Ex.

No : 1

ANALOG MODULATION TECHNIQUE

Date :
AIM
To design an Amplitude Modulation, Frequency modulation and Phase
modulation and simulate it in MATLAB package.
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED

MATLAB Version 7.12.0 (R2011a)

THEORY
INTRODUCTION
Modulation is defined as the process of changing the characteristics (Amplitude,
Frequency or Phase) of the carrier signal (high frequency signal) in accordance with the
intensity of the message signal (modulating signal).There are basically three types of
analog modulation schemes they are
Amplitude modulation (AM)
Angle modulation

Frequency modulation(FM)

Phase modulation(PM)

Forms of AM: AM signals may be of various types such as

The Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier (SSS-SC)
Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB SC
Double Side Band Full Carrier (DSB FC)
Single Side Band Full Carrier (SSB FC)
Vestigial Side Band (VSB)
These different types of amplitude modulation schemes are used for different
applications.
Conventional double sideband AM is used in radio broadcast,
Single sideband suppressed carrier AM is used in analog telephony and

Vestigial sideband AM is used in TV broadcast.

Ex. No : 1a

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AIM
To design an Amplitude Modulation and simulate it in MATLAB package.
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED

MATLAB Version 7.12.0 (R2011a)

THEORY
Amplitude Modulation(AM) is defined as the process in which is the amplitude of the
carrier wave is varied about a means values linearly with the base band signal. The
envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the
following two requirements are satisfied
(1). the carrier frequency fc must be much greater then the highest frequency
components fm of the message signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm
(2) The modulation index must be less than unity. if the modulation index is
greater than unity, the carrier wave becomes over modulated.
The basic block of amplitude modulation is given below:

CODING
Am=5;Ac=3;
t=0:0.001:1;
fm=input('msg freq=');%1
fc=input('carrier freq=');%30
m=input('modulation index=');%1.0
x=Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('msg sgl');
c=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t)
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier sgl');
%y=((Am+m)*x).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
y=(Ac*[1+Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t)]).*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('AM modulated signal');
%fm=20;fc=150;m=1

OUTPUT
msg freq=1
carrier freq=30
modulation index=1.0

Ex. No : 1b

FREQUENCY MODULATION

AIM
To design an Frequency Modulation and simulate it in MATLAB package
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED

MATLAB Version 7.12.0 (R2011a)

THEORY
Frequency modulation (FM) is defined as the frequency of the signal is changed by
the modulation (baseband) signal while its amplitude remains the same.
The modulation system in which the modulator output is of constant amplitude, in which
the signal information is super imposed on the carrier through variations of the carrier
frequency.
The frequency modulation is a non-linear modulation process. Each spectral
component of the base band signal gives rise to one or two spectral components in the
modulated signal. These components are separated from the carrier by a frequency
difference equal to the frequency of base band component. Most importantly the nature
of the modulators is such that the spectral components which produce decently on the
carrier frquency and the base band frequencies.The spetral components in the modulated
wave form depend on the amplitude.
The modulation index for FM is defined as
Mf= max frequency deviation/ modulating frequency.

CODING
Am=5;Ac=3;
t=0:0.001:1;
fm=input('msg freq=');%10
fc=input('carrier freq=');%30
fd=input('freq deviation=');%10
m=fd/fm;
x=Am*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('msg sgl');
c=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t)
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier sgl');
%y=((Am+m)*x).*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
y=sin((2*pi*fc*t)+(m.*sin(2*pi*fm*t)));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('FM modulated signal');

OUTPUT
msg freq=1
carrier freq=30
modulation index=1.0

Ex. No : 1c

PHASE MODULATION

AIM
To design an Frequency Modulation and simulate it in MATLAB package
SOFTWARE TOOL REQUIRED

MATLAB Version 7.12.0 (R2011a)

THEORY
Phase Modulation:
Phase modulation (PM) is a modulation pattern that encodes information as variations
in the instantaneous phase of a carrier wave.
Unlike frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation is not widely used for transmitting
radio waves. This is because PM requires more complex receiving hardware, and there
can be ambiguity problems in determining whether, for example, the signal has changed
phase by +180 or -180.
Advantage
1. Phase modulation & demodulation is easy compared to Frequency modulation.
2. Phase modulator is used in determining velocity of moving target by extracting Doppler information.
Dopplerinformation needs stable carrier which is possible in phase modulation but not in frequency
modulation.
Disadvantage
1. Phase ambiguity comes if we exceed its modulation index pi radian(180 degree).2. we need frequency
multiplier to increase phase modulation index.

CODING
Am=5;Ac=3;
t=0:0.001:1;
fm=input('msg freq=');%10
fc=input('carrier freq=');%30
K=input('freq sensitivity=');%20
m=K*Am;
m=1.0
%x=Am*square(2*pi*fm*t);
x=Am*sawtooth(2*pi*fm*t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t,x);
title('msg sgl');
c=Ac*sin(2*pi*fc*t)
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t,c);
title('carrier sgl');
%y=Ac*sin((2*pi*fc*t)+(m.*square(2*pi*fm*t)));
y=Ac*sin((2*pi*fc*t)+(m.*sawtooth(2*pi*fm*t)));
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t,y);
title('PM modulated signal');

OUTPUT
msg freq=10
carrier freq=20
freq sensitivity=10

RESULT

Thus the design and simulation of analog modulations like Amplitude modulation,
Frequency modulation and Phase modulation were done successfully using MATLAB
7.12.0 package