Está en la página 1de 95

r;;IASi'.b..

<

J__r.;~jij
U'j~Jf

~O(t
~
)

.Y

)..t1iJdJ)J;--18

7249218-7237430:(;);
ut;JI),!

)..t1iJ,Jl,)J::.IJ;~Jf

(1Jr1
J;<

)..t1iJC).f{~J.'"

U'lI'
.

;.f{
..1))1/

,1999

JJI-::..fl,!.1

,2005

(JJ -::..f l,!.1

LJ)90/Y

d..

c!J) ,f ~ J! ~ / ~L
(i ~ l:/ -~ ?) z., )JI z:; I~JidW:W __i;I1)! '-A L
J;! J1~':::""":::;J 1.11.1~ ')In;; ~ ~ / ~ uiu,/.I)!.}t= L JIP
/ .d 1.1' ~ l:l yr J! .:::....I)!cJ'_~ r L).,JIJ?-) I)! )JJ 1.1' e f 'fI)! JIP 4 4 -'f- J~J~ J! LI) ,f cJl ;; ~ ~ I)! ..:-tJIP OJr.,--'f- C~0~ J! ')In ~~,f ~L 4-' 4-' 'f- Ji J..;
1.1' ;; L~ ~-:::1 r 1.1' ~ 'L~~J

I)!

-:::J)

)~ r

ujljl

ok-- )JI

'L)JiI_;Y~ ,f)JJ OJr.,-- (i~

JI nl '..:.-yf ..:.-.,JUJr,.;)1 'J'" ~


v

J~Loo1J!I ,f)JJ

~ ILJ~,f 1.1' ~ ~

1.1' //.
~I)

-'f- u,1P

fl999

J'"

uiu,/.

L vI

'.::.:?-YL.)JI ~

,f

I)! ..:-lJlPL l:l


.d u}lJ,/.

L~ JJIl! f ..::)j,f

s.'f-I/~ -:::1 I)! N':::""~

"~Y

~)In

J! l:l ()' if)JI

(i ;;'~
dVJR;

-~J~
1.1'

L),{ -:::)JI

~v!

~/

II

_;.J~

-1

22

(g rc.'.JO)U,/.

-2

v! '-.J~ L ~J,Pz
0uJ?'V-J,Pzv! '-.J~ L uJJ! .JJI
UJJ!

33
49
72

H6
96

LI.J

J""'~

-3

.JJIc.'.JO)U,/.

-4

~L(.II .JJIc.'.J

-5

JJ..i .JJIJ~
;.JJJ~J~i;

-6
-7

.IJ'

J1j~:--"u,./. f Ji-)v"; -:~J...f?'( Lf .:!jJ

~'.J:~k

r.~ ...JJ JIv. v' _(.t1 ~ J'; /- ~ c}VJPzAr;' J


A~ ~ I;-f r v. J 4lr /- /-'tL.t1 J;/ ~
J.::rCI ;;
Lr
L ~ C)' -L.t1 ..?/ L OP ...J r
:L .t1 J!
L r -4 _:,"'
Jif.ct' ----ki'1Iu> ct'Ic}Vv:-;
~ r

.IJ'

J.I

J,t?,J\.

~.I~ .IJ'

"J

I).I~ ~ J~

~ .IJ'

" _:, IJ,;S

OJ

Jj.'.

v. if.C)}i

OJ --~

C).ii

I c}Vv:-;

'Jv'~ J,[--.,f. '::)JJJ I)J,;f Ic}Vv:-;Lr f-:)J1IX ~


U":~J~ ~ ~ ..,...,....::)J): J(j ~1I~ if' L C)r'if.lJ' ~'./. 'J
-v.- I(~If! L I)J,;f L u,),.IJ' L.t1 cfJ.I OJ L
~O).fJ

cP'JPzM
(Verdict on India)

_( T-.1 (;,'.1 tJ~)iJ!_,dJ. L u,:t)i "'~

J')tei

11

v-~ "- Ji d\,.lW sI.::/',


.JJJJ). v! ~L J ~J
-L" (W v! ~.J~ Jt 'L" (W If v! u,u. do do (lSi J~;.;

-iOJ

L u";1'L" eJ.J}d

OJ

u_;~L

uji

t>Y"" .JJI.JJ~

P. '-/~

~J(,,-(! luf.i J..:J!?JcJI'15J/JtljJ~i~IPoLd


';.J} L J'J.J...f ~ J .::/', ...f.:iJJ VI L upu, J~;.;.;cJI'v.JJIUP!? L u";1.JJI,ft

v:! Jtlj J ~ "- a.J~JJv! u.v~ cJI


-~.!
v:! .JJ)f'1.::/', J~;.;"- ujp!

J~;.;2... L cJIj TLIr ~,J!3';/;1.r~L ~

JcJIv! VI -i- LlIJJ~Jd V:!' = -i- L" (/

Po L 15Jlj;
.JJ1

.::/'I..t~

.Nt

J..tj J JIJi JcJIv! VI -i- J" u$ J:~~ .JJI'~ ~ '~\ ~


J't. J.= j ~ :'f- Lirt,I"- L) JJ.r~L v! ~~ cJI-i- J"~
. .;~, ~ ~I \'LIr I[ =1. r JIJi .JJId ~'
\'LIr I[J4, ,y ",;I~ "- a.J~JJ
~~ 4) Jr LIr ~ I.:;;G J t.:&i ~I ~ Lir I/.Ji
~Ir L -J) tf JIJi .JJIJ;.\ ~A V:!' p. f UYi
.!J".!j'Llrv,!jl..tlJi ~~/.JJJ.JJI.Ntvlf 'f-=:PJ/ yJJ
L ~I JIIJi ;,;;vI-L; ,:,'"Ji u 'f- i'J p. rd Jr Lir V
.JJJvI .JJIv,!jl..tlJi ~~/.::/" Jui,/ .; ~I L U? fl/.J~I
v! ~Ji ;;; "- _;, 15.J1r
IJ.D ,j..JL ';-I.fJ(i "- ~.l~II

12

/,J~1j1J'J~JcJ' .JJ'~" .JJJ~

J~

L U? _(~.J r U':'-~.J

-'f-.J ,:,~ rb.JLJcJ' .J'= r O~ ,.It ~


dV"JPt .s:'f- ~ (i' -fI = ~v L UP.J~ L;!" /. ~ L 15J'jr
~ -fI r b.JL~, ~ ...iJ.) if .JJ'j'~' if I~L J.J' 15}U,/. v!

r~f .JJJ= _( 'f-.:::;? -fI' = -~b:


-'f- 'J,I J-P L b.JLJdVJ~ L JJ J' .JJ').ti' 15}1b/.r 'f.:::;? -fl1f .JJ'-'f- ~

J' _(~

L~

~fj'~'Ji ~ ~ ,,",I.J' V' ~ _(J'y = 2_ V'

~=1 r v' f /.~(i' -fI (b.JL 1V' ~~ L U_"'Jc,GI: ~ 1:5'


v! J' J..JLL;!" /.1v' ~_('f- LJ1,~ J'y If =" ~ -4
,J.,J ,f 15j'~' JJ ~ =_(L~ LlJ =~L~ I('" 15j'~' JJ ~
_(J,J..I.. ~, -fI 'J,'k.' J,J..I.. L -fI fJ' 1J-P J..JLL v'

-'f-15.J~ If cl v!,y,f':',f If ~ L;11; L.JJJ j'Y:r) Yo


(Ir .J'.ti' 15}U,/.v! dVJ~ fi _(
'f- LJ1'~ If = J'y -fI" Uk
.\ji u~....;v! J-P v' .JJ'ti.J .J1j/. J-P (~L 15.J~.JJ' 'LJ1,f
J ,,::..fJ~J'{ 'O..A: cflj 'jJ1 ~.J
J d
v! UJ.J'J'.JJ' .I';' J ":"~'J.J
~ J"::'->v~'
{.I} JJ.J~'~ L/ v' 'jr J....; v! ..:..I.Y.J
JYo~~J.J J.:;;,~
J ,-:"..J:i ~, v! ,-}~ '-.J~ v! J' '-.J{ V' , 'O..A:
~ -~i ~ {J' '~i ~ fi~ aJ ~i uk!..; Yo v!.J' 15}1b/.-ij1.J
'JJ1 J!f3 Jcflj L .JJ"~ .I';' J..:..~IJ.J
(j 'J"
JUJ)J' L
:~f
v! u,; JJ/
L V' -~ J'~.J '.J~~ tf'. L.V'
~ ~...f ",:,,'
YoaJ '-/ JJ 'v.t L'J ~ I..:..~ ~.J!~..If Yo'J -fI
cJ' Y JJ ''f- c[,~ ":".JIPI":"~'J.J.JJ'~ ,;-' -fI-v.t LJ1 ,-7. ~
2J
JjI. L -;'.J! -fI-'f- L~J'j~, .JJ'.::/;. J dJ v!

v~

r?

v~"

n'

v~

J!3

-'f- CIJW

13

J' r J1,.0 I)! VI f~_,J 1~ ~.Jj L f~I Y JJi ''f- t:z,

rWi j~~iifi s
.JJI'f-

'f- j~!.SJ

'" f ~1J'

~ J'J ~

L .Jlpl" j

I)! ~.J~

L J; I)! U;' ~J

J;

!; ';-,~
i y; ;i~

f 'f- C~t;; !.SA-.; r~ VI Iy;CfJ; V~ "~


If~:ir .J!.SiUu~ ~ J1~ v' -f'ii? -C"i" ~ L J' .JJIv.J~
L)1tJ.J ~ ..::,..--~~I:P"JPi ~ -?J! VI f 'f- j~!.SJ J'J ~ i 'f- C~

jJ.J~I ~I

OJ ~

v.:,L J? (j .; riw ~

_ L
.

riw 0:"" ~/

J~Jj

I)!

-0~11# J~

JJ.J L ~ ~ -'y;

JJ .JJ' '_.P..G '~I..-- ~.Ji -!.SJ.:.-? (j .JJ'

J~;(j ~

J~;!Jj ~ L ..::,..--_,j, !",:",,';;;


~ 'JIPozI ~
-~J

!do Li Jr" L (1I)! ~}~ -If'~ ~~r Lf ~~.::,/


J

",:",,';;;
~ -If.Jk#' 1Jr'I L v.J~ /. y; _;? A .JJI~ v;?Lz " J~
t".r L/.' 1uP. ?~-?J,f do '=':- ~.J'J' o~L~' J, !; L
J~y!J ~ .JJ' 'j~'~
j ~i i I)! J' v' L

v~

1'; I)! do e:.,~ ~

L L L ~ (j-iJ,

J.}? f 'f- C~IfJ! J'!7' ~.; v' ,j2

-Ul

f -'y; J! 1 j~JPi e.t~r~,,,?fi -i.: ":"'J~ ,;-' L ..::,;;';


1ufloL .::,'j Ji 2.. L ;.1 )j /.1r(;-' L ..::/;~, L u~,

v.:,f

j~ JPi L (Wi j ~J~i


i fi -~iJ,;-1..-- ,;-'
~ tiL
.JJ' )p'

1V~ L uJ..;~,lfi Ly;.::,'J'


!.SiU,/.f 'f- ~ ~ .,L.' Ly;

V' (1) -~.J '7. ;!.J

~..J.'~) v.! ;!.J

~J

~/.J;

~y

u~;~ u~;

V' .;~)~

~J ",:)y, J'""

v' ~~J..:..r

~ tiL r ~JPi Jy,~ L..::,;;';

L ui.'i .JJ' uJ~'.1L ~JPi ,J~ 1/3 r ~~JPi f 'f- ~u I)! cf


uj~ lJ.iU,/.~JPi 2.. V' -Ul.l ('i .,:..~IJ.J
.JJ' ~)J' P ~~.1 V~

14

r -"p' 1.5)U,/. -J" J; ..;~). c.)! v' )J' ~)?


c.)! ur~~ )J'
.;: ..:)U, tSu:.hn'J ~ -?J tSif. J.
..;I;
e;;'G ~
-?J tS if- 'i- ~J'
(lS/' Llf L LJ' .::/; ,..(I" )j- Jr" -:~, -,f
)J' ..::.:?~ '~
~., r do f! "r' ~ ~,Llf tS U~Po~ ~

"r *'- f,,, -:


(2)~C,,'/~

,.

~ -,f I.5JJ'. c.)! uf 1.(j ~!/ J'.; if"~,J~ v! (lSi J~i;


)J' v"/. L ~'j Ji L'J ~
L v' i ~ cfltj 1.5)~ d~j1.5J!
V' -~IJ'e;;'G ~ V' L

J~'L &, ;;f If c.)! uW -~ ~IS

un

~ -Vl)Jul c.)! If' L ';J' ~y U


4'J' AJr )rJi'V ~ JlIJ2... L d' )J' t! J ~ uJJ!;;' )J' '~)~
-:,j.' r v' -f!cf. dp,..L d' -"A )J' A~j c.)! d'-f! L .::,.f')j

'l.5j'Y." c.)! ~)I( ulJi L

(lSi

J~ii L u';' ...t. 4;- v.! $' L J....; 1#-"~ j )J'?oC f,,,
(3)-1/~

J'';-

J'J c.)! ~~ 0:), L 1# d~ :Ji c.)! )JJJ~J~r}


.; cfltj ~?'4(~,
r d,j 0:), L uil.J..-'" u~~ I/):.i';
-:)i'l: -"j/. f? tS~~ ~'j '~J'
A..,~ r ,j? '~
~ I.5j'.t'

)J'

)J'

..:)~)J ~~

..:-sw tSt)J)p '~ iJj I,:f L 1.5;/. tS~ .


u,.}! v.!' LJ'J'ji ~ JI'L ~~) IUJ)p c.)! 1863 '~.fd)
c.)! ~;~
~ L u~rO cJ' '''' c.)! JJ.J L U?~(/-'~J'
L'y L
J~ii 2... V' (4) -I.5J~J J.tj (j ~ f,:f L'cW' (j, I:f"/.
Pv.!' vir
t~u -v!' JiJi t)~~ Po c.)!,rue
c.)! UJ)''; L cJ' 'tf'

)J'

)J'

jJ' ~

";)J ',/.

c.)! )JJ

v' f 'i- J! -:Ji ;;;i~

-~)('i.;uJJ~ Uyj

c.)! ~)~

L -;'1.5)U,/.

15

Yo v!;.

LvI ",/.' ~

L ";,,tJ. VI .JJ' '111";,,tJ.

r ..:.11~ J .I~IJ.?

(Ii Atil ",)U,/.~ -'IJ7 I~;~.J.L ~JPl


15I:l- v/ JJjr I~YoJ 1.:)1
uf tJ. t".r ':;"y -: IUJ.I?IJL dV JPl
":::;J VI j'~ 11

VI fi -L11 ..:.v-'J-I; L 1.:)1


.IJI J"d

.:...
UJ:r/t L U.,)I.:...-?J

154f'Jc)!J 15U!.IJ/".IJIU.J'J'J1.:)1
j v!' uk:'J 15v.~-?J 15

.IJI L!

~rIe}~

i.....4: .IJIE..... u)(' L!

15~/

.IJI~

~.Ij

~~I .IJIL! ~.IJJ ~I

15LI.I cf". (1.1-?'.I-~ f J.t;:. r ..:.!iIP L11


~I ~ L ui 1.:)1
-v!' .I1JI-t';15;:--~ ~I ~

Y'/.

~I-t';~;;~ ~

? Llf L .J:?' J ..:.l'J.I.IJI Llj J..4: .I~ L GY ~I L if. f


J~t_? 11". ~ r 'f- ~ ~ 15VI _gj L! IJ{ IZA ~.Ij L J-J
tJ!1, fl11 ()v IVI j ~ ~Uv' r(- JUI.:... 15J1I~ L r.I ~
L VI j 'f- bU u 'f-IPP';; Yo v! ~.I~L J}~I 15(- JUI v! uiY
J

JA

v!' ..:.I.)v bU v! I:l- f~

JI< IUPtJ!1, (Ii 1.:)1


Po L,.j
15uP 1.:)1
,,:,,1 s J'"~(~ -: r VI (5) ~ I.t v! ~.IJif- ~I ;-tr- L
J1I.lJI

L~.f'j

Jr v! ~I

JI LVI

"'uJJ~~

f'fL

'v;.::);;jl (j 'v;..:.~ E..... ":,,I'~

c:C!

-'f- ":'.IJ/ 15
II-:j,; v! ~.I~ L .IJJJ~r; 2.... VI

d? tf~.:...~ VI e)~ ~

L v' .IJI ~11u~-..t?~1I (lSi J~~r;


f 'f-

I,;}VJPi L

(lSi VI f'f-

":'.IJ/ JI

.IJIL11~

..:.I_/I

cC !11-: 4f' ,; -~.1~

c:C! II.1J/ -:-~ J..4: I..:.>tr- 15l:;~ j~JPl

~-v!' 2.... L ..:.Ip.L l:;ytr- ",)U,/. j ~u./'vf.lJ/ u~..; v!


v!' vf;.;~ L..:v; ",)U,/. Yo v! VJ.Iv!;. L u~~ 1.:)1
Ju.IJ~
11

~ ~ ;-tr- ';-,

J....;A J;;./(1) ~ J....; J:~J J/~~ r I:l- .IJI

16

,;-'
IU,}..J? cJ'&J '~.1,f.! ~v

J~

Vir ~Jk 2... V' ''T- j1l.lr


-1.1

o.( .I;:'

;.1 ~v /1 .d~..;J;I cJ'


JI viI ~ J~;i V' 'PI L Lf ~IP..:..L) L UJ'j; .IJ'
~/ .IJ' ~JJ J~JPi L if. !I) (1Si~' wfI ~ ~~cJJ.~ ~
J'J u!.IJJ~.A!
~JPi ~ ~J JV' ~~~ f ~
e--,,1. vi~' .IJ' ej I
UJ'j; f cJJ. L./.' ..:..1I'J" ~ L"

r~'

~ ~IP '.I~ ~ ":"~'J.IP.IJ' ur:j ~,.IJ' '"


f'T-U.I.' 2... V' ~~.f'j~'Yol( do f cJJ. ..:..1I'J" &J ~ ~d~
'I)
L.lr ,J..ICrill(
.IJ'~ ~ L~
I ~~v'-J/

...::,;_,)
wfI ~ ~ 2... v'

,,;
r

-Lvf' f ~IP~.IJ'-t.lj

~ r" wfll( v' i J:...f! -J1IP L ~ J~~;.;


u! cP'J~
~ .IJ' -:<) J ~

';.I}

JI s:S(jJ ~ S4

Jtr .IJ' U}.;;, I dV'JPi L ~


V' L

(fl901)

V' fl) ~

0. J.li JIP! 'J'J -'T- ~ ~ e--,,1.

,;-'
J~~~J Sif. 'T- ~.1!L c,et, f ~ ~JJ ~ cP'JPi

''T-,f ~ J; uj., S,-}Ir ~Jk ~ V' -'T-~.1 Yl (J/ ~ e'.Ij


.I? ~, L ":"J-0' -.I' -cJJ. 'T-.1 Yl ~ J -:<) cJ): cJJ Jj .IJ'
L (llii j ~~r.;
fV ~ IJi ;;;;v' u! ub.lCJtr J~ J~" ~C1
..:..'Ju,o
,;-' .IJ' 'T- ~ ~.II,~
.IJ' J; ~ ScJI;:--J~~ ~
J'1;Jl SdV'~ L u";'.;.I} L JI} -'T- ~ ~ ~ j~'.d L
v'A.!',} ~~J; u~j ~ ";".Ii..:iJJ wfI Yof~ ..J'r I( ~ S
L'J LYl u! ~, u! PI .IJ' L uJ'?'C JI~ ~ I~

vi

vi

-~Jf~L~J,iY

~'~.Ir

~ u! ~J~

J' LJI J;;i Jtr -J1IP L ~ J~~;.;

17

S LJ ,y;--, /1:)'--"Vl e'.Ij~...;/ _:,v! -'" L 1:)'f


'-l/ ~(lSi JMr; f,,,,;'-t' IIr .::.;V,~,'- v' -'i-II
"'~ f J: Lr L if.fl) .Ir ~
-'i- ~.1J J.,G' ~ r 1:)'
4'~/ui
S J""IP ~ ~.Ii ~JIf' L if."" ~J/'- ~ v' vfi "'~-:
.::.:?fJ,I

eJ -:

#
/.~

v! UJ)J',y; .IJ'UY';JJ.
S..:/'; ~, fl)....ltY r1:)'":,,,'-!
eJ J" ~J/ ...fi Yo"';iJV L .I'ti' 0:(,./1 '>/ v' -~f I;J.

L )ti'

-(j.l J!~, /.I'J ~,

L~;

U:t..!t .IJ'(j.l J&

oJl...;) ~ ~ f 'i-II -:~ ~ r ...fi"'~ VI

Ur. L" I~ ..:..~t,C;1v! U~ .IJIU~~VlJ ',,1o.l~VoJJIf'....JJjP


O.l{,.fur" (j L I:P'J;:.z
-Jf.l~1 ,_, S (JLJ .IJI if~L
.I{/.,.f~yvJt Vl.lfL(j~~~
.IJI~f! ~/
'- v! 1:)1
'~./.' ..:..I.,l:.ai Yo v!PI ~.f -~ ~S ..:..77'-.,lI.)
.IJ'i..L Lf ,J.~ ,-uJ:t..!t v! I:P'~ _I) r if'" (j ~ r"
S if'" (j -:I e: L Lf f / ui.lJ~ .IJI'u"J/'uY1z J"
J~ S if.f!
":".IJ/
I:P'~ '-l7. ,.fif" (j vl-! ,,.111 J~0
C.lL ,.fI:P'~ P~ I))
v! LvI .IJI'C.lL ,.fvI '~L L
~J/~J1,J!s7 ,.fif" (J J~J;:.z"J~ vl.lJI J:...fi ,.ff~1L .IJI
UJ~J ,.fl" J~
~ >. J/ i..~I v! J' ~.I{ vI L ujt,Y' j 'J"
1:)1
v! vI (j _:,
.IJI'/ ~ ~ J/i.. L 1:)1v!-::?'.I
('.1 1LL; L
.11'=i.. L L~I / J.IJIC.lL PvI eJ i.. v,-J drf J/i.. L
JIYI P '-l7. ~I fjy" ,., '- J.IJIC.lL ~~ ~ .lJIL",_i'
r I:)I.lJIC.lL ,.f1:)1
fl" -:;.. r vl-'-lJJ ~J/tfJ1P" v!.l.lJI ~L

0/

-v! J

18

-~ b: ~I

J'. d:-"JPz IJ} L U';I ~ 1.1' '~iffi~~ d:-"JPzt

:tfr ~ r~)~,J
~ ~ JPz .nl'~

J'.'-;~

~J!

U~

~;,

v'_''''~

tt~

cf. L ~I

oj )/'~

'J.):-~f .....;),J U~)~fJ,,- ~ r;,!/l,;

r;,f,.(tf- -?) 0:. _I" ~

r ui ~k--,JcJ' '.::,.Lf

L ~))L U)~~ ,.(~ Lir L~ ~ ..::,.~..ir~I ""';iJV L r;,!/l,;:ti'


J'.J="~ 1.1'-1./1 zr f;l.1./)}L r/J Jjl L U~ ,.(Po""';iJV
.,
-tf- Jf .!d!'IJ~~ OJ};,JU~JPz'jy ,J cJ' AX;I tJ:ti'
))1

~l.rtJJljf ~

~lr~p.LL);f

~/~/(gL~

J'.'-)~ L cJ' v! vf ;,..!I)L UhJ&i Po ~ tJJljf 1.11 L.f


Po .;::....tJJljfL UhJ,.(tf- Jf f./.I~
~ ~l,; ,-)In i 1.11~ Iflr
~ ...f ":,,,1f L ~ ,1947
tJ){ 8J 'v! vf ;,..!I).::,.~i
,J ~ (j _:,'~
(FI ~k--I~1.1' i _:,
L U';I V:f ~; Po J'.
v'-if}y. IUrI) L J;",)}J1j ))1J:~(j _:,
))")(,....v I~
'-;~ ~J'. 0# Jl,;'~ cJp'~"- '":,,,JI
J'. ~/ '-){
))1

-v:"~

))1

)}J:~))I',fr'~k--V~

,.(1"

~4r 1.1'-1/~

(r

J! JIL

-~if C" ,;:L ~ /.I/. "'


cJ' ))1 '1.11 a~b)C J~; ))1 )1_t;ll.5ilb/. r -:-->. v!.f='"~ 1.1'
.::,.iJ(p. uPo"- i Ii IJ.:'J _:,Lj r u):t/i L u? ,.(1.112:: .::,.I./C L uhJ
-tf- Cf.! ...JJ.) Jt; ))1A."" Ix _:,Lj ))1.d 8J ~I L"L.f ~ ~
,.(tf- Cirif~~ -1.11 Jf ~l,;.f" J)) u~j ))1,;:!.t. J tJ:ti'
IuhJtv!f u'i'Y.J:))1 (I;~
'I J'J~,J cJiG"'Ii.....;1)1v! _:,Lj 1.1'
L" ~ I.::,.JJ., uPo"- i ~ ~ J} ",)},fr
Ii
cJf
L U? LJi. '-x ))I-/;:/. 8J tf r;,f -tf- C" (}.p ":,,,I}~L..-~ ~
))J

I) ))1

~I)

19

J:..::,,-*"tJJI ~
I v"i=- I.lI :!

Uy.""LJIt~JQ;

'( J~;
~I

-Vll...r)iiUit,-UP""

.41 e: V' uk-.}S VI .lJI.r: S VI '~I S ..::"-*,, tJJI


~ .lJII

Vlr '-

S ..::"-*,, tJJI

'-

U.r.::'~~I L UP"" tJ.l~~ L tJJI;rJ.

L/ ~I JLz J~L~

.lJIc)f_;P): I:)~ '-.l~

4 4 -Jv!~J: JJitt'J

S UJ)J '-.d .lJIU~I

J:
(1/

tJ.l~4

JI '-

'-

L/ ~I '( L~

-JV!~J:Jr

4 ,,:,,1 -~b:o~L

U~;
.lJI"'

r~

L/ ~I L v!~~ LJIt ..:_,/

,-/lr 4 4 -(L~ % LJIt u~1)":'~ '(Lf

S.::./"tJJt

v!JIt

('(' ~ 'tJA.d,I

~ Jlj ~ ~ IJY.".J ~Vi JI/

J;:_lvv1fJIJ4tJJI(I/

.lJI'(YJJ

L JY.". J ~Vi JI/ .lJIJ; S-'"L ui~ '-.lin ~ L tJJI;r}i


.lJJ J~~ri -: ~
fLJIt ~(p.z Lr f _.U,. v' L J; .lJILJIt V('( e:
JItJ{J.l J: ~LfJIt~ -.f1'(b.lL tJ.l~.d tJ)U,/.r:"ri '~1/~ J:
.rr t..i' J: UYzjf cf..lJJ.l(,~ 131} -.f1 OJ J: ";'.lyI vI .lJILJIt ~
-i=- ~f u~1).lJIdJ.l ,-I L U-"Iy): Sui~ '-.l~

'-.lin ~ ~.....;/

L (lSi J~~ri s i=-I)j -: i';' ~ '(v'

f J".') I J~ .;j)ib L
J.?" J: f1857 L/ ~ L

1:)1 .lJI'U~Iy):

'fl.? L

1:)1

-Vl Lr

J;:_Iv

f i=- L~~Jf J".') J!-:-i=- L~~


un~k- '~v(~J'v! i~.JI;~ '!~",j~ fun (,p" "'UJIb7 ~
U';I

I u-,,'Vw; J:,;i L (Y",~

''''-J ~jl

II:)I J:

uk-'~ J~L'( f

";:;/.l ~I .lJI~I.!.(fi~ ~I '- Uij

L ,-b '~ .lJJ '- U,! ';-,

~ f Vl i=-.lf '::':'Iv. '-l/ ~I

v?j..,.._,
-:u_;~ L uiY

';-,J} (I.; J! r:"rf i=- JlrJi i.. vI ..,.._,


-: -V)} J Jj t..i'l '"

20

v! (!)y

:t)i

.JJ' V. (!)Ifi -,.I vf ~Iv.

U;~ L UJ:t)iL U';I

If~ (?"' L (!)}; JJI'uA",i.!I'...JL.-jluY

'-Jia

(:.,i

'-Jia f ~
i 'f- Jj

fi s:'f- C" I~ JI"..~ L" .;J V. cfij f ;:-- ~

-Uj'UJ~

0--'

v.~ L U}Y '-Jia s:'f- i? "v,.::.qrf J'-;~


uj U -P. J UJlji ..JiJV L (!)Iji Ai! To
.:;,"p J (!)IJJI
,..i' v! '::'-J~ Ji uJIa ~ ~ s:'f- ~)..:,.~~L.::.-tJIv Jc.:!

(!)Y :t)i

eJ~

JJIJI}I (Ii eJ V. '::'-J~ vI -'f- Ji

~v

L d .J.

'-Jia " J)

L U';I J'f- C~JJ: AJ~(!)I'Uj'.v.:tJuJlji ..p.u)n Yo ~


.:;,"p OJf~ t".~f u'9.hJl ..:-r/JJI(!)I?J:'LJ;;r;~JJJi:!1 ~

'J" (Jf J!'i JbJC


.:;,"P JvI f~
L uJ'ji'

u~v

~ J'J

~I ~,

~:t)i Yo s:L UJ1 JJf." Ll;;1

L (I'

f,

,J;J 0--' v:'A i 'f-

JJI'-;~

J ...0: LIJ

6~fi -v/

,J;J vI

rA

JJI

LJ v.J~ ..JiJV L
vI -~ ,..i' Jlv. (

L uJ'ji v! '::'-J~
f uJlji (i (';,i2_ vI -I)) L (I' Yo f If
OJ -Uj' J~ J1 ~IJ
bJC ~ ~ 'b (1)1J~I ,..i'f'tJ ...JI.) J u~~L uJlji ~ 't~
(Ii JIJL~ UJ2_

u~v

c~" JJllf tJ't,Jc ,f I)JI;i ~ Ir,JC vI .J. -'f- C~Yt ...JiJV L

-.::'-

~JJI

cP"JP;OJ Uj''f-J/01.::.-IJC Yo v! '-J~L':;'"p U}Ib./.

J'" L !:P"JP;P. L I)JI;i -Uj' L ~} ~ ~ v!


(!)IL bJC L U';I v.,/' vI -'f- ~ J!'i ~ ;I.tl L fbJC JJJJ

J~J~i}L uj

(:.,yv it--~ f!. 4-J)jl.tl' v! JJJu:t)i Yo f 'f- ~J~If u~)1


(!)I~I '~ ,..i' V. ~c)j~
do JJI,.I (jJ/01vii ~!? Yo ..JiJV L

21

~ L)IP.I 1U;'/ LYl. ~ cJIL b)C -<r- tr ~Ir- b)C ,f uf.j


J? ,fb)C )JI T CYlI~ )r 6 I.)!~)~ L .::/!J:!I'1r-1.)!
~ vI i T c~r"I~ Ji L~~ ...P Ib)C ~ -T J~YlO!
2... L)r "k-- -: 'T c~IJ.:'J ~ ~fi I;lJ L uYl?)JI uVtl)
~ ~ ,f is ~)JJ J:!I'1rJk ~ -e -<r- CYllS)~

un

v~~

"I

-T~)

r
un

'YlIf.! V1V JI., b)C ,f)JJ J~i; I.)!~ I.)!~ L vI


L )JI JiIf.! ~Ir- ~)Ia,,)} Yb)C ,f)JJ vI ~ ~J,f if.
":::;'J vI Yo b)C 8JA~T 0') ~ 1c!'jL cJl 0' b)C ,f Nt lSJt ~Ir-4.11 T) ~ I.)!ViJ ';-, ~,... Jt
~ 2... 41'-4.11 ~ 1tiL I.)! (/J) ,f ~ ';-, Jy s:T c~if

0' ~!I'1r-)JI Atll

J .i Tr 'tiL ')Ia\.{~ If.!701J..';-, r._f


_(arJi
';I,-,,~v:' 'Yl_:,u
8J

lSiLJ) )JI

8J

1_ Aloysius. G. Nationalism Without a Nation


in India. Delhi, 1997.P. 34

5_ Panikar, K. N. Culture, Ideology, Hegemony.


Delhi, 1998,P. 83 (Footnote: 23)

34 -1./ : "~I

44 -!,/ :"~I

47 -1./ : "~I

22

v? ~y.J IS t;)lu jf

f 'f- Jt" I(~f

S~ /.
--?JS do f

Jfy -: v! b)C

v! Vf V'~~J ,.:.!"' I:PJPi L tJJ:t/t ~


JfJ LJ1 v! ~f
1 '~ I( ..:-tllPJ:~)Jf & '1Sk-- ,;-f L

"J u1j

I:PJPi

Sdo sv? tJ~_;(

-: 1'JJ1 J'1P.:Jj", tJJ2~JPi tJJJ! ~ --?J


)pf l;yfu)Jf
~ I(

zS

f!~ ~ efy' 1tJJJ!

t;)'V'JPi L tJJJ!

~v:

f~

1-.1(..:-G"~f)Jf ":-~JIPtf

V's:'f-tf- -: Jfy --0 ~f!~ L~

s'._il..:-IPP -: 1 '~ 1~--:~ ~


I( tJP'f)- If.!f 1 '~J;.::;
~ Jvf", dV''JPiL tJ_')fV's'f- (if tf-

Jfy -: )Jf

J1L

4-~

)Jf t;)~

tJl;-ov

~f!;
'I

OJ! v! ..:-~fy.L t;)f..f: v.! JIP L ~f ..:-tlfy rV -:


2... Vf )pf OJ! f L~~t;)I, 1-:1' Vf fi -'f- D~{
J~JPi
VI ji ~ 1J~ '{ JfJj 1,-/lr L ~J~ L JfJj f _(fJ1 (G"
~f --0 L tJ_')ff 'f- C~J11-. JY --0 tf I()fpf OJ! v!
f JL~ S ~J ~ Lf "'V
),JJ t;)'V'JPi~ J. fV'", 1~
--?J,fJ-: S )pf tJJ! z_ Vf'~ If.! JfJj I(,-/lr J~Pi JfJj ~
-I If.!
L t;)f-~ 1-.1( tJJ_;( JfJ ~f S ~f
tf v! t;)~JPi I( tJJJ!
)Jf tJ;~ ,f u 2... L~
Vf -I ..:-j.j ~ t;)~JPi v! v~ Jf..&:f
)Jf

~j

..:-)yI

f -~

?-, tf
v!

23

J"IP ~y j.JI{

do ~ ~,

..,y ~

..,~j ~

U~V,/ JG"u.. L ~JPi

rV L u.".:, 2... L ~y ~,-~


-v!' J~~':;"?.JfL~A~j

Ui.? .JJ'uk

L uiu.. .JJ'u_,:..~ ).tl' J ..::;u, .JJ',~ .Jy( ~'.tf; U'~

.r ~

/ J{'~j;'~' L u~ $ o'J L.t1 ~~.JJ L~' j ~iv~L uiy


j.JI{

2... ,;-' L fJA

~l?

SIf"~

v! ~,

t,,_.~

f t{. r~

'-?: '1(]1, ':;".JI{J[ v!.JJJ J'k.' v' -,-.I J"IP ,-..(G


(I) -1v.: JG" L Lf .:.)'u .:;.,~'j'L v' .JJ'c,j u J,{
j.JI{ tt' j ~ : u~~ "'~S~y.J JJ c,j / J[ v! I:}VJPi
j J; ..::.JJ.- u;1/ ~ v! UV !LJ.JIJ,J,{ -2... L ..:.JIP Sud /
'v.:

.J~,f L

v'

J. ,,; ~

-1UJf (.;J/ .JL..:,} L


S

.JL..:,} y. U~':;".J.i' c,j v.:, ~ ':;J

1~.J

J1~Sud9

uk .JJ',fi

y.!LJ~'

.JJ'UJJ!':;J

If v! c}VJPiU'j'~

uJy. ( J.) .JJ..:::;u,

v' _(fI664) e}/ ;? ':;".JY

u/JJ-~ j;}f

.JJ'J~j~

v.:, ~

~..v, .JJ'"';'.Ji

s U.JJ'JIPo;: i;;i Suy.j '-t' v! ..:.,.G".JS'-/ JJ~

J.j~~rJ
LifLv.:"U:~v!"';'.JiV!Uv!L~7
J[~,~, .JJ'.:;.,;; uilb/. v! b--J L UV !LJ.JIJ,-~

Y.

L uiJJ

J~

fI751",~S.:;.,i J.) v,-t{..:.)'u

v' (:)Su~

.t1 J'!G""' ~

.JJ'to:<;

~'j' J.}_;~ L ud~

v! c}VJPi"fV ~L h,/ L J{'v! V'.JA v!

'-.J{ j V.!'

fi

r -,-f .J.t;:.~ r f if- v.: JG"


(2)

ct-V.!

S"'~v! f1757
J[ -r' -t!~uiJJ ",k-- .Ji j.JI{ .:;."p. L v' ~ ~ L v' -~

~ .:;.,i ",k-- ~
L

'-)J'

j.JI{ ~ /

J{'L

24

)IP 15~

15uj~

-4-Jf{;.v Lf '-~'--U)I/

LcP"~

L cJ' .IJ' '4-J J!i!-j "'sr' ~, "' ':;".JJ/


L U';' i ~ ~ ...t ':;".J~ 15O~ .:;.,~'j' L ~j fi '15 k'" J!~j
.:;.,~'j'~, eJ'-- ~.Y...) L V' )C 2... L L~ J; JI L v'
cJ' -Lz J! ~,j' L v' i O'z ~j 15J{ ~ -...I f '-.J{
J~ ...t f1773-1/..:::"' uj~ ~ L U';' 2... L Lf,.J{ / .:;.,~'j'
15Jl1JJ'...tJ~J 15f1770-ifJ ,--'(j r Lfr3 ~.Y...) ~ J'b...t
'-J / J{ J!L~J; L V' -,J (j.Jf .:;_j'u .::j r~ /.JJ.::/;

eJ fll '--ur~.1

tI-;v' -S ,-f

If( 2... L Lf

{;GJ r cJ' J{

J{ (./ v' .JJ' (3) -t!YI"' (fJ

~ ~ /-"~, ~, - 4-J

-r' ..f'~

(rILJfF ~j~,

Lv' cJl/ L ur~.J '-- '::J 15


-0'"tf..:;.,j ok-- ~
J ~ If f (i ~ -"~,
l;;' J ';;'J V' ..:lIb l$Yt,.. J! J/
f'k.' / J{ 0:' ~, -'.JYI,:, L'J Lf cJ'; ;-v L v' ...t ....a: "po
15J{ v?- f tJ, cJ'; '-- u~ ;Z .IJ' 'uJ.Jr .::.v"J'uJ.?C cJ' i ...t
v' 2... L ':;"~.JJ/15J{ y. J!.Ir .::.v"JeJ...t cJ'-'YI o;;'G '-- .:;.,)i
-Lf
cJ' LYI

(.J

(r 2... L J{ y. d-' .IJ'JtJJ Po L V' - 4. J r


.J? '--.:...:? 15d-' L J{ JJ y. Po L J'iJ ...t ~ ~

LuflcJ'-LYI.I?

'-z~r Jf.lJ"Jf A(~,::')v"Jo.Jf);...t

J!....;)I} ,ij / uJ:t_)i ~ '15?i~JJ':'<


~ J!L'J ~J )"t,.. r uJJt "";iJP L ..JJ;)' ~y ...t -6. 15OJ? (4)
t! YI ;-v L J{O..t~j
'-- -r') .:;.,'p. J)i L do f ~ .JJ' k

-J!

_;j "'Jy' .JJ' ~J

-4:..~

0' .IJ' k J..I? '--...t

cJ'-4:..

f ~I
,r

25

j l,r

tr v! cP'JPz J"J !J?' .JJ' ~

A,GJL VI .JJ' JfJh#' ~jtJ,

S,Jf L

Vr.

.A~I

r ,Jf ~

i!JJj L

<liil

v! V;tY ~}i - JI' Jj 4 v./ JJI J?til".v! c.dl -i!

.::J L ~1l-.f <:c.d!T 11rtf ~jtJ, S,Jf 1./f J~~" ~

.r JJIc,e.-{v';~LtJJ(jJAy.fL~

JJI

'r L vI "=,,,1e: L

fJh#' ~I'f

'-J)~

JJI

L ~'y..)JJI~

eJI' (J,/ ~ V,?jtJ,.!L JIJj L.::/;

S,Jf fl) c.d OJr JI


uP-:J! L :t?'.JI ~ e: vI -Lir ~

1~"J} ~J,I ~jtJ,

S,Jf ~v L ~y~ f~

-J!; c.d ~

vI

.tf .::/jtJ,

(5) -~11P

~J.6. IJ~

JI.~Sv;l' TJ

I,)!

~ /~

..u.- L V-tt~ e: L l;) '-i' I,Jf

Jj L V)( eJIJJJL vI'- ,;I; J

v!,Jf c.d' ~ e: VI 'I) ~fJ(jJA li~tJZ S v/i


~jtJ, v! ,Jf _y)I 0..(6~ vI "IJjL V";I j !...

L JL~}

e,,,.

L ~jtJ,

..:kP S ,Jfu s c.d ojl;;1r vI IVJj~ JJI VJ;!jLIJ Lf


J'ko' f! -:j -?J ~ Sv'-V] TJftr IJI~' J) ~ v!;"
(~~,.;J. f" t ,J.,.f' (6 +!' j;fJ '-.Nt &, L J[ I,)! JJJ
..:&..:1 'Lf )f'J ~ eJ' c.d' i..v"~ ~JPz u I) C~~ r VJ;!j
L

fl) -:v!Jril L eJ'.J:.~'-/


Lil ~j~,

JJ

_I)

c.d JC I,)!~~,

fr ';-,
uf'V] TJ Li JJi ..v

JJ''Lf

J /. J! ~.:;....v'

v! l:I,jlS eJ' .! L ..:kP v! Po '.I.~JJI 'tJJi..J 'tJi:) J,I 4

';-,-:'I tJ/
~/

JJ

L bi' J ('

Oi ~JyI

J~t1" V~JPz

)JI ~

~v L

VJJI-

Lir ~ JI' J! J~JPz

J) -:,:..}I ' L; c.d f L l:IjJI fr

'L V~I

if' Ll

l:IjtJJ{
r
eJ' ' LilJJ/

26

~ L t:)'~.r/ v' Jj ;>y ~ 1"Ylrr ,; J~~V:>'):.-.:2... v' ',J


.IJ'8~{ ~):.-':v!JJ..LLtlv!.I'ti' / J[-LJ.~ Yl.l'ti' ~
v! Jy.J J~.1 jJ( y. p. L L) L ~ J'" 1"Yl 4f ~..4r 'Yl~
V J'"~ e.J~JJLfr v:>" v!.1 ...;~ v! ufo. v! ~r y. .IJ' r
.::.-1{ ~ ufo .IJ'Yl~, J 1:1"' v! cP'JP; .J(' L~ V'('i / /V..' I!
-YlV'r ):.-':4f L4-..4rV'v!.I'ti' .IJ'~~ LJ[-J:_
eJ P. L.::,I,,;; 1"tJ~ J r cP'JP; J' v! JJ.. L U}y
Jj

."
A
,
.IJ, ut/:/
-~.. '-'r
Yl ~i.J~
IT JP;.IJ,....~ ~J ",".'
.Ii,.p~ ;;'-.1
';- ~ fi~
k L .IYltJ.IJ'J'J.I'~.I;J/ r dG J:J~/ ,-J~ v! "'" L u[..Ii
~~, JvJ 8J~ 1"Lr ":)J V' v! cP'JP; j .r -J L >'15 v' (j
~.LYl Lf t:)$J~ J[ ):.-.:2... v' -~ ~ f r ~.1 rO ,;-'
j '-/JJ JI rI-'f- ~Ylr VI- V:>' P. L .::,1,,;; 1"UYl 4f .::.-tl~
.J.'~ v:> dG .I~J} .IJ'y. (" oJ ~,..(-'f-.I..J:1 ~ dG J
L -!}fJ'j...;r j.IJ! .IJ'Jy;r ...Jr j.li. v! ~, y. 1"'~ (jtJ. L J[
tt' .IJ'v! J~~ .::.-~'-1'~~, v:>' cJ!jtJ.q 2... v' -~ .:5L
L cfL }.Jr t:)'~ -?J V' _tJ CYl~~~'JLf O.l{ .::.-... 15~jtJ.

v:

_tJ _;,j;I ~

dG

t:)'P.J:.IJ'..!.r./Ii' 4- (jtJ. L J[ v! .IJJJf...C~'1"Yl -?J if..):.-.:


rI-~~, ~~~'J Lf if1'::)JJ 8J~j~ eJ~jv! '::'-.I~fi 8J-~
dVJP/":,,,'1"1/YlcfJ r~ v' ~, .IJ'1/Ylf'"AX;'tfk-- r J[ ~
L .::,I,,~'..J:I.lJ' Jr J....; v! ~J.ILv' j ''f-jI ~; (j v:>' {
eJ 1"~ ';' ~, ~ r v' L f r / uJC'P.J:~ J[ L V' --t.lj
4- .IJ''IY 'i.:L!' cJ!jtJ.L V' ":,,,'-1/Yl..JI.) J'i 2... L U"",~JP;

27

.; U".jLJ,
L

J[ -t.lj L

.::kiJ.#I cJI ,Jt)!.IJ.I.1'J


-i:- -VL L )J'{)J

fuI;!.; U.ttl:lo..t-.I/"'L "'/

vt! '::'-.11{J f,f


OJ

tjJf;:t. tj..v.~=

tj..v.~,JcJii .IJI'L v:.f J:J.; ",.::.-?.1 'L",/


..:..-:!I-L 'Li .7.C~./I./
f t::... C" (~'),. _ '" ~I?
_
y L.k ~.,
,U'-' ~.IC
(6) -L",/

=~
=

t:P'.v;.z sv:! --:~ JI cJI'} Ji",,j},J '::'-.11{J[ ~I


~ gl OJ J'. if. ft) JL! ~ .::.-~ -L~ 1/ A~I ~I.;
VI Lf
e:~ L.::kp .IJIufo. .I1J'-.Nt if' L J[ J'. ~I ,,?fi'tl.
~ L J[.I'i:- T.I '-J .IJj.; Lf J'IP ;:Ij J.l1{ J'.1:P'.v;.z .IJI
yi '}L" itl J'...:..--k-- e: L ;:Ij J.l1{ ~ .I1J '-.Nt .IJIcJ!jLJ,
~;..jJ'. ~ fi OJ '" -?J ,J~ .L J} .::J L .::.-~
L U';I Jii
L J[ J'. ~I .IJIt:P'.v;.z ~ '" ,1784 I.JJ .s: ~f v.! .lUi/I

tl

rr;

"J

f ,J ,yIL J~ _;i j.lJ! '"

.l L VI

-!v.! !ri r J'. U~

-LV J'.;cJI Lf J'IP .::.-I.I~IL

s.

U~

OJ

,.:.! L ..:J!J"If"~.; t:P'.v;.z L UJ~ T v:! J( v


.IJI'J( LJYl..:J!J" = -tJ~tj ~ i... L ~.; L~fi v:!1 -1(f
'} J.f'l ~J.A! _;iJV L C':tyv tj)U,./.~ i... vI 'J( L L L.~

un

"'.I" ~ -Li f cJ'. 1/.1 J'. ~C ,J t:P'.v;.z Jyl LIJ Lf ..:J!J"


vI ,J..:J!J"-J..:J!J",J.I
Z
1 iltj)Uu L
J'. tjJlji ~,J ,1857
.J} I)Zil tj~ L t:P'.v;.z JI fk"1/ ..:,.t bU I ,.;~ vI", b.lC

ur.

-1(f

(*?'" J} ",I.IJIif~i

J tjv v:.J.llil'" tjv v:.Y)".."~ ~I L (Vanina) ~IJ


Jl uf f t::... '" L" i..lj (/J.I./ vI J'. tt.::.-y;i .IJI ~Jk
'~i.IJ:?J'. cJI -v!' ":"')J,JU? Yo f v!' ~~.1 OJ ') ~ .l L
';.

..

..

v~

28

J,.P IfUJ~

JJ J:i~ .IJ' 'JIIJJ'


Js'- ~y ~, L uP.l.:)y Lf tP 1(YJ!J:If1.:)' _;.IJIf..:J!7 (f
UJ~ L ur.s;v! V:-~IfU, .IJ'U?-y' J'. ( 0/JJ -J.f
1):.0' L I.:)'A .IJ' L'j.l~ .l L uP. {:.1I.:)} .IJ'~ ~.::J c...
~ ~ .IJ' J .I~ ~ f'i- j; ~~ 1f.lY- J'. ( tJ/! 4tP
"'r""" {:./I c... -?J ()f -v ~.... -t..Af ~ 1.lY- .IJ' vi.::.-fpjj.#, -t..Af L
~~rc... uJ~ f.; J:i v' cMJ.- ~ -i:.. OJ) ..J}c... v' OJ~) c...
,:,-/,J. s: IIJ) ..J}~ ..J/ _;c... ~ Ifv' -.f.f ~ ~ L
Ifv' f -OJ d c...' L ";,,tJ. L u;J 1.:)' 2... v' 'tf~;.I~ (lSi .IJ'
L ~ L'".. L ur~.1

1.:)' -~

fJ

c...~;

=~

cJVJPiJ,'i- LYI":"1f'

if.'i- ~ (i' ~ rt:i.JL..:J!7


(7) -, YI ,f-

J'.?" ~ L J'J) f I~JJ:.{ L v' .IJ' .1':.0'O)U,/. J'. dV'JPi


lr r cJVJ~ Po L J'J) f f'i- V.')L
c... v' -'i-L~ II.'J

JA.J' JilV' Ifv' ," (j.l J'f ~ ~


I,j.l.tf
Ifv' 'i:.. 'i-.I":")

Ifv' '';~.1~ f YI ,-.I ,-.I

r~
rJ~ o:~Lv' 'v!
.:::...'
L -.::/f o~
v' '';ilV r.1':.0'
J'.
'~r1 J.,;I;
l.,:..iJIp L ~JPi
'-.I'J'

~J

'UP

~ .IJ'~

.IJ'

J~

L U_,), -~

(j.l

.,:..iJI., 1.:)' -"

Jr. 1 I;}.' J d"' J'. .... '~);;I' 1 ur'.1 c... u~


4'~1~, ~ J (fk-- L if.fJ,J Jf. 1f~1.1

.IJ' ~"'

.IJ'lJ~fij
b~

0:.'

If1.:)' -'i- If~ of'", ~ v' L J'J) L u}.Iy' L ~JPi


l:#. J''i- k' c... ~ J'. '-.I~ L J'J) L uJ~ J.IJJI' L :;?
J: {f% ~, If):.0' o{:/I.I; (f' ''( ~ ~ I.:)~I &D L v' .IJ J'J)

IIJJ'. if.f 'i-

Jf,~~L

~,f ~JPi L U_,),2... v' -JL~

29

lk..f ~.I1 J' L J'Jj .IJ'VI is.f cf. ~J.I


::,.J,.'J,,-J'Jj
L~
J'" ~.IJI J'Jj
,y"J!,,~ ..;(;2...L~.::J p.L~JS('1707)~j J,JJ'
S L.fF lu~ '!f.lJ]fluJ)J' J'~.1L U;'jl,;.IJ'oc OJJ' S
, .1,,1;
~ O.lJ]fS ~~.1 'J;.:;,~v! OJ'.:;,j~J J'JI,;.1,~, "- J)
.IL .;.,j uk .IJ'J!; J}~.1 ~ OJ f 4-J
1 0'):' e~ .s' .IJ'e~
'~J{ ~j'Yl)j ~J ~ uJ-v ~OJ j (j.l"; ~ S~~ ~ 'v/
L ~ .IJ'~; S~, 'J..l ..;
.IJ'VI.IvA S ,y' f ..;
v! .:;,tJIp~,
~; .IJ'..::f;.J cP~ S~, -~Jf ~) .IJ'j(jJ_MJ!1 ~.? L~'
-'f-~.1Yl!{ J'Jj
f!/.' JC-: v! cfij L un j 'Yl..;j''''~ ~
OJ '1i~.1
Yl21,;L un...(C.;"-.I~.IJ.IJ'',y' J'" 'e~J~J'" r. ~
~ ~L.I~.IJJJI J'Jj J'" ~'.IJ_(i~.If ~ J~ 1!:pJP;&-.I{
-'f- C~1-t.fJtIb,,, ,-/Ir J~J~ &-.I{~v' .IJ''f- C~~J v!
.IJ'.I{;- ~~ '~J~; .IJ:!'J~'~ f 'f- JI..:,.~-:~ (j
.I~.IJ
L~' -~ O.l~21,;L J.J J Jr. &-.I{ J;:j v!ur~.1St{
v! ':;"~J~J t{ S.I~ J;--/ ~j.l/ J~ -~.;J/ ~u~ J/ d~.IJ'J:~
fv.' ~ JC-: v.!"-~" VI Jr."',:;,~ O.l{S J;:; JL.,.-.., J 0)
I':;"~J~J ~, v! .IJJo)lb/. "- -?JV' -~ J"I): ~.I~, v! uj~ ~I
':;"~J~J~' -v.lu~'"-~'OJ fli~1-t&-J.I'i t_,Y/2...
L uj.ly'
L vI .IJI(UVI J'" f 'f- CYl":"~-:-=Jr.J~L J'Jj .:;-.''&-.IIJI
(8) -~ 'f-.I.f
-=- ~0'v!uj~ &-/ JJL !:PJ~
"'.IC(V ~I OJ f tJ.IJI?1-: v! .::/; .IJJ':;-".::./$ oJ!
v! ,1917 f J uk -YlCYlJ~ ~ ~JI J; -=- d! .1 L~ 1 (jlP?
-VI L.f'~~'
~f~,Ii,L.f

e'",-:

vir

30

J'~ b.lC,:--/ I: A. Kincaid) Jc J _~I -(j' L;.1/ L 0:(9) -~ vSL!.J ~I J: ~.I~ L J. 1';- J: VI ...f,[ I)J v.! ..::.j~I
U--~.1
f

l.)J)J'

f f T 0'.1'/'

JIJj r .I~.IJ

lf

1vI

(j

J!i J: Jy.J~~.1 .IL)J} y. ...f,[(1) v.! JIJj ( ..::.~IJ.I.IJI


~ ~ :V'~(FI ~k--LJ'Z a.l )j /.1(UfJ f J: uj~':;-"':;-"
-~ J~ J'~
(!IVI elY. L I:); I)J.lJif .IJII:); J.;:./
J:
0' _:,.IJI
i _:,
I..::.'J! d~J'~;~ ~Jk L..::.VIP (j'k--~.1U.lW;I ( u~jJ.I rJ~~I V~ J~Jk J:.Nt~.I{ VI -V.I~
LU_";I

Vr

J: uiv I./.,.il .IJII./.J.lI)I"~

J~Jk

19 .IJIIs/l:P"Jk
(;)1

J:'/

T.I

~J

(i s:T V~

~I

L (H. Goetz) / !;(fi

&" V' ~:frVI J: t\:)~

( ~_;;;

J:~ ~ L ..:/;.J cP J'~ ~ ui


J; 1.::)1;t J: ui JvJ(;)1 y. f L./ v.! .Ii...J) J' uJ~
VI .IJI~ ~

-i:.

ui

:f~~eJ
,

cP J' &" vI Jl

Iv
./.,.il .IJII./.J.lI)I..:/;. J

'jj(Jy. .I{ ;...

(i V

-!Jy.".lf

J: I:P"Jk L

LJ'Z/-ii v-"
... ti .IJIJl,i
'.Iiy_~JJI '~J
.;:.'"
/ ':;:.P'.IJ'ZJJ

Vf~

cf ./jl--,I

Ji 1..::.JJI eP" .I~I"::'.IJ,II/} LIJ

v:' y. f ~cf./.I~I

J v~I" .IJIJ;t VI (i
J~ 'JJ) (i Vf TCi_, J: U;;/ i~j) L.Nt VI
"V' (i V~~~ lJIf I.lJJ U?' L ",:"JIjy .IJI
/ r;;J/ ;:_I J: .IJJ(j'I ~". J ,_J.I IJ1 cf./ ..JJ
\"

S--,j J.~y. f ~cf

~,_:,. ~.:::;?

VI

r.VfJf

31

L ~.JI

I,)!..J VI ~~IJ.J (!/I


.JJI. r'J.J~I f'iJ
'-'-

L JIJ)

.JJI",:-,IJ;",:-,JII,)!

. ~ ./...; .. ,..1.si lf~. ~ 7 f.:,llJ./


" .- v r -..
V .. '"'y
"

.I" JIr
V"

.J:.";' i .;

uk-- u

J!)JJI L 'bJ/ J uA S.,:;,~j~J~,fl

'V1.JIJJI
(10) -\.i.t

d~Yofly;

JJA I,)! .J~.JJ


I.)~)/

v
,-,-,..il JI~I

-: ;.. ~

JJ$l,)!l.)r~.J.JJlujL"~/JJL~J~JY;JI);

U}.Jy 'uJ.Jrv 'uJ.J~ r' 'uJ/";'

~.f.'-J!~I;

J'"

( JI J) L .J~.JJ

",:-,I'v!'

-S(f {/ Sf.:,llL

..:.v'~.J
f.:,l~IJul,?,

J!fyl LIJ LJ (f {/ SuJ.J(..:.v'J .JJI


.JJIV~; ~.::).,j LIUflf.:,llLJrLL)JI

.JJI;,..1.1 'e:...

L2...Luy(J!

Yoe:.../- )JI I Jy /,,;. )? L JJ) I,)! U}IJ LJ


~

e.f( f.:,ll.t!;L ~

~.f.'f.:,ll-40-J ~"';y

d )JI Ji. .Jrv J'" )? 'L r ~ ~

I,)! I.)r~.J ~Jf-'.Ju.Jrv

.r ~

~J

SJrL J.}l vI

,,1J' 4 u/.'A11r- L
(~vlr J!.;)}~

(11) -I,)! u.tJ!.JJI

.JJI't3

If.! ./~~

I,)! ~J~

~){

.JJI'~I)i)

'"

-e:... ~~

I,)! L~fiYo ';-, p}'l J.Jr..:.v'J

~I

'~j{ I,)!U;'-~.J-1.1 U.J~ ~)?

L I.)r~.J )JI I.)j~.j"I

s:7- ~

~~ ~

-e:... T.J if2' {)JI

J'J

-L;
-r~

J .JJ).J~J.J(r
uJ'?'C

2... 1.1'" Jt SI.)fJ.

vI e)I.tl (

J; S)~J)(

)I)~ ~ Uyt ';-, fyl

f~~U''''I,)! ufll,)! ..J vI .f" (il ~~-:eJ~) J!~ vI


J.,? ~ ....; t J!-" ~ tJ, I,)! u;i1f.!1 L ~Ip. ~ - T.J Y;
~I./I

L uJ).;:

J~ .; )"

)JI

uJ.f'Jir-'u;~

'U~ I,)! if. " ~~/.I

I,)!,_r (~

d~- L~ 2... L ~)~)


L )~I t.f~ ~ .; UJ)!7 'e:...

I.ff

-L 'f-) y;....c;i

r vV

tJ!1. Yo fr)~) /Jl' ~f ~

32
)Jf ~fJi ~Jf

cJlJ..-'" )Jf

'~Ly) \)J)f';

~!ti r )Jf ";,,JJ. d'~f

'f- C~If2...

. .

-r);iJL~~~

1. Marshau, P. 1. Trade and Conquest. Aldershot 1993,P. 30


36 -i./ : "~f

41-i./:"~f

103 -i./ : "~f

5. Rizvi, A. A.: Shah Abd al_Aziz. Canbera 1982,P. 236


6. Metcalf, T. : The Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge 1995,P. 23
7. Vanina, E.: Ideas and Scociety in India:
From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries. Oup, 1996, P.148
8. Gordon, S. : Marathas, Maraudens, and State
Formation in Eighteen Century India. Oup, 1994, P. X
9. Goetz, p. 6, 7, Quoted by Panikar : Culture,
Ideology, Hegemony. Delhi 1998.P. 38
39 _i./
40 _39

:.1J~

_i./:.I

J~

10
11

33

UJ~ ~ '-.J~LdV-Jk
L'.JJU.iV-Jk~'-.J~L..UJ~.JJ'
Po L LJ1 (i L )_t;I .JJI.::kP '~~ ~I

J'. cPJPz
J'dl s;vf .I~'t -: OJ JC' e: C;.v L.I JJJ,- jlr. JilPIL ..:/f ~I
~ JjV I.JI_t;I VI L U";I (j _:,
.JJI'fJ' 0 ..:.::? J' ..:/f
-'f- k"J"~~.Jj L~
..I: .JJI.J~ '.J~I ok-- J'. dr;,.JPi f 1
-:
i J'J -f1 J' ~~r~I
'uf-vJ'. L~ 10"..1:-ti ~J.lJ~/. dl-- J t,;J!r run L uk L 0"
.lv..JL~}..J)
/i L ur. ti ;-~r Ui.JIJ;;.JJIuhJ.J'ui~ 'u,.Y
.JJIu:;/lj J'.url.J -u:;( _:,.JJIi;_);;I' J _:,
'- uP L d' -1,J:
-1,J:.Id~I J~jJ'uX LUJ'?'C.JJIUJjl,.-oL uP
.; U!J.JJ:~Lun L ~ '::"'.J~J'~ (~.JJI 'J':/. '.J~I vI
i Li .::,.,1$Ji J:~~ 'I~ Jj .; .::,.,liW L Lh; L d' '- vI 'tJlj _il
~Y'.JJ _il r U:;J'JV.JJIu;lt! 'UJ,6 'UJ.JP -J ~ J'. .::,.,lni L un
~ J'::"',i -V'!:1'tJ J'...Y J'un (~/,yl L O'Y J'~ -1/4t/,
4~~
'-&I' U/./tl .JJIUJj J'un L
.;J ~ ~J'. .::,.,tJ~d' f 1J'J J' ..:/f u~ 2.. vI
L .::,.,~Ij J' d' Iun.JJI 'k",.Jj; r J. _:,j; L U";I i LJ1 J'!i
L

L)J~

v:-

34

-...fl L

I;)~JPi t,J!

J'L f~

cf

r?

-if~ r,;;.0' I;)f J 1;(' J./,bI'

':! Yo f~

:J!~' -...fl ~ uJ;)i

J.} L ~ Vi; Yo f j' -.r";'; u ':! -15 ,-:!'; -.r";'; At~


J 15 v' '- v' ~~ Yo t,J! J; .JJ' ..:l~15 L -.r";'; V' -,J
2.... v' l-.r";'; v' ;t.- ;-L,-o L -'f- CJ1Jl.?' ~..::/;. I;)~
~ "' t:f!_/

~J

J!:~,u f 'f-) v.: JG' V'


~J

V' '- uY!tJ..#

(5)'J _.j ':! ~I I)J-..;f' fL!;.I t,J! V' ~'~

J~L~ IVI '-h. ~~I LJ1

~)'J

)J'

L V' f'J1 J'Jj

(i..J/ _:,
l-.r";';

.:..;:? 15 ~}J L -.r";'; ~ VI u 'f- 15 uJ;)i


Lf)LJI ~..:..1J~ 1;)1-tJ/ ~IP 15 VI )JIvtl(- '-

.V' )JI~f ~f (~I ~VI 2.... VI -'f- ~.:A

J'L rI;}VJPiflf

J...I: J J) t,J! 1;)11 '~fJ_.J( I1;)' -~f ~ & .::J L UJ}J' J ..:..1'J) 15
j.{) )LJI ~..:..1J~ L (' vI (1) 'f(5)~ 2.... L .::/;15;)i ~f
'AP- fif t,J! J,iPJ' 1;)1L j);/r ..J;~. (Richard Congreve) I.) "'{I

v.:

':!

v.:,-tJ/ ..:.J\P 15 vI
(2)-v)f..J'p

L -.r";'; v' f~

u.Jt

L)J'';(5).'

._f ~I -L~ 'J1';;;'J '-

'f- ifL'p

,-I

L UJ;)iI~JPi L

1"'-Jj~1 I;}VJPiuf

v.:

(J

JI

2.... L LJ1 ~)'J ~ -.r";'; 15 I;}VJPi


C:)C 15 vI )JI v!~15 ~.,:..L,lv I.)! "-)~

U)){) 15 UJ?'C)JI'uJ!i 15 uti" 'uY~r

L Up~.,:..L,IP 151;)1

J'j u,-' j CJ1v,..J tJV t,J! ..:..L,IP 1;)1~ -v!' JJA ._f
I)J-i:.- J~U) LL)I
t,J! ..:..L,IP 151;)12.... vI -i:.- ~ f",
JL L ~JPi Lf ,y;--' It')j J"; L U";I Po L L; t,J! AZ1'
-St;J/~ "'

'-

..:..I)~

JJ

~JPi

,-I ~

J~

j~~(fL,-oy._f

~I

JI) Yo(f1746-*,1794):/Yo (-J

3S

f'(' "',j.'v' OJ P. L ,.,!IY L cJ' -" ~J '- L)i~;.n' (}w pL


e: LI,;.' r" v! JI.-- Jf .JJ',J...G '",:"J' J L L)~~J~ v! cfL
J.J~ t./cJ.u IcJ' 'M 'vt ~~ ,J Jp J'J J v! L)J.-tJL cJ' -~
,J f1780.JJ'fI770..i';(; L .::.-tJ!f>cJ' -vt.J.s}f L'7 -:L Jt' T
v! ~ ,J cfL P L ~Jk L ~
cJ.J'JJ7-;.J/ v! L)i~J

r
r

-~ ~ ./41~ 4&.

v! '-.J~ L c;? ,J cfL L ~J~


i.J'" ~.Ji .JJ':0 '- L.) if.fLf LYI L./A.;' r f'7 ~yl.-- L
L ~J~ v.!' '- L.) ",' 'vt T.J./ c;?"'~.JC,J (J.J.JJ'cJti P
-T '::'-.J~,J LtJ v! If J.J,J ~./ J(i '- L)I PJ L elL I_J P
JL J~;(j I'::'-~'J.J,J cJ' .JJ'cJ~ J -:&i P'- JJV v',J cfL
(3) .s, ~1 J.J~ IJ' L J; .-t"'r"J~,J ~..J:i Pv' .JJ'
v~ ",k-- v!;:---~ L
(j j:? .JJ'c;? J ~ -:
. v'
u frJ J.J~ -: e: L L)J:0 i..L L./ ~; "c);-'Jk -~ 0:
~ '- d"..J J .::.-'~ ,J L)n.JJ' 'lJ -:&i ,J v' 'b.JC,J ...t. v'
i..L d,IP Y v! '-.J~ L c);-'Jk.::J L ~ v' -L)YI ~'J
~J~
v~ L~; JiU,./.'- -:tJ,J do fl LV'-J/ L ( J;I
,J djP cJ' -flYl6 JlP7 rV v! '-.J~ L L)kJ .JJ''L)j~ J;I L
'",./ Jj--t,.{ 2I.--LL)~~J~ufI/YlcA---;
-:i..L~;
(4) -",/f~
~~JJ",="".J r..:/; .::{"cJ' .JJ""'/ Jvr'.::{v.!'
i5'J L L)r. f ~ LtJ. '- L)y!J.JI;~' Jilb./. ~ Jilb./.;;
J~ -..f1-: frJ J!f> -: r;;-" ,J f~~ o,jtJ' ~ -..f1" L)JJ~
'f-?- r "':""1'" J~ Yo v! V' .JJ''f- J.J~ .JJ'~ (:.,~,f Yo T ~
(W. Robertson)

cf ";"/.'.1 ~J

..t.",:,

"J~

36

~ '{ JIJ; L,;}

S U~J.J-: .JJI'( ,-JJA S VI ~

I ~";;J

1.5/ JJ-: r.,J

S VI

-s~

J~I.5J-: J'J ~ S tr.J (i ".J} ~ L VI


J~ S VI j f- J~~ (i ~.Jj L/.-.JJI.;:,j J.j L,;} S U~
-'f- ~ ~ J(j l.5ilh/.I.5.J{.:.GL?S if.f'f-" 1.5~ ~~I

s:~ L~Jil! -: LIJ LJ Jj v! ~

I.5J.J

s:~_~J~JiL(j
v!

l.5ilh/. .JJI;~I JJ.J

.JJIJfiv!Vl_,J

(g L.:/; 1.5:c.fr ~";;J

-: J'J .JJI:l.1:)'.J/-i v! VLr

VI

-,J "IY" ~

~ "UJJ~Ji ;~I

1.5:c.fr eJa. (u;_. "

L--:~LIY,,~ vl-k"2...LJ~Iuk"
v! dVJPi .JJI~J ~JtJ,f Un L;b.JJI

J~

S~

l.5ilh/.

U-"~J~ L J~I d-

ftf

;;j'.LU~I

I.5J

J;i'J""
v! d~J~
-~J tJ,( f .;:,IJt,;;J
:::-1 L, I~I

,J LI.J -: St JI v.. ,-}Lr l.5ilh/. 'v! '-.J~ L ch l.5ilh/.


~' -:,.1 'f- ti' ~ rf. JI .JJI'U~ 'ud~.:/;.JJI(lSi ~ d'
-

"J~ vI -'f-lJ'.J ~ -t.Jf'.JJI-r;'" ~I

L ifJI;i

~ .;:,~if .;:,~~ii

-S 'f-.J (i ~.:/; -:

"L)J.JIJI.JJ"::;1h
.JJIJ,~ (Wi l.5ilh/. v! J~L J}1P .::.v-{.:/f...~
v! U~

Jd f ~-'f- d ~2... L ~J':/;-:2... vI -'f- (i

J) .J} L.:/; ~}Lr J~J~i


i JI,; L.:/; l.5ilh/. f ,J ~Y -:
(5) -S L~ I:)'. f? ..:)JJ;~I -: ~ f'(Li .::JJ~ .JJIL~
t:{f .;:,~~ii fr; ~~J.-:f UJ:c.fr~ ~ Li v! d~J~
Sdlv!~Ji

_r;I~~p!L":'!,,~Ji

~IJ

-:-L~k"J~

k"r f ~J.Jf' S I.5JI;iS d' ~.Jj L .;:,j .JJIJ~ P f,J

-:~~

37

~1J;,o Lil ~,f-I

v!y; JJI? Yo....;~L UJJl uk 2_ VI -L~

L~ tfJ~i I Un ~J", U~JfVtf.J~I :t,.:zJ.) Y JJ-V~J J( P!


.JIA (Ii fly; :t ;. ( v' -u/,J~ I IjJ~i--';r( S J:d;i OJ _rr
"'J~

S J vI LJ:d;i -7-".1 J;i

I:l- fL!;: d,j

.J~( J 1:)1/ f ~:l cf. ~J",


~I 2_ L ((;-1 L.::/; '-t' Lt~~ii L U~I

~JI? Lt 1:)1.JJIL~ SI~ Ij)u uV J .,:..fU,I


Lt un L ~J ~.Jj L

..
.J_,f.
",~J";:.JJ...;j;# t:::-~~J~iilj/JJI dVJ.kiOJt:::-j;~JJ2

-L~ .(J.JI ~L}.; L

.t'; '-t' eJ fi),f-

t:::-j;~ vI 2_ L

,Jt :t r/ S J:d Ijj~ ~',.vI

1:)1 I:)'VJ.ki
2_

vI

'~.?iJ.,['Ly;

-,_;:f .f J> Lt I:)IrJ.kiI

IjJ~i

~~rv'-t' I vI .JJIL~

4-J

ot J JJJ:t Ly; z.),JJjr ~~YoJS~~( .JJI '-t' Lt dV J.ki

tf J~I I ~I.JjL vI fi)

c:C y; P e.tG

-L~tf J~I Ij~ .J,P:


2_

Ji J.,[ Ly; e J ":"'~( 2_ vI f :l


.s: Ly; L!/. t:::-I:)I ot Lt J.4 .JJIJv f:t.J:.7 -~ ?'.JJI
; /. t:::-u~1rJ.kiOJ "' nb

OJ

OJ

I:)/eJf~.f

t,v ~ :t L U~I i t

y; ~

.::/;

S 1:)1~

2_ vI

.f ..::/; ~"' ~ vI OJ t:::-JA S I:l- f y; ~~ IJ I:)I.JJIJII t:::;; fi) :t -f' t:::-Lt (j 1:)1 :l f[_ ~ ~.,-v YoLt j...l.. vI -,_;:f

-L 1..1.1.JIJGJ
L..::/~ OJ Lt ~.JyI v' i L~ ~!;: J~ IUJ?IrJ.ki

:t ~ ( Ly; "':""i-' tf Li ot ~tJIY':t Lt J'J.J LvI f


1:)1 .::J L ~tJ~ ~ L v;:.f.,:..fU,I
~ S vl.f /. ~I I .::/; ljiU,/. OJ

f'(

y;

y; uLi"' ~JI?

OJ ~

f'( Li

OJ

':::;'J-f'.JJI

J~

y; Jj?

Ij)JliJ

-Lv!~

38

jiJ uh!..; J:r- v.. ~JPz flll/:(..i -:,.'4J.) Y JJ


Un ~ -L~1~rIJ~;
Sun (" ~.Ij L uJ..; d' .IJ' ~~ S .
.J-I.-- ~ .::/; .f YIp~' OJi Ja.r JIP ,J) .IJ' dIo' J~' v..J~j
S
..::-IP~' \.{~

-LILJ

~~ S'~ v?Lz S U-"'J~.f dJ~ v.. dl;---JPzfl) -:,.'4J.) y


S v' f 1.)'./.::.(,l7S v'",J~ v' .IJ' J jy. ~.::/; J~ C;, u JC'
ILJ / ,-.tij .IJ' '..::-".!I"~~'
J!J} v..";" L LIV 1U.I/.
..Ji';;1 rfi~'wf'.IJ' e: Lit'.10:), .IJ' '.zC'-"A '-"p-j v.. d,-L
Lf dJ~ ~.::/; S d' .IJ' YI~i r ~ ,-:"..1/ ~ ~ .J;~ J1j y.
-,-fJA u! (F' L v'
U

0'

(2)

J_,J L ~JPz f tf- cC~ l/J'y -:",>/ v'


(G -'? 2... L
L ~J';:'l ~~;.1 ..::-,_/c l/v.. '-.I~L.::/;

. u:t/i .IJ'uJ:t/i

un

L d' JJ ~ ..::-~
S..::-~jl tYi
~d' 2... L d' OJ1j~ ~ ,j2 -I) CYI"';~.:A ~ ~ UJ~~ L u~
~JPz ~~ .IJ'.zCtJ.!"'v..
2.... v' -I) CYI~ .IJ' v~
'o-?y OJ~Luti "'~ -LYI y~~~ 2... L un U i Li
i jYl {;J} Ai v.. .I~.IJ~ S uU> 'uJ.zC'u~ :Ji .IJ' u~J
I.!.JI~ _,.....IJG-!/.' J?~a~d' .IJ' .:L~v.. ~.I~
L d' v.. un
'-.I~L ~ L un L v' ~.1v.. .I~.IJL Jf ~ f1582 ~ f1580 y.
f ~L~~, ~

.:A ,;-'

f'~'~

un

(Ii ~ -?J S v~

,;-' i LYI J'J

v..J

:f tf-~
OJ~

v..

39

Ii c[,~

J!?- .I~ J' fi -tL ~ J/ ( I.)y;(j S

~ ,; 'I.)!'J

,-:"j J -d r.)! I.)JJt) L(

t"). -:,1'

Ji LIJ/ '-~ .nl I.)~ Ly;


....fi .nl f! y; o~L ~ II:)I Ji i OZ i.J S1:)1~ ~
~ -/ y; .::..jlJOf r.)! '-.I~ L ..::.-Lr.lS1:)1.IJI -rr..l L 1:)1~
(6) ~~ 1:)1

oW

SVI .IJI0)t;1~ q S"::;Ib",k--....fi J{'~I

~I

r.)! OV !LJ.I';I

i vi L~ r.)! I.)j~ J;/ L I:)~J~ ~j


Y, 'r.)! ,!: ~i '-t' L J' ....fi J~ilI..;JJ -J!y; tt.,J I.)~I.li vg

r.)! '-.I~ L~,:,II r.)! I.)n

:,1'~!,I.
'! '-.IL L I.)J:I./t
.~ ./ ..::.-iJlPL v
.(v. r'J.I';I
,
V'*.
.., ~ v,.
,1'.Po J). r.)! ~; .IJJ L o~ ..I ~ J~;-~
r.)! ~J~
~ J;/ ~ (i ~ J;~ L )}I J ..::.-IJ~
~I
,;I; J ..JtC>I
L I.)~ J O.lyf SO~J~
uk .IJI a.r
t.I..'

J.

-d 1:)1-!J .Itt.,J ~f('i A;t;I ~I.1';1 o.t'G ~


.;.V! .I? '""~ S~ ~. r.)! '-.I~ L I.)n ,-:"j
-f;~~ ,J. 'T Jy; ~ J/ JI S1:)1f -:
it-J

.::.::;I.f-: ~

':;>J S

Sif.T Ci~)

if.-T Cy;'-J (- r 1:)1~

JJ~

~I

-~

Li

..J~

J1 +!' ~ S
oW

,",,~yf..- ~ L~ y; ":""~( r.)!..::.-V ~I u ~':;>J

,j r.)! JL 1:)1.Po ..::.-~ -fI..J/ f -,/.


..JU;L 1:)1
(7) -~

:,1'~, ';Jf u i I~.,. ,.k,.I


-Ii ~.1 (,( r.)!; ~
" I.)JJ/JJ

J~

..J~I u ,1'-: u

..

1:)1_.;:
/ ~ ~

( ill

Jj S(.;-j r.)! ,..f? I:)J ....fi

r.)! 1:)1,1'~C 1 tJ"II .If L r.)! J'fl

..;JJ

40

l/.Ii L v! .s: i-.1 ~ J~;-L.-- L 1:)1 JJ.IJIi:.I1 r


d ~ ~ 1.1' v! f~ J;Ji Ij 0:.' J.I S 1:)1 ji
~ J ~ J (!)\.J S 1:)1 .s: i-.I.1'-'~v! ~; aJ -Ii~
i:LJ141.1~ ( (' J aJ _IJ1(}v ~.1 JLil ~
f i: i-.1 ; Ji .e aJ L (- S 1:)1 ~ -?J S if.
.I~ I.I~L 1:)1 v! f~fJJ !;:: -i-U.I~ ~j ~
. '-/- v!)

~I

f'/ ~ i.1.I' ~

'U} ~ d'

Lv!JIP_"":-i-v.!
~~-:i.LLj/
4
IJIJ;lP!IL tt~ (JYI" ~ -l/(JY v.!' ,.I 1)1 ;-~

IUYJ'" .....;/ J (1.1' s I:)L!I!;::,..fc v.!

if.'~~?I?

J1feJ Ii~

UX ",:"IYo~ (JY '-/- L U~I_iYo

i.L 1:)1 v! JJ '-/- ~ -?J S


(8) -'/

v!

'-.I~L ui'.l; I.IqJ ,::;tJ~ L UH(~v! '-.I~L UJ:tf!

:i-l/ d~ if-L JI-..f' ot (1.1~

eft v!,.;:/~~f
i-J~~~
~I~-:~
~ti~ L '::;.1J' 0'J i. -..f' ji Ii IJ1'/ v! ..k -..f' v!

JI~ S UH~~

oE -:~ ~

f~

OJ

c..-;~ -V.! LJ1 L{':;">.IJf Yoi- JJ1 ~ UJ~I


U{ -..f' ;-L.--L if. f i- LlJ I~~
-..f' L 1.1' C
( 1.1'-~ JJ1 J'j~ UJ{ '::;.JJ,Il/j U{ -: .IJI~
{ U)I? L 1.1' L ~ -Ii.J:!' ~ ~

J!

S J/lJJJ~

O'Ji. ;; ~ -: -L~ ,;JI OJ j(' Ii IJ11h ;-~ 1;;'

41

f 1tj.l II'(' OJ .IJIIi IJ.:'J'- u/r ~I L ':;'.11


.I d-"'UA. cJI'::;J vI L v! J2 -'f- ~;; '-:""-:
~.1
~ ";;;IJ~ v! -r-' J2 -Ii v! ofi v!~ fli ~
.d"VL~~II ~~Lv!v!p.J-u~
Li JI ..!.:J tJIJJ~ S UJ{L .11'"
f y.IJ.:'J v! tJi'(

.e e: {LvlL':;'.IIOii.IJI-l

L~
(9)

:f t:;_
~I L cJ:J (.,Iv
~/ ...,
, (,/. v-,.,. ~r , r: L -li'.,"
.. ~ """
tt

cJ!,l '-Z

~.,.1~

I UJJ! r V1 Lti~ LI{

~~I'~~o~~

s'-v!

~I

L U~I

-e:. L~

e:.
L uyjf.,-e:.
L uyjf.,J2 - s: L~ 4f L J.I '-.II ~
-e:. ~ ~ '-A t./ ...f d- JG"~ 4 uJJ!
cJIJ} .IJI ~J i ~

.111

tJzv!c.f.e:.~

vV~~ ('~) Jo-d- ~-:

-v! JrJi u~i~ ScJI'- J~4v! 1ft vV ~(' o-d- y. v! ~ ~ 4f "".II


(10) -v! (fiJI ~ -r-I;i .IJI

IJ'-I L uyjf.,

.IJI'~.1
C~

!"

)~I

tJJ!

'tj.l

(fz .::;~S J{ ~I

',f L.J: 4f LI.I S un v! '-.I~L

44

cJI i ~L~ )vlJ'- cJI ~ un

S cJI ~ -~ L~ k"J~ '- ~lill J .:;,~UJ L


tt~" cJ~~" ~I
vIP -~rJi Jj v! U}JJ cJI I un i I~ JIij ~u?; S ~L.lJI.::./;
L uJJ!

OJ

1J.I.I~I ~;tJ, S,Jf L

ur. fjl;--w;

OJ

'-.Ii

L cJI OJ -L~ -r-I/ '-Z '- uy!u" OUV' S cJI .IJI'ui~ 'J) .Ii

42

...J}'" L I.)~j

15cJIL (i q.

.0' i:.

15A,) Jlj

z....f ..JJ) If

~ <.l- f ,J d ~2... L c/VJRl ..:/; OJ! ~:i L cJI-i:.


if L 1.)';1Yo s:v!~ ~ ~I cJIV ;1 ~ / -~f ~flJI P ~I
z L.tf z.):J..!;:. .:;....IJJ OJ! ~I.)P; 15J'L -15 v!Ill;!if f1866
L t/ 15I.)}~ ;, ~; 15;,L; vI f I.).tf~ v!
~I 'J.1Jy' L I.)~ (I'J L I.)JJRl;, ) JIv!" J.1Jy'
cJIJr'I Ix

.s,v.!

-v!" k.~JcJ}i L OJI;;(!/ )JIcJ'u;

~"' )J)f"u T ..:.v-u; YoflJ 0:.r I.)P;


)/?. )JIJJ~;Tf "'~

...J.I".:;...~
J ...J?~

15I.)#J

<.l- )JIT)

J; Ll.)rJ,; 2... L (');JU! ';-,


J.tf J'/ 15 1"';'
A -I);f ;,L; 0:.", ~JRl,_f..::.. ...._...
~<.l- L~ ~ v!..:/; 15(i po JI J~ dV'JRl f
v! vI JJ 4- -.tf k.~
~,f'cJ}i ; u~;.::/; V'

-r- J',,',J 15J~I..,;. J ox


~ ~fYo/I"';'vl
ii:.J~; Ji L~..4_;j:1 )JI(i
..:/; 0:.' )J/ '~~ JRl f~ T I"';' IS' '-:' If
v! ~

_;j:I

ci'i

JRl

r;

u~;Yo ,J

~f jf (i v! ~JRl
(11) -.tf

f i:. J1P L vI
;'':;'''.-?JvI

If

k.~J
.::/;

L ~ Y'/. YoLI) cf". (I) .-?')


-v.! ~~ L JJ1'.J L".Ui 0" )JIOJI;;"'~ v!(i J!
u i:. ~

e..(GIf (IiI u.:;...cJI--" 'T~)fJ;

Yov.! If') 1)1

j;? J cf? " J~I '..::.r..? 'OJI;;u v.!

v~~f-:...J.I"
cJI

z....~1.)~:(.Ji -v.! JI ,;

L cJI

43

I.:P'JPi II.)I; I:)J.I!.,1' "'" L v' OJ -Vj' Lf'~ 14~O:1..IJ'

"if

S L~ .I'J'~ e'.Ij OJ...f ~,t-tJ i~~ ct:j v!


S 1:)'.IJ''L 1.1./Jr r '-1.)1-"7 ir;-' -L t.ft!J.lII.:P'JPi
(12) -JJ'fr ~ ~ S...t.'- ~f.L# .IJ'~
v! dVJPi ,1'1/ L '.I~ ...J1 Vr'.1 .IJ' -..fl.l~' r ..:.tJ~ ~,
~.1f J? S v(;.. ir;-' I.)_;~L 1:)' -'f- Y J S'...; tr r I.)J:t/I
(13) -~,
tJ'f .I').p {(~ L.::/;
u:t/ll cJ;--'JPi J' 2... V' -'f,1''f-I/ 1:)k:1..:.'/C L ~ j,{ v! ~.I~ L I.)J:t/I J!L C)J!, J'{
J' '- ~

-t..lf'

OJ

J)

:" .:;..7.1y~.::/;

.IJ'(j 1.)2...L

v! (jv! ,;I.j L 11'" ,,?fi J!OJ ,1' Lt=..J'J ~/UZ (~ r 11'" 2... L I.)hX L 1:)'.1- LJ'f ,~
J,* .IJ'.1}? . t'JL;. / ...]I; L.::/; rf' -') ~ .::..:;",

~.

1:)'

J; L ~ V' "';.1' .s:~, ..:.'.1"; 4 J,;j r J.


I.)~~ rf' JJ.;k k e~ .;:.,v-"}'/' ,1' ;;f f v".J 0'

,j2 _ ') ..,c:.. .:;! c:r~ '-.IL ,,:.,j S I.)J'fJ) L


,1'2... v' -UJ f J; .IL,,:.,j L I.)~~ '" 0' ....f"
v.z .:;;. - e"v 1Ji~ u}J,./. ._.1/J j(jJ.I I1:)'
OJ

S 1:)'~
I.)~

eJ

s: ..:..l U.l{ S 1:)' LIJ, v.!

1:)'J!~

~J

1.f..J'J ~/-

-if Jf ,_t..; bV )
(14)-"

""';7S

..:.,/CYo v! ~.I~ L -"ti' .IJ'(~ L.::/; U:t.-"v! ,;Lj J'M'


.::/;
jt..a -'f- Jr-' ~V jr v! 1:)'Vj' a L 1.).iI;--JPi
.IJ'I.)JJ!
J

~11

S'...; ,-' 2... v' 'if '- ~~S'...; -: ,1'L'.1

-: v! ~.I~ L

44

..f,{'~,

Jf ~I ScJII~~.Jfit 4-~~

vI -!

~IP ~lP

J[ -t J1..JJ!? L ~P! ~ 1.-.; 't.f ~JGo!~ t.f ..::..7!?~ .::/; vI


J[~~I'Ii tAC JIJ IJj Yo fli .:,.r~J~ -:J '-:J ~~.::/~ S
J JIP Su-"~~.::/;
tJ:cI' .JJI~r~v v!,y (j ~ ~ ,.Jlp L
-,f J1IJI!

I dVJPz LUJJI f! ~
OJ 'f- (j ~ ~~uiJJ Yo ~~ tJ/ JJ
uli cJI.J~ ~ ~ c(I -~ ~ uP J) .JJIu!- ,.;1; IJ '~
c(I

J~"

ILJ18LUr. f 'f- "" ~ cJ.t


f~ 'Ii~ ~I tJX2....L
-~ . ~IP ~j L.JL ~y .JJItJ!- ,.;1; v! tJv

t.f ~ -1/(i ..JI)I J J~ uk LuJJI fli ~Jp f? .JJI~

J'~.J .JJIPo L JIJ lJ'" Luli c1- s'f- .Jli~ Sd'j L uli

v.:,~ -?J SVI '!

c,tl

L L) L {tp,j
t.f LVI jlrJPz _~rJi t(I IX~ (cJii .JJ'...;I)' J J~ v! ~
2....v"~ e_;;L ~ .JJIJ~'~~) OJ v! J..lP L uJJI f ~Ji
~; J ~ ~v L.::/; ScJI~I 'IJ1..::..7.J
y~tr uk (UJ:cI'
J) L UJ:cI' OJ -L ~~ J1 ,:5~ .JJI~~ t.f jlrJPz zb...A L
tJ:cI'

tJJljl Yo Po

,1

v.:

)J!~~vlv!dVJPz..f,{'~;
y~(~I}IfILJ1
Jp ~cJI,/.1. L VI -~ 'f-.J L.f .::/; " uk .JJI~ 'f-.J Lr J
L .::/;tJJl2.... VI! ,,'bJ/':;;'J VI o..:r..J:iS~.Ji ..f;; fli
5; L.f.J'o?' ..::.r~~ .JJI'( J1V~J.J~~..J:i ~.Ji t.f dVJPz v! 4-t ,-.f

~_L dVJPz l.JlfJI J (q L.::/; tJJI..J) ~ LtH. J2


r:t-~ J 1IJL uli t.f ..JU; L ..:-~
f 1../ f ~~, 'Ii ~.J~ Ifd y~

I.)!J L

v' 'J1 vd ~..::;u,

45

o.i{~'..::/f ~ f I.)! JrL~' ~

r. f L 1.:)' ~ ~ 'f- JJ1 oJ,;i 0)1;,J .iLJ, L .:.tJ~ I u}'JLJ.


r('7 L u.(.,.iil!:P'JRl J' f'f-",/if~-UJ1 2.i ...JJJ;>,
LU~J/ Jj.f ,J 1.:)' .iJ'.l. ,J u5.ii r. f i:.. Jr.,;' J_,J ~, '" ,;

t~

~ IUJJ') uk-- L 1.:)' I.)! DJ"


tt!i; d!'" ~C( ~, L ur. i:..~, c.;.;.i~ ('.i jb L OV

'-lJ.ilJ, ~ ~ I.)! (j 1.:)' -i:.. 'f-.i ~


'f- ""I.)!

~) '-/ JJ .iJ'"';:~j J' '~Ij 'o~J


'-/ JJ DJ~ -~ .:.);...J~

'J'i, 'J~"

I.)! I.:)~JRl.7.C
L'J

L u)y ,;-' OJ _( -~",/l/ ,J UJ.7.C


L uk LJ1 L./ J' ".:.L~'.iJ'.:.1'1,J 1.:)' OJ -~
(;iJ.

f 'f- cf' 4~
-~is ~J),J .:.); I.)!uj~
~) 1.:)' ~J1
.: J"'j ,J L./ ~ " uj~ Iu)y 1.:)'
"I.:)'A .iJ'uJ1J'J I.)! uj~ OJ .r~ ('7 L u}'J
~~r DJi "u~ ;; -v(!h{ I,-:""J. ,;-' L'/ ~
OJ ~
-'f- JI/ o!l.~ ~ i L~ ~J -~
J1 t,/-~",/- LJ-'" I v'A i ~~./ ,.::;
~>. ~

2.. v' -L~ ~ ,;u 0' I.:)~ ,J 1.:)' I.)! v'

'f-f

" L~ Li "I.:)' I.)! ,..U-- L .:.);f 'f- O.i~

u'ril J); ~j L UJ.iP"''''/-' -L~,J.t~ O.k.~


~ OJ f L~ l,{~ 1.:)' ,J. 'J1
,; .:.;~,~ ,J L~
~ "I.:)' J_,J" u~ v(~.i.t' L u~ u'ril
.....'f-I.)! -:I.,J 1.:)' ..::;u,~, ,J 1.:)' f 'f-.i J~-vf

:f

46

Jj S .:;.,)1{ JP eJ fi
. v:' )J' -\A.. is .::.-L "'./v.! cI~" ~J ~ f cI' ~ r~'I.).t Lf v.!
cI~

(15)

l5J! L') 11'''' (') ~') I..M v.. J~ v.. OV 4.l,..i'


a .:;.,')'If L.::./f v' Yo f e: ~.fi OJ~J .e: 'f-) f ~Ll
(t~ v.. UJ)~' k ~~
)1J, ~ .:;.,iJ~ ~' yf .::.-v.. cI' .s: 'f-)
:f~ v../)~ )~, L,/9"" J,> wf1 r( v' jt,. -g_ z.:4-J

S .::./f

C~ v.!
)J'

"Un J'!'; )J' dij~')~,~cI'V-'JPifi

J~J~ J..A: J1~Jv .:;.,)~u~(5)in c"i ~

.fi L cI'V-'JPi
f 'f- rf ~OJ.::.- ..v, JI} SV'-L~ Jv J}
)J' P

":)JJ '.:;.,:/

J'; uk;

.::.- ~

~ .:.5L L clt;.t, eJ ~ f ,J ..:)~V'"::;J V' SV'


(16) -~J,;j
,

eJ ~

f ~if,. j )J'
,

.. \;I

v..v' -~ v.. tt..!-f Jf." ...t f1841.IJ wf1( (

0)iJ1/. f~!lj

0"

...t .J L U)!/ ~ -'f- -..J;I .::.- UY'; J ). 0/JJ .::./;


v.. .::./; oJ! .R..'~c~Jr OJI".-o;t-- L k~) )J' ~ ..Jl),

r-

J'v;S v..U?;JJ.'1J1 d,j ~ o~ 2... LU5)!)J' U-"'V-'J;:-;


u)V L ~.::.v' f ~ -'f- Uc) ~ JP fi~ ":)JJ Sc/VJPi ''f.::.- .:;.,k'J)

JJ' ~

f ~f 4Q.'::'-..,..,- -~ V'v.! -= L
fv.! J"'} SV' v.!' ''-'1 )JJ.:,.-r:

j'V-'JPi 0)iJ1:t.

)} j'V-'JPi L~?-)

v.. ~JPi

'(17)-~

S JJr;; ~~.:;.,iJ~ v.. '-AL uJJ! )~'.::./f l5J!


JJi L I.)? f.fi OJL ~ J'l' J.i>-' L '..v _)1 -~ -~ ~

J)

':;"~YoJ

~J

UY!~

S U~I

47
JJI ~

,,5}u,.I.

OJ

'v!' J[ ~;v.

J,? v!.::/;

JI s:,J J"I} S d' JJI LJ1 ./~ '-X ~


'",:,,"..1,( ~J;(y. fF v! Jy.J ~ ;j~~ JI ~ v! P! ~ -Lb:r

/._1.l.fl

~ (lIVI Z;-'

Llf L .::/;v. S.::/; L U"':I i 'i:.. '_;;;IJ~ ..:.tJ~ J J~I


OJ JJI ~ c.i' ~J:J J ~J
r .::/; v! d' 2.....l.fl -z:. J~I ~ L LlPo:c
o~ ;J 'J,JJ} JlP! IJIJv! U,lhlJ d' 'i:..~)' dG* S I.fl ~ lSJI;i
~ ~rJ

(18)-v.t)j

f 'f- LJ1 JJ/ 0;1.;;1-: ~ fIJi


v.., ,J.'~~)' c.i'(--' ?r

JG' J,_;':.;tJ.N-/ nl';;.t


L .::/;lSJI

J ..:.tJ~ J~

d'

Y ~ /.::/;

lSJI

L '-/lr J!;:--J';;-;

S /.1. L
SVlr J!;:--J';;-;Lf!. -i:..,f- v! Jv.- S ;A L ~

4.J"v JJI 'i:.. 'f-J)' ,f-Ji .; U}JJ U-,::Ij JJI U-,::} I.fl OJ
~L_~

S~

r,~1

Li L~ L)y.;!J

~ ..:.~IJJ

p ~L~ tJlPo1.; J1L L '";"J!~I V

_V'~/ uf.i S J~ ciJJ JJI J'.; .::/1; L ,,:,WJ c.i" ~L~~~


GY ,J. s: c.i' .J. d!;:--J';;-;JI ~ j;~ J1j f 'f- ..:.? r ..:.~ I.fl y.
-i:.. 'f-J)' Jv.- v.t'J(j 2.....L J; JJI 'i:..p j 'i:.. 'f-J
OJ

1. Bearce, G. D.: British Attitudes towards India, 1784_1858.Oxford, 1961,

P.17 18
'l.Nandy, Ashish: The Intimate Enemy. OUP, 1994,P. 34.
3. Bearce, P. 24

48
Bayly, C. A.: Empire and Information. Cambridge 1996.
5.Marshall, P. J. Trade and Conquest. Aldershot 1993,P. 173

-.J.t1IJ

(J ~~ jlij : .-r.) .ml)

t.j'V'JP; (

J.f : I.!.JI~

_,.,.

521)' _,,1999
f1996 .J.t1IJ

(J ....G~ jlij :.-r.)

r.;-i

,f ~I ...;J) : ~I ...;J)

35-1)'
38-1)':"~I

9. Sita Ram: From Sepoy to Subedar. London 1970, P. 13


f1996 .J.t1IJ(J~.J

: .-r.) JJjl) JI,..- Y'

L ",:,",fT : t.j;J. J({

10

14-1)'
106_107 -I)' 'f1972 .J.t1IJ' JJI k '.;c/

.:-~:.;c/

11

73-I)'-fj~

12

72-I)'_"~I

13

15 -I)' -t.j;J.

14

74-I)':fj~

16

75 -I)' :"~I

17

15.Vanina, P.162

18.Nanda, B. R.: Gandhi and Pan_Islam ism, Imperialism and


Nationalism, OUP 1989,P. 53

49

J~

r..t J 4f"v?u, J:ylr- ~

Un Jr,;.

'f- ~ ~ ~

D.l S-=--~J~j;

f 'f- JJ1 -=--)~ ~ -=--~vI ,f-I r..t )JJJ'~' i v.r


t'J t.f (':1 J:ylr- L (!)Ir..t )JJ JI~I ..f~ 'UJ1j( ~ L JA~
~ nlv.r a) LI) d!' r..t '-)~ L un Jr,;. eJ 2... vI LJ1,f44 t:t -'f- J~ J1 u~J )JI LI) -: i 'f- Cl t.f (!)J~r (!)I,f-I
S(!)I'v.r J~ JJ1wi d r..tj )JI ~ Jr,;. ''f- J~ "Yo.:::;u, S(!)I
)JI ''f- til O.J: (f -:J) r (!)I~ l.) 0' 'v.r J~ JJ1 t'J {(!)I u~)/
eJ

t'"

LIJ L.f

(!)J~JJ~

-v.r

Ji )JI '(:;7 ()
L~ J1~/

'J..,i") '..Jj._f

",:,,1 Yo

s:~

(jJ

J~'J>J '",:"].,,.1eJ ",:,,1'L

.J:)JI

L ~l)I Iun Jr,;. 'v?u, J~J~j;


n l '; /. '",:"].,, eJ ..f~ f v.r z -:~n bJi,lVI.f 1) r..t ~ SuJ);~
~Jr..t ;:!L S(!)IIun (!)I)JI 'f-I.5J e,f-I L I. 2... vI v.r ~I
{(j!J S(!)If 'f- ,jj Ji,lVIr el' -: ~.::.J;> SLJ1 if' )JI ; /. -'f-

)JI J>j,f-I

.flJ ~

-?)J

'J ~ I~JJ S(!)I)JI JL L el' 'J ~ IUJJli'~ S(!)I'",./

L (!)I~ Jr,;. fi -v.:.f(b' d Lvr,;. L (!)IOJf v.:.f)_,f. ,f-I

~
)JI

-:i v.r L.f .::J!7 _;i,IV L.::/f S(!)I'v.r Lf I.5J)J_;i,IV SUb~"


''f-I.5Jn _;i,IV t.f S-=--L~IJI. ,J. 'f-1.5)'; ~ .:::;u,J:ylr- _;/ ,;
r~J1t {nb Ji,lVI~ '7 )JI'~ ~I 'ff,J I(!)Ir..t -=--)y" vI I)}I

50

s71JZ 2....

-~,

f VI) 7 C'i" v! ~J (j "G"~IJ!f ~


('.I '~ '-.t. '-~~ dIP f ~~JI ;; (J J.tt ~~.JJ ~ Ij ~ -:
vI ~I ~ eJ~j~ "':-"'"-v.r LijJ (,P' .JJIJJ .
L d' fl.tt "' .,::..~
'::)JJ J

VI t;f ~~.JJ

JL .JJILY' v! i~ U.t. ~~ JI~.f

y rUJ~~ dIP v! J~ L

-i:.. ~ ,f- .J~ v~

vI;; v.r L~ U~Jv! J~-S


J~ -v.r L~4-J '-J.JY dV.) .JJI~;"".) 'J>J~ -:.:i)J vI
'7j.tt ~ JI/ S ~C ~"Ll}- ~ J-' Y vI fun ;!_ ~I
~J (j u)~4 4 -7 j.tt d!: JU;I Jf v! LJ
f d' Ij ,:,
.JJI
L d' ~ dIP ~ ~ vI 'j (f'.t. v S~"' u~j '?t. z.r v!
(1) -?t. .f. z: .J~ r J
~I 'LJ J...Jj "':"1 r jd' 7 j~S ,yf ,f--:v! .,::..1Jjp d'
.JJI.,::..Ij~' S d' LJ J"::' v! .,::..~IJ.J
It;;; ~IA .JJIL~ 1( b: "':"1 (ij
..:..7'7 S d' ~ vI fr; C~V'J~ v! J...I.- vI -L~UJJr .,::..>~
-L vt'~.tt.J~.JJI "v J t.:J'. ~ r .:i)1bJ:YL.-- 8J .JJI L~.ttr

'7 C.tt(~

rt

~ tJr J1~~'tJ f uJ~iU.t. ~ 2.... L .:i)1bJ:YL.-- J~


if.f 7 jb: 4-r L ( vI ~ L LJ ~IP .lIp' u 2.... v' 7 C.tt
S ub~;'L d' u;; -L~ 1 ....;~ v! u.JJJ)".;:,If uJ~iv!
r .,::..j J.:i)Ib"";jjV L d' J'-J.JY ..::..---J Jr ~IA;; vr LJ..:..7'7
-7C~~~I
f I J/(~.it -: v! '-.J~';-, ..::.,,;.;J:YL.-- v!~ ~ (1.1 vI
(r .JJI'j' '-"~L!'~ .JJI~r LvI '7 dIPS ....;1)1 J J..A' u
'vi~",:",;"
f l,';:' 3~ .JC v.r 7.1J ..::.,,;.fo 2.... vI u 'v.r LIJ LJ

51

~ 'if' J JJ' '; /. J .I~''-/.

J h' -V-J ~ cf'{ J 1:)1--{I

('i I:)~.IJL r4 J (I Jj ~r L'J

J'j .=;-' Yo ~

Lf(r

J":"'--

J;;j S1:)' .IJ'

.IJ'~~

J ~~

L~.t1'-t; j'Yo Ju;, r Lf .::/f 2... L 1:)' Po L Lf


-L 'f-.1f .::/f 2... L yL;.o t) J if' f /by' G. yL;.o

J' L J....; If.. U!J.I L UJJi

If..I:)~JR;

r ~ If..~

v'

J:yv L 1:)' v:' ;;'~ If.. .J....L.. L Un JL;.o L u_';' Yo s,I.J!. ~ I


-'f- (} J...If..;
IJ' L J....; If.. ~v'" L I:)~JR;.IJ'd"j
v' .a.r L Yo ( .IJ''(:;k--~ \5? '7.Lq {_./I If.. .IJJJ';.'
J)j eJ~j G. eJ~j G. .::/f
f ~~~ r 1:)' .?L q 2_
z.):~'" ..:.cL? SfY' If.. .I~.IJOJ 2... L ~ v' -v/ ~'"v?r'

u:

.r

J? -L2::-J,.j?.I.1J,._;)tj

_;'j~,

J~J~/fY'~eI?J~f

S~f)t

(:;k-- .IJ'~

-....r- ~ J~ Iun eJ

G.J)

SJ.I~S

1:)' .IJ'L

tl ~I SI:)'G.qS
Sv' .IJ'L~ J~, ":::;ih

G. JA

u:

J} OJ If.. UJYo( -L zr Lf ~'" ~~Y2... L UJ'?'C


L I:)~JR;G. q Suy'!j L ~!I~L (jJJ,If.. ,;I;~;; L (:)tT
Yo L

J';.' v' -L Lf ~jJJ, ~ L uil/


L.t1,;' ...i?} .IJ',;'7.~~J.Ir 1:)' 2... v' 'L L.t1L'J Lf ~'" ~~Y
.IJ' ')J.::/'}.IJ

OJ

If.. .IJJ

(~, J~:t eJ~jJ/2... L 1:)' If.. uP. 1:)1/

L I:)~JR;.IJ'~
z J,J o!J. .IJ' '_po J"'} L tJJi J (:;k-- J? ~.?L J? ~, OJ

-~ ~

.I~ J .lIP, ~k-- ":::;Jv' ;;J.t1c,J) t.t1 !{ J'Jj ~

Ji If.. do" f Yo ( ~.I! If..J'~


-L~Sif1':)JJfl),

tT ~

-L

Jy. ...f1 L.t1LI), e.tG G. Jfi'

e.tG G. ~v",)t

Li I:)~JR; 'L Ji?

.IJ'

u:

52

v.. ur~.1 S ~JPz S Uy'!j ;;~ .::.:;.;L '-;'.I!.v.. U

UY.

tf ~ rI:J.f L'/ ~
( J.j ~.I!. cJf

LlJ.ll)f

~ U}J.) ~.I!./ (:) ~ fl) ~Jli"(,j ..1i.

-i~-L uy;..::..:~...i.lr tf .....;~


L U~J

cJf-L 4-J '-.J (if

.IJfL Ll./

v.. ur~.1 1.5/JJ .IJf'.I~.IJaY '.IV' )/'/

/ U'Jr.

~fJ} L Ur. f ~tf ~f;;f s..:./;tJ. S ur~.1 i L jf ~ v..


-I) if~(:,,,,~?Ii~ ~ v.. i.S' cJf-UJ./ (.;V .IL.;._}L'/.I~C,j
'~ U.I~,.t- ~f '~~ ~ ~f ~ (~ L /J)j '(;;.I~v.. j~ L .;k1 L if.
(2)

-s.:./;~/ ;; v.. j~ Vf L0Y .I~J} q .IJf


v..

.....;~
L '-/JJ ~
U.i~JPz
L L./ ..::..:~
U.lfJ~J~f fl) U.I~

v..

.IJf U-5.1!. .;L; JfMf Vf

e: L U-5.1!.,.4-~ ,_/- ..:..~


( v.. .,:;,tt nfl j~JPz /J} i..

,:r(Un cJf,.( -LlJ./


J} 1
~
-~
~
~f / 1L cJf~ i.. vf I) Ly;~ un L J'f .
'~II'v~
(cJfi.. vf -I) tb '-J (lP J'f ~ v.. ,-}Ir j~JPz,_/-f

~f.l .IJf

j~ JPz ~ -~ L~ y; J./Jy' L
J \).I~-~ L./.I~f

JPL L cJ~ JPz ~

~ ~.1 .IJf~ .Y'

/ ,-:,fl '-:'Jf L J'f ~ -~ L./ UJt? ~ ui.ll

~ -L L./ tf u/t?

v.. u)~;cJfi;;,.4 ~ Z-i.""';/ .; J.~;JJ.lf

i ify S vf OJ_rr ~ !.V


f~
if~c,.I~ L ~k--~ J~~".9
tf (~Ljf ~ df -I) 0.1.U.l~ J!f eJ~;~ uJI OJ.J':::;J vf

v..

'_r.S:-1 tt.lJL1'(;;.I~"~ '~L,..


(3) -~

u;l,;: 'if~ '(;;.I~4 i:. L y; j~JPz

Lde '~L,..

e 'J:d.l;';'

';'_/.J.I.lJf'~L,...Ifr

..$. Su~v.. '-.I~L .,:;,tt J o-r";'; S df.IJf ,J} L ~JPz


i -?J ~ S vf -I),_/- .;f.;:1r ~ .;~~ ~J.I( UJ?!i tf PI L (f1757)
-~ Li cJ~JPz v../ S JI.-- e.J~ ct!;tJ.jf L J{~~f ~f f,j ~

53

2... L el'
L fl) ell..--i-:

-J- J.J~'
J~Jk

LI.tf

'v!' JJ'Zv.: ~ ,.jJ'-- J d,...f":::;J V'

I ').;;J~.JJ' J) .I} L uk

'~ ~

J~'J~

..:-Ll.lrd"'

'Li~;dlP v.:, 'LLJ(~'

J~' .JJ' J.,J dlP

-L L~

I(el' ;

CJ'Z~~Lf.. u}~ L

L u~'.J .JJ''':-~

2... L LJ

J v.:,; 2.. ~

d L ..:-tJlv L Lf.. '""'"

v.:,;

.JY' d"' L
-..f' Po L 2.. J'b
Yo I) CJ'Z~J (I( ...?I..-- L J;Ll. .JJ'uJ.J'J '-..J

v.:,

OJ

~j'

LfiL.JJ'J~'~ 2... V' 'L


Yo 'I J~~ tf If.J~~ ~~

I(el' OJ

v.:,
J

J~v.:, 2... L
'Z

~ (!)' 'I) C~~

.I"'"

IV .JJ'uJ.;f~;

...J) -..f' Jz,..'J

..:-Ll.lr.JJ' LJ

..::& ..:-~ ~ el' 8J fl)

UH (~ 8J'-/

JJ (4)

o.JY'

2...

-"'./.J~' ",:",'l",:",J'J~Jk

f Jj I(LJ'Z J) ~ _::J Jif. L LJ

..JV' -I) C~J'Z


-~'J'

d"o,~ 2... v'

AJ r'" 'X Lf.. LLl. J1~IUH dlP .JJ'UJJt

..:-~Lf..~;

L el~; dlP Lf..

,~..:-~~
L0;/.Lf.. el' L V' '~itf.IJ~Jk U' ...?I..-- L el~; _(,{

d~ ...4 4-J LJ'Z v.:


I(LJ ?i ~JJ; ...J) -..f' v! d!;Ll. L J{ Po L ... J lf~
0/ JJ .JJ' ":-?.J '..:-.;If J L U_,), 2... L ~ V' "J'Z,~ d{.J
-:l.J Lf.. ,-/lr

~.J}

OJ

v! el' U' ...?I..-- L V' 'OJ J C,;.,) ~J


(}~JJ J JL ~.Jj L U~'j.P):

2... L LJ ~Iv (~, J..:-:I Lf.. ,-/lr J~Jk f'J'Z'~ el'f.J-: Y JJ


;7 ~ UIif-Y' J~Jk if- _rr L~
~~IP ..:-~UD~ .J~.JJ,f
OJ

~'J ...?I..--

JuH v.:,
Lf.. J~.::/;JJ{ fl)

~.,J~I

-L~

fl) ;;f> 8JtJ!.


do ~' . .JJ'
(5) -'J'Z.J? ~ (~Ltt",:",~ l' U~Ji Velt:Jj,

L ..:-~IIJ.JJ' ~JJ

~' Yo

IfL ~ ;:...~'J J'Z./~ ~ ":-~'J L


L .JJJJ'k.' el' ~J ~ Li (6) L~ IUH~ (' J! L Uhl(

,;-'

54
Un

~vf ji j Jfj (/ J.I"' u~1;

dt;.1f (fjf

S.IfJ L

df .lJfuJJ!

t S U_';~J~~f.lJ~fj S)J fV~~",

.I~fIfLuJJ!df

JiJ i.lp:Jr -0 -fl. cf. 4 df I.)! .:..tJ.lr.IJf.:..v,r ':;-f .IJf~)'


S J/ L

U~f

-e: Jv .IJfJ~J ~

:f ~~
, (Trevelyn)
'J!

Jf;;f

u;), f ~uk '~ ~ r I.)! .IfJ ,;-f I ujiJ~ (V


Po L df Jt -~ fl. J1j~ J J? eJIf I.)! .:..tJ.lr
J'v

.IJf'JfJ L)'(~'~

(7)

J? J'.;; fV~I;:~

eJ~;~ eJ~;~ fi JfJLi

-jif., JJ1J~

~ -: ~.IfJ -:-,fj

u;),

J!f",.I}

L uJJ! L .IJJJf;;f

If C)!;tJ.L J{ LJ1 L)' ()J,6S vf f_U,t d()lf ~.::/;


S JYL,J. ,f-' S uY';tJ.L J{ ~fj ~f f_U-fl. ~ LJ1

J.~I.)! tJ'f :# L d~J~


J~

fit"

.IJfuJJ!

"";J"" ,; d~.IJ

~ ~

L uiJJ df

d)J

I.)!
dfYf):

-t

J?-;.I1

-'f-.I .:..~ ()Jl,...o


"' .I}

-0 Ifl.)! t;:f J/. ,J.'~ LJ1 2...~


~ l;.f~~ ~~f -~ J~ ~ b.lC S vf .lJf~L L d~J~:t,Ji ~
~.I~ L un df f ,f-' JG" vf r Jt 'u.r f J1uk:fj I.)! (j vf f
":::;Jvf -~ ~J

.J''v~~/

,;-f ~ .:.....:
~

rL

~f JJ1~;

U~f

J.J?~

J''J!I;..~ ~ILJ Lf.l

JI ~f I.)!

(8) -Lb: ~)Jf .lJf4-J ~

'::::;Jvf ~i

~i

dfj

I.)! -:J.IL UJ:t,Ji

'~0'b.lC Sd~J~ eJ'Vv: CJ1t".If;1fJ'::::;u,S df


f fl. & ",)P/ vf.IJf fl.~ LJ1";;;fJ ~ l:h.l J(.I.lJf .If}f J

.:..fJ~Sun
u~

ti

JJ

55

.J"L-- L V' (j.J rf-' ":;'.J~ 8J~;,JJA,J U.i~jk rf-'I v! .11""1JUVI

Jfi cil;
'el.Jj
,,:,,1

~I

'~.JO..4:.::JL ":;'.J~ J! {IPJ ( ..:v-~.JJ~J~ii


.J"L--

J '.;1;,11j":::;u, IJ}J -t} .::.-!Ij f 1U.i~jk ~ if.s:~ 4-J

_V'~I..:;,L--~IL.::Jj .Jjl 'rJ)/. '..:;;/,.1

-:,..4' 't} rf-' ":;'.J~,J~.J L rJ/.v..JjlrJJ~

-v

J1( (j

.JJI":"~

~.J.;I~I?J'L (d~jk

_i J_,J j~Jk

.JJI'f-)

U.i~Jk

r4 .JJI",,;P iG ~.J

f ~

d'

~I

,-:",..J.:i,J
d~Jk

fl.i ~Jf ..::..:~-: L uj.J""-~.JiJj....f

-t} ,J J;1 ,-:",..J.:i


r?~

~ .J~Ii ~ VI 2_ VI

.JJI

",.I} J:1r- ~

f L~V..::..:~
-:f~ rJ.J~ 2_ L .1 (~ 1--:..4:J
J '-:"".1 V'

-V,t J>J

v! d' L;L L

,,:,,1 _(_;;

L V' .JJI'f-

f trJJ -: JJ 2_ V"~ rf-'


''f-~.Jrf-' t:? JI~ ~..J.:iV' ( ~ (j ,,:,,1
,.f ~ L
..::.)P J dl? ~I,.p ,-:",..J.:i
p,J

d~Jk

,tv/./

~,_,.IJ1'.)or..J...G Yo dL--.JJ
L V';'L .JJIL d"~ , 0-"~ Ji~.J l;-I~
';'L 8J
..
~
v

. J1 (J/ ~
~".J'?-

(..:;,Y

L~ d~Jk

f 'f- c:C ~ ~~ ~ VI 8;I~I( VI rJP J'PI J~ -V,t

1u)w ~u,

-v! vP J;! JJd~Jk


JI ,J J'L v! d~Jk

f~ rJ.J~

f / ~~tfr' (Ii ~' -:dl.JJJ V'

z.JJ Ii";; (Ii ~I

~I (j _;
.JJI'~irf-' d~Jk

~..lf

J~.JJIJ'L ~j

rf-'I

J! 2_ V' tVJV~I

V,t ;(;.0 ~

L VI _( J{: I/i.L
d~Jk
(9)

( rJ) f{.J}

P Yo 2_ V'

-JLi v.!_Ii ..::.-.:'J.J

J~ 1 d~Jk

2_ L .:..7'7 ~ .::./f rJiU,/.8Ji LJ1V~I ( rJ/.v.~'rJ)/.

~ 'Lf,.J1Y ((.)41J,Jd' i 'L~V~

-Lf ":;'J~i'L~ 11(.JJI~~JId' ~ 'Lf

v(:

t.f.Jj)

JI
rf-'I

.It

1 JJV L d' ~ '?-.J.J~

i;;'?'" i 'J~,J J7 ~,J

d'

56

.JJI.::/;

OJ

JC ~ rJ.J~ ~JI~

.,:..v(?1

L rJ; f tJ.-;.; v! el' 2.... vI

(' ",(a:el' .JJIv.:J ..:.J~IJel' 'I./.!.J,-:,1/ ~ L)J-"J~.J. LvI

fi -"v.:J ,; ":"~Uv' L
P L el' ~ L~J1.J/V'...:;./I}.JJJell fi' t,././

,::.v"'}.JJ~ el' 2.... L vI ~ J1~J ~~ ;;


-UJ1)J

~ J~~J~

el.JIJL

J? f ~Ij

rJ.k.~J.JI;I J .,:..~IJ.J

(fI783_93)

J7- ;.1/

J'i/(

J-"J....t Uy']tJ.L J{.JJI J..::.J!~

.JJIeli~ t.-~I J Uy']tJ.L J{ f

t} ~J2J J

VI

-~I;:~J

J LJ

-~r jJ1 ~ uJJ~ J U}yPl


...k U~ -v!ijJ ~ ~ uJiI;--J~ eJ JC ~r jfl~ rJA J)J
(10) -~r~j ~ ~ J~L el' ~I ~ 'f-:r r u~I;--J~
.JJIrJ-"~L!IL J .JI; r u~IP' ~ ....tel'

(:)J.Jt.JJIVi...J/

If f U

~ UJ.J

~I

JJeJ~ L I./.!.J~ UJ.J

.J}J1JVIeJ.f 'f- ~~JJ vl'L

f ~~VI L J'i.Jr
~I jl;--J~ fi J-L~~ f uH
v.:J ~ el'P'~~IJ J.J....t J.J:::-"

.fV'.J~1

f ~J~VI 2.... 4.1' 'I./.!JP.....t...J~1 JL'(~~'I./.! e~L~~


dL .J,Jz:
L J.J~ ~ UJ.Nf? ...J/ ~I 2.... Vi -L~ ~ ";"'tJ.J=

~el'

-t. r VI -L~ ~I/(r


(11) -rL I:)'. ~.;{l) L1
jl;--J~ J} (.)'J.JJIVV ~

uy']tJ. L ~.JJ?...J/

~IJ r UJVi flJ1 ~

; ,-:,Ij ~ ,-:,Ij el~ elJ .,:..tl~ L UJJ! ....t~.J~ L u~1;--J~


ell;--J~ j'. .f 'f- V'L (John

Shore)

.I? el~ ~j r vI

-rL ~

LJ1

...k J7- ;.1/ ~ -"~.J ~I L J{ ....t


I./.!Li ell;--J~....trJ/ f-"~.Nf L J{ .f 'f-l;1'rV' (f1799 _f1837)
~IJ ~ r el' (.)'Li ell;--J~ -'f- ti.J JJA IX ,j r el' ...k ':::;'JVi
~.JCJ (r ....t Ur;:: ~

el'....t ~.J~ L ~J~

~ ~I.J,L ~I ''f- C~~ U0 .nl Uy']tJ.

57

-v.r ?-.I-f ':::;Jjr ;: v.r L~ y{~ .::..'JC L


.:::.....
J;~ L j~ ,_;!cJ' 'v.r Ji L ( U)JJ '-/' J h' ,_;! cP'JPz f f(G,.IJj{.::..~V'

OJ

u:u:- J:",fj Iif. .::..~


(i' -f1 ,_;! ).J L

-~~
jf (i L'.1 -f1,_;! '-.I~ L U.i~JPz (V'..u 'f- JjIf
:f ~t1'OJ f- jr J...; If,_;! .::..1l~L.I? cJ~ ;-1.,.- L':::;J ~ (12)
U.i~JPz

Z-i. ..:..YJ: L ..if. .IJ'(/ ~ OJ f f- ~~~tf


uP. ?.:::.....
.Ii v'1i f- ,_;! uP. (V JJ J f~
-v.r
(13) -f-

U)"tjX ~,.P ~ i ,_;!

.::..~..ir~ L tjJJ.JIZ,_;! '-.I~ L UJ2~JPze: L

U}'J LJ,_;! Po

viJ ,_;! f1786 -~

':-J L'.1 ,_;! '-.I~ L cJ' L ..;;,;

f-.1

u:- ,f-

v.r LJ'l ,-I....f ~ V' ~-v.r eJJ'l4- .IJ'';?J: '~ ~ flJ if LJ'l
V',_;!":".I{.1-f1 JJ{eJ~' ( L'.1 If' -f-If ~Ju:- If ~!.V, JcJ'

tjJL L cJ' ~

-i.J' JtJV' _; ~J' f- VI.?' 0;1.,_;!

Un cJ'

fl[

l)' _;

,:r ( tj.l';:L!'...f tJlK. -v.r L~ J~1.1; JtJV'fi ~ i v.r Lr .::..'Ju..


J' L
J.J JJ'l ,_;! -f- u:- l...f (t ,_;!cJ' i f(HoI well)

f1759

Ji ~flJ

I;!rt J1.:::......I~ v'

OJ

if,_;! '-.I~

L tj.l';:L!' .IJ' cJ~JPz

(l4)-v.r

~ '-J.l1j '-:"~). .IJ''cJv). 'J>.J'J~1~JPz J' ~ {~


U)JJ cJ' i ''-/ -".,j,1.' .IJ'',-:"k' 'cJv
,_;! J.l;:- L cJ' .IJ' -1/

:cJi

'.I'-t.J'

Jr -IJ cc: J'lu:- .IJJ;: I[J'l,~ Jj L:1' -f1 cJk-".lJL

V'~ { U~ j ScJ' ~
OJ

i C~~~, u:-',_;!

..:..yJ: u! cJ' Lf/.;;'

u",j

S.::..rJ ,;-' I~JPz J'


U~ # .IJ''j~J (!{cJ',_;! Jy#J J uA 'C~
-L ~

,_;!(/ J.I

4-} ;:L ~!7 i.. L ~ .:::.....


U~(;'"J)i

58

C.ttJ~~.::;...
..:.-LI;IJ'";.::;...
U)L.! J uk _;j;/ )JI'~ 0'1/ j,J.' '~i.
L ~IJ./ u~Ij ,f )IJ L cJI )~.d' :c/t/ A'; Ji'!7 cJI ,f cJI-~
-L;" / r'i JI;:--J~ U){" )hs--I.I' )JI
L U";I i If.tt ~ I.I~I r U;/. o: UJ:c/t ..f/ ..f' ~
3fi,f u.il;:--J~ ~j L cJI,,:,,1 -~fttv v JJdj/ u.il;:--J~
,f C)I 'LIJ'L cJI 'I.I~ r cJI '~t,.. J~ ,f cJI -J' ":'-/.J -+! Jt;
)JI L.tt '-./ .::;...
~..;.;;"":-"'"
-: ":,,Il ":,,JIL cJI)JI '..:.-IJ~,f cJI'cJ~j
:,1'''''11 L)? cJ~ " -:J) 1.1' L cJ' -L ,;~J
.s J/,f ..:.-~..ir)JI ..:.-t,..~1 L u.il;:--J~ u! UJ:c/t
,1'~IJ~

1/,f vI v:''' ,1''f-

0:' OJu! ..:.-tJ,~ .::;...~

C~"-:Y'
tt~v1~Y

-'f- 0') ,J:!


1/Jy JlP

,;~, vI; i u! U~ ,f cJ' ~~ ;: ,1'v1 Lf J!!?

..:.-~..irOJu! un u! J'J) L cJI cfl 'u.tt (f:


-'f- C~ J) u! r?,1J":'-:/ U)Ia.::;... do s,4.11 z:;
,; -:J) r cJ'...J) ,f un JlP u! .:.tJ,~.::;... ~
C.tty. II .::;...
...;1)1 -" 'f- C.tt 1./ .::;...JiJPI ...J/
I~

I.I'.::;.../' );

J"Ji JlP ,1''f- C.tt" 1.1' ~

-'f-

f 'f- ~j u!~ -:" )} (~-v1 Lf .:;,.;,u /';:)j


~ tJ,}i
')L i

-4.11 ~,./

u!)p~..(" Lui;:,.p

JI

,f.)J' v1 J~uJ u~1(.::;...1 i 'f- Uc,tr' U)lt;

.....
'f-C~ II~

~ ,f do f v1L.tt ":,,uCLu~ " u~ Y'


Lf r~'~,f cJ' jJ) / u~ )J' v1 Lf 1:1'/. JIP!

59

t:JI}t;

Jf_;-j u j 'f- C.lJ,;;;_/,JI JI JI ~

-Vl

i ~~ ,;;;_Ij ,-.I~ff'v"/.j( ''f- C.f.l~ r U~

~ Vl J~JJ U~(
Jt:JI,J. ''f- ~.fL.t~ I~~~
0:), L t:JI..;/

,; -: j L~ IJ.:'J
-Vl L~ '-.I~;!

(15) -'f-

uk JI

JjI_~I"J ~

v- J.t;

-e L ub.l L ~.I1P7
.IJI4 v- '-.I~ L u..ti~J-"i

d~'I.t;;; IUJ(.~JPiu -i:.. ~~ t(I~~~


~7 (V"
~Ij ~I .IJI'J~I'.:;.,..7 '~ JJI;i V- t:JIuLN.
r.i:.. ~~ ~tJ._f~ / vI
uJJI".I} d~f j J~ IJ~~
vI 2... vI -L~ r Vl.?1r
';-, L ~/ '~J,;;;_
--:r..J,;i ~I f U~~JPi )JI vL?' r J;/. J
Yo s.J.,J u V- L~;L t:JIs'f- JI 11J.I" vI V- U--:r..J,;i {i" t:Jj'V
.fl)".I}

_,.r

_,.r"

k"v~JJI

r ~J-"i

V- '-.I~ L t:JI:i:.. L_,.r . .I~I I--:r..J,;i ~'

LI" L (j J.I~.f

_,.r

v.! l), r ~.I1P7-?.IJJlj

r ~cJJ.li~"

(f~

Vl L.f

UJ} ~ Yo Vl jl". L.lk. ~JPi

4 J J1

f Vl ::-;.1

.II:)r- ;-~ V- LI1 jl". L .Ik. -Vj' ~ " cJ!; J


v.! V- ~;~ J t:JI ;?J/-Vl LI1 ~11,;;;_;-~

LvI & I''f- vV r t:J'r.l; If",;;;_


u?J-'f-Vl j;._f

.IJIu~ IS ~

~I v-j ~.k'~

tFJ!-: Yo 'f-......:~

V- J. V- rf. '-7. ~

~ .....

1:;' ~J-"i;7 ~I) ~ i:.. -V ~


U 'f-IJ.:'JIvI L "':-"'"",;;;_../.
.IJI~)lP J. _t./i

4- vV Jj

:~t:f

60

If.! dk: ~!~0"


Ii1) L ;.1 v...;(; ...;'I
0'.. r ,jj -,:J'1P;;.:;;t. ') L~l.j.J/,fi..:.f r
J1 L'.; L (}l5.J~7 c:c:,: .I; if- ~ ~.Ji
(16) -cAl..!)' J(; If

f ~Z ~ ji -c:c:,:
JLi If d' fr; rv( J/-7

~ 1.1' -7 If ~~

>. ,fh'.J~,f If ~J.J1.1' L UJJ!

L ~/

.JJ'~ J~ L d' .a1'1.-- L d'V'JPzJ' v.. .;L; L d' f 7 L,: (}v


~L uJ.J'J t:-.d J!-r; ~.J,: J)r- ~;.,.,.
.) 1./.; b: If L,: tYJ
',",I J.JL,Lj'. '},",I v..JI L d' J'V'JPz~ f ~tt..J/, J~'
/ .JJ''"'~ ,: t:-Y ...J) ~ L Jy '}~ LI I~r.., v.. ;,.-'.1fi
r; UIf.!~' j'.'~J(tY J;' '},: .I',.., v.. J~~
t:-)/JI fi\}- ~
~.:;.-' -cA ef ~l,';'J,f v.. ..J_..l.. 1.1' L ~/ -I) L~l./~::-74-~'

< ~..

,-j'." .';'Y'1"

.,JI tt
.. V'r
:,..) V.! 2!!!It &J 1.1"
,...#
D

cAj 4- ~ ~.JJ/ If.;L; .JJ'~ If':::;J~) j'.


(]}I,y. .JJ'7 If.! 2_ JI ~7 (]} v..J If,y. .JJ'
IfJ cf I j 1.1' &J ):.I? 'ri" If.! ,...v JI ~ ~j
J~I
d'j'.; ~ I.IOr' / f U,: 7.1 j 4~"-'.;/ Lv' JIJ;I Lj'.r .Jr .J~J'V'JPz~ L
J~ Lj'. .....1 !:J'~ ~, I1.1' J ..;.:;0 ~ .JJI
Lj'.'}L~.JIJ ()i ~Il ...Ju;t~ v..t:-/o" L ~I~
L d;~ j'. '( ,: ~r r ~ 1.1' ...J/ 1)IJ L~J~
I.""
r' 1;~ 1 -'"
r'
'.JjV j'. .....7.Jf'" ,;:;_
J t:v 1.1 v.1J:v' t:-.......
...!;t ') t:-J POJ~;e:_'J L iL If ~.:;.-' If

j,~,

A'~

..

fA~

61

(-~
1VI ~'-Jl}. 'Ll)I

J' 2;.

vII

el) ~ '-J(J

f'" iLJ

LIJJ( Ij'( LVI

.IJ'

JIJ JJ vlJrl/ .I,.J')".

~ 1/,f- (tV 1r L VI s.'-J ,; .Jt'.f;( r./.. (1.


jlf "t}l; L d- tf J)~ ~ ....;)u' '(~J'Y U:'
eJ

\'

/Y r./.. ....;l)I )JI ~..J:i S ~;JI.J' JJt -v.r,f(17) -0;::...


,

-fI )~-fI f v.r;


)JI I)I,f-

_;;IJ

-:

..::.r.~

S -:J) U' L ~JJt

,-J/ f ~Iljl Yo

r(J.:..
.JC/

s:1J' -fIL~.y. ~I

/.~1r ~ e~i ( fin flf L~ z .:.---d ~I 1/,f- (tV ~I


..:..~~ S -:J) VI tt_L iLJ 'Y d I( r i L J)I,:, a: ,-J/
:s,v.r; .JC/ r./.. tt(tV '( J"Uj"

j7 15' L// f 'f- ~~J


C~,:, ~.t-{15' ( ( ~
eJ

)JI ~

,f-

eJ /)JI

~I,..

S ~b)L ~JJt

i ,-f

(tV

1~I,..

j~JPz

0;::...

r./.. ttPz ":"J~ ~~.A )v/' ':;-"L.JC/

i:... Lf ..:..:1 S~.i~JPz )I~.d


.::..>1)J &) L Ijl 'i:... Lf J)IJ)IP ~
J"JJ -:J) '( Ijl )JI Ji
~J ~

)JI

V-~j..:%Li u:1~
JPz f ,

Ijl'

~J.I1j

~ ~JPz.Ji.}

S Ijl )JI ~
-: .J. ',j J.'7 .c .JJI JiJ.7t{ S ~I,..

(18) -' v.!l' L~

eJ~

..::.r.~ If......;/ 'f- JIJ-{~ VI

r~(,Lv ~

Ij~

..:..G" JII..;L ,.;; VI

L~ L .Jiy )Jl.i ~I,.. jJ I fi )JI ~

(tV '( VI ~

fr ~,f-

-:

L~ ~J

Jt
fi

L )JJ J'N.'

f 'f- SI5'J

S Ijl" 'i:... a) ..:..l1.W J.~

J....; r./.. ~_,JIJLi L Po,j2 tt_i:... L~...vr./..

S....~ L fI857 ~

I-:J)

vI eJ -~

JJ:

r./.. J.'7J: ~

62

uj IXc-

:V,t

~x f 'f- (p,. ~ I ..;..;}.I/ u)n V

c- ...J} L J7 4- .IJIUl;)

.Il(JI

c- ((> J~JPz.:;.;7

...Jyl -..fi f'f- JJ1 0$ .:;.;~


-:V.lJI\'~ UIr-;
2~.IJI'f-~.1

) J~}jy,jy,

.J. J1I ~

c-IjJ (I;:J

J~U ~lr-L

.IJIJ:!i"):
(19)

S~~

-'f-

~~

f 'f- ~.1
C~CJ.Iv! JJ

L V;J.I VI?I l(U; f IUY..~JPz


-: -?J J..IC -..fi -VV Jjj.-If v! .:;.;~y,Jok-- .lJI J~0
'J..IC ;Iy, l( .
.I} J1j 2... VI V,t'f-.1 v! J~...f ~/ ~} -..fi J~JPi...f~ f j U J
..:.51rJL?:? l( U;~fl'J (J./Jy' L L~ 1.1l1-V,trl. J1 o-tL ~ -:"
,V' L VI -V,t J~;~fl'J eJ~;c- ~ v! eI~JPz2... VI ''f- CU.I/ ~ U.I/JL? f~.I~ -:"l(,;L; d...1~ v!~ ~ L J:-.?
Vl.J. V~lIJ~

v! Ij

.:;.;iJ,~

-'f-...JJ!?L

L el'~

ell ftf..J 1f".I!:v VI

IUY..~JPz.L. .::/f

U}U,./.

Cz.l.IJJC- .,:...?!i" Sell ~'v.t 'f-.I) .,:...?!i" el/.lJI v.t 'f-.I} elJ~21r-

~U!.IJ'./.\J"'; d'- 2... VI -v.t ?-r


u;j ~u".;~ (12 .I~ l(el' 'f-.1 o~ C- el'y, .IJIv!JJf v!; y, --G.
~ J.lL

OJ

~J21r-l(el' .L. u;j

el' .::/f ~ .IJJC-

":"'?!i" Sell t!

t;; S ..::./'f y, J~JJ):,;I;

J1r til v! ~JIJ L eI}'i ~I ~I


-t!JJ1J

C-.I} '-II; _IJ1v!


.IJ,J
I

J1r t~i.'i"

S~{"elIY~L
l
f

-~ rl. if.~.1 v!.:,ji:t J~JPz?'./Iv! fl;;1 f V,t~ fif' ~


,J? ':;';.IJ/-: "=,,,1 i ~/.' .:;.;Wl L u!7 .IJIiij;./.
el' ~ ,j2

63

Ji Jj",.Ii'd~v..l)n

~-.3i>, -.3/ ,; .IJ' a.r

; /. .IJ'if"~ u~;~ _! j'V'JPi_!Jt f.'1

(j .IJ'v.. d' f J.'1

vl.?' t.f -:..J. .'1)l},


.IJ'l.!' ~.It../' 'f- ,-:"j ~ ~ fVt.J t.f l/ v' 1Jj v' {P -'fS I)}II ~.Ii >. S d' .IJ'~ .'1~ ~ LII j'V'JPi-'f- ~~ S~..;.;
~ JY .Il}, ~~l~ ?- ~, Jt L .IJJ-:.I~ -vi L.'1 ~..;
Yo Ji

Ji ~ 4- .IJ'15J,;i?-15y. v..1)~'V'JPi~' 2_ V'-~ LJ


-J'.'1JdJ SJ;:L~ J~'Sd'

t~"',;_,}~.Ii L I)"':' t.f 11).'1'(J~.1 '-t'

~d~ ~d' -~JJ


t;~

eJI)~ ~ C.'11t{ v...J~ JU..j' J ~J;t.

..11,,; L cJ!;JJ..IJ'd';:!;~'

I)~J~iS d'

-I ~J e~ '-t' S d' .IJJ~ V~ j'V'JPi-: -~?-.1

d~_Vi j,j

~.Ii v..1)}~

-vi L.'12

.IJJ.lJ'~_! j'V'JPi~' L "::"'.11:>'


.I/}!

S 1)~.I1tJIJ,. L
/.IJ' I)jJ

I)"':'~ Ji

"' J;L L I)j'( L d(;ij,

'J:'~ J,/.1

v..1)~J/

J;. ~':::;J v' v.. J;:; S I)JJt

cf ~d' ,-:,'-t,j'_JJ t;; jf I)~J~~

-~JJ

I)~)I ~.Ii Llf

(20)-~C.'1 ~ I)"';JJ.j'V'JPi-.3/ v..

d~!;

Jt ~ J'J ;:;-.1v.. 1.1'.1..1.


~ f

L un d'" f~

",:,,'Yo ~

~~ ,-/-l)i';'~
(21)

v' fVl.!-t ~
f 'f-P n~'~ J;eJ' -v.. '-.I~

V' ~t.J k-'"J! d'V'Jp.L

(}p ;; ~

u-'f-r I)i ~, ~

'f- ..::..~
S J~JS f1830-:

.IJ'~ (

J/l:R. f 'f- J~~ ''f- J'i') 0

~~~ ~v' v.. d'.IJJV' '~.1v.. .1.'11)JL,.- -..fi '-.I{

if. (G. R. Elsmie)

v.. __,#/ v' ''-.1';/

";.1'; L
tJ~' -.Ii -J. -'.'1-.3.1~~ ~ -.3/ ~ v.. I)n

JI,,; J}i; J! dVJPi ~ q

S)'J

Yo

,-d

if' L

.IJ'U-"~Jk

uk .IJ'Sd/

UY';JJ.....;/ ~'J

I( 1.1'

64

I)!~~I:)j.lt .IJ1iJL. I.I'.I~~....;/

i ~; I:)~Jk ~~ ~ -JJ. ~ ~.:t;1 k'


(22)-~.1~

o: UH "",;-' J-t; S1:)' f'J1 -: ';:<1( J~ 1.1' '- U-"~Jk


:L e.J f J14 ~ J.?" L y-JJ.Iv.. J-t; S1:)' -,f 0.1 f J1JJA
LJ1

o~

v..1:)' tAlv../~

15~.) Yo '-

J-t; S1:)' L. if-'~

L);/

':;;'J

v.. U~.I~",:"y ~uV

J~.IJ''tf ~;JJ.
':;;'J OJ~;l;y' OJ s:

L '-/ JJ ~ OJ'~ LJ1 o~ 15JI?Yo -~ ~J~ ~i. .IJ'J'J.) I


~ Po L J"" .::-""IU~ -~ L.I';/ ':;;'J ui~JJ.Lf~ ~ Ui'-tl;

V' .JJ'~

,; JJ'"

SUH J~Jk

'2 ; ( IJ} OJ s: ~

v..

OJ)L'~

C~~Jtf~,

tf If.! IU~ ,;-' 0 Yo -~.1 .IJJ~

2... L

JrL

L/ J_,c., v! u_,_; 15j~ v.. "" I:)~J~ 2... L u~ L 1:)' '~

(23)-L

err: '.::-.1'" I)! ~

'~ ?.1 I)! U.,J

J"" Jt I)! ~L;J';,'

2... L 1:)' ojSu.,J 1:)' --?fi -~ ~ v.. u.,J .I'> ,;(t .IJ' 1.1'.1.),
J~J Sf1830 .s.Lf ':;:";'u I1.1' OJ .::J L .::-iJ~.It] ':;:";'u J~t
1.1' -~ L~ ~ L.);/ ( ".1( u~ .IOJ u~
(24) ~

C~
d,-

Vlr J~J~

~q SiG Jr f~ 15.1~2... L
-: 2... 1.1' -J.;_J o~

..:&.::-~ 'UJ1,; JP.

1.1' -~
UJ.d

,;

.IJ' ;1;-" ~

L~_;15j~ L. u~, v..


v.. U~ / ;;f Jr ~ Jf

L.f ~;

S~ ;/..IJ'
J" f,f S?I

U-"~Jk ~ '::J

v.. JI!' 'UJ1,; I:)'P--':A~.d

l/ SUH (~ ,f-' JI

.;U-"~Jk

)L "'/

b~' I)! I.I~.IJ' L.f

J" -~ ~V(Li1' 1.11; I(.::.:;0; J ~ 2... L tfJJ.I.t'.: 2... L ~

65

rfi L ~jJ'

'jj~'

\)}f, ~;:" LJ'i ",:",If" ~ l.)Jj'J~' tJ (jl {


Oj~ J (j' v! d:-'JR; -i: LJ'i ~~

L ,:J L ~
..::
jp dL if.1/ ",:",C(~ Jt "Warrant of Precedence" 2....
,:r ~ if. f I)'v
_3 -" LJ'i

tf '--tlr

-I JOk...::jJ J(jl ~ ?) J}
c[J:' _2')1 v:' -u -Ji _1

~y.
JJI ~

~-;-L.--

L Ui.'i JJI U~If'j'UJJIf/

_5 _jl~~ Oji c[J:' _ 4 -..:,.:)j~wjif;J ~

JJI I)'v

~.

c[J:1

f~~ -?/ ~U}IJ;j,:r ~ rfi ~


-i: zs L'J;j ,y~ uh '-/ JJJJI .zL

'jl~~ L~{ v!ji -"

v! Vir o:tft
v! ~ J L-llji '..:.v-I;/. J.;:..-!)'~":"~ '",:",'l '~J' a: Ok. ':;>jJ
v! ~ f v! t.f ":"~'-t-: 2.... L UJJr -~ .L1fIPG Jj ~jJ' J &,
2..L.-- L U/,Jv!.,:..)1v
J':; 8J s:7-0jV' 2.... L .Lf(r; Jr-li!' ~I
1)"

~ (j'

'~j

JJJ ~

U/,J(~ jJ'

'u/.j:i{ ~

f'J-ojV' t.f -: 2.... L;j


2.... L ;j (r; !JL 1)'1 -Llf ~~ tli J ~

'(jl;:)! UJ:tft

Jr

'I JJ:z {J' ~

JL.-- 50 OJ~i5%"";/

Jl) JJI

'-? -l.C\

_;

-~ _;.,:..~
J~
&! I)''v' L

0;/.

J~'p d
v! OJ~i~j!...i f1901
'~~

f J'i ;~j v!/ S JL.-- 50 .,.I~~


liJ!~)i LIJ-U}~o;r{t! 2.... L U/,JJ(;." : f~ II

.L ~ j;,.';;1 2.... 1)'1 -tJ elfif ~I


~t

(25)tt_~,

-7- ~j;fJ(il Jf~":";11 v! Ubj J~JJI ~ ~ U..r.:~JR;


2.... 1)'1 -I .,:..'/
S (.!)f.tl; ":"jl ~ J~JR; JI v! vir
J.. ~J{ ,Jjl,f :# &' u! (j~JR; J.;; -J'i (!/' ~1)'1 f~ OjV'

Jt

2....

v' -~

LYl

66
.::,A ~

J.~L ~f fi~

~';:IP

~ _/OJ,.f. ~ (26) -Ih nJ ~ J~~ J-'1/":;',_f.~'

.0' v! (j1.1
J! L JJ:cfi

J~L/ t.).1{~ ":,,,fl ",:",J' 2.... L ~, i ~


",-.I,,;,'...f- (j _:,'Jv.l ,f-' ~, ~,.f} -J!J.J ,f-' ..:;,'.Iijy
OJ{t,o -~ CYlt.).1~ ~

v.. fI9112.... L~ v' '",-.f..:.&..:;,~


~ ~ Ji.ll:cfi J~J-'1-J
v' (English Etiquette for Indian Gentlemen) if s~ ",:",Cl~
J,!;-' ~ J'~,J ~ '~j '..:;,liWf~t':::;'J L.f fit f V1,f t.)J":;'~'1v..
f~ JI? v..
J!-:~ (2&) -L~,J ,f-' ..:;,~
JI v.. '-.I~ L J""
~ -:~v' J,[L~,J _:,..JJ.} ,JLli ~ _:,IP~ilP"'e". L ..:;,/J
(28) -'1- ~~J}L JL .J.,f-' L JA tllfi( Yl
t.)fi .s.r _:,
Jl (- ~":;'.11:cfi sv t.).1~ v.. ,.U.- L v~
.IJ'J.J v~Y' ,_l.ll :cfi s;v! "'-J ":;'~'1-:~.l.Jb !.lIPL J.lU
J~J-'11 Ji.ll J'J L.f ,,/.1 J'[-v.l _:',,/.1 2.,.1..-- L J.i~J-'1
JJ:c)i f if J~,J ,f-' J'1' .::A ,J..:;,~
v' (28) -V1; Jk-"J~t
cI...ft.)JI?~ J~J-'1":;'.II:cfi JI fi -JYl Dh:t.)JI?v.. J~~J.h1.1J'
,.U.- L":;'.I14
J~d~~,OJ.lJ'~ (GJ.fJ.I~' Vb--:cfi i if
(jJJ, ~.Ii f if _:,
..:;,j~1v.. J}!; ",:",y f ~vI? ...f v' OJv..
if DJ~j.l)'v.. '-.I~ L..:;,liW?- -v.l JJ ":,,,y IJ~~J-'1 ,_l.ll
uk -~ _:,..:;,liW?- ~ J~~J-'1 f if t.)k.~",JjJ,} ~.Ii: if
~ CYl JC 2.... v' v.. '::-J ..:;,j~',J L~ ";'.Ii IJi.'} n' JJ~'.1 f ...f
~J v' -L v.l ('i -=-liW?- ~ Ji.ll ~.Ii .IJ' Jr.f ~ J~J OJf
{.Ji~~~ J-'1v.. ,.U.- v' -J L~ ~v.. '-,? ..:;,:/
n' ('/' ~~,~
~ (Maud Allen) V:';L~';.I"?-- ~ -?/ ...fI f~ J~~
.I; v' Vb-",:",J'

.N1

67

,_i.l V'./~j J J~ JP; s:~.I;

v; i b: (,);"

r ,_i.l

v! d~ Jp;

(29)

-~.1(~ Of

v,,.f, J1':' (,_I;" fVc.-f' ~ L ui.ll Jy JI 'J ~,:,I


c.-'.1 lS}lb/.L r:JC: J~ .IJ' "J1 ,_i.l -:
J1 f ('/'r .::,,;f ~

J2 -'(

,~ ..:.-W.I L ( JJ v! U.i~JP; ~ _::J S-:J.I VI L UJJI

L.I .: ..:.-~ J.~~ d' .IJ' L~ ~.1.IJJ~ UJJI f -:


i ~ -LJ1

''':;'~lSJI f~ -:dlf.l Y JJ -'f- JJ1J;t ~ Sd' ~ v,,.f 'J!~


-L~J.::,.,) Sd' JL L~ V.I~' 1 c.-'J.IJ (.I .IJ' J) .I} L d' .IJ'

v!

tt

...

"."

~..Nf (f

~.JC/ - It..J ~?.. lSzOf

..

~ d'.f.l V' ~

UJ~/If
,

if-IJ! LJ1J}i ~ ~Ji IJ! L./.I~'~";;; Sd' J} ~ f 'f- ~


:f IJ! ;U -1J!.1 v! ..:,.JIP S..:,.Jj vI s:'f- -:~ r
lS/.v. lS.lVl(~ -: 'f- rr Jy, ~ v! d' 1uJjI

.r

u.;:'''JJ.I~
.::.-r'JJ

Aft::J

1J1ul.i./,.

L./

-v.!'~ v' r US UY'JJ L/.v. .IJ' '=':-

i?'z '.I1Jiiu" f~

V v! J;lPJl d' L dJ./L!,-J'J .IL.$,r V'

tt-UJ1 c[,'J1 LII~II ~ LrlS~ IU.i~JP;~ f 'f- LJ1

d~JlSJt y, fVi

2... L;;f

Cilv
'''L -t::,. (~
V+,.,

'.IVlf 'f- Ci~ (~ -: ..... -IL./ ..:.-'AJ.~ VI L

(30)

(31)

v!Jy,J~ ,:;~~ ~.I! ~ v! U.i~ J-"1~

V' ",:,,1 i ~"';;;'J~ Of ~ .I~, J":'-y;i ~.Ii .IJ'13CJi Of

I.,:;,~~.Ii L

U~, f U"~.1~

6 ''f- d~

~ .IJ'

'J~-:f~-:

2... L J~ .IJ' J) ",:,,'2... v"~ ~.f.l~IOf


~.I! " .I} d~.IJ' ;i~rfi f L~ V ~~ -: .IJIL~ ~lP'Y. Li 1~
L~

f~ lS.lJ/

./2...

L u.i~JP; ~fi -IJ! ; f".I}

~ J~JP; Jy,J~ L ?

68

.0' ~ Ly; ~, 8J~j ",:,,'


./(1) ~ Ly; ~, ~ 1'1848 J;AJ r (Nigger)
~ r v' ,_, ~ /i r~ (32) -vy;.1 v! uJ)1,J (j' j(;.-J~/i
./i v!
~~iC:>'-: e: L v' 'y;~ j~ ,n' (j'.;:(;0"v! (jc:Jj,
~J~

(33)-I)C~y;~ ~/i Uk)J'~L~y;(


)J' ~)t. v! v' .J.1j),f-JJA J U~(;.-J~"";_.,.J"p./.j) -:

Li 'I) C~ l/,f- I.;, v! ~V O)r_r If I(j' -~ r If ~.1;I~'


.J.'~ L~ 4-J ,f- if- '-.J 0" v! l:) U./. J u/1Un (j''/ ~
(34) -I) C'/'y;~.::.J> ,J)J '-.J J~ )J' Jj J.l r (j'

,J J~uJ-: J'J

v! (J L ~~v' "";u; L ~)t.

)J' ~.1;1 ~,

L u_,J) JJ v! (j(;.-J~ J'IJ! L./ ~; ~ (j' if- (j(;.-J~ J' f


e. L (j' e: v' ,_ C~II(" J1t~, ,_ Jy; ,~ JtJJ' Yo ~ "i"J.),

0" L.::/; I un

(j' ~ ~J

v' -,_,f-

(~, JI v!

lr j(;.-J~

v!~ ~ L v' -'(Li Jj v! ~~,J.::/; ~'::-J '-.d


J" i ~)
U)~"i"J.), -: v! u_,J) JJ fi fl) ~)./(rif-~ r u/./. j) ,J

uJ~

,J (j' Yo Jy;

-:-J'-J''/

"'iuJ)1
r u;J~ v' ~ ''( )JJ")~'r
un 1.::/;
I~'
,J

JJ ~

,J

~ wfI f,J ,:,~j~'


OJ

/./.v! ~

J' ~

"i"J.),

y;

,J (j' L'/(

-:

/i ~ u~(;.-J~

(j' ~

)J''':''>(;!

Ijlj ~)t. f ,J ...f ~ v' ~; j)


(35) -,-./ 'lr I~)I
IJ} ~ fl) jiJJ )J' u/./. j) -:

L L'/.::/; -:fl) ;C-:v!'-)~L u.ti(;.-J~ )J' ~;


~ v! ~Ib' ,f-' )J' L~,J .::/; ~ (j' f ,_
U)-?? i..J" -IJ! ,fr J~()v! UJ)'J' ok-- J U)~ ~ U~(;.-J~ v! f1885 ~ -L~
./.::/;
f,f- Ji J" j(;.-J~ f j UJJ'J If.. if- ~J v' i l/..,!UY'

69

-I.f

-Jr 1.1' J",j I L-'f- / UJJ'.....;/

J (2....).::/$-uf

f v1 JG" 1.1' j~JP; fr;c L.I.I -: Yo r;tf. ~I, ~ /), V:'


-?J 1.1' -: JJ' 'i:_;
Oi.l~
-::t..Ir (36) -L uf .1.::/$ C)J ~
j~JP; f i:; JJ' -i:; ; f/~ .IJ'..:,j~j~JP; eJ fr; ~
(37) -~, cc: J'Z _; .IJ'~,.~ .::.r...J"";: .IJ'~ ./~ (J

,,~L

eJ

1. Sale, P.: Conquest of Paradise. New York, 1989.

.I~!J'~Jp. ( ~

Nt

Uji

if ~~ ji~:~ 2... L

126'125-t./ '91996
144.IJ' '131'123-t./ :"~'

4. Spear, P.: The Nobobs, London 1980,P. 32

32-t./:"~'
27 -t./:

"~'

5
_6

7. Hutchins, F. G. : The Illusion of Permanence: The British


Imperialism in India, Princeton, 1967,P. 29

8-t./:"~'

J'J J-{ J.I~t. ~.I;fi The Intimate Enemy: J!, -U. J/

91996

_8
_9
17-t./

31-t./:~'

10

70
38 -1.1 : "~f

11

12.Maclane, R. D.: The Rebel Bureaucrate, Delhi 1983,P. 139_140


156JJf 155 -1.1 : "~f
105-V:JJL

585_86 -1.1 'f1963 J.trJJ

14

87-V:~

15

..:,..JJ(;.:.;.c/

16

581_83 -1.1: "~f

17

-1.1 : "~f

18

-r.v.: k :.;.c/

532_33
97

13

A"

-...I 'f1962 J.trJJ' { k '/

..:,..~:.;.c /

19

35 JJf 34 -1.1 :_&'f

20

21.Wurgaft, L.: The Imperial Imagination, Wesleyan Uni.1983, P. 43

109-V:~
27-V:"~'

-22
23

54-V:cf:

24

27-V:~

25

57-V:~

26

57-V:~

27

54-V:cf:

28

57-V:~

29

586_87
-1.1 (yC k).;c /

30

lO-V:~

31

112-V:"~'

32

71

33.Ballhatchet, K.: Race, Sex and Class Under the Raj


London, 1980,P. 97
98-I.! :"~'

34

121-I.! :"~'

35

t:f':

36

49-I.! :
88-I.!:h

37

72

JlJI .nl .JI.JeJ f j y; (i LI.J

I)! '-.J~L u~I;:--J.-'1

-: ~

L .::./,
eJ f 'f- ..::.:?J..L.1
-: I)! cJI 0' ,; .JJI v.t ,f-'
U~I;:--J.-'1P! L VI i 'v.t ~JIJI).J
/Y J y; ~
I~

4:--'

Jl;i> JJ L LI)I

JI .JJI

.J~I

Ji ~ J;~

I)! Uyl( (]tall

? L .::./,tJiIb.l.l)! '-.J~L

-:
i -&' -Ly;
S.::./,.J-Lr- Lj.'. J -:::;u, ~ cJI .JJI L~ ~J j~ ~ JIP L cJI IcJI I;J
.::./, L Ui~ .I.~ J ~" ~ cJI I)! tiL ..f'v.t tJJ~ -: L J. f L~

-v.t

cJL!' 4- .JJI '..::.---'JI('J'~

~.J} J.JC

jl;:--J.-'1 f

-v.t LJ tJ)u uLj J ..::...fU,1


SUi~ 0' ~I -: .JJI'f- S
'v.t....uL L .JI.J.J~.JJI v.! cJl y):
jl;:--J.-'1~ji fl) -:
y JJ
I)! uiJ~ ScJI ''f- c:c: ~ v): I).J L cJI -'f- c:c: ~ '.Jt,..v I cJI.f

-:J

f 'f-

J'~-:-'f-

k"J~ ,f-'I

c:c: ~ 1~Jv L (I( ,f-'I

L J ~J..L.11SUJ)J'

.JJI''f-

.JJI ..:..Ly.J'i~1

t~
JV J~

'..:..l'J.J

ScJI ~

-L~

? tJiU,.I.
";".J .JJI '",:"JI
i '~.JCScJl;:--J.-'1-:-J JJJi'tt~r"Yo f J u
-&'~

..::...fl.?
~

I:!y; I~,:r
J~

v'.JJ''f-

I)! cJI -il. ..!.r.1)! UYl.? JJ ~ )p/ vI

tJiLJ.J I(cJI ~

.:JIP SUn L vI
e.tL~

v~

SJ. i:.._/~ '-Yo


.JJI cJI;:--J.-'1 L JJ eJYoYf J J-J ScJI -I)
tiL

jv-J.-'1

L cJl;:--J.-'1~

-?J

.I

f~J(~
LI.J

-: I)! '-.J~

L cJI i~.J:/z!

73

v.. ~L L UH do -7,f- ~.lJ

'4Jl ~

J1j Jy L

f".I}

1)IJ
Lf J~ .lJIAt~
tL J;! "';'1 L.2,).lJ"~"" 'o.!.-.li '..-:."JI
,f- ~.lJ if.? Ji .lJIb fJ.I /-1UJ)J' .lj ~k'J.I S1:)1'o

1~LLI:)If 7o.lJ/2...L;
1d'jLtJHL~J~-T
jl;--J~ J _,['L~~ ~Uv' r UJJ~ StJJ.lIJI
.lJI~k'J.I S1:)1'L~ IP(
.lJI.I~I

Vlr v.. ~.I~ vI i 'V~J....; II:)I)i

-~f tf(~1
"/

,-I

f ""e~

f toJJ!

tJ~j

J' '(-I '-

dlj

';.lJ

~J vI -'(

'Lv:.f I:)JIiJ'-~;

.lJIUJAV

Vlr

L~"".I~ r JJ~

v.. ~.I~ vI

~Jk

-Lv/?ISLf

J-J~".I}

L.:.JlP

If tJJ.lIJI.lJI~k'J.I ~J~

f'-fv.. ~tJ,lrL d' .lJItJ~ ,f-

-kJ JJ
.lJI

r tJJ)JI.lJI~k'J.I 1:)1'-

-7 !:i'",f-I

tJ~J.lJIkJ.lJj "

L d' 1yfl.lJI

1f",j J~v.. IJ~L

Lf J'''' .II)
~

"

.I}

JLr L tJ.,/I

J'''' 2...L ~.l1f 1f~I 0/ JJ


'1-.1 .dL

,,~~ vI S~rv.. .lJJJI~I


0:), '-.I} tJ'1V -S,f- ?1SL~1f",j J~L dl;--J~
SLi 2...L Lf5! IUt? Jk- '- ~J ~I -tj.l .lJJ'- ~tJ,lr
(1) -~

oilb/. .lJI'I"" J'

L ~;

,; JJ

v.. ~tJ.lr

~k-- J{'~I

~I

J~L '-/lr
~

"::;Jv'

~J~

f ! J!

v.. .lJJJI~I -OJ ,f-

~ ~J ~

S'1-.1 .lJJ.lJI'::-J

JStJH (~~ v.. tJJ.lIJIJ'k.l tJi/.~ -!J"",f':;-,


fYo ~
I

~P!

r~tf ........0" tJJ)J'-.Nf jl;--J~ ,-I


-L,f- p

J....; v.. ~tJ.lr 0lV' f~

~j~I

'-

J"I} L

.lJ"::;Ib".I}
~J

Sif.!

J....; t/ v.. (Wi

tJ1.?IJ! r ~ vI ,f-I '-/

JJ

74

V- ~IP P I(~
L ~.Y..J L U~I ~ ~J 0'" -i- (/ do ~
V- ;I~I Lt'J.J L ~
IUJ-"J' J"! f~ / J} IVI .JJI~ ?-.J
eJ~;~ eJ~;.JJI ~L{
J-JI ~ J{'V- LL; Jlk.I VI -L~ 1

.r
tv-~

If.! ~J JII VI ~
U,..;~

L ~tJIP

~I

..!JIJ~

Lb:~.kt

.JJI J.J/
_,..

V-

I un ...f ":::;'JvI

JJ-

O"k-- If ~IP~I

'13 ~1'
?i~JJ

J}lr

.JJI

-"

v' -~ ~ J _:.
dL

j..I..

V- ~IP~I J;lr .JJIJ:1r- r)i fti t;f~(Mounstuart Elphinston)


~ l(- ~ LY/ cJ' Iui.Jl .J!h~ Y r f'( Y/i t.f.. i :. Y/ ~k'"~
~j L J' 60 V- ~.J~ J~P! ~-P. i ~ LY/ (~~ )i J2 -L
-L ~.JL V- -P. J}
I:)VJR;
j/ J~ If -:.,:..fLz -: OJ~ L ~~y.J J:1r- J O"k--I;)I
~.J-, J..:.JlPJ vI ~I I.)) 'i- ~ Y/ I{ ~~-"",.J)' Y ~...l/ J
L .::/!JiU1/....f ":::;'JvI -i- If.! Jr.f JI J ~~I c.)! v' -i'L~~ ?-.J ~ U O"t I ~1J1Pf " If'" ~ vI ~yr J~

f"

v.:~

J ~~vI

vI
~I

,J. 'L~ J If.!~ I JI J L1'~..f I ~}lr


-Y/ .:;)f. J .::/$ V- d' .JJIY/ ~IP J~I r ~~.Jf L~

~.Ji V- i:P'JR; fti ifL J ..!.-I.Jrl ~

J~Jk

-s~

LY/

a.J ~.;, I~~

J (:) .::/!-:-i- J' 100 h;; J' J J. i- .::/! J


J.J-' 2.... L.::/! 2.... vI -i- JUX;t:--JR;~yrIf V- (:) vI 'i('; "' ":::;'Ib

.::/!Jilb/. i Iy/ If.!l.::I)i 'Y/~

....;~I eJ~;~

J1;)1",.I)' O"k--~ Ji J.}? ":::;'Jv'

(2)

-J~J

uiY

(}lP OJ f i-

/J~I

~I ~"' (II

V- -:J.JL .::/!Jilb/.

75

'~.lr .I '-J d i ~IcI~rV ';-, L U';I .nl ,f Yi b;i- ~


1'1828.1 L ~ 1'1784 I.))-J.I (i ([Jtl~" ~I L.I '-~
~ ~I ~
rJ. ,1'(j.JJYi b;i- ..:Al. OJ .JJI'(j.JJi J~v! -:J.JL .::/; ...f
SO~I JIii) v! ~I.I' L~ 1 i J~IUJ)J'J~~ -,?fi ,1'1) J~
S~I ~ JPi ,,:-,1-~b:b,?-- f ~j S v! ~I L (g.I uk-- -L~
uk ,,:-,1 ,.4 I) v.! 2.. L ..:..
...JJA u'(g r ~I v! J vI -I) uJ~i;

iG

2..L~iv!J~LJ"1.JJI'~
J!.:/P...f .J'/J.}~v.!'
Yi IL~ J~ r L.I .:/P ~ v! ~I~ I.))-I) ~ Yi r ~I ~~JPi

L ":"~.J~'-t' I'-;~
J~JPi ,1''/ Yi u.J~ -: ,,:-,1 i ''/
v! ...!.-.J{.J
~ S1'1847 Sje .J~Iv! j;~1 t'J .11,$1 r
VI -L~
-~CYi
,
.::J '..:..!t1' r.'-/.J ~ ~~~ ~ ,1' LYi ~J u
,,:-,1,:,17 r ~~
-i:.. L~ Ly ..:..j~ J I.JJI vJu,

tllPoj(}.~

J;?

L ~I.JJIL~ ~b: I~IP S~I -'f- .J.tl L ui?


'~.lr .JJ ~ ~JP; -L~ ~ J~I I J~Ii.JJIb.Jj

-+! ~IP

JYi 0$ v! vI '~.I

Jl. .JJI~ Sui?


,

(3)-~~JJ

L..g V' S..:..IP~' ()! ~~


.f J7 ~I.ljiIJr.Li.....;~Lu~JL,,:-,JP),~
-v!' uY:;?
JI J LY/

()! ~I

()!~ ~

I ;;f 'Jj.J1.
L ,,:-,JP)I
~. -i:.. 'f-.J./.' ..:..~ L L ~ -I) ~
L~.:/P,.f~' .1'1)p J"'} u ,,:-,'
-I) ~y{v v!.J.~ L .J'A
'Jj.JI.-:-L~~ (? I--?.J Lv'v!'-;~
.JJ'L~~ ~
v!
J~'~,-~i.I L IL.J;J~'(j 2.. L w L ..:..'Ju,o .JJ'~Ll ~I ;;f

o:~

76

r V'~..4'7.':::"'"""", r ~I), ",:,,'',J J' (r ~, u~;.:::.....,..,.


v.. UJ.I;
1j.lJ/ 2... L (r -J L L ~; J' ~ .IJ'~ -f J"; ".,r (r

J,). L

UJ.I;

J~''Ji.li.~'

I.JJ -L~ V'...?L-L ~j.lJ' 'ljAtle'.:::...'

VIIi VV' -::j r ~tJlpL i:PJPi ~.d L if.V"~I~ J' (;,


i 'f- ~ .,r J...; v..~' eJ fi 2... v' ''f- L--...fi-f /i d'j jI)' f
d'j -J/ .:.:::...
Jf v' L J..; -'f- ~ ~V' J...; if- v..i:PJPi .:::...'
v' -L~ V'J...; if- I~~'J.I.IJ'uJ)J' L ~;lr J. L~ VJ...; I

'~(>I,..jv IuH L ~~
JPi 2... L ~
v.. Jj v.. j. L if. o J';; .:::...~lai ~ ...rr L~ JlIJ ~lf .:::...
v"~ ~ do IjJ~;}._fii:PJPi..f.;: (4) S.,r ,~ 1j.ll,.J,J} .IJ'IjJ';;
1j.lJ/ ~~Ll,I' j;lr J J:~'2... L J; J' ~~JPi fVlI~j. -::
2...
U!.Ilt; .IJ'uJ.I'~; 'u}~

I~Jt v.. ~~JPi ~ s,(.)J (/

",:"k-"r
":::;'Jv' ~~Ll,I' -:: .IJ'(.)J
(5) -L~ lIlPoj
J./JP' L t)J..I;;(j~' Iv' .IJ'L~~t)V~J.I
if- L (Utilitarianism) c1", ~G' O'J L/.' v.. Ijv ILYi'
~

~lIp L c1", ~G' -lI'jJ, "' Ub.l L ~!.IJ'~ 1j}1b/.v.. ~~JPi


~~ flJ{ ",.I~ V' IUJ)J'.IJ'~~'J.IJ'i:PJPi L U~, J, /; L
-::~ '(.)J ~ J'i ~Jlr v.. J; J' ~;lr -::V'~'f- V' ~G' J' ~, v.. ~1I~
.IJ''J/'..!?._fi q J' ~, ",:,,'.IJ' La? / ..:.r."G'
.IJ'~'~'
,~ S;;; .IJ''J)CJ/.:::... V~JJv.. if.f 'f-I.f J' z... L ':;;>.IJUyj
Lb: ~~ .IJ';;~ J; I~;lr J~JPi f ,J ~J I{~' <:(/ ~ J' If.!
'.16;.:::...c1", ~L 'L~ JlIJ~lf .:::...
~lai .:::...'
f'f- 1j.lJ/ 2... L
~_;; J~JPi v.. ~tJIP uYoy"..f L~ V"~I (S,y?L-- .IJ''L~~lIJ
. .....
-_

-'f- JI;.:::...~G'

r:fb di'

77

OJ

J LlJ)()I v!

L dt:Jil L if. --fi ~


o-?Ij Yo f if --fi 0:1. S(Evangelican)

I./;~f '-/lr

4 L ~JI

J) 'SZ_J) f ..:-~
~JI v! (I'

vI

-J.,z

J? v! oN' Ll~I

./~J; L up.? ~ vi fl./ ~ ~ L) vI f.tllY 0:1. a:


. _::;..., t.,z~ 2_ L 4-/lr fJj f~ -:1 J;j) r'~
d' -L.,z
_I.,z,j" r:PJPi ;1 ~ ui )JI uJ;? d' JIJ L.,z v! ~I
~
~J JIP ,-y. ~ "':'"'"
L ..:-1Pu",IJ/lr )JI J:1r- v! t,,:)VJPi
jl.tll f);' J ..:-~IJ)S d'V'JPi -: -i:......J~ )JI L~ (f1828_f1838)
O)' -:2_L~vl_i:...?-,tJ ~ "JjL~)ifvlr'LJ
r ..:-1Pu",I
f d' )JI L~ S ~IP -=-c LlS 1#. Jy?, L d'V'JPi si:...;
,j;.~t;f .J. 'U.,z ,:, LSi J/lr

)JI

J:1r- ...J/

..:-1Pu",I-L~ ~~~)j

-L~~ifvt! J) f d'V'JPi JI

,j ~ ..:-IJlf;I

O)' 2_ L L) O)~f J' L ..:-1Pu",If~ ,j -:1 j;;i

~ d'

f ~ vI I;,'J''f- J.,z ~ .:A..$. J'L~ 1./;:;" ~..$. f 'fL r:) O}Ib.l. f ~~vI S;:;"~ ..$.-L~ 1./V v! jl;i L ..:-1Pu",I
.,zJr. J,UI L d' ~...f1~ L.,z,:,..$. ,.1'1./ ~ ~ L U~I
UJ)I~..J

L -::"uV
1 Jy )JI t J~.,z

f ~I S d' '-/

.:./,L,.71; L J,; fl./ .::.r.~ L ..:-ul.> ~fi

f ..:-IP~I v! '-/lr

fl.,z,Jt -:~ --?JSt v


~ --?JS vI ~J.,z ..1>. dWI v! f1838 ~
Ui)~ S..$. OJ'~~).,z V "d l Yo ~ OJn
~~ ~ v! d'

'ff. L~

JJ )JI i:... L~

-,J jl:> Il>y. ~I S

jJI

~~r
f ..:-ulP JL L

,fl - ~~IJvitJ)
ll/~ J' I){ I( ..:-IP~I
(6)-1/J v!

4-r Yo 2_ L L~~;"" f ui'V'JPi

J1

78

Jj Lf), el~.JJ L.::./'f

L el~JP;

frJ

-::J :

I ~'JY

d' -'f-

f f.J~'

JIf.! O;'.t'

I)! ..::-LJ.lr 0;), L U/Y

"::-.JyIJO'J: .JJ' J.J?

I)!

I)! dL;1J,

'''::-J~

.Ii frJ

O;'.t' "J
.; J~ V'

_;/'"
I)! vIP L ~ I)! .JJJ V' J;; -L v:.f If.!

IJ} ~ ..::-LJ.lr Lf), J J:~L U~,

2.... V' 'rJ J~IJ' J_,P r~,j

u.ii 0;), d' i...f' ~~ r~J

O? ,fo:. eli' .JJ' I.!..-S~

J...;
Jlr

I)! ..::-LJ.lr Lf),-~ .JJJ

"J

-v!' J' (l/

I)! dL;1J,

t~;J/ r ui'J.J.Jr ~, Iel~JP;

,,:,,'Po

L ~~r

s if. Llr J~ (l.i I'"':"'l), J~ 2.... L

u.i~JP;

~'J

; : .JJ' -L ?-f

cC ~ ~~_7-/..::-J~ J~'Jel' f ~J~ I~JP; f L

if.Jf -~

Lv'

"J

0;), .:;-.'./'L v:.f J} i I J"J 1J~ ok--

.JJ' j){

Yo frJ

JC' L~ ~~J~ If.!, frJ:

o='~V'L ~~~,.:-.!,I)! .JJJJ';,' -L~

k".J~' I

I)! ..::-LJ.lr 0;), JL~

.JJ'('1

J
J'::";-'; J 0' .I,' JJ1_7- ..::-J~ J~'J d' -L UJ1.JJJ

..::-Ini .JJ'J"JtJ~ Uyri./. 'J" .; ..::,;;'..::-~..::-'jiJ> u~'j '"':"'l), Jp; ?-.Jj

L d' Yo [)'

(7)

J1

-JL~ J1.JJJ

J~ j~JP; fi f i if: JJ...f'I)!,.U.-

.::./'f ('1 .JJ' L


,,:,,'Yo

v.:~

J1 k.

v.:~

Yt )JGJ 4.5'~'

L u.i~JP; I)! ,.t. L ..:.il.-! jI

J) If.! .JJ; .; Lf J.}l .::./'f ~~"

frJ I;fr ~'./

",..A' If.! ..::-~~ok-- I)! ,.t. L V' '))/'f-

f I)!

if'f { v'

J1, 07- Ju.;, -: -'+-

ef'; If.! I)!~;V I..:.v-h--~ JI ,9 J~':-L


lut? J~ L ~ v! f1813 I)! ,.t. L J~JV'

(8) u_'f-

JLi el~JP;

'f- ~";:J

~'.J L ":,,JJj1, I)! "::-.JyIV' i ~ L~

L J'"" V' -LJ1 v! d(;ii, f 4 L

~
L v.:f k"i t-L JJ.J ~

JuJ1ll
L ~\f~~

8J

79
J

j'.

0:'" ~Ut?JI..-: v!? ~ L ~;~,


1.1' ~

/,Jp t5.1~ J!2... L


Yl

J? S~

d~.IJ' 0:'" '-

1.5.1

~~ Yl.l'.,uJL 1.1' Lf

L '-/ ~ Lj

1.1' i ~ L~ Yl JI..-: ~~

r-?.::/;~' /.::/;

c[,OJf ~i-~

v'L~.ILJ'~

,;-'

OJ

S1.:)' ('/.lJ' JL~

v'-L~;

OJ

I:..~.I", ~"'.~'

'i-1.1#

~j

vi~

2... L 1.1' j'. 'U f iOJ

J~Jk...f ~ f~ r/J!~..!.J.''/
(9)-~;ff

'-.I{ '-.I{

-!0'.1

"'-'~ ~;-vL~.I!~'-~

J.lJ -i- ~.II1.::,j/~~'


~

ji

('i Jj d~.IJ' 0:'" ...f ~ J -I:..

U)JJ ~

i-~ '-~

cI'/.~f

-t5J'-J ~;~,
ifh-- ,;-' / 1.1' J{ UrJ'~~..ir

J!~ t5~/.

~ ~ '-U)~

v! 1.1' "Yl t,;.,} ,.U.- j'. ~tf. O:"'.j~

-:1.~~

..JL...I"
~ .I? ,;-' L Ifo j' v./
~.I~ 1.1' - ~
.:f,v.!r+;OJ -~ , l)";
"" c~ ~P!. ..
.. v-

"'r /t5.1V1f

~J

U~;JJ.,;-' ~

Jj -" CYl0' 1.:' .IJ';"- ~J

frJ C;~ ~

_v'

~ ~L"

~"

t5.1J~f1.:);

,f J/f ,J t5J( J; 0:.' L 4 1.1'

('i "":"1'" ~ J~J' t5.1V1~'.IV1v! t5-"J J' S..:,..:).11


. (10) n_f i-.1

0:'" j'. L ~ t5.1J~ft"l LYl Z_'j c!J.I"' 1.1' .I:)" Lv. /


f t,;.,} ~!?' "'"":"1'... '-/ JJ v! 1.:)' /- t,;.,} ~li!tf. L~ u;:Cr'
~ ~ j,~'~; ...f! v! '-.I~ 1Un 1.1#

L 1.:)' .IJ' 4-J


~11' 1 Jr S~ f,J -:~~Sut? (11) -'Yl &.11un'- do
-: .IJ'L~ ~J.I",.Ii' Y 1
(JY' .IJ'.::/Jk f i- t5.1~ 2.... L Lf
.IJ' uy.$

80

_;LUt? i...L~V'_v.rJIII/ ~I_j-:f4~..:,.t


VbfJJ; JL ~.flr
J; UJ.Jlj~
.JJIUK ....cc.~ ~ .JJIv9'
-4-J.f~.v
o.JJ~
~"' cJk: L t.j v# J5'..J/ J; bfJ~
v# .JJIIun v# L ~_j) ....cc. L.f v.!
(12) - L.fJ~ ~ ~ .JJIJ'..t. .:;..< Iu,,-t;.
J; fl855 ~ f J11 ~-{ ~ .:iJJ V' Iun J; '-.J~L ~
r do f tt. _;'J.Jb~ L ( v'v~L ~jJJ. o.J~ L ~4' o.JJ~
..J/

..,..,..~ J..t. .Ies:11oA.J,f' ~


':;).Ju,r

':f~~
J; ~JPj

(Ii ,-:,'

J>.~ ~ Jy ,-b ',f 11~ j J>.

? r.tf-~2...v"~~~~~_j',f11~
(13) -~

11~_j ~

J~~~

cJ'..yr~L~'_ju;JJJ~.JJ'~
v!J. L5! J~_jJ~
L ~'_j cJ' >. >. ,-:,'-'11
r !flr-' ~ -:tJJ if.Lr ,j J;
.JJ'Jr J~_j ,;-' ll'J ~_j/i v! do L L11 ,-Jlr-' cJjt.JJL f~
I.:;,>~ O}_j~' ~ v! cP'JPi L U~lr-' c,I' -" L./.I~",r ~v
J''7' .;_t~ L ~_j..J/ _;v! cJ' -if v.! ~ ~ V' Yo f~'~
~ J; un ~ if.! Jir J~ ~"'L)~Lh'.JO}_j....cc.' L11
-J!11,~ Jj 0}_j..JtJVL '-/JJ
.J~'1~..:.-/ J.J rrt r v' -'11 .I? .:;..<V ~ v!U~lr-' cJ'
.JJ"cJ'/''J!I-: ~ ~ v' _~rt:)/'J~ J; fl839 ~ J'j J5!-:'Ii
d f ..Jv dIY' L (lSi J~~r;~ J1 .s;; L v' -" ~ 11.1 v! J;

'~1

81

I,jJ~ Jtlj JI v! VI ,,:",1s~b: e.J,1. ~ J; VI /. ~J

2... VI"

J...; ~ ..." J} J1j


J'5l J'~ v! ~;~ JIYI ji
JIYI J; J3#' J' 'TJi s Ji J! r V' - J~ 2... L
-I ~.If
f /t"J J./I ~I (IYI JJI-J
d I ~;~
-J .If ~.r I.)! 5l J' ~ ... J~ .::....~I L V' JJI ){:.IJ' ,;1; ~
~Jj L V' JJI,J.~ Ir JJ~ J'~ ...J~ II:)I ~Jj L L)j,c..,tJ?

Lf

eJj ~

tLfk"I~1

eJ

~J

JJ v!~J~L~

~J

.:J~~ (j

...LI:)Iv!~

k"C'J J!-:"L)W -v.'"f.lf J~" ~ J~ fj/.:.J,~ ';-, eJ,JC


J'":"'/"f.lf J~ eJ _.) T" V' Jvil rJ; ~ J u~J' 1:)1 ,1''( ~
L ~ Lly 2... L 1:)1 ~ ':;'JyIJ/ JJ J'J /,~ IJj v! J;

r':l

c,tY s ~rfr L
~y. J:;;'., ~ji (14) -T ~ ~IJ J/JJI
f .If V!- eJ v! ;.. L if. I~ tf ~ r~ ~ .::....
~ J' ~

.if1f.::....~JPz

...J) wf' v! ~JPz'::""A L~ ...J....; JJI.::...._::JJ' L)~I:--I:)I


J~jJJlifri

I~J11t~ILL)r~...J)

~ Lf ~J

Ji ,.J;ji O!'"

.::....

J/JJj~

{/J J./lr ~

eJ~j.::....J;.;} IJ U~I.:;,LJ,~

L~ ~ -J.If v! ~ L ~ ~ I J/ JJ J' ~f.L#I


dV'JPzI.::/; J}.b./.frJV- II"J} C'Jv! V' J' ~":'-J{J ~I v!
J,_r .f .If~Ji j "J} J1j Yo ,1'T ':;'JJ/ J' J/! .:J~~ ~ Iwf' I.)!
,.1835 Yo L

J' ~j

JJ~ .::....1JJI f b: ~ ~Jj I ~j J:JI-J~JPz

v! ':;'JyI

-J~":"'/U/" ~~ J' I:P'JPzL.::./; J}.b./.'f


f:: L ~;~ JJI !~ J'VI '!;;~
~(tlJJ Yo ~ JI"
;; ,.J;ji rV' 'Jr ~.:J~ ~ ~.Ji(j Yo ~ J' 1:)' -~,r J,t .JJI
.J~JIj'
eJ ~

eJ

~J

~J~

82

,;L.::/;

L r"~ -I) u.,


.e ./ ~.J/? _ .

,(jib/. ,_,J.Jj
'-1'
_

./(i -".til~11f"' J:.1"" '~1.::lJ

~.Jj L VI

VI_IJ1.Jl;.1 ~(t":"'JII.5:/1"

..t.~

'-.I}

. Ur ~IJ.J

I~ t:)p. ';-, -J/

Ifi'v! ":,,,L.-i L -~

VI S VI v! t:P'JRi 'I)C!~~,..;:: ":"'JII.5:/11f v! UJ.JIJI~


,:;~ ~

.JJI!..

iJj 1}I.5:/1.JJI )

O"k-./ ~ Lr ~,:;~~ ~.Ji fl/V'AJI


eJ ~

..f/'~

k ~.Jj L VI )t ! ':;'.JJ/ 2...

-L~'V''; v!~~.Ji",.J}J1jl
'- .Jti11
~.Ji -t~

_,

,.1 -s LI)I

~,>.Ji VI ~fi

;Il

2... L ~IY

f L UJ11f Ji VI eJ.JJI'( Lr If.Jr O"k-v! t:)1] L uJ1 V~J.J


I)IILJ1 L./ " "(.;,;,,.
VI v! fl833 L L~ -u/.J..l;o ~ .::/;
f
-:",),/s'.v! e/~ L L./ ~IP ~ ~.Ji
S UJ.JIJIL .l} ~.Ji If "';::1 f V! ;f./ -l1Y
~.J~L VI '( a.r ,flf t:)J~ ( VI V'-'f- ':;'.JJ/
';-,,;v! '- -?J SVI t:f.-,..;::(}v ;; ~ ] v!

t:)JeJ,f

fi

Ji OJ~;'c);-'JR; L VI ]

t:f.-'( uJJ.J

,-I,;

-=-"" ~'li.JCS ~I

v!J1~tl,#1

.JJI'( ul1 '-

t?! t:)JeJ]

_;;;".

cr

''f(16) _'( J1t:)Jj

J)~ J (j:~'- ~! S.::./; ~

S.:;,1Ptl,#1t:)' ,.I~./I~ .1"" ~ v!c,,~L


1.5/JJ 'I/V' ~ I.:;,I.J~I L I.5.JJI/.
J (fd'.JJI'c"IJ.JJ (Y'.J'uJIhI.J
f JYI '::'-.JJ/S .::.-~
VI.JJI'I)] IJr. L ~}lr L U.J..; t:)' ..J)

cJ!;,]..J) ~ '-

JR;

-?J

L..J1; L J' ft.-

-v."! ~

L/.

'- U)J.)Lv! .::.-1)1" L

83

'I c?-Jt Yo IS'~.I;

J.}ll,-/Ir
'4.1./J.}llv' u~'

~ L 1.:)' fl/.I,f. "' LYI

~~,

)jr~~,

~ 1.:)' v!k ~P! W' Lv./


L ,1856'15dI ~ -!" JCt v! ,-/Ir J~~'"'t.:1- f 7-"1/
:f 1.l1;
tJJ~;~' IS'tJ~ Iuj.l; e.fJ~.Ij
- v./ ./v"1
.,
L c,h.lJ (.I

V' ~

k.~eJ~; '"' ~.J Yo Jj

~74.~'Y~.J.-~ Lf

~f ~Lf jI/): Ui .IJ' L:~~


YI .I~

Jj

V:'.fJ~

v:

~.::.d)

~/

IdI

r 1.:)'.;;(; tJJI,/.

.IJ'

f 7-" 'YI tJ.I~ '"' Jy V' dI


(17)

__,,;I Lf Y' ~~

Yo JJ'

V:~

uP. ;lY If LV' YI ~~, Yo v!~'y...) JJ' ~tJ.Ir JISl'


r uA u! ~.I~ IS'Lf,:, 'J' ~'y...) 'J? tf uA~ 4(J~ f
(~r u;J'~'b-_,Iu}l,f I:)!; Lff I ~ L~).liW J'. JIIJJ' '(1lt
"' .Ii J'ij Jj 2... L v'

r J....;

If"J'.c,h.l

(.I

v:r

U~-..iYo '"' ~~,

1.:)'

-y!J I.:)}I; L

~~ .e: v:! .I~


L v' '"'(/ if. 'ti v.! p J"'j

.IJ' ~~'J.I

J:~Vir

ItJ;'.;;'JJ IS'.::/; u! ~.J


. II.'J '"' J1 tJ~ f ~u.I' u! l:)J.IJ (.I ,;-' L v' (/ ~, '1/v:! J} .
~ '"' ~~,
1.:)' J;; 4(v:! J}ItJ;v I.:)}I; '"' ~1rtf~;
.IJ'
J2y eJ~;'"' ~ 2... v' ~ LYI J~ ~'p. L 1.:)' .IJ' Jj L ~,

~ IS'uJ~
L~ ~f

~~,

JJ, '"' ~;

4(L J ~

'j~.IJ' ~J

,{ J'. uii v.!' J~ .I.,!


V'I,)p ~.I~ L ~~, 1.:)'

tJ)U,./.r u_;;"~.1~~
.IL,$,r~tJ~ 1.:)' -tf..~1/~.IJ

fl/I/

I~J1,p

...!IY ~ '"'
~'j L 1.:)' )t

L 1.:)' .IJ' tC..I/""!"! ~J.:.1,;-' J'. u_;;"~.1J~~ L .::/; tJiU,./.~

84

i~
VI , O~ J< YI.)!.:-~ J.,).tl IL);~
-:I.::/', J)tb/. ~ VI ~ ,., t:_ )JI ""J~ f ,.,
Jljr ~.:-!}J
/, ,.I'"J: J.,).t l ~IeJ' L,., ~Ij .:-lMr L ~~),j'~ f tJ, t".

J.,,,,,cJ~

fl,., -:

(fJ()LvlJ~cJ~

LL)r~~-?)Jvl_~f

~{Vl

-!~.JJI ~cJIOJ?;' J .::/', o)tb/. )JI {


)JI.::/"O}.J,/. f if- J,.,~'~ -:~ ~ O){ VI J t.-u,,1
L cJI)JI~ ~

J".v.j ~ {JI {.I} j;i 1..:ku,,1 cJIL ~

L VI

L)~~~fi -ifv:! )~~ 2Jr.) J.f { .I}J1j IL)/; )JI ~}Lr 2,j'I.)!.::/" )JII.)!cJI.I' v! ~1/vii J t.-u,,1~~ I.)!L)>>-'"
)JI
.J)

v:! cJ'; ~(

L cJlf if- c,.,~, If-:~ ..:ku,,1cJI


L)/;)JI ~}Lr ~~ f _;
. ~ J (1"/ ;;-, L (:,ylr- o)U,/.)JI

.::/', O)U,/.I.)!)i:'"~

IL)/;Lc:P'~ fl) -:~ JJI~ cJl,.1 -JY."-Jt.-UiJ


f Po Lf ~ J:i L IL)?tr.)JI L)P.cJI'L! ~Jljr ~ ~ ~
)jl,.,
~J! -: ~ ~}Lr ;r '. if-) ~ {L)J~L L)/; )JI L)A
J~I' J L)/;~I 'I)!JL )~Ije f~ -" J; OJ;)1 J ~ I.)!J

~IJ) J()

~ ~I

2_ L .:-Ip.1fr )JI~I

L~; Ivl)C ,J.,:-~J/ J

I-~~ (j ~ -?J 0'" -Lf


vLr L vl.l' v1) v:! ~~ 'J~ ..:ku,,1~ f if- cr ~I ,;; ~fi
-1) POx Lr /.I/..J. v:!~)J' ~ vI 'Il' IJY- )JI'JI~..::.h Pol.)!
4: ~..:ku,,1~~

L vI )JI'I" ~ ~

-~ JJ:)1/ I~Y J .::/',

o)U,/.L.:-p! J

,1857,.:f-

85

~,.J'Y

1.Stokes, E.: The English Utilitarians and India, Oxford, 1959,P. 27


2. Bearce, P. 292
220-,j:H~1
29-,j:~
34_,j:H~1

-3
4

-5

6. Bearce, P.I65

7.Hutchins, PP.12_16
13_14,j:H~

-8

154_157
-41 :HI;fI

_9

68-,j<{>-;;:/

_10

68 -41 :HI;fI

_11

69_,j:H~1

-12
-13

73_,j:H~
14.Powell, A A : Muslims and Missionaries in Pre Mutiny India,"
London 1993,P.I54_156
40_4141~
34_,j:H~1
76-41:;;:/

_IS
_16
17

86

-~ J;.1

1JI 1.1' L ..:ku,,'

L ~JGo! ~ uJ'ji ~

Jf1857

u,[!}.p ~ ,1I/1/~1.r 1.1' ~ ~f J.::/f uilb/. j "" ,.JI; r~


rJ.I 41~'t~ L ( 1.1' 2.... L e.Jfi .IJ' ftv! ..:1ftJ 1/J 1.1' ft,,,
J,['" 2.... 1.1' A '.IV ftJ ~ jJ1..Jij1 ~ I)! J,.J... 1.1' YLf
.IJ''v;?Lz '2/! rV "J-~ j~ Il:)j'j L '-;~.LI:P'Jk L ..:ku,,'
-~~
~ L..:ku,,' 1~,p. L do f f.!" -JtJP L .::/;J!)'

s:

1:)' & ~~J.f 1 ~'.Ib#' L 1:)' L" j".It 2.... 1.1' I:)Y L ur~.1
(lSi L U.luf L L 2.... 1.1' -"~ j -"A!.ir -~~.f ~ .; ur~.1 J
2.... 1.1' ~ .IJ'Jk..::..r''; .::/'; -'-lJ.f( ~y .IJ' ~i J1:)' L
1.1' ~.~~ ~ ~
J JJ I)!l;)J.I J (.I .IJ';;'~ 0;), L 1:)'
L u-t'"1PL
1.1' -V-Ih (J/ ~ u?jtJ, J UJNf &, ~, f 2....
f J' ..::..r'.IJL'.1 I!c,l? I)! J,.J... L ~IP!LI' fl/~' ~ 1.1'
I!1:)'1 UJ.I'J'J ~~'J.I J1:)' .IJ'Lf ~,_i' JJ I)! ~tJ,~ L 1:P'u:-z
-LIP. Ih .I';/.
/., ./ ~

s.

-I uit'
~1.

0'/ -?J J ~JGO! s ~-::J Y JJ ~ ~/. L 1.1'


~1Pu,,' _; .IJ' 'j~ ~ Il:)j'j L '-;~ L ~IP!LI' -,J ~

4- ~(P'.It

s.

JJ

UJ JdJ L" ~,,:If r ~JGo! L u';' -'" ,~p,(.Ji I)!uli ~ '_;>J


L.::/; uilb/..IJ'-(j.lJJ.Jf.1- cJVJk ~ ~.Ii Ifi' ~JGO! ~ f

87

"y;,_;.! --V I.)!1.1':# .:J~~ r~ -f-.1 J;}f .:;_ 1.1' ]_~ "-/

JJ

" b:If J'J 1.1' -~, o..(G .:;_ ~~, eJ~;.:;_ "':"""L U';' J,(
J!J'I "-/ .IJ'I.)!~ 4fi L 1.1' .-t.',/. ,_;.!-?JIf ~P! ~IP~'
'f- ~of! r ..:1YoJ d>.1.)! PI ~P! W' .J.....1L ~/ -4: f-.I.f rr
JJ

"

J...; Ozl.)! GY If ~

.f J; ('h" r~~,

J,(

tOJ.f J;

~Ll

~~~JM~I.)!~

L 1.1' .IJ' ..::/; 0)U,/. -6. If ,1857


j)~ J J:~L U';' .:;_.A.1l L 1.1' -Jr L

IfUt?J~

I.)!1.1'

tJb: tr-'~cJ

Yo ~I -~

(.?/ 1.1' ~ 0/ 4 Cy;./~ AJ Jk r..:/;.:;_


1.1'
)i -,_;.! ~.I-, J/If,,~, If UJ.I; JtJV' .IJ' J:~If uitJ..-'" .IJ'U~JPl
If ,,~, Ly; z.),v~ / ~J-, JLL; .IJ' ~J L'J ~U U}JJ=
:if If~; ~~'.:;_ .l'J'.I'
r'.IJ'.I' ., .v...,J} i '_;:;-'
~ ~.I-,
c.;.,
.,., c,I' -, v..
fV~.f

JJ

-,_;.! ~.I-'

JIll' LIf If ~~, j}~ J J:~ L ..:/; 0)U,/. ~,


fOJ-?i..J)

OJ~Y'O/JJ.lJ'~'J~'~.I~I}/('1

L..:/;

')J

If ~IP~'

~'./Ch' L c,I' I.)!"-.I~ L..:/; JC ~!


-OJ "-J / (J'" ..:/w ..fIf J~ ,JJ.I L J...; cJ ~, (1) -Uy; P ~,
U.IJ'U.I1,~

'~.I'JJ .:;_ _.v .::.v-.v.; ~

.IJILb: ~Jf

r c,I' /

cP'JPl

/ ..:/;

o}lb/. L "':;'JL ,1857

"-/Ir jlrJPi U ..t.lj L ~1,LI1 flJ

J~r1.1' J,(

J' f 4: z....f eJ"= u i.. V"~..JJ/"

I.)! ~J

J;

r~P!,_;.!' ~ Llf L 1.1' f -~,


~y;P~'
~~
J ~JJ~ L c,I' LV' -,,-/a' I.)!'"' If J~1j~, i.. L c,I'
f'y;'~.1~
~ r J~.:;_
Po L 1.1' -~ "-'.f J~/ UiJ.I L c,I' .IJ'
Jt:-JPl i'~~.f~

:r f'-f'-

h .ok;~ .JJ' '41/;

88

cJI'4 ~.J.JJJ'-

-4,J .::/,

u~t:--~
"cJI L

.JJII/"ri .ok;~v. ~J JJIU~ ~


V. uP.u~ JJI':"--~J":,,,1 -!"JI, cJ~ JJ L u/; JJI':"--~.J
Po L ,1857v!~ ~ ii' --tf "';j .JJIA JJI ! J! .:;,j '- (I'

j~

d ,-(IIU~

-,JJ!'1 ,JU~~~I L.::/; lS)U,/.


(j 2.... L ~I ~I L .::/,lS)U,/.V. ~~ Po L ,1857
~~ J" .JJI'IJf)'I; ~J{ ~I ~I V.~. L VI -ifJI)' 1UJJIj.
S~.J ~~ f J"J>1~'- Po L VI -J LL 1;"'"ij,/. r:J >. S

r:J lSA,GJ
LVI .JJI! dL L VI J{ t) .::/~ S&1 .Jltil./' tf" v rt ~ I/.
" dL L ~~ lS}1J,/..:..--1.1 .!.t. ~~
":,,,1 -! Jf .::/! "rt
01~~ JI .JJI'I/~ ~ ~tt~I...;r VA'" 1~J;r,.J. ..J/
J ~Ui S-" vI .J .JJI'T- ;.:J..JJI~ lil4- '- ~~
11- fl/~~J
-~, Cu i,GJ ~ vI J!1U~~ 1;1-v.r
JJ1'.
SvI 't) ~ lS.J!.....t ~ Po 2.... L U~~ L 1- Po L ,1857

'T-'

''''~,f~ '- vl,.l -4lSJ./

'-

:--"ij,/.

Jr,

:ft..P' V. ~J~ L .J~'

v' Lv./ -!~


.ft;'-:";~ ~

If ~;

./ cJ! cJ~ v. -'T- JjI, ~ ~.J;r, 1- lS.J~~ ,t,l.Ji


-iflS.J!L,)" 1-lS.J~Po Sj.PI (.I " VI ~ cC
-" 4- -'T- ~ ~ l.Ii ,,/ L,)"
(2)-'T- I"

'-.J{ "

1- lSJ~-"

lS.J!'- (VI .J~I

e". L Jy. cJ)J/ V. ,18872.... L ~

4-

(.I ~

{ ';:')..,p ,J 1-

89

t".LJr._t.,_'j~ ,1898.1. )J' ,fJ"'" Jj

t:::-)?)1)

"

~ L)}~

t:::- ~ .Po I:P'JPz

)JJ

1/"0; .Po Po L

t:::-''~

J' f " (j,j ~ ~

~ I:P'JPz

V' -:-if~

J-?

L ~~
'v! Lr l...1'O)'JiJ
-L~ ~ ;lJiJ t:::-:",oU,..t.rJ II:)'L1'

..)I;

)LJ, r v' si- O)~ 2._ L ~? J t.:P ~ ,-)'J' L ~~


V./ L" Ltc 4flJ ~':;'P! ~ ,1857 ~ -" ~ ('1"
J:I
/~

L L)~~

)~)J

l'~ ,- )J' J

,;-'
s'T-Iz ~

,;-'

n' ~?

f"
J

t,,,.

:f~tJfL

.:;,)i,a ~PI

t.:P ~ ~~

J'

- l..."

jL;, ~ .A ~ - z: J j

s:'T-~~-:''T-C"JjJ,1' J t:::-....6L)J'~~
.:;,,!) )J' rJC L v' r -t:;- ....6L')In )J' ~~ ')In -:
J" o~.:;,)i ~ V' t:::-,a IPI J' f.I,;J,,, 'v!
(3)4

~, J'I/,~'r .::.r.'J)V' ~

)~)J

L..::/;

,,:,,1/ t:::-)IJ, L.::)JJ )J' ',,:):JJ~)

l...1'".
I:)~'J~

'-t' ~

L .::./'; ~

;I~.J

'~?

0)U,..t. ,,:,,' ~

J t.:P ~JPz

t if' 1'L t:::-t~

s ,j!.

)~)J -:

-1:. L)"

V' J'" .:.t" 0% ~


L L!;1'J t:::-)} JI; -i;_
)~)J'-/. )J' i;_ l...r L ~ J ;~ )J' ui)~)J,;-' ~ .:,.r'1)

J: t:::-J)~~ L!,r1'J~

)~)J

.::.r.'J)
-: _i;_ l...1'I:)~'r O)'JiJ
rV L I:P'JPz~ if-f-'" )~)J)?rJJ~ ,1903 ~)JJ L I:)j1'
j, JI ~ d) ~v' ;-v L~'
J~
1l'J) L' L.:,.r'1; I:)~'J
4~('~J -: ~ '-~~ L)~)J V' Lo~r
)J'

,1860

90

.,

A"

.,

AI

S C);) r I.)! tr.


S ~ .:;;~I.)! I
JJ

J? ':' V1 }" -r'j


'i- Ai Ai

-:>'.1

C)_Nl ,.:.

? ~ (i V1 zs
'i- Ai Ai S JJ.I ,.,.

..y'_'-

!Y ~
,v- ... ~

S I:fZ/.

'i- Ai Ai

J'j

(jll ~

'i- Ai Ai

.IJ'

J
J

Y/ .IIJ

L)! UJ.l1;-o

...."...z

v.! ,j

I,;/-'vf ~

-.;~

Pi

'x

/-.1

L)!

fA2
..
~
II.!

V'

L V' f~fll.tj /.::.<.'J.IJ" L _p,.j, v' L UJ.I~.IJ


V' .IJ' 'Ii C~~ "";!i" ( .:;;L. SC)' .e: L~ ~J .:;;1J.,i' J ~ 1
UJ.I~.IJL L!r-1'J ~ ~ C~~~.:;;7~.IJ' .Ii~ I.)! Vb--- ~, vJ-

UJ-"J~J..t.lj

'v! J~OJ vA '. ~ ~UJ 1U}'J Lf C)JIiJ~ ~; I.)!.


L V' -13 Cf JIj' .:;;7 SC)' f ~{ JIP .IJ' f 1J, ~ ~ C)' L!r-1'J

.IJ'

.e.L!JJ ~

( o-"J~J~,

1.;:.,,0; L'J

Li v! .I~.IJJ'I'

~,L ~; oju,/. LY/ Lj Yo J,.t.. ~ ':;;~'J.I -4" S U;--

,; r"~ ~ j;~ J.llf .:-~f ?JJ L)! ,.1911 ~.: .::..,;j'-"J


r:J ..t.'I 0'.1 v.! J.llf .:;;1L L J;'~,~, ~; oju,/. -r' J"13
~1l1.)! JJ 1~j'-"J 2... ~, '1.::,,-0; ~ .IJ' lf~ .:;;1 L ~u,/.
~ Ul.v .J.1i ~ ~, ,j..IC ....;/ -:,J ~J',['1i JIP ( ~,
~ J.}lv' ~ ~~ S..:)? J ~ .IJ'~ ( ujl/ L ~JPi

0''

91
,nl7

Y j Yo ~"

~I '-

tiL L

I:P'JPz L U';I

-7 IS'"='-}J L

?-, tf

U,.,. ~

..::.r.~ = OJ

IS'C)I"=,,I

~!~I J);"I L JJ L C)I,.A."I;


~ /i ,1'';~;C,:._f ,,=,,1
,1'~
,1't!;ll JJ (j If L .::/;o)tb./. L,: Lf J' ,,~IJ" vI _.;
,,!j./.If ~yil IS'C)I;r k"t!"k#'12V c!~1 ~I v! .,:..1,,11 IS'if-~ ~ IJ.'J If':? '- ~IJ" rC)I"JI 7"
t#

..f.~J

,1''; ~I I,,{ I,,{ r vI 1.::/; o)U,./.


L L.k OJ ...f ~ ~ f v.! .::/; '- ,.lI)' /".

J'I " ~JPz

J"'I, c),; r un

"JI .,:.;-'~"C)ylJ L

8J

~JPz

U';I

2... L

-v./ v.!

vI

v! (I' r C)I,1''; J~ r C)IJ',f'oJ'::*}""';) IS' l,)JA~ "JI UJ"I~j


v! ,1820 -T c:c: ~ l/; (I." 1.::/." ~"j L C)II)) 7s,"JI (~I

1.::/; L,: Lf8}~1.....;)IS' ~I IS' ..P. vI

L y ;,,/LvI".;,

:,1'';~8''?
'-'::J vI _.~,

?JlPf Yo v!,-}~

,,!j./.I o"I~j"

u:'

~/i

& ..jyl ..P. ~


IS' J/!? *) j,: o"I~j fi -J 7" If 7
o}JGJ IS' C)I'- .::/; o"~ "JI J L~ ,:"=,,I} ..:JI"
(4) -JL~,: "yf
I)!/IIJJIL U';I *}t!(;J} J' r.,:..1,fl,#1 ($~ L .::/;o)U,./. ~
C)I,1''; J~ r C)IJ',f'
~y I uV L ft I (lSi ~)..lA.h;

"JI '( 7"

OJ

~J

"JI '( L ~J

v! .:;..%f,:

8J~j

Jlj;

,-)J.A..W c).rf''- '::J IS' .,:..1,fl,#1

uV C)Ii J5 ":"J~ I)! ,1857 I)! /IIJJI~.I-J


"IJI r lS}JGJ~ 1,)J).liW LI{ ';-, Lifo

,:"Ii~

IS' ';-J

(/,,,j aJ~j

fr r .::/; L

92

2.... V' -if


r (II s:dr J....; J'. ~Y J ..:;.,-"$ Po L ,.h L .::..~
L ~ .nl ~.!t ~I r.Po 4 ~
J,~ f uJ.h;~j LIf: J 4:-J ;1..,f- I.i /,. cJI'- -?JJ LJ1 J'. i~ JJA JJI' L cJ1J l:P L ..:;.,-"$2....
~I'~I LJ1 ~J fr d.-I cJr-JJ L ~J JJI.;:.,;$ -: -t ! ~
..:;.,-"$J'-~
'::"JJ/ ,f- ~ JJI L ,_/;J!j./. ,f- ~I J l:f"1 J'. uj~

do s:U ,,-,j 2.... L Lb:!""

r?-:f cJli r ~IJJ Jii'!

J1

'rISl,rJ'';!

~JjLj;fJ_;r

-L "'/ ,f- J.J,J

; ~~

f ~ v' L":;"-"$ ~

iP -IJ]J jj~ l..li';!J cJI~Jj L

~J/ J'.'::"JylJJIA&t'Yl'_:,r

L if. f (Alienation Act) dI ';:'J.I J'. ,1901 J'. "'r'f"


~ J ~V' (5)-y!Jo...v.~"LJ:.j d!j" UJ.?LLJ JJIUJJr..ri'V
~Jj

-(g r ~

b';I.J.LWJJIJYltJbr I:f J;I /.'=1 b'~2.... L ~; J

~J V' ~I J UJ;fA JJI UJJIP.'"jJ'. U~ J.;:.,;$ O~./.

J'. dV'JPi ~ f ,f *- JJI


V' IJJ -ti~Lf ~1Y,f-r J;~I J'.~~ .J. 'tiJA" J} U"~
fV'if LYlv! IJL UJJIP.'"j-:JJ r":;"-"$ 2.... L LeI / ~I J ~
..J.I' _:,Po 'IYlI~ .:i~~ ~Ji JJI .Iv?

L ;J J!j./. /o;fJl;J

ScJIL ..:;.,-"$(6) -L )Jl;J L .;:.,;$ Yo

SJf./oJ{ ScJI~Jj L if.fl) IhfJ~I f ~~J ttJJ..)" 2....


.J J! OJ OJj ~ SV' j JYl ~ ~ ,f- 'Jj J'. -:JJL cJI}i'l
J!

L.::..I._.w J cJILYl Lf r-? f OJIJl;JJ cJI.;:.,;$ eJ~ L V'


L ..:;.,-"$'I JYllJ'f 2.... L cJIJ'. J~JJ 'I Jjl; '- ~UJ ~I
(7) -L Lf JJ ._;)r.; i... L cJIJJI Lf .:;..G"tJ, ..J} '- cJIJIJ:.~
_if; J'. Jif ~' f~ V' L U~I ~Jj L JJ..) (lSi V' IJJ

J'I

93

L L/I~ vV' r~ v! L)/; ,Jjl;)

i ~I J el' v!c:P'~

-.If ,j./,)~O'JL/ ('nl15)I,;,1/.


1 ,II/.' 15)~ L .::/'p 15)U,/.2...

-p. rL))I,.) :;i~.~ iflu L/ V~,pl L ~ 2... L ,j./,)~ 1)1

U .:...: )JI V!,t" ifl JcJl~ C.lf :;i~~ r~ )JI j)pt ,.,II) cr
eJ(I) r J cJ,c..,,)JI '4:..21-) J! ;1,;,1/.
1-: '-':;>J Jdo ,I v? J.If~!t
~I
v!/ J~ 20 v! J' VI L ,j./,)~ .s: 1-;1;/ J! J~j
.If;;iY 2'400 ,If JvI v!/ J~ 30 'I)~ ,It" ;;iY 300 uf.lf ~.
o.,f '.
C.lf )1" r~ }t 1000 u! .If~ _3'500 v!/ J~ 50 )JI '!J!
-.If (j' eJ~j'- cJ.!j U ,II) 15)~ 2... L.)I hI ~ v!,j./,)~~
'T- C! If -i:.. 1-.If !....,:..I)~Ir;-J v! L)j~ ';-, f L)J;lJ'-.d cJl(8) .
'- uf J~~v! L~';-,'v! -r'fY cJi.;,i -vd'-J-' v! *,1860 ,I

J'-<:- uf VI"

( '-5,11) t1'(*,1906)

J)lj

JL" u f ~

cJ~)J L 0::/.) )JI ,j./,)~-" ~I

L)L ,I ~

'T- (jl)!.1 2... L cJlo::/.) ,I 4:.. ~J

~':t.!'-

f L~

C/ ..Jl)1
JI.~ 4 'T- C.lf

(t r

-:I L

tt~

-JvJI2...L
..:.fU,1 I~p! u ;1,.; L -:J) L ()(/ )JI ~ JL

,j2

J~u.:...:
l)!.' -4:.. 1-/ J' ,,~~JJ_&j f! v! ..,:..)~
J~
J

v! *,1872 n:-- -if Jr ,;l7) I:- 21.-- L L)~ ';-, L L),)I ~ ,I U1


.A,- ,,;,i f 49 )JI ,f 15;JLJ/f I:)'fi~ v! ';0 L..,:..p! v! -r'fy rI
(9)"'"iSJ'-J

j~ f L)Ji 16~

L VI i ~r;:J J~Jj

~ -if~J 1)1

L J. f'T-~
J~~Vl ~,Jr0. ..JI~ v! *,1919
15Jljr4 v! 15v"'-~ ~ .J./I/(? J;:J )~ L~ L ':-J ~ f
k. ) ~ V. L)J~,f J f! "L)JVtI.l u~.IJll:)'fiu;..v! vI i J.If ~;

J'j~

))1 ~

94

-::"UVI Jr _;/,:,!.I. ~t

J'

... jv:.1 L .::;_

VI -V1I,j.J ~

J..6

J'o J'VI 4!V' ~I If 1(:)", L~ ~.J~..t. '1,j.J....(,>


.-'f- ~ r,tJ ".JL 2... L ;( 14 (.fk--!.I.
.JJI'_;tJV L IJJJ'

!.I.'JIJ-Y

~7

t~.Ij /.:

dV JPi IIJJ~

cJI .JJI'( 'f-.J ~ Atil

vI LJyl

~'

.::;_~J

J'1:1- s:v? ..:1ftJ V'

U jf

r cJI J'..; -:ft ~

L.JJJ Jlk.I _I~

s:LJIl.J,f. "' vI lJujf ''(JIl':' I-'IJyl J'


JIJj

~v:.Jj~1 '-p

;..-;f ;..-;f !.I.,;." L .:k~I

f ... IJk 'f-.J LJIl....(,>

,f..r s:-:j -f1 : V1..:1ftJ JJ J'vI


!.I. rUV' .JJI.J~J.Jr
L ~;
cP'JPi JI

2... L.:;,o; .JJIIJJ)J '-.J Jilb./. f JIl~.J~ ~ !.I. J~J J',1940


(.fk--O'J 2!I !.I. V~ ~lr- ~lr- L VI 4! JIl J! t/, (i )1)1 '"
2... VI -1/JIl~t If c(.::;_
J..61 cJI .r.JJIl.JJ .:::;u, .I; VI vii
LVI 2... L vI! ~ JIl~ .JJI
Po L IJ? JJ ft ~; Jilb./.

r:

-L~ JIl.JIJ.tfJ'::;_(lSi J~fi

~I

IJ

f~ ~ .=--1.1J/.JJI IJ~

r J. LttJJ'JVt Jr 'lJi (.fk--f!

'.,!..~

/'t .I} ~

1 ~JPi

'L IJr

-:
~J (il J/JJ
JJIlJ.l-I !.I. ~JPi .JJI'4 J:,r

J',-.t'~2... L :",-ib./.
r vI I.lA-'f- ~.J~ ~ .a!i. -f1.::;_ .J;~ J}'~;;'2... L

cJI -: ...flYl-: -:f. rcJI .JJI~ b: y~r~

f 'f- !.I. (.fl"

J'~IP J'vI

LI(-

'~ Jfty".::;_~ IJk ftl-:v

Jilb./..1'-J JJljf

.::;_I

-L~

J) --?/ vI f~ ';IJ (il rl,.JC J'cJVJPi -: j IJIlJljf J ~


1 J~ ~I ,J. 'LJIl ~ ( !.I. '-;~ L vl.f cf. J~JPi 1J!7
.

-~ JIl~.J

.::;_uk LJIl ;.1 .IIj./.

95

I. Wurgaft, P. 7

106-V JI962.J.t1D'{

..:.-DlP:-:.JoC'/

100 -V

:/I~I

4. Bearce, P. 137
~1997 .J.t1iJ

\5).d'1:-!~..j,~ji;: ~ 2... L ~

6. Hutchins, P.187

8. Dewey, Clive: Anglo_Indian

Attitudes. Cambridge, 1993,P. 5

39-V:..J~

96

.n' -:f ,~,....~,~ (uzj J1J~ii


-=--::J,J if. 7 ...Jti>,J Jj v! L)",j .n' L);J v! k=Jro V1J.IJ;
J Lt' f)J -8.;:L";;.IJ'~~) J; f .IJ' u.;~~ .IJ';./. J Lt' v.P
"..:-~
v' v! if.lJ )i~,J}

/ '.; v!

(jL~' IL);J (j_;/) 8Jf 7l5)J

_.j

=,J L);J ~~

-ILJ JAv! L~rI


J J.;:; ,J (j' .IJ'~~ ~~
,J if. 7) .IJ'~Y?vv!)'.IJ' ,-:,,"..;;i 0v' flJ;t U:"..:-~v'
r J; 0k=J'..z,v -7 r -=-~ H 71( JP (~tYo L L)yl, -=--::J

I,-:,,"..;;i ~

ji

JJ' L L)yl, ji I(J,?--' 1.1) "

-7", (bt v' .I'AJ.I'J


..:-1J~ii ~,L L)f. ~ ~ ')}J

-=- (j' ".If Ii';;8Jfl('~ Ivl?' v' v! L);J .IJ' L)",j (I


'-/ JJ-7 ..:-0. J d y~2... L (j' 1.1) r ~72... v' -u.; 4i
~'j L)H L ..:-1J~ii-=- -::J,J if.'(y j L)i1j".If " L L)_')'
r~~)'~, '~/. r ..:-Inji
-I J1":-/ -=- L)J.I;J ..:-1'J.I
.:A

~'.l~,~,

-~a.rJi ~/.r ..:-1jJ ~J'~'.IJ'/"

..::/,' -=- L)J)J' L '.)/.


.IJ'vd{ '{;,J...J/ ,; L L)iY J1J~ii
bt ,;-' ~.IJ L L)J)J'~ 2... L L~ (I ",.If J1j IL)H .J. '0
~7.IJ'(,j, ~.I,! v! if. ..f:. L~ ~L..ai L ( v' -I(;.it j (
J1

~"v'

.IJ'-V do JjL r J; '":;'.I,!f'J1

= _..;:.r v'

u:

-J1

('i'.);./.,J

J' .f1) ~"U.f11)

"~'f-

97

,fl~
'f- J' .f1J; SJ!'fi fl/

f .::.dJ))JI ,-)IJI JlPJj L 1J) )JI ~ V' L ~t -I) V: ~)i


JlP ~'.f1d jti )JI J~J i)i '.f1J; (II); &J'f-f -~J)F ) ~
.:)7 J ~
~ fl/~) r-? Iz, VI o: ~ Jj L J~;-.f1 JJ'if
IJJ -V,t...J~ J -'1.:::;_ U~ (V jJI e~'y r,j;J (# )JI JJ'if )JI
J J~J} Sr,jl L V,_),f )hP'~";; ~)i ,-/(r j~J~i}...k ~

&~L
~

-J.f1 cflt

J;

J L ,.;4!JI J ~I ~,,)} uk--~ 1.f1,.JI; r )JJ j~J~i} ~ f~


v! 1J) )JI;I;(; L ,-:,7-:,,)} tJJ )JI ~Ir- 'J(r J J.1r' ./'..f1
JI;i

,:;~
tL ,-:,7 f L ~
Yo

J~";;

,j L ..::.r~~

)JI '-)JI

&J -:

~i..JIo r,j!7

Yo v!

ufo r,jl -'f-) 0'

wf,y L r,jl -L ;~.:::;_~";;


~ )JI L

L )JJ J~J~i} t/- P. L l!J,;i

fJJ -I) t))hP'

11..jJf

r,j_i

-t::....)
. '-L ..::...LI
J)
,
L.7.
..

..::...)~
IUJ)J' )JI ..::...~IJ)
JlP u!7 JI v! )JJ J~~i} ~ ~
)JI UtY' ~' &J-'f- C))1.$1r..::...~~
,flifl ..JIo I)n t/- r:l L ~ .:::;

d~_I~jJI

'J~/(1'':;-1 )JI 'f- if. ~.JiIJ}':::;_ )~I LJ


jJI ~I IJ} &Jv! J ':;-f i.vI -'f- f.f11.7..:::;_,-:;,,)i d"j r V',,)}
-V,t._i;! .:::;_
un (I.: "':-"'"-: ;f~I r .c;-) 'v~'r,j~; Sv' -'f- if.)
J>J

L J )JI un (I.: I) r UJJI

f 'f-,:r 0' ~I .:::;_J vI t/- r r,jl

w~v! -V' J ~)i) ~

-L~

I.::)JJ )JI L~ J~I

b)j

'r:) -V,t O'Jt.f J) .I} L L).::./$ L r,jl


...J) tJ/ JJ -L~ ~ v! .::)~S~J J...J} I(I' ~)j L UJ)J' ,.?
L ,...1.: tA' -L~~ v! j~J" .I} ~ I("~)j L ,...1.: tA' ~I)j
)JI t}~)Y.: 'vd{

98

L .::./; y- -'7- Jl7 IUYij L


L~; -~L~J1-!:f-'L ~I/

L "':"~
v.. UJ)J'

J~' le'.Jj

('1 .::./; Lf

d~ .JJ' .1''; 'JJ

U ~...;JI,;-

r.,.~ S('11(';'fi
-'7- jf ~- ~ U.?; ~ LJ1 LI;: e~l) J'IIJ} .::./; fi ,.;!.Jj
.JJ' L/.Ji '~Y ~'f(J
uYij L ~ d'Y-i".J~ jy;i
e.;:L ~ 1.v.1J.J".J~ J'lj Vlr '.lin f '7- _':;Jif.. -'7- ~.J ~ Lf ~
~

-'7-

r~11;:..Y~~J~

~Jj"

-'7- ~.J~ 1J: rJ1


v.. ('1 .JJ' uP. uY u '7- tJ, v.:' Y- !;'.JJ.JJ' ....fi~ .JJJ j 1J~ii

~ 2....

t,y L .:.~v' I~ L d' .JJ' ~)J'

~ u;Jr
1)~~

d' ('1

L .::./; -'7- ~o.JJJ


f ~,f- f ~~
.::.:;.;
J ~
&, eJ f

"t ~

.JJ' ~.J'J'

L I.f' ..::,..r'~.J
f '7- 'J1-: ";:'1( v' -~ ?-.J (Jj

'",:,,;.,../J} LJ1?-.J" t
I.f' -~ L~ J1o.J~~ ",:,,'Ji ",:"J'.JJ' )?'",:,,;"") 'J~v.. u~ S
--by L ('I-'7-,f J1/"J .JJ'.:.f v.. uP. uiJJ d' ~ Jj .JJ' o.JJJ
2_ L &, :# f ~-'7- c:!J ('1 .JJ' Jl,..J--, ',Jib -::,"UC" .JJ' ..::,..r'~.J
'7S..::,..r'~.J
'))J -~ c:!J .JJ' L'J Lfey 1..::,..r'~.J
'JJ "::'>;J ('1
"::'>;J I UJ)J' J'1.JL v' -L~ 1~J.JJ' JJ(~ if I ~I,;- ('1fi f
~ .J~JI v.. Lf ~ c/.JJ' L~J ,; I ('11.)'i=: '7- ~ b: JJ
d'

('1 f ~'~;

J; .JJ'.:i~ ~

o='~

-'7- jJ1

S..::di,;v.JJ'j,P'-":'J;f ~)J' L I.f' .JJ' ~~.J ~/....fi f ~


S~Ij ,;'.J'J .-3 'j! &, 'o.J'.;:!.!'v.. ~}lr A i v(~de .::./~
-'7- r~ J1 vl?' ~Ji'J'
~,....f ~ f'7- 1]1.1 d~ .JJ' Jt'i v.. uH....f"::;J V' v.. vlr

99

u~..; S.I~.I~~
.t'i

~ -{ ~ ~V~I.::.-vt.. ,.:!.Ij L

J)J, J"?' .IJ' if" 4- v! lr

-:::;J

J..; .f

.t'i ~I

V' ; \,I,(~
-'"((t v! L~I.::.-vt..

-IA L~~.v .::.-~~


L LJ~"; I.::.-vt..v! UH .IJI f- r~
21.-- L -:::;J .f f- r~8.1 ;'1.1 U' ~ 2... L UH v! .::.-Vt..cJI
'cJl y~
Ji v! ~J.Af S~VI -L~S~J.Af 2... L ~~'LJ;:,/'
-IA ~
~ L.t'i LJ.I~I IJ:l4- .IJI..:::z;~ '.),Ij}
-f- .I~JJ V lr l.;In cl o;;::_ if..f f- Jt.. '::'-.I~
eJ 0:.

También podría gustarte