement of VSP is met through captive generation as well as
supply from APSEB grid. The captive of 270MW is sufficient to meet all the
plant needs in normal operation time. In case of partial outage of captive
generation capacity due to breakdown, shut down or other reasons, the short fall
of power is availed from APSEB grid. Excess generation over & above plant
load is exported to APSEB. Power is supplied to VSP from APSEB switching

station over two 220KV lines on double circuit towers. Power is recieved at the
Main Receiving Station ( MRS ) .
Extra High Voltage Distribution ( 220KV ) :
From AP TRANSCO 220KV
LBSS-V
LBSS I
LBSS II
LBSS III
LBSS IV
Block Diagram Of 220KV Distribution
Station designation
Areas covered
LBSS-1 (220/11/6.6KV)
RMHP,CO&CCP,SINTURPLANT,BF
LBSS-2 (220/11/6.6KV)
BF,SMS,ASP,CRMP,COMP.HOUSE-1
(220/33KV)
LBSS-3(220/11/11KV)
LBSS-4(220/11/11KV)
Ladle furnace in SMS

MMSM
LMMM,WRM,AUX.SHOPS,Adm
Building & Kanithi Resevior Pump
House.
LBSS-5(220/11&220/11/11KV)
TPP, Plant essential category loads,

KBR&Township pump house &
Hospital.
MRS(220/33KV)
Plant, Township & construction

Network.
The estimated power requirements for VSP as 280MW at 3.0 MT stage the
peak load being 292MW essential load being 219MW. The installed in plant
generation capacity is 219MW, comprising of 180MW from captive thermal
power plant, 24MW from gas expansion turbines utilizing blast furnace high top
pressure & 15MW from back pressure turbines utilizing waste heat of coke dry
cooling plants. The generation from BF and coke oven will be fluctuating in
nature the balance is supplied by APSEB. The purchased power requirements at
3MT stage is around 250MVA. Apart from meeting part of the power
requirements, the power plant & blower house supply cold blast air to BF &
steam at 13KSCA & 21KSCA to the plant.
TYPE
PROBABILITY OF FAILURE
Single phase to ground faults
70 %
Phase to phase faults
15 %
Two phase to ground faults
10 %
Three phase faults
5%
Such faults cause heavy currents called short circuit currents to flow in the
system. The determination of such currents enables us to make proper selection
of circuit breakers; protective relays and also helps to ensure that the associated
apparatus like bus bars, current transformers the forces which arise due to fault
currents.
Since single phase to ground faults are the most common where three
phase faults are the most severe faults and also the most amenable to
calculations since these involve symmetrical conditions only.
Now, in TPP of VSP we are assuming the 3 short circuit & line to ground
fault at the drive i.e. on load side at voltage level of 6.6KV.
We have two types of types of faults.
Symmetrical faults & Unsymmetrical faults
2.1. Symmetrical Fault Analysis :

Symmetrical 3 faults are caused in the system accidentally through
insulation failure of equipment or flashover of lines initiated by lightening
strokes or through accidental fault operation.
Current components from symmetrical components,
IR=IR1+IR2+IR0
IY=2IR1+ IR2+IR0
IB= IR1+2 IR2+IR0
Sum of the three line currents equals the current in the neutral wire.
IR0=1/3(Ia + Ib + Ic) =1/3 In
The current in the neutral is three times the zero sequence line current. If the
neutral connection severed,
Iao= 1/3In=0
i.e. in the absence of a neutral connection the zero sequence line current is
always zero.
2.2. Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis :

Various types of unsymmetrical faults that occur in power system are:
1.Single line to ground fault (LG fault)
2.Line to line fault (LL fault)
3.Double line to ground (LLG fault)
2.2.1. Single Line To Ground Fault (LG fault) :
In a 3 system, one phase is grounded through an impedance Z f and
fault is assumed at F. Ten the currents out of the power system and line to
ground voltages are constrained as follows:
IY=0
IB=0
VR=Zf.IR
Symmetrical components of fault currents are,
IR1
IR2
IR0
1
= 1/3 .
Ia
1 2
1 1
IR0=IR1=IR2= 1/3IR
Then fault current is , IR=3IR1=3ER/(Z1+Z2+Z0)+3Zf
2.2.2. Line To Line Fault (LL fault) :
Here shows a line to line fault at F in a power system on phases Y&B
through the fault impedance Zf .
The currents & voltages at the fault are,
IR=0
IY= IY
IB=-IY
VY-VB= IY.Zf
symmetrical components of currents are:
2
IY
IR1
IR2
1
= 1/3
IR0
-IY
IR1= Ea/Z1+Z2+Zf .
2.2.3. Double Line To Ground Fault (LLG fault) :
This shows a double line to ground fault at F in a power system & the fault
may have an impedance of Zf .
The currents & voltages at the fault are,
IR =0
IR1+IR2+IR0 =0
VY=VB=Zf (IY+IB)=3Zf IR0 .
These are different kinds of faults occurred in power system. These faults can
take one of the following forms.
Relays are the devices which senses the fault and cause the circuit breaker
trip circuits to be energized and the breakers to open their contacts.
3.1. Functions of relays :

Minimizes the cost of repairing the damage.
The likelyhood that the trouble may spread and evolve other
equipment.
The time that the equipment is out of service.
The loss in reserve & the strained public relations while the equipment
is out of service.
Basic operating quantities used in relays are magnitude, frequency, phase angle,
duration, rate of change, direction or order of change, harmonics or wave shape.
After all essential fundamentals of protective relay operations we may
write the inverse torque equations as follows,
T = K1I2 + K2V2 + K3VIcos( - ) + K4
where
- Torque
I,V
- Operating quantities
K1,K2,K3 & K4
- Force conversion constants
3.2. Protective Relays :

Relays are the devices which sense the fault and cause the circuit
breaker trip circuits to be energized and the breakers to open their contacts.
Transducers provide the input to the relays.
Protective Relays are the devices that detect abnormal conditions in
electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities which are
different under normal & fault conditions. The principle function of protective
relaying is to mitigate the effects of short circuits & also to provide indication of
the location & type of failure.
The connections are divided into 3 main circuits. First is the primary
winding of C.T. which is connected in series with the main circuit to be
protected second circuit consists of secondary winding & the third circuit is the
tripping circuit which may be either ac or dc.
3.3. Basic Requirements of Protective Relaying :
A well designed &efficient protective relaying should have,
Speed , Selectivity , Sensitivity , Reliability , Simplicity , Economy
Speed :
The fault at any point in the system must be detected and isolated in the
shortest possible time. This time is of the order of 30-100ms , depending upon
the fault level of the system involved.
Selectivity :
Ability of the protective systems to determine the point at which the fault
occurs and select the nearest of circuit breaker tripping of which will lead to
clearing of fault with minimum or no damage to the system.
Sensitivity :
The capability of the relaying to operate reliably under the actual
conditions that produce the least operating tendency.
Reliability :
The protective relaying must be ready to function reliable &correct in
operation at all times under any kind of fault & abnormal conditions of the
power system for which it has been designed.
Simplicity :
The simple the protective scheme and the lesser the no.of relays,
circuits and contacts it contains the greater will be its reliability.
Economy :
Too much of protection is as bad as to little and the relay engineer must
strike a sensible with due regard to practical situation considered.
3.4. Types Of Protection :

There are two types of protections.
Primary protection
Backup protection
Primary protection :
It is the first line of defence and primary relays clear faults in the
protected section as fast as possible.
Back up protection :
It operates when the primary relays fails & cover not only the local
station but the next one also & have a time delay long enough for the primary
relays to operate if they can.
3.5. Grading :
3.5.1. Principles of time or current grading :
Among the various possible methods used to achieve the correct relay
coordination are those using either time or over current or a combination of both
time and over current. The common aim of all three methods is to give correct
discrimination i.e. each one must select and isolate only the faulty section
of the power system network leaving the rest of the system undisturbed.
3.5.2. Discrimination by Time :
In this method an approximate time interval is given by each of the
relays controlling the circuit breakers in a power system to ensure that the
breaker nearest to the fault opens first.
The main disadvantage of this method of discrimination is that the
longest fault clearance time occurs for faults in the section closest to the power
source, where the fault ( MVA ) is highest.
3.5.3. Discrimination by Current :
Discrimination by current relies on the fact that the fault current
varies with the position of the fault because of the difference in impedance
values between the source & the fault. Hence the relays controlling the various
circuit breakers are set to operate at suitably tapered values such that only the
relay nearest to the fault trips its breaker.
3.5.4. Discrimination by both Time & Current :
In case of discrimination by time alone, the disadvantage is due to the
fact that the more severe faults are cleared in the longest operating time.
Discrimination by current can be applied only where there is an appreciable
impedance between the two breakers concerned. It is because of the limitations
concerned by the independent use of either time or current co-ordination that the
inverse time over current relay characteristics has evolved with this
characteristic the time of operation is inversely proportional to the fault current
level and the actual characteristic is a function of both 'time' and 'current'
settings.
3.5.5. Grading margin :
The time interval between the operation of two adjacent relays
depends upon number of factors :
The fault current interrupting time of the circuit breaker.
The overshoot time of the relay.
Errors.
Final margin on completion of operation.
3.6. Classification of Relays :

According to the principle of operation, protective relays are.....
Ordinary Electromagnetic Relays.
Electromagnetic Induction Relays.
Electrothermal Relays.
Physico-electric Relays.
Static Relays.
Electrodynamic Relays.
Electromechanical relays are older simpler and more widely used where
as solid state relays are more versatile more reliable and faster. An
electromechanical relay after it picks up continuous to travel for some time even
though the current through it reduces below the pickup value.
For our analysis we are using electromechanical relays.
3.7. Procedure for Relay Coordination :

The data required for a relay setting study are :
A one line diagram of a power system involved showing the type and
rating of the protective device and their associated current transformers.
The impedances in ohms, percent or per unit, of all power transformers,

rotating machines and feeder circuits.
The maximum & minimum values of short circuit currents that are
expected to flow through each protective device.
The starting current requirements of motor and the starting and stalling
times of induction motors.
The maximum peak load current through protective devices.
Decrement curves showing the rate of decay of the fault current supplied
by the generators.
Performance curves of the current transformers.

The relay settings are first determined so as to give the shortest operating
time at maximum fault levels and then checked to see if operation will also be
satisfactory at the minimum fault current expected.
The basic rules for correct relay coordination can generally be stated as follows:
Whenever possible use relays with the same operating characteristic in series
with each other.

Make sure that the relay farthest from the source has current settings equal to
or less than the relays behind it i.e. the primary current required to operate the
relay in front is always equal to or less than the primary current required to
operate the relay behind it.
3.8. Types Of Relays :

Basic types of relays most commonly used in power system are
Over current relays
Directional relays
Impedance relays
Differential relays
pilot relays
Moreover we are using Over current , Earth fault & Differential relays.
3.8.1. Over current Relays :
This is a single quantity relay, which senses the current flowing in a
particular element of the power system.
General relay equation is,
Q = k1.I2 + K2.V2 + K3.V.I .COS( - ) K4.
Where I & V are absloute values of current and voltage .
is an adjustable parameter .
K1, K2, K3, K4 are scalar constants .
The relay operates when Q > 0
i.e.
K1.I2 K4 > 0
I > (K4/K1) = Ip
Where Ip is a the Pickup value of relay.

When I > Ip Trip (relay trips circuit breaker)
I < Ip Block (relay does not trip circuit breaker)

3.8.2. Earth Fault Relay :
Earth fault relay is completely un affected by load currents, whether
balanced or not, and can be given a setting which is limited only by the design
of the equipment.
A protective system which is designed to respond only to faults to earth is
known as Earth fault protection system.
3.8.3. Differential Relay :
Differential relay is the relay that operates when the vector difference of
two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a pre determined value.
Differential relay should have two or more similar electrical quantities
and the quantities must have the phase displacement ( normally approximately
180 ) for operation of relay .
3.8.4. CTMM Relay :
It is a 5 element relay supplied by English Electric sisters concerned of
GEC and it was established to protect the most of the drive in Capacitive Power
Plant ( CPP ) . The 5 elements are,
Positive Sequence protection or Instantaneous Overcurrent Protection , I1
Negative Protection , I2
Earth Fault Protection , I0
Stalling Protection , I1(t)
Thermal Overcurrent Protection , Ith
3.8.5. Inverse Definite Minimum Time Over Current And Earth Fault
Relay :
Features :
Identical time/current characteristics on all taps.
High torque, ensuring consistent timing even under adverse conditions.
Very low overshoot.

Simple construction, easily accessible.
Comprehensive range of auxiliary and highest unit ratings.
Dust tight drawout case and tropicalised finish.
Application :
Selective phase and earth fault protection , in time graded systems for
A.C. machines , transformers , feeders etc.
Current Rating : 1A or 5A
Settings : 50-200% in seven equal steps of 25%
20-80% in seven equal steps of 10%
10-40% in seven equal steps of 5%
Other setting ranges available on request.
Starting Current : 103-105% of current setting
Closing Current : Not more than 130% of current setting.
Resetting Current : Disc completely resets at 90 % more of current setting.
Time Settings :
Operating time : 0-3 sec or 0-1.3 sec at 10 times current setting.
Resetting time : 4sec for 1.3sec relay (or) 9 sec for 3 sec relay with time
multiplier at 1.
Overshoot : Overshoot time on removal of 20 times setting current.
Less than 0.065 sec for 1.3 sec relay.
Less than 0.04 sec for 3 sec relay.
Burden: 3VA or 1VA nominal. 3VA relay has higher operating torque and
should be used when current transformers are adequately rated.
3 VA CDG11 Relay:
2 VA on the lowest tap
3.5VA on highest tap
1 VA CDG11 Relay:
at current
setting
0.75 VA on the lowest tap

1.3 VA on highest tap
at current
setting
Thermal Rating : Withstand 20 times maximum setting current for 3 sec.

3.8.6. Instantaneous Overcurrent And Earth Fault Relay :
Features :
Continuously variable current setting.
High drop off/pick up ratio.
Low transient overreach.

High thermal rating.
Applications :
Instantaneous over current earth fault protection of feeders equipped
with auto reclose scheme and IDMT relay.
Overcurrent check features for distance protection schemes.
Overcurrent phase selector relay on pilot wire protection schemes.
Stalling protection in A.C. motors.
Current Ratings And Settings : The operating coil can be supplied suitable for
operation from 1A or 5A. CT secondaries and the following standard ranges are
available.
10 40%
20 80%
Continuously adjustable.
50 200%
100400%
Operating Time : The operating time is less than 30 milliseconds at 5 times the
current setting with maximum asymmetrical current applied and with primary
circuit X/R ratio upto 30:1.
Resetting Current : The relay will reset at a current not less than 80% of the
current setting.
Resetting Time : The relay will reset within 30 milliseconds when resetting to
no current.
Burdens : 1.2VA at setting current on lowest setting.
1.0VA at setting current on highest setting.
Thermal Rating : The relay will withstand maximum setting current
continuously and 20 times maximum setting current for 3 sec on any setting.
3.8.7. Instantaneous High Stability circulating Current Relay :
Features :
simple and robust construction.
High stability on external faults.
Sensitive high speed protection on internal faults.
Applications :
Differential protection of A.C. machines, reactors, sub-transformers
and bus bars.
Balanced and restricted earth fault protection of generator and
transformer windings.
Transverse differential protection of generators and parallel feeders.
Current Rating And Settings : The relay can be supplied suitable for operation
from 1A Or 5A . C.T. secondaries and the following standard setting ranges are
available.
20 - 80% adjustable in seven equal steps of 10%
10 - 40% adjustable in seven equal steps of 5%.
Burdens : 0.9 VA at current setting on lowest tap.
1.0 VA at current setting on highest tap.
Thermal Rating: The relay can withstand 20 times the current setting for 3sec
3.8.8. High Speed Biased Differential Relay : ( DTH31 )
Features :
High speed.
Low burden.
Immunity to magnetizing inrush.
Immunity to transients and surges.
Withstands 5KV impulse voltage tests.
Compact in size.
Single pole version with separate flags.
Applications :
The DTH31 relay is triple pole high speed biased differential relay
designed to protect large three phase power transformers, auto transformers &
large generator transformers against internal faults. An instantaneous highest
circuit overrides the biased differential circuit to clear heavy initial faults. The
DTH31 relay is applicable for two winding transformers.
Current Rating
: 1A or 5A at 50Hz
Settings
Operate : The relay operates when differential current exceeds 15% relay rated
current (fixed) .
Bias : The bias setting is adjustable to 15% , 30% or 45%by plug board taps
Thermal Rating : The relay will withstand twice rated current continuously,
40 times rated current for 3sec, 100 times rated current for 1sec.
Operating time : The relay operating time for differential circuits in excess of
twice rated current is typically about 45ms.
Burdens :
0.33VA per phase at rated current 1A relay.

1.0 VA per phase at rated current 5A relay.
4.4. Name Plate Details :

Power Transformer :
Type OF TR 63000/220 E
Standard 13.2026
Rated KVA
ON AN 50000
ON AF 63000
Rated Voltage
HV 220000
at noload
LV 110000
Rated current
ON AN
HV LV
ON AF
131.2 2624.6
165.3
Frequency
50 Hz
Vector group
yNd11
3307.0
Type of cooling - ONAN/ONAF

Impedance voltage (50MVA Base)
(+)
22.8%
(-)
21.58%
(*)
16.79%
Phase = 3
Maximum ambient temp = 50C
Top Oil temp rise ( over ambient ) = 50C
Winding temp rise ( over ambient ) = 55C
Symmetrical short circuit current=4.96*lnA
Maximum S.C duration = 3 sec
HV HVN LV
Insulation
KV RMS
395
KVP
950
38
28
75
Total mass = 108.3t

Untanking mass = 49.5t
Insulating Oil = 28.6t
Insulating Oil = 32500l
Transport mass = 65.5
Unit Auxiliary Transformer ( 05HVLC1 ) :
Type of cooling
ON AF ON AN
Rating HV ( MVA )
20
16
Rating LV ( MVA )
20
16
No load voltage H.V ( K.V )
11
No load voltage I.V ( K.V )
No load voltage L.V ( K.V )
69
Line current H.V ( amps )
1050
Line current I.V ( amps )
1750
( at 6.6 KV )
Line current L.V ( amps )
1673.5
( at 6.9 KV )
Temp rise oil = 50C
Temp rise winding = 50C
Phase = 3
Frequency = 50 Hz
Connection symbole = Dyn11
Impedance voltage
Insulation level
%HVLV -
HV 75 KV peak, 28 KV RMS
LV 60 KV peak, 22 KV RMS
IV
Core & winding
18350 Kg
wt. of oil
7690 Kg
Total wt.
37670 Kg
Oil quantity
8840 lt
Transport wt.
30280 Kg
Untanking wt.
18350 Kg
High Voltage
N.L.Voltage Rated
Switch
Leads
N.L.
Rated
Imp.
(KV)
position
connected
Voltage
line
Voltage
(KV)
current
(%)
9.74
line
current
11.550
(A)
999.7
1(MAX)
4-5
(A)
-
11.275
1024.1
5-3
11.000
1049.7
3(NT)
3-6
6.9
1673.5
9.88
10.725
1076.6
6-2
6.6
1750
10.450
1105.0
5(MIN)
2-7
9.972
Generator switch board details :

Gas circuit breaker :
Type
FDTMC - 20XF - 80
Rated voltage
12 KV
Rated Normal current 4500 A

Rated short circuit breaking current
Rated frequency = 50 Hz
Rated operating duty 0-3M-00-3M-Co
First-pole-to-clear factor
1.5
Rated breaking time = 5 cycles

Rated operating time = 0.05 sec
Rated closing time = 0.15 sec

Sf6 gas pressure at 20C = 15 Kg/cm2
Rated operating air pressure = 15 Kg/cm2
Sf6 gas wt. = 46 Kg
Total wt. = 7000 Kg
Rated with stand voltage :
Lightning impulse voltage = 75 KV
Power frequency voltage = 28 KV
Rated short-time current = 52.6 KA , 3 sec.
Rated closing control voltage = DC 220V
Rated opening control voltage = DC 220V
MFG no : 470554-1 , Date : 1984.
Hitachi Ltd, Tokyo Japan.
Boiler Feed Pump Circuit Breaker Details :
(vaccum circuit breakers are used)
voltage
7.2 KV
Frequency
50 Hz
Normal current
630 A
System breaking capacity 31.5 KA

Duration
3 sec
Making capacity 80 KAP

P.F. with stand capacity
28 KV
Impulse
60 KVP
Shunt trip coil
220DC V
Spring trip coil
220DC V
U.V. Rel. coil
O.C. coil
E.F. coil
Specification 1S-2516/1EC56
Serial no. BP9038210

Division - BHOPAL
Year 1990.
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB) :
Short time current
40 KA
Duration
3 sec
Normal current
2500 A
Symmetrical breaking capacity 40 KV

Voltage
7.2 KV
Making capacity
102 KAP
Impulse
60 KVP
Type
VM3AF
BHEL - MOCB.
Low Oil content circuit breaker (11kv breaker) :
Voltage
12 KV
Normal current
2000 A
Breaking current (symmetrical)
26.3 KA at 11 KV
Duration of short circuit 3 sec

Interrupting time
5 cycles
Opening time
0.055 sec
Closing time
0.1 sec
Insulation level
75 KV
Spring charging motor supply voltage 220 V

Current for closing 2.7 A
Tripping current
3.4 A
Hitachi, Ltd .Tokyo. Japan.
Details Required for Fault Analysis :

Base MVA rating = 100
S.no.
Component
MVA
Voltage
Rating
Rating(KV)
% Reactance
p.u.value
1.
Generator(TG1,2,3)
75
11
18.8%
j.2506
2.
Generator (TG4)
90
11
18.8%
j.1288
3.
Generator (TG5)
90
11
18.8%
j.1288
4.
Yard T/F(Tr1,3)
50
11/220
16.79%
j.3358
5.
Transformer(Tr#4)
50
11/220
R12 = .175
j.005
R13 = .23
j.345
R23 = .4
j.445
6.
Transformer(Tr#5)
90
11/220
11.6%
j.208
7.
T/F(auxiliary)
20
11/6.6
9.75%
j.4875
8.
ExternalEarthingT/F
11/6.6
j16.07
9.
BPTG1,2
9.375
11
15.23%
j1.625
10.
GETG 1,2
15
11
11.4%
j.76
11.
Reactor
11
0 .2
j.165
12.
GRID
7500
275
100%
j.132
( per Km )
13.
Line 1
275
j.0052
14.
Line 2
275
j.0053
15.
Line 3
275
4.77
j.0063
Fault calculations are carried out for 3phase symmetrical fault and
unsymmetrical (LG) fault in 3 different cases i.e. for Existing system with Grid,
Existing system in Island condition and Existing system with future expansion
of TG#5 in Island condition .i.e. seperation of VSP network from Grid in
abnormal conditions.
Expansion of TG#5 in to the system with grid has not been studied
because the impact on fault of TG#5 with large capacity Grid is almost
negligible.
4.5. Assumptions For Fault Calculations :
Negative sequence impedance is taken as that of Positive

sequence impedance, since its impact in fault calculations is
negligible
XLPE ( Cross Linked Poly Ethane ) cable impedances are

neglected since its length is small approximately 200m.
(Refer Appendex : 5)
Induction motor impedance contribution to the chosen network is

neglected since it is very less.
The voltage is assumed constant at every point of network

according to their working voltages since no pre fault currents are
assumed in the chosen network.
Transformer excitation impedances and resistances of
transformer are assumed as open circuit since its value is very
high comparatively.
220KV line resistances are neglected because its contribution to
line impedance is very small.

Voltage at fault point is taken as 1pu while proceeding in calculations.
Base MVA chosen for entire calculations is 100MVA.
4.6. Reactance values in p.u representation :

Generator Bus : % p.u = 18.8 % for 75MVA
Base MVA = 100
Base Voltage = 11KV.
Base Current = MVA/3 * V = 100 * 10 /3 * 11 = 5248.64 A
%p.u = p.u *100
For 75 MVA => pu = %pu /100 = 18.8/100= 0.188
For 100 MVA =>pu = 0.188 * 100/75 = j0.2506pu
Transformer (11/220 KV) :
% pu = 16.79 % for 50 MVA
For 50 MVA => pu = 16.75/100 = 0.1679

For 100 MVA => pu = 0.1679 * 100/50 = 0.3358pu
Transformer (11/6.6 KV) :
% pu = 9.75 % for 20 MVA
For 20MVA =>pu = 9.75 / 100 = 0.0975

For 100MVA =>pu = 0.0975 * 100 /20 = j0.4875pu
Base impedance = (Base KV)/ Base MVA = (11)/ 100 = 1.21
For Generator Bus :
Pu impedance = Actual Value / Base Value = 0.2/1.21 = j0.1653p.u
Reactor 1 = Reactor 2 = j0.1653pu.
BPTG ----->.0.1523pu for 9.375MVA
For 100MVA =>0.1523*100/9.375 = 1.625
GETG ------>0.114pu for 15MVA
For 100MVA =>0.114 * 100/1 = 0.76
.175
.23
.4
For 100MVA,
X12 = 0.175 * 100/50 = 0.35
X23 = 0.4 * 100 / 50 = 0.8
X13 = 0.23 * 100 / 50 = 0.46
Z1 = 1/2[Z12 + Z13 Z23]
R1 = 1/2[0.35+0.460.8] = 0.05
R2 = 1/2[0.35+0.80.46] = 0.345
R3= 1/2[ 0.46+0.80.35] = 0.455
By reducing the reduction diagram, pu value of BPTG & GETS is j.4622
GRID :
Impedance of VSS2 MRS2
=> 0.00138 + j0.00532 /Km
Impedance of MRS2 LBSS-V => 0.00164 + j0.00631 /Km

For 7500MVA => j0.013pu
Distance between VSS2 to MRS2 is 5Km with double line
Pu value = .00532*5/2 = .0133
Distance between MRS2 to LBSS-V is 4Km with single line
Pu value = .00631*4 = .0252
Total pu value = j.013 + j.0133 + j.0252 = j.0515

TG4 :
Since tr#5 11.6 % for 90 MVA
For 100MVA = 0.116*100/90 = .1288
18.8% for 90 MVA
For 100 MVA = 0.188*100/91 = .208
Total pu value of TG4 = j.208 + j.1288 = j.3368
Now to calculate the negative sequence currents, we have to short the voltage
source. Then
%reactance = 23% for 75MVA ( for generator ).
For 100MVA => 0.23 * 100 / 75 = j0.3066pu.
Now we can calculate the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance and
currents by drawing the reactance diagram.
4.7. Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Fault Calculation Using

Z-Bus :
Direct determination of bus impedance matrix finds its greatest values
in fault calculations. So Z-bus formation method has been implemented in fault
calculation procedures. Since Z-bus is an important tool in power system
analysis, this Z-bus procedure is used to analyze the existing network of VSP. In
this procedure basically 4 cases have been implemented. Those are,
Case 1 : Adding Zb from a new bus P to the reference bus .
V = Zbus . I
V1
I1
V2
I2
Z original
=
Vn
In
Zb
Ip
Vp
0 0
- - - 0
Adding of the new bus P connected to the reference bus through Z b

without connection to any of the buses of the original network cannot alter the
original bus voltage when a current Ip is injected at the new bus.
The voltage Vp at new bus = Ib . Zb
Case 2 :
Adding Zb from New bus P to an Existing bus K .

V1
Z1k
I1
V2
Z2k
I2
Z original
=
Vn
Zn
In
Vp
Zk1 Zk2
- -
Zkn
Zkk+Zb
Ip
Vp = I1 Zk1 + I2 Zk2 + - - - + In Zkn + Ip (Zkk + Zb)

Case 3 : Adding Zb to an existing bus P from reference bus.
To achieve this, we have to form a new bus P connecting through Z b to
bus k then we short circuit bus P to the reference bus to make the new adding
bus P, V = 0.
So, to formulate the Zbus matrix, we have to eliminate last row & column and
final Zbus is to be formulated as peer the expression given below.
Zhi(new) = Zhi(orig) Zh(n+1).Z(n+1)i/(Zkk+Zb).
Z(nxn)
Original matrix.
Z(n+1)x(n+1)
New bus.
Case 4 : Adding Zb between two existing buses j & k .

To form the (n+1) th row/column of a Zbus, every impedance in the jth
row/column to be subtracted from kth row /column. After that, (n=1)th
row/column are to be eliminated and according to the equation given below.
Zhi(new) = Zhi(orig) Zh(n+1). Z(n+1)i / Zbb.
Where ,
Zbb = Zb + Zjj + Zkk- 2Zjk .
Final Z-bus Matrix :

V1
V2
V3
Zbus .
V4
-Vf
-If
V1 - - - Vn = Change in voltage due to fault .

General equation for fault current ,
If = Vf/Zkk .
Vn = Vf- Znk.Vf/Zkk .
4.7.1. Fault Calculation Of Existing System with Grid :

Reference
j.2506
j.2506
j.2506
+
4
j.165
j.6528 j.3358
j.165
2 j.3368
j.4622
j.0515
j.3358
Impedance Network For Symmetrical Fault Calculations

Z-bus Formation To Evaluate Symmetrical Fault Currents Of Existing
Network :
Choosen network has been distributed among six bus as shown in circuit
diagram. Fault is assumed at bus 6. So Zbus matrix formation is progressed as
follows.
Step 1 : Impedance Zb = j.0515 adding between Bus1 and Reference bus(related
to GRID )
Zbus = j[.0515]
Step 2 : Impedance Zb = j0.4266 adding between Existing Bus1 and Reference
bus( related to BPTG and GETS Generators )
Zbus = j
.0515
.0515
.0515
.5137
After eliminating last row and column ,

Zbus = Z11 = .0515 (.0515*.0515/.5137) = .0463
Zbus = j [ .0463 ]
Step 3 : Impedance Zb = j.3368 adding between Bus1 and Reference bus.

( related to TG#4 )
Zbus = j
.0463
.0463
.0463
.3831
By eliminating last row &column,

Z11 = .0463 - .0463*.0463/.3831 = .0407
Zbus = j [ .0407 ]
Step 4 : Impedance Zb = .3358 adding between Existing Bus 1 and New Bus 2 .
( relating to TR#3 220/11KV )
Zbus =
.0407
.0407
.0407
.3765
Step 5 : Impedance Zb = .2506 adding between Bus 2 and Reference Bus.

( relating to TG#3 )
Zbus =
.0407
.0407
.0407
.0407
.3765
.3765
.0407
.3765
.6271
last row and column are to be eliminated to get the required Zbus .
Z11 = .0407 (.0407*.0407/.6271) = .0381
Z12 = .0407 (.0407*.3765/.6271) = .0163 = Z21
Z22 = .3765 (.3765*.3765/.6271) = .1504
Zbus = j
.0381
.0163
.0163
.1504
Step 6 : Impedance Zb =.165 adding between Existing Bus 2 and Bus 3.( related
to Reactor )
Zbus =
.0381
.0163
.0163
j .0163
.1504
.1504
.0163
.1504
.3154
Step 7 : Impedance Zb = .2506 adding between Existing Bus 3 and Reference

Bus .( relating to TG#2 )
Zbus =
.0381
.0163
.0163
.0163
.0163
.1504
.1504
.1504
.0163
.1504
.3154
.3154
.0163
.1504
.3154
.556
Last row and column are to be eliminated to get required Zbus.

Z11 = .0381 (.0163*.0163/.556) = .0376
Z12 = .0163 (.0163*.1504/.556) = .0119 = Z21
Z13 = .0163 (.0163*.3154/.556) = .0071 = Z31
Z22 = .1504 (.1504*.1504/.556) = .1097
Z23 = .1504 (.1504*.3154/.556) = .0651 = Z32
Z33 = .3154 (.3154*.3154/.556) = .1365
Zbus =
.0376
.0119
.0071
.0119
.1097
.0651
.0071
.0651
.1365
( relating to Reactor 2 )
Zbus =
.0376
.0119
.0071
.0071
.0119
.1097
.0651
.0651
.0071
.0651
.1365
.1365
.0071
.0651
.1365
.3015

Zbus =
.0376
.0119
.0071
.0071
.0071
.0119
.1097
.0651
.0651
.0651
.0071
.0651
.1365
.1365
.1365
.0071
.0651
.1365
.3015
.3015
.0071
.0651
.1365
.3015
.5521
Last row and column are to eliminated to get the required Zbus.
Z11 = .0376 (.0071*.0071/.5521) = .0375
Z12 = .0119 (.0071*.0651/.5521) = .0111 = Z21
Z13 = .0071 (.0071*.1365/.5521) = .0053 = Z31
Z14 = .0071 (.0071*.3015/.5521) = .0032 = Z41
Z22 = .1097 (.0651*.0651/.5521) = .1020
Z23 = .0651 (.0651*.1365/.5521) = .0490 = Z32
Z24 = .0651 (.0651*.3015/.5521) = .0295 = Z42
Z33 = .1365 (.1365*.1365/.5521) = .1027
Z34 = .1365 (.1365*.3015/.5521) = .0619 = Z43
Z44 = .3015 (.3015*.3015/.5521) = .1368
Zbus =
.0375
.0111
.0053
.0032
.0111
.102
.049
.0295
.0053
.049
.1027
.0619
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
Step 10 : Impedance Zb = j.6528 adding between Existing Bus 4 to Bus 5

( Relating to Reactor 3 and Transformer 11/6.6kv )
Zbus =
.0375
.0111
.0053
.0032
.0032
.0111
.102
.049
.0295
.0295
.0053
.049
.1027
.0619
.0619
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.1368
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.7896
Step 11 : Impedance Zb = j.3358 adding between Existing Bus 1 and 4.

( Relating to Transformer#1 220/11KV )
Zbus =
.0375
.0111
.0053
.0032
.0032
.0343
.0111
.102
.049
.0295
.0295
-.0184
.0053
.049
.1027
.0619
.0619
-.0116
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.1368
-.1336
.0032
.0295
.0619
.1368
.7896
-.1336
.0343
-.0184
-.0116
-.1336
-.1336
.5037
Zbb = Zb + Zjj + Zkk Zjk

Where Zb = Impedance between buses j and k
Zbb = Total Impedance
Z11 = .0375 (.0343*.0343/.5037) = .0352
Z12 = .0111 (.0343*-.0184/.5037) = .0123 = Z21
Z13 = .0053 (.0343*-.0116/.5037) = .0061 = Z31
Z14 = .0032 (.0343*-.1336/.5037) = .0123 = Z41
Z15 = .0032 (.0343*-.1336/.5037) = .0123 = Z51
Z22 = .102 (-.0184*-.0184/.5037) = .1013
Z23 = .049 (-.0184*-.0116/.5037) = .0456= Z32
Z24 = .0295 (-.0184*-.1336/.5037) = .0246 =Z42
Z25 = .0295 (-.0184*-.1336/.5037) = .0246 =Z52
Z33 = .1027 (-.0116*-.0116/.5037) = .1024
Z34 = .0619 (-.0116*-.1336/.5037) = .0588 =Z43
Z35 = .0619 (-.0116*-.1336/.5037) = .0588 =Z53
Z44 = .1368 (-.1336*-.1336/.5037) = .1013
Z45 = .1368 (-.1336*-.1336/.5037) = .1013 =Z54
Z55 = .7896 (-.1336*-.1336/.5037) = .7542
Zbus = j
.0352
.0123
.0347
.0123
.0123
.0123
.1013
.0546
.0246
.0246
.0061
.0486
.1046
.0588
.0588
.0123
.0246
.0566
.1013
.1014
.0123
.0246
.0566
.1014
.7542
Final Zbus Matrix :

Bus 5 and Bus 6 are connected through XLPE cables and the distance
between them is comparatively less. ( near about 100mt )
The impedance of the cables were neglected. So fault at Bus 6 is almost equal to
fault at Bus 5.
Pu value of fault current , If = Vf/Z55
If = 1/.7542 = 1.3259 pu
Base current , I = MVA/3 kV *1000
I = 100/(3*6.6*1000) = 8747.73A
Symmetrical fault current = pu value * Base value
= 1.3145*8747.73 = 11.4988 KA
MVA Rating = 3*11265.5*6.6 =132.59 MVA
Unsymmetrical Fault Calculation Using Z-Bus :

Single Line To Ground Fault :
To calculate LG fault , we have to calculate positive sequence ,
Negative sequence ,and Zero sequence impedances.
Positive Sequence Impedance :
Positive sequence impedance for LG fault is equal to impedance
calculated in Symmetrical fault .
So, positive sequence impedance = j.7542 pu
Negative Sequence Impedance :

Since negative sequence impedance is approximately equal to
positive sequence impedance.
So, Negative sequence impedance = j.7542 pu
Zero Sequence Impedance :
Reference
11KV
Z0
j.4875
6.6KV
220KV
BFP
Since there is no other impedance in the network,
Zero sequence impedance = j.4875
Sequential Network Diagram :
+ve seq
Z55-1=j.7542
3Zf
-ve seq
Z55-2 =j.7542
zero seq
Z55-0=j.4875
49.35
Zf = Actual impedance /Base impedance

Since , Actual impedance =7
Zf = 7/.4356 = 16.447
3Zf = 3*16.447 = 49.35
Total impedance = j.7542 + j.7542 + j.4375 + j49.35 = j51.346
Ia1 =V/Z Ia1 = 1/51.346 = .0195
Since , Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia3 = Ia/3 Ia = 3Ia1
Pu value of Ia = 3*.0195 = .0584
Base current in 6.6 kv Bus or at fault point is
I = MVA//3 kV *1000
I = 100/(3*6.6) = 8.7477 KA
Actual value = Pu value * Base value
=.0584*8.747 = .5111 kA
Hence , Single phase to ground fault current when the fault is assumed at the
drive or at 6.6 kv bus is 511.1 A
4.7.2. Fault Calculations Of Existing Network without Grid :

Reference
j.2506
j.2506
j.2506
+
4
j.165
j.6528 j.3358
j.165
2 j.3368
j.4622
j.3358

Z-Bus Formation To Evaluate Symmetrical Fault Currents :
Choosen network has been distributed among six bus as shown in
circuit diagram. Fault is assumed at bus 6. So Z bus matrix formation is
progressed as follows.
Step 1 :Impedance Zb = j.3368 adding between Bus1 and Reference bus(related
to TG4 )
Zbus = j [.3368]
bus( related to BPTG and GETS Generators )
Zbus = j
.3368
.3368
.3368
.799

Zbus = Z11 = .3368 (.3368*.3368/.779) = .1948
Zbus = j [.1948]
(relating to TR#3)
Zbus = j
.1948
.3358
.3358
.5306
Step 4 :Impedance Zb = .2506 adding between Bus 2 and Reference Bus.

( relating to TG#3)
Zbus =
.1948
.3358
.3358
.3358
.5306
.5306
.3358
.5306
.7812
last row and coulomn are to be eliminated to get the required Zbus .
Z11 = .1948 (.3358*.3358/.7812) = .0504
Z12 = .3358 (.3358*.5306/.7812) = .1077 = Z21
Z22 = .5306 (.5306*.5306/.7812) = .1702
Zbus = j
.0504
.1077
.1077
.1702
Step 5 : Impedance Zb =.165 adding between Existing Bus 2 and Bus 3.

( related to Reactor)
Zbus =
.0504
.1077
.1077
.1077
.1702
.1702
.1077
.1702
.3352
Step 6 :Impedance Zb = .2506 adding between Existing Bus 3 and Reference

Zbus =
.0504
.1077
.1077
.1077
.1077
.1702
.1702
.1702
.1077
.1702
.3352
.3352
.1077
.1702
.3352
.5858

Z11 = .0504 (.1077*.1077/.5858) = .0306
Z12 = .1077 (.1077*.1702/.5858) = .0764 = Z21
Z13 = .1077 (.1077*.3352/.5858) = .0461 = Z31
Z22 = .1702 (.1702*.1702/.5858) = .1207
Z23 = .1702 (.1702*.3352/.5858) = .0728 = Z32
Z33 = .3352 (.3352*.3352/.5858) = .1434
Zbus =
.0306
.0764
.0461
.0764
.1207
.0728
.0461
.0728
.1434
Step 7 :Impedance Zb = .165 adding between Existing Bus 3 and New Bus 4 .
Zbus =
.0306
.0764
.0461
.0461
.0764
.1207
.0728
.0728
.0461
.0728
.1434
.1434
.0461
.0728
.1434
.3084

Zbus =
.0306
.0764
.0461
.0461
.0461
.0764
.1207
.0728
.0728
.0728
.0461
.0728
.1434
.1434
.1434
.0461
.0728
.1434
.3084
.3084
.0461
.0728
.1434
.3084
.559
Z11 = .0306 (.0461*.0461/.559) = .0268
Z12 = .0764 (.0461*.0728/.559) = .0704 = Z21
Z13 = .0461 (.0461*.1434/.559) = .0343 = Z31
Z14 = .0461 (.0461*.3084/.559) = .0207 = Z41
Z22 = .1207 (.0728*.0728/.559) = .1112
Z23 = .0728 (.0728*.1434/.559) = .0541 = Z32
Z24 = .0728 (.0728*.0728/.559) = .0633 = Z42
Z33 = .1434 (.1434*.1434/.559) = .1066
Z34 = .1434 (.1434*.3084/.559) = .0643 = Z43
Z44 = .3084 (.3084*.3084/.559) = .1383
Zbus =
.0268
.0704
.0343
.0207
.0704
.1112
.0541
.0343
.0541
.1066
.0643
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.0633

Zbus =
.0268
.0704
.0343
.0207
.0704
.1112
.0541
.0343
.0541
.1066
.0643
.0643
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.1383
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.7911
.0633
.0207
.0633

( Relating to Transformer#1 220/11kv )
Zbus =
.0268
.0704
.0343
.0207
.0207
.0061
.0704
.1112
.0541
.0633
.0633
.0071
.0343
.0541
.1066
.0643
.0643
-.03
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.1383
-.1176
.0207
.0633
.0643
.1383
.7911
-.1176
.0061
.0071
-.03
-.1176
-.1176

Z11 = .0268 (.0061*.0061/.4595) = .0267
Z12 = .0704 (.0061*.0071/.4595) = .0703 = Z21
Z13 = .0343 (.0061*-.03/.4595) = .0347 = Z31
Z14 = .0207 (.0061*-.1176/.4595) = .0223 = Z41
Z15 = .0207 (.0061*-.1176/.4595) = .0223 = Z51
Z22 = .1112 (-.0071*.0071/.4595) = .1111
Z23 = .0541 (.0071*-.1176/.4595) = .0546= Z32
Z24 = .0633 (.0071*-.1176/.4595) = .0651 = Z42
Z25 = .0633 (.0071*-.1176/.4595) = .0651 = Z52
Z33 = .1066 (-.03*-.03/.4595) = .1046
Z34 = .0643 (-.03*-.1176/.4595) = .0566 = Z43
Z35 = .0643 (-.03*-.1176/.4595) = .0566 = Z53
Z44 = .1383 (-.1176*-.1176/.4595) = .1082
Z45 = .1383 (-.1176*-.1176/.4595) = .1082 = Z54
Z55 = .7908 (-.1176*.-1176/.4595) = .7607
Zbus =
.0267
.0703
.0347
.0223
.0223
.0703
.1111
.0546
.0651
.0651
.0347
.0546
.1046
.0566
.0566
.0223
.0651
.0566
.1082
.1082
.0223
.0651
.0566
.1082
.7607
.4595
Final Zbus Matrix :

Bus 5 and Bus 6 are connected through XLPE cables and the
distance between them is comparitively less (near about 100mt)
The impedance of the cables were neglected. So fault at Bus 6 is
almost equal to fault at Bus 5.
If = 1/.7607 = 1.3145 pu
Base current , I = MVA/3 kV *1000
I = 100/(1.732*6.6) = 8747.73A
Symmetrical fault current = pu value * Base value
=1.3145*8747.73 =11.4988 KA
MVA Rating = 1.732*11265.5*6.6
=132.59 MVA
Unsymmetrical fault Calculation Using Z-Bus :

So,Negative sequence impedance = j.7607 pu

Reference
11KV
Z0
j.4875
6.6KV
220KV
BFP

+ve seq
Z55-1=j.7607
3Zf
-ve seq
Z55-2 =j.7607
zero seq
Z55-0=j.4875
49.35

Since , Actual impedance = 7
Zf = 7/.4356 = 16.447
3Zf = 3*16.447 = 49.35
Ia1 =V/Z Ia1 = 1/51.357 = .0195
Since , Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia3 = Ia/3 Ia = 3Ia1

Pu value of Ia = 3*.0195 = .0584
Base current in 6.6 KV Bus or at fault point is
I = MVA/V I = 100/(1.732*6.6) = 8.7477 KA
=.0584*8.747 = .5111 KA
4.7.3. Fault Calculation After adding TG5 Without Grid :

Reference
j.2506
j.2506
j.2506
+
4
j.165
j.6528 j.3358
j.165
2 j.3368
j.4622
j.0515
j.3358

Z-Bus Formation To Evaluate Symmetrical Fault Currents Of The
Network :
Choosen network has been distributed among six bus as shown in
circuit diagram. Fault is assumed at bus 6. So Z bus matrix formation is
progressed as follows.
Step 1 : Impedance Zb = j.3368 adding between Bus1 and Reference bus(related
to TG4 )
Zbus = j [.3368]
bus( related to TG5 )
Zbus = j
.3368
.3368
.3368
.6736

Zbus = Z11 = .3368 (.3368*.3368/.6736) = .1684
Zbus = j [ .1684 ]
Step 3 : Impedance Zb = j.3368 adding between Bus1 and Reference bus.

( related to BPTG & GETS Generators )
Zbus = j
.1684
.1684
.1684
.6306
By eliminating last row &column,

Z11 = .1684 - .1684*.1684/.6306 = .1234
Zbus = j [ .1234 ]
( relating to TR#3 220/11KV )
Zbus =
.1234
.1234
.1234
.4592
Step 5 : Impedance Zb = .2506 adding between Bus 2 and Reference Bus.

( relating to TG#3 )
Zbus =
.1234
.1234
.1234
.4592
.4592
.1234
.4592
.7098
.1234
last row and coulomn are to be eliminated to get the required Zbus .
Z11 = .1234 (.1234*.1234/.7098) = .1019
Z12 = .1234 (.1234*.4592/.7098) = .0435 = Z21
Z22 = .1234 (.4592*.4592/.7098) = .1621
Zbus = j
.1019
.0435
.0435
.1621
Step 6 : Impedance Zb =.165 adding between Existing Bus 2 and Bus 3.( related
to Reactor )
Zbus =
.1019
.0435
.0435
j .0435
.1621
.1621
.0435
.1621
.3271

Zbus =
.1019
.0435
.0435
.0435
j .0435
.1621
.1621
.1621
.0435
.1621
.3271
.3271
.0435
.1621
.3271
.5777

Z11 = .1019 (.0435*.0435/.5777) = .0986
Z12 = .0435 (.0435*.1621/.5777) = .0313 = Z21
Z13 = .0435 (.0435*.3271/.5777) = .0189 = Z31
Z22 = .1621 (.1621*.1621/.5777) = .1166
Z23 = .1621 (.1621*.3271/.5777) = .0703 = Z32
Z33 = .3271 (.3271*.3271/.5777) = .1419
Zbus =
.0986
.0313
.0189
.0313
.1166
.0703
.0189
.0703
.1419
Zbus =
.0986
.0313
.0189
.0189
.0313
.1166
.0703
.0703
.0189
.0703
.1419
.1419
.0189
.0703
.1419
.3069

Zbus = j
.0986
.0313
.0189
.0189
.0189
.0313
.1166
.0703
.0703
.0703
.0189
.0703
.1419
.1419
.1419
.0189
.0703
.1419
.3069
.3069
.0189
.0703
.1419
.3069
.5575
Z11 = .0986 (.0189*.0189/.5575) = .0979
Z12 = .0313 (.0189*.0703/.5575) = .0289 = Z21
Z13 = .0189 (.0189*.1419/.5575) = .0141 = Z31
Z14 = .0189 (.0189*.3069/.5575) = .0085 = Z41
Z22 = .1166 (.0703*.0703/.5575) = .1077
Z23 = .0703 (.0703*.1419/.5575) = .0524 = Z32
Z24 = .0703 (.0703*.0703/.5575) = .0316 = Z42
Z33 = .1419 (.1419*.1419/.5575) = .1059
Z34 = .1419 (.1419*.3069/.5575) = .0638 = Z43
Z44 = .3069 (.3069*.3069/.5575) = .1379
Zbus =
.0979
.0289
.0141
.0085
.0289
.1077
.0524
.0316
.0141
.0524
.1059
.1638
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379

Zbus =
.0979
.0289
.0141
.0085
.0085
.0289
.1077
.0524
.0316
.0316
.0141
.0524
.1059
.1638
.1638
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.1379
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.7907

( Relating to Transformer#1 220/11KV )
Zbus =
.0979
.0289
.0141
.0085
.0085
.0894
.0289
.1077
.0524
.0316
.0316
-.0027
.0141
.0524
.1059
.1638
.1638
-.0497
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.1379
-.1294
.0085
.0316
.0316
.1379
.7907
-.1294
.0894
-.0027
-.0497 -.1294
-.1294
1.2071

Z11 = .0979 (.0894*.0894/1.2071) = .0913
Z12 = .0289 (.0894*-.0027/1.2071) = .0291 = Z21
Z13 = .0141 (.0894*-.0497/1.2071) = .0178 = Z31
Z14 = .0085 (.0894*-.1294/1.2071) = .0181 = Z41
Z15 = .0085 (.0894*-.1294/1.2071) = .0181 = Z51
Z22 = .1077 (-.0027*-.0027/1.2071) = .1077
Z23 = .0524 (-.0027*-.0497/1.2071) = .0523= Z32
Z24 = .0316 (-.0027*-.1294/1.2071) = .0313 = Z42
Z25 = .0316 (-.0027*-.1294/1.2071) = .0313 = Z52
Z33 = .1058 (-.0497*-.0497/1.2071) = .1037
Z34 = .0638 (-.0497*-.1294/1.2071) = .0585 = Z43
Z35 = .0638 (-.0497*-.1294/1.2071) = .0585 = Z53
Z44 = .1379 (-.1294*-.1294/1.2071) = .124
Z45 = .1379 (-.1294*-.1294/1.2071) = .124 = Z54
Z55 = .7904 (-.1294*-.1294/1.2071) = .7765
Zbus =
.0913
.0291
.0178
.0181
.0181
.0291
.1077
.0523
.0313
.0313
.178
.0523
.1037
.0585
.0585
.0181
.0313
.0585
.124
.124
.0181
.0313
.0585
.124
.7765
Final Zbus Matrix :

Bus 5 and Bus 6 are connected through XLPE cables and the distance
between them is comparitively less. ( near about 100mt )
The impedance of the cables were neglected. So fault at Bus 6 is almost equal to
fault at Bus 5.
If = 1/.7765 = 1.2878 pu
Base current , I = MVA//3 kV *1000
I = 100/(3*6.6*1000) = 8747.73A
Symmetrical faultcurrent = pu value * Base value
= 1.2878*8747.7 = 11.2655 KA
MVA Rating = 3*11265.5*6.6*1000 = 132.59 MVA
Unsymmetrical Fault Calculation Using Z-Bus :


So,Negative sequence impedance = j.7765 pu
Reference
11KV
Z0
j.4875
6.6KV
220KV
BFP
+ve seq
Z55-1=j.7765
3Zf
-ve seq
Z55-2=j.7765
zero seq
Z55-0=j.4875
49.35

Since , Actual impedance =7
Zf = 7/.4356 = 16.447
3Zf = 3*16.447 = 49.35
Ia1 =V/Z Ia1 = 1/51.339
Ia1 = .0195
Since ,
Ia1 = Ia2 = Ia3 = Ia/3 Ia = 3Ia1
Pu value of Ia = 3*.0195 = .0584

Base current in 6.6 KV Bus or at fault point is
I = MVA/V I = 100/(3*6.6) = 8.7477 KA
= .0584 * 8.747 = .5111 KA
5.1.1. Feeder Switchgear Details :

Feeders
Circuit
Breakers
BFP
HTMCC
S.C.Rating
Time
(KA)
(sec)
VCB
31.5
300/1 A
MOCB
40
not
I/C
VCB
O/G
MOCB
05HVLC1
GSB-1
Short
Current Level
Circuit
(A)
630
(KV)
7.2
MVA
392.83
2500
7.2
98.83
40
1000/1 A
2500
7.2.
498.83
40
2000/1 A
2500
7.2
498.83
26.3
1250/1 A
2500
7.2
546.63
26.3
4500/1 A
2500
7.2
546.63
MOCB
GSB-1
O/G
Normal Voltage
applicable
05HVLC1
I/C
CT Ratio
SF6
BUSBAS
PROTECTION
SF6=3no.s=T/F, gen of bus coupler.
5.1.2. Bus MVA Details :

Working
Voltage(KV)
Short Circuit
Current(KA)
Short Circuit
MVA
HTMCC BUS
6.6
30.6
349.8
05HVLC-1 BUS
6.6
30.6
349.8
GSB-1 BUS
11
78.8
1501.34
5.2. HTMCC :
HTMCC incomer is not protected at HTMCC level with current protection.
This is to avoid repetition of similar protection systems at two places (upstream
and downstream) and to minimize cost and it is protected with only under
voltage protection.
Bus details
1250A, 6.6KV, 30.6KVA for 3sec. Such HTMCCs are 5 in number
dedicated each one to one particular boiler drives with two sections with a bus
coupler with incoming sources are from different sections of 05HVLC1 in a
way to cause minimum interruption to the boiler system in case one source fails.
Various drives connected to this load center are IDfans(900KW) ,
PAfans(450KW), FDfans(325KW), coal mills(200KW) and BFP(2.4MW)
Types of breakers used in boiler HTMCC are MOCBs and VCBs.
Among all the drives described above we selected the highest capacity motor
that is BFP for our fault calculation analysis.
5.2.1. Drive protection :

Drive details :
BFP :
Type :
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Rated o/p :
2400 KW
Speed :
1485 rpm
Voltage :
6.6 KV
Current :
253 A
Cooling water :
cooled by water
Requirement :
48 m3/hr
This motor is connected to 2 pumps. Booster pump and Main pump with the
capacity of 375 cubic m/hr supplies the water to the boiler drum .
Relays used are Differential Relay and CTMM Relay .
Motor Protection Relay : (99 relay)
I1(t)
Stalling Current
In
Normal Current Of Relay
I2
Negative Sequence Current
I0
Earth Fault Current
Ith
Thermal Current
Vx
Rated Voltage Of Relay
I1(t)
I2(t)
I0(t)
0.3
0.6 I1(t) = (1.5+)In
1.2
2.4_______
16
0.4
0.8 I2 = (0.3 + )In
1.6
3.2__________
0.5
1.0 t = 0.06 +
2.0
4.0
10
20 Io = k(10 + )mA
40
80__________
In
1A
t=2x
0.5
1.0 t = 0.06 +
2.0
4.0
50Hz
Vx
Rext = 2*650
220V
Rstab = 500
Permt
I1(t)
K=1
Io
Mode
Contd
K=5
( here K = 5 )
CT Ratio = 300/1 A
I1 = 6
Ith = 0.9
Curve --- 3
Stalling Current I1(t) :
Since , CT Ratio = 300/1A
I1(t) = (1.5 + ) In
= 0.3 , In = 1A
I1(t) = ( 1.5 + 0.3 ) = 1.8 A
For
1.8 A
300*1.8 = 540 A
t = 2* , =2 & 4
t = 2*(2+4) =12 sec
86 Trip Relay
In 12 sec
540 A flows
Then trip command will appear.

Negative Sequence Current I2 :
I2 = (0.3 + ) In
= 0.4 & 0.8 , In = 1A
I2 = 0.3+0.4+0.8 = 1.5A
Primary Current = 300*1.5 = 450A
t = 0.06 + , = 1
t = 0.06 + 1 = 1.06 sec
Earth Fault Current I0 :
I0 = K(10 + ) mA
K = 5 , =10
I0 = 5*(10+10) =100mA = 0.1A
Primary Current = 300 * 0.1 = 30A.
t = 0.06 +
Here = 0.5
t =0.06+0.5 = 0.56 sec.
Ith = 0.9A
Primary current = 300/0.9 = 270A
I1 = 6A
Primary current =6*300 = 1800A
Differential set value, PSM = 0.2A
TMS = 0.025sec
CT Ratio = 300/1A
1
300
0.2
300*0.2 = 60A
t = 0.025sec.
5.3. 05HVLC1 Substation Relay Setting Calculations :

The upstream supply source for boiler and HTMCC is 05HVLC1,
high voltage 6.6kv load center substation. This substation
is triple ended
substation connected to three 11/6.6kv transformers rated 20MVA each and the
bus is divided in to 4 sections. The transformers in turn get incoming supply
from corresponding sections of GSB-1. The 4 bus sections are coupled with 2
bus couplers between sec-1 & sec-2 and sec-3 & sec-4. This load center
supplies the loads of total TPP HTMCCs concerned to boilers and hence it is
treated as a critical load center substation
with the bus rating of 2000A , 6.6KV and short time rating of 30.6KA for 3sec.
Breakers used for out going feeders are Vaccum Circuit Breakers(VCB) and for
incomers Minimum Oil Circuit Breakers (MOCB).
Connection diagrams for 05HVLC1 outgoing & Incoming feeders are shown in
Appendex - 2&3 respectively .
Relay setting calculations :

5.3.1. 05HVLC1 outgoing feeder :
CT Ratio = 1000/1A
IDMT Over Current Relay :
PSM : 1.75 1.75 1.75

TMS :
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.5
IDMT Earth Fault Relay :
Instantaneous Over Current Relay :
PSM : 1.5
TMS :
1.5
1.5
0.3
Instantaneous Earth Fault Relay :

PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3

PSM :
1
1.3
10
2.5
1.6
PS :
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
9 10 12 14
1.4
1.2
16 18 20
1.0
CDG 31EG9103A(M)
PS
1.75
TMS :
1.0
CT Ratio :
1000/1A
3 phase short circuit current, Isc =11.593KA

If 1000A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A.
According to PS, current flows in secondary = 1.75*1000 = 1750A
This value is the set value . So Relay starts sensing at this current.
Fault current in multiples of PS value = 11593/1750 = 6.624
According to Relay graph, it takes 1.55sec
1.55sec is the IDMT Relay actuating time for 11.593KA.

PSM : 1.5
TMS : 0.3
CT Ratio : 1000/1A
Multiplication factor = 2
If 1000A flows in primary , CT secondary current = 1A
According to PS , current flows in secondary = 1.5*2*1000 = 3000A
Fault current in multiples of PS value = 11593/3000 = 3.86A
Since this relay is having Instantaneous nature , it starts sensing at 3000A
according to setting & if it sustains for 0.3sec. This relay gives trip command to
the breaker what ever the fault current beyond 3000A if it sustains for 0.3sec.

PSM :
1
1.3
2.5
9 10 12 14
16 18 20
10
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
PS :
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
( CDG 11AF9110A )
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.5
CT Ratio : 1000/1A
Single phase to ground fault current = 522.5A
Fault current in multiples of PSM value = 522.5/100 = 5.225A
According to graph, it takes 0.85sec , If the fault current flowing in single phase
to ground fault is 200A. Then the relay starts sensing the fault &
according to
the fault current it follows the IDMT features for the TMS of 0.5sec and gives
the trip command to 0.85sec.
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3
CT Ratio : 1000/1A
Multiplication factor = 1
According to PS , current flows in secondary = 0.1*1*1000 = 100A
The present setting of 1PSM = 100A
If the fault current of 100A flows in single phase to ground fault of 100a flows
in single phase to ground fault and it sustains for 0.3sec. This relay gives the
trip command.
5.3.2. 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder :

CT Ratio : 2000/1A
PSM : 0.1
TMS :
0.1
0.1
0.6

PSM : 0.1
TMS : 0.1
Restricted Earth Fault Relay :
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
Differential Relay :
Biasing = 15%
PSM :
1
1.3
30 20 15 10
2.5
3.5
PS :
0.5
0.75
1.25
1.5
1.75
CDG 31EG9003A(M)
PSM :
TMS :
0.6
9 10
CT Ratio : 2000/1A
Three phase to short circuit current , Isc = 11.593KA
12
2.8
14
2.6
16 18 20
2.4
2.2

According to PS, current flowing in secondary = 1*2000 =2000A
The fault current in multiples of PSM = 11593/2000 = 5.796
If 5.796 times of set value current And it will give the trip command
in 2.5sec.
PSM :
1
1.3
30 20 15 10
2.5
9 10
3.5
12
2.8
14
2.6
16 18 20
2.4
2.2
PS :
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
CDG 11AF9010A(M)
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.1
CT Ratio : 2000/1A
Single phase to ground fault cuurent = 522.5A
According to PS, current flowing in secondary = 0.1*2000 = 200A.
The fault current in multiples of PSM = 522.5/200 = 2.6125
According to graph , it takes 0.6sec
If the fault current flowing in single phase to ground fault is 200A ,the relay
starts sensing the fault and according to the fault current it follows the IDMT
features for the TMS of 1sec and gives the trip command in 0.38sec.
???????????????????????????????????????????
****************************************************************
Restricted Earth Fault Relay :
PSM : 0.1
TMS :
According to PSM set , if fault current of 200A flows it gives the trip
command instantly. ( Irrespective of timing , it gives the trip command.
Differential Biasing :
Biasing = 15 %
If the difference between the secondary currents of two boundaries of a
transformer is more than 15% ,it gives the trip command .
5.4. Generator Switch Board Relay Setting calculations :

The upstream distribution level for 05HVLC1 is GSB-1. GSB-1 is a
11KV ,4500A ,78.8KA three section switch board connected to three 60MW
generators feeding to three different sections. Between the sections bus couplers
with reactor and without reactor has been provided with an interlock that the
bus can be operated with all three generators in service only if the bus couplers
with series reactors in service. The reactors have been provided to bring down
the short circuit effects between the sections as well as on source. Sec 1 &
Sec-3 are connected individually to tr#1 & tr#3 respectively of rating 11/220KV
& 50/63 MVA delta/star connection with star earthed. There is no transformer
connected to Sec-2 of GSB 1.
A triple ended Tr#2 of same capacity & rating can be connected to Sec-1
or Sec-3. This arrangement has been done to bring down the fault MVA level
below 1000MVA as per design. At any time ,only two out of the three
transformers can be connected to GSB 1 making the third one available as
standby transformer.
A specific features of GSB 1 is all the generators connected to it are
having floating neutral & hence earthing is brought into picture at GSB-1 level
through three different earthing transformers connected one to each section.
These earthing transformers are zig-zag type transformers with neutral

grounded with 14 resistance which can withstand 500A for 10sec.
Relay Setting Calculations :

5.4.1. GSB 1 Outgoing Feeder :
CT Ratio = 1250/1A
PSM
TMS
0.65

PSM
0.1
TMS
0.2
PSM
11
11
11
TMS
0.1

PSM :
1
1.3
30 20 15 10
2.5
4
6
6
4
8
3.5
PS :
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.25
PSM :
TMS :
0.6
CT Ratio = 1250/1A
1.5
1.75
2.0
10
3
12
2.8
16
2.6
18 20
2.4
2.2
Three phase short circuit current , Isc = 11.593KA

For 11/6.6KV transformer, Isc = 11.593*6.6/11 = 6955.3A
According to PS, current flowing in the secondary = 1*1250 = 1250A
The fault current in multiples of PSM = 6955.3/1250 = 5.564
5.564 times the PSM set ,fault current flows in the system and it sustains for
2.6sec. this gives command to the breaker .
PSM :
1
1.3
30 20
2.5
15 10
0.1
0.15
4
6
8
3.5
10
3
12
2.8
16
2.6
18 20
2.4
2.2
PS :
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.2
CT Ratio : 1250/1A
According to PS, current flowing in the secondary = 0.1*1250 = 125A
In 6.6KV each fault current reflects as over currents on 11KV side . So, these
currents are very less when compared with the set value of over current relay .
So this relay will not sense the fault current .
5.4.2. GSB-1 Busbar Protection:(Partial Differential Protection)
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
PSM :
TMS :
0.45
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3

PSM : 2*K = 2.6
TMS :
Multiplication factor, K = 1.3

PSM :
1
1.3
2.5
30 20 15
10 8
0.5
0.75
PSM :
TMS :
0.45
4
6
3.5
10
3
12
2.8
16
2.6
18 20
2.4
2.2
PS :
1.0
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
CONSIDER CURRENTS ON 11KV SIDE.NOT THE 6.6KV SIDE

WHY Partial Diff SHOULD ACT FOR FAULTS OUTSIDE ITS REGION?
****************************************************************
Three phase short circuit current = 11.593KA
According to PS, current flowing in the secondary = 1*4500 = 4500A
If the fault current in multiples of PSM is 2.57 times , the relay gives the trip
command in 3.2sec.
PSM :
1
1.3
2.5
10
12
16
18 20
30
PS :
20 15 10
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
3.5
0.35
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
0.4
PSM :
0.1
TMS :
0.3
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
6.6KV Earth fault current reflects as over currents on 11KV side. So these
currents are very less when compared with the set values of over current relays.
So this relay will sense the earth fault currents on 6.6KV.
PSM :
2.6
TMS :
CT Ratio = 4500/1A
Three phase short circuit current = 11.593KA
According to PS, current flowing in the secondary = 2.6*4500 = 11700A
Set value is greater than the fault current , this relay will not sense the fault.
5.5. Tabular Form For Relay Settings :

Measuring
Current
Time
Primary
Quantity
Set(A)
(sec)
current(A)
I1
0.06
1800
I2
1.5
1.06
450
I0
0.1
0.56
30
Ith
0.9
curve-3
270
I1(t)
1.8
12
540
Differential
0.2
0.025
60
IDMT O/C IDMT E/F Inst O/C Inst E/F REF Differential
HTMCC I/C
_
_
_
_
_
_
05HVLC1 O/G
1.55
0.85
0.3
0.3
_
_
05HVLC1 I/C
2.5
0.6
_
_
_
_
GSB 1 O/G
2.6
_
_
_
_
_
GSB 1 Busbar
3.2
_
_
_
_
_
Protection
These values are compared with standard graphs shown at
Appendex 4 & 5 .
5.6. Total Fault Clearance Time :

Total Fault Clearing Time = Relay Time + Master Trip Relay Time
+ CB Tripping Time .
Master Trip Relay Time = 0.15msec.
Circuit breaker Tripping Time = 60msec.
5.6.1. Fault Clearance Time For BFP Trip :
Instantaneous Overcurrent (I1) :
Relay time = 0.06 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 0.06+0.015+0.06
= 0.135 sec
Negative Sequence Current (I2) :
= 1.135 sec
Earth Fault Current (I0) :

= 0.635 sec
Thermal Current (Ith) :
= 0.975 sec
Stalling Current(I1(t)) :
Relay time = 12 sec
Total Fault Clearance Time = 12+0.015+0.06
= 12.075 sec
Differential :
= 0.1 sec
5.6.2. Fault Clearance Time For 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder :
= 2.575 sec
= 0.925 sec
= 0.375 sec
= 0.375 sec
5.6.3. Fault Clearance Time For 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder :
= 2.575 sec
Relay time = 0.38 sec.
= 0.81 sec
5.6.4. Fault Clearance Time For GSB - 1 Outgoing Feeder :
= 2.675 sec
5.6.5. Fault Clearance Time For GSB - 1 Busbar Protection :
Relay time =3.2 sec
= 3.275 sec
5.7. Tabularform :
BFP
I1
I2
I0
Ith
I1(t)
Differential
0.135
1.135
0.635
0.975
12.075
0.1
IDMT O/C IDMT E/F Inst O/C Inst E/F REF Differential
05HVLC1 O/G
1.625
0.925
0.375
0.375
05HVLC1 I/C
2.5
0.81
GSB 1 O/G
2.675
GSB 1 Busbar
3.275
0.025
_
0.025
Protection
x represents that the relay will not sense .
Conclusion :
The very purpose of protection system is to monitor the unwanted
conditions and when such conditions arise, to remove the fault in the shortest
time possible, leaving unaffected are operational.
In huge industrial system like VSP, we have considered a fault at the
bottom level i.e. 6.6KV and carried out the effects of this fault at different levels
of power system with various protections involved in it. As per the tripping
times calculated of various circuit breakers are observed mismatch with IDMT
earth fault relays time settings of incomer breaker of 05HVLCI when compared
to outgoing feeder. Incomer breaker IDMT earth fault tripping time is

overlapping with the outgoing feeder IDMT earth fault time. So, the grading
feature with regard to IDMT earth fault relays, is violated. Due to this, while
fault happens tripping is transferred to incomer breaker instead of outgoing
feeder. This causes huge block out in the system. So, this settings are to be
analyzed once again and set for right values.
If a Turbo generator TG#5 is connected in Existing system as well as
Island condition in the future expansion of VSP, there will be no change in fault
currents. This is because the transformers are connected between 220KV &
11KV network at GSB and the effect of this generator on fault currents at
6.6KV level is very less. The relay settings obtained are same after including
new generator and this has been proved as per our calculation.
In the present age, microprocessor based relays have come to market.
These relays provide a spectrum of information in a single relay. Practically it
has been observed that these relays are good from the study and analysis point
of view where as for reliability and dependability, the Electro Mechanical and
Electro Magnetic Relays are still superior to microprocessor based relays. Since
Electromechanical relays operate only with actual electrical signals.
Bibliography :
ENGLISH ELECTRIC Relay Manuals.
BHEL Switch gear manuals.
THE ART & SCIENCE OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING
- C.Russell Mason.
POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
- I J Nagrath & D P kothari.
POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
- Stevenson.
APPENDEX - 4
EE Nomenclature :
This explains the designation of relay type-CAG,CDG CTMM etc.
First letter
Operating quantity
Phase angle comparision
Balanced currents
Current(amperes)
Differential
Direction
Frequency
Directional Current
Rate of rise of current
Manual
Oil Pressure
Polyphase VA
Reactive VA
Slip frequency
Temperature
Potential volts
Watts
Resistance
Admittance
Second letter
Impedance
Movement
Attracted armature
Buchhotz
Induction cup
Induction disc
Galvanometer
Transactor
Mixed type
Magnet(polarized)
Plug
Rectifier
Synchronous motor
Transistor
Weight(gravity)
Third Letter
Applications
Auxiliary
Testing
Carrier or counting
Directional
Earth(ground)
Flag and alarm indication
General or Generator
Harmonic restains
Interlock or Industrial
Tripping
JE
Tripping(elec-reset)
JH
Tripping(hand set)
JS
Tripping(self-reset)
JC
Control
Check alarm
Lead limiting
Semaphore or Motor
Negative sequence
Out of step
Potential failure
Alarm
Reclosing
Synchronizing
Timer or transformer
Definite time
Voltage restraint
Pilot wire
WA
Interporing
WJ
Intertripping
Supervisory
Flash back (back fire)
Special application
ZS
Zero sequency
Fourth Letter
M
Special Variations
APPENDEX 5
XLPE Cable Resistance & Reactance :
Conductor
6.6 KV
Size(mm2)
%R
%X
16
335
32.4
25
213
30.1
35
153
28.0
50
113
26.6
70
78.5
25.3
95
56.5
23.9
120
45.0
23.0
150
36.5
22.3
185
29.2
21.6
240
22.5
20.7
300
18.2
20.0
400
14.2
22.5
500
11.6
21.8
630
9.4
20.7
Resistance & Reactance per Km

Percentage Values on 100MVA basis.
Resistance in ohms = %R * V2(KV)/10000
Reactance in ohms = %X * V2(KV)/10000
APPENDEX - 6
List of device numbers :
2
Time delay starting or Closing relay
Checking or Interlocking relay
Master contactor
21
Distance relay
25
Synchronising or Synchronism check relay
27
Under voltage relay
30
Annunciator relay
32
Directional relay
37
Under current or Under power relay
40
Field failure relay
46
Reverse phase or phase balance current relay
49
Machine or transformer thermal relay
50
Instantaneous overcurrent or rate-of-rise relay
51
A.C.time overcurrent relay
52
A.C.circuit breaker
52a
Circuit breaker auxiliary switch normally open
52b
Circuit breaker auxiliary switch normally closed
55
Power factor relay
56
Field application relay
59
Over voltage relay
60
Voltage or Current balance relay
64
Earth fault protective relay
67
A.C.Directional Overcurrent relay
68
Blocking relay
75
Alarm relay
76
D.C. Overcurrent relay
78
Phase angle measuring
or
Out-Of-Step protective relay

79
A.C. Reclosing relay
81
Frequency relay
83
Automotive selective control or Transfer relay
85
Carrier or Pilot wire receive relay
86
Locking- out relay
87
Differential protective relay

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G ABSTRACT :

This project involves the analization of the existing power system

1.1. Project Introduction

1.2. Introduction to VSP

2.1. Symmetrical Faults

2.2. Unsymmetrical Faults

2.2.1.Line To Ground Fault

2.2.2.Line To Line Fault

2.2.3.Double Line To Ground Fault

3.1. Functions of Relays

3.2. Protective Relays

3.3. Basic Requirements of Protective Relaying

3.4. Types of Protection

3.5.1.Principle of Time & Current Grading

3.5.4.Discrimination by both Time & Current

3.6. Classification of Relays

3.7. Procedure for Relay Coordination

3.8. Types of Relays

3.8.2.Earth Fault Relays

3.8.5.IDMT Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relays

3.8.6.Instantaneous Overcurrent & Earth Fault Relays

3.8.7.Instantaneous High Stability Circulating Current relay

3.8.8.High Speed biased Differential Relay

4.1. Single Line Diagram of VSP including Grid

4.5. Assumptions for Fault Calculations

4.6. Reactance values in P.U. representations

4.7. Symmetrical & Unsymmetrical Fault Calculation using Z-Bus

4.7.1.Fault Calculation of Existing System with Grid

4.7.2.Fault Calculation of Existing System without Grid

4.7.3.Fault Calculation of Existing System after adding TG5

FEEDER TRIP SETTINGS

5.1.1.Feeder Switchgear Details

5.1.2.Bus MVA Details

5.3. 05HVLC1 Substation Relay Setting Calculation

5.3.1.05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder

5.3.2.05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder

5.4. Generator Switchboard Relay Setting Calculations

5.4.1.GSB-1 Outgoing Feeder

5.4.2.GSB-1 Busbar Protection

5.5. Tabular form for Relay Settings

5.6. Total Fault Clearance Time

5.6.1.Fault Clearance Time for BFP Trip Relay

5.6.2.Fault Clearance Time for 05HVLC1 Outgoing Feeder

5.6.3.Fault Clearance Time for 05HVLC1 Incoming Feeder

5.6.4.Fault Clearance Time for GSB-1 Outgoing feeder

5.6.5.Fault Clearance Time for GSB-1 Busbar Protection

5.7. Tabular form

1.1. Project Introduction :

1.2. Introduction To VSP :

load is exported to APSEB. Power is supplied to VSP from APSEB switching

Block Diagram Of 220KV Distribution

Ladle furnace in SMS

TPP, Plant essential category loads,

Plant, Township & construction

Single phase to ground faults

Phase to phase faults

Two phase to ground faults

Three phase faults

2.1. Symmetrical Fault Analysis :

2.2. Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis :

3.1. Functions of relays :

- Force conversion constants

3.2. Protective Relays :

3.4. Types Of Protection :