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LTE(telecommunication)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

LTE(LongTermEvolution,commonlymarketedas
4GLTE)isastandardforwirelesscommunicationof
highspeeddataformobilephonesanddataterminals.It
isbasedontheGSM/EDGEandUMTS/HSPAnetwork
technologies,increasingthecapacityandspeedusinga
differentradiointerfacetogetherwithcorenetwork
improvements.[1][2]Thestandardisdevelopedbythe
3GPP(3rdGenerationPartnershipProject)andis
specifiedinitsRelease8documentseries,withminor
enhancementsdescribedinRelease9.
LTEisthenaturalupgradepathforcarrierswithboth
GSM/UMTSnetworksandCDMA2000networks.The
differentLTEfrequenciesandbandsusedindifferent
countrieswillmeanthatonlymultibandphoneswillbe
abletouseLTEinallcountrieswhereitissupported.

AdoptionofLTEtechnologyasofDecember7,
2014
CountriesandregionswithcommercialLTE
service
CountriesandregionswithcommercialLTE
networkdeploymentongoingorplanned
CountriesandregionswithLTEtrialsystems

(precommitment)
Althoughmarketedasa4Gwirelessservice,LTE(as
specifiedinthe3GPPRelease8and9documentseries)
doesnotsatisfythetechnicalrequirementsthe3GPPconsortiumhasadoptedforits
newLTEAdvancedstandard.TherequirementswereoriginallysetforthbytheITUR
organizationinitsIMTAdvancedspecification.However,duetomarketingpressures
andthesignificantadvancementsthatWiMAX,EvolvedHSPAandLTEbringtothe
original3Gtechnologies,ITUlaterdecidedthatLTEtogetherwiththeaforementioned
technologiescanbecalled4Gtechnologies.[3]TheLTEAdvancedstandardformally
satisfiestheITURrequirementstobeconsideredIMTAdvanced.[4]Todifferentiate
LTEAdvancedandWiMAXAdvancedfromcurrent4Gtechnologies,ITUhasdefined
themas"True4G".[5][6]

LTEsignal
indicatorin
Android

Contents
1 Overview
1.1 LTEDirect
2 Features
3 Voicecalls
3.1 Enhancedvoicequality
4 Frequencybands

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4 Frequencybands
5 Patents
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Furtherreading
9 Externallinks
9.1 Whitepapersandothertechnicalinformation

Overview
LTEstandsforLongTermEvolution[7]andisaregistered
trademarkownedbyETSI(EuropeanTelecommunications
StandardsInstitute)forthewirelessdatacommunications
technologyandadevelopmentoftheGSM/UMTSstandards.
Howeverothernationsandcompaniesdoplayanactiveroleinthe
LTEproject.ThegoalofLTEwastoincreasethecapacityand
speedofwirelessdatanetworksusingnewDSP(digitalsignal
processing)techniquesandmodulationsthatweredevelopedaround
theturnofthemillennium.Afurthergoalwastheredesignand
simplificationofthenetworkarchitecturetoanIPbasedsystem
withsignificantlyreducedtransferlatencycomparedtothe3G
architecture.TheLTEwirelessinterfaceisincompatiblewith2G
and3Gnetworks,sothatitmustbeoperatedonaseparateradio
spectrum.
LTEwasfirstproposedbyNTTDoCoMoofJapanin2004,and
studiesonthenewstandardofficiallycommencedin2005.[8]In
May2007,theLTE/SAETrialInitiative(LSTI)alliancewas
foundedasaglobalcollaborationbetweenvendorsandoperators
withthegoalofverifyingandpromotingthenewstandardinorder
TeliabrandedSamsungLTEmodem
toensuretheglobalintroductionofthetechnologyasquicklyas
possible.[9][10]TheLTEstandardwasfinalizedinDecember2008,
andthefirstpubliclyavailableLTEservicewaslaunchedbyTeliaSonerainOsloandStockholmon
December14,2009asadataconnectionwithaUSBmodem.TheLTEserviceswerelaunchedbymajor
NorthAmericancarriersaswell,withtheSamsungSCHr900beingtheworldsfirstLTEMobilephone
startingonSeptember21,2010[11][12]andSamsungGalaxyIndulgebeingtheworldsfirstLTEsmartphone
startingonFebruary10,2011[13][14]bothofferedbyMetroPCSandHTCThunderBoltofferedbyVerizon
startingonMarch17beingthesecondLTEsmartphonetobesoldcommercially.[15][16]InCanada,Rogers
WirelesswasthefirsttolaunchLTEnetworkonJuly7,2011offeringtheSierraWirelessAirCard313U
USBmobilebroadbandmodem,knownasthe"LTERocketstick"thenfollowedcloselybymobile
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devicesfrombothHTCandSamsung.[17]Initially,CDMAoperators
plannedtoupgradetorivalstandardscalledUMBandWiMAX,but
allthemajorCDMAoperators(suchasVerizon,Sprintand
MetroPCSintheUnitedStates,BellandTelusinCanada,auby
KDDIinJapan,SKTelecominSouthKoreaandChina
Telecom/ChinaUnicominChina)haveannouncedthattheyintend
tomigratetoLTEafterall.TheevolutionofLTEisLTEAdvanced,
whichwasstandardizedinMarch2011.[18]Servicesareexpectedto
commencein2013.[19]
TheLTEspecificationprovidesdownlinkpeakratesof300Mbit/s,
uplinkpeakratesof75Mbit/sandQoSprovisionspermittinga
transferlatencyoflessthan5msintheradioaccessnetwork.LTE
hastheabilitytomanagefastmovingmobilesandsupportsmulti
castandbroadcaststreams.LTEsupportsscalablecarrier
bandwidths,from1.4MHzto20MHzandsupportsbothfrequency
HTCThunderBolt,thesecond
divisionduplexing(FDD)andtimedivisionduplexing(TDD).The
commerciallyavailableLTE
IPbasednetworkarchitecture,calledtheEvolvedPacketCore
smartphone
(EPC)designedtoreplacetheGPRSCoreNetwork,supports
seamlesshandoversforbothvoiceanddatatocelltowerswitholder
networktechnologysuchasGSM,UMTSandCDMA2000.[20]Thesimplerarchitectureresultsinlower
operatingcosts(forexample,eachEUTRAcellwillsupportuptofourtimesthedataandvoicecapacity
supportedbyHSPA[21]).

LTEDirect
AnewLTEprotocolnamedLTEDirectworksasaninnovativedevicetodevicetechnologyenablingthe
discoveryofthousandsofdevicesintheproximityofapproximately500meters.[22]Pioneeredby
Qualcomm,thecompanyhasbeenleadingthestandardizationofthisnewtechnologyalongwithother
3GPPparticipants.LTEDirectoffersseveraladvantagesoverexistingproximitysolutionsincludingbutnot
limitedtoWiFiorBluetooth.Oneofthemostpopularusecasesforthistechnologywasdevelopedbya
NewYorkCitybasedcompanycalledCompass.to(http://www.compass.to).Thecorefeatureofproximal
discoveryamongdevicesincludedatargeteddiscountvouchertoanearbydevicewhichmatchedspecific
interests.[23]TheCompass.to(http://www.compass.to)usecasewasfeaturedatglobalconferencesand
eventssuchasCES2015,MWC(http://www.mobileworldcongress.com/)2015,andsaidtobeextendedto
manyotherscenariosincludingfilmfestivals,themeparksandsportingevents.YoucanthinkofLTE
Directasasixthsensethatisalwaysawareoftheenvironmentaroundyou,saidMaheshMakhijani,
technicalmarketingdirectoratQualcomm,atasessiononthetechnology.Additionally,theprotocoloffers
lessbatterydrainageandextendedrangewhencomparedtootherproximitysolutions.
Belowisalistofcountriesby4GLTEpenetrationasmeasuredbyOpenSignal.cominJune2015.[24]

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Rank

Country/Territory

Penetration

SouthKorea

97%

Japan

90%

HongKong

86%

Kuwait

86%

Singapore

84%

Uruguay

84%

Kazakhstan

81%

Netherlands

80%

Bahrain

79%

10

UnitedStates

78%

11

Sweden

78%

12

China

76%

13

Qatar

75%

14

Australia

74%

15

Estonia

74%

Features
MuchoftheLTEstandardaddressestheupgradingof3GUMTStowhatwilleventuallybe4Gmobile
communicationstechnology.Alargeamountoftheworkisaimedatsimplifyingthearchitectureofthe
system,asittransitionsfromtheexistingUMTScircuit+packetswitchingcombinednetwork,toanallIP
flatarchitecturesystem.EUTRAistheairinterfaceofLTE.Itsmainfeaturesare:
Peakdownloadratesupto299.6Mbit/sanduploadratesupto75.4Mbit/sdependingontheuser
equipmentcategory(with44antennasusing20MHzofspectrum).Fivedifferentterminalclasses
havebeendefinedfromavoicecentricclassuptoahighendterminalthatsupportsthepeakdata
rates.Allterminalswillbeabletoprocess20MHzbandwidth.
Lowdatatransferlatencies(sub5mslatencyforsmallIPpacketsinoptimalconditions),lower
latenciesforhandoverandconnectionsetuptimethanwithpreviousradioaccesstechnologies.
Improvedsupportformobility,exemplifiedbysupportforterminalsmovingatupto350km/h
(220mph)or500km/h(310mph)dependingonthefrequencyband.[25]
Orthogonalfrequencydivisionmultipleaccessforthedownlink,SinglecarrierFDMAfortheuplink
toconservepower.
SupportforbothFDDandTDDcommunicationsystemsaswellashalfduplexFDDwiththesame
radioaccesstechnology.
SupportforallfrequencybandscurrentlyusedbyIMTsystemsbyITUR.
Increasedspectrumflexibility:1.4MHz,3MHz,5MHz,10MHz,15MHzand20MHzwidecells
arestandardized.(WCDMAhasnooptionforotherthan5MHzslices,leadingtosomeproblems
rollingoutincountrieswhere5MHzisacommonlyallocatedwidthofspectrumsowouldfrequently
alreadybeinusewithlegacystandardssuchas2GGSMandcdmaOne.)
Supportforcellsizesfromtensofmetresradius(femtoandpicocells)upto100km(62miles)radius
macrocells.Inthelowerfrequencybandstobeusedinruralareas,5km(3.1miles)istheoptimalcell
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size,30km(19miles)havingreasonableperformance,andupto100kmcellsizessupportedwith
acceptableperformance.Incityandurbanareas,higherfrequencybands(suchas2.6GHzinEU)are
usedtosupporthighspeedmobilebroadband.Inthiscase,cellsizesmaybe1km(0.62miles)or
evenless.
Supportsatleast200activedataclientsinevery5MHzcell.[26]
Simplifiedarchitecture:ThenetworksideofEUTRANiscomposedonlyofeNodeBs.
Supportforinteroperationandcoexistencewithlegacystandards(e.g.,GSM/EDGE,UMTSand
CDMA2000).UserscanstartacallortransferofdatainanareausinganLTEstandard,and,should
coveragebeunavailable,continuetheoperationwithoutanyactionontheirpartusingGSM/GPRSor
WCDMAbasedUMTSoreven3GPP2networkssuchascdmaOneorCDMA2000.
Packetswitchedradiointerface.
SupportforMBSFN(Multicastbroadcastsinglefrequencynetwork).Thisfeaturecandeliver
servicessuchasMobileTVusingtheLTEinfrastructure,andisacompetitorforDVBHbasedTV
broadcast.

Voicecalls
TheLTEstandardsupports
onlypacketswitchingwith
itsallIPnetwork.Voice
callsinGSM,UMTSand
CDMA2000arecircuit
switched,sowiththe
adoptionofLTE,carriers
willhavetoreengineer
theirvoicecallnetwork.[27]
Threedifferentapproaches
sprangup:

csdomLTECSFBtoGSM/UMTSnetworkinterconnects

VoiceoverLTE(VoLTE)
Circuitswitchedfallback(CSFB)
Inthisapproach,LTEjustprovidesdataservices,andwhenavoicecallistobeinitiatedorreceived,
itwillfallbacktothecircuitswitcheddomain.Whenusingthissolution,operatorsjustneedto
upgradetheMSCinsteadofdeployingtheIMS,andtherefore,canprovideservicesquickly.
However,thedisadvantageislongercallsetupdelay.
SimultaneousvoiceandLTE(SVLTE)
Inthisapproach,thehandsetworkssimultaneouslyintheLTEandcircuitswitchedmodes,withthe
LTEmodeprovidingdataservicesandthecircuitswitchedmodeprovidingthevoiceservice.Thisis
asolutionsolelybasedonthehandset,whichdoesnothavespecialrequirementsonthenetworkand
doesnotrequirethedeploymentofIMSeither.Thedisadvantageofthissolutionisthatthephonecan
becomeexpensivewithhighpowerconsumption.
Oneadditionalapproachwhichisnotinitiatedbyoperatorsistheusageofoverthetopcontent(OTT)
services,usingapplicationslikeSkypeandGoogleTalktoprovideLTEvoiceservice.[28]

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MostmajorbackersofLTEpreferredandpromotedVoLTEfromthebeginning.Thelackofsoftware
supportininitialLTEdevicesaswellascorenetworkdeviceshoweverledtoanumberofcarriers
promotingVoLGA(VoiceoverLTEGenericAccess)asaninterimsolution.[29]Theideawastousethe
sameprinciplesasGAN(GenericAccessNetwork,alsoknownasUMAorUnlicensedMobileAccess),
whichdefinestheprotocolsthroughwhichamobilehandsetcanperformvoicecallsoveracustomer's
privateInternetconnection,usuallyoverwirelessLAN.VoLGAhowevernevergainedmuchsupport,
becauseVoLTE(IMS)promisesmuchmoreflexibleservices,albeitatthecostofhavingtoupgradethe
entirevoicecallinfrastructure.VoLTEwillalsorequireSingleRadioVoiceCallContinuity(SRVCC)in
ordertobeabletosmoothlyperformahandovertoa3GnetworkincaseofpoorLTEsignalquality.[30]
WhiletheindustryhasseeminglystandardizedonVoLTEforthefuture,thedemandforvoicecallstoday
hasledLTEcarrierstointroduceCSFBasastopgapmeasure.Whenplacingorreceivingavoicecall,LTE
handsetswillfallbacktoold2Gor3Gnetworksforthedurationofthecall.

Enhancedvoicequality
Toensurecompatibility,3GPPdemandsatleastAMRNBcodec(narrowband),buttherecommended
speechcodecforVoLTEisAdaptiveMultiRateWideband,alsoknownasHDVoice.Thiscodecis
mandatedin3GPPnetworksthatsupport16kHzsampling.[31]
FraunhoferIIShasproposedanddemonstrated"FullHDVoice",animplementationoftheAACELD
(AdvancedAudioCodingEnhancedLowDelay)codecforLTEhandsets.[32]Wherepreviouscellphone
voicecodecsonlysupportedfrequenciesupto3.5kHzandupcomingwidebandaudioservicesbrandedas
HDVoiceupto7kHz,FullHDVoicesupportstheentirebandwidthrangefrom20Hzto20kHz.Forend
toendFullHDVoicecallstosucceedhowever,boththecallerandrecipient'shandsetsaswellasnetworks
havetosupportthefeature.[33]

Frequencybands
TheLTEstandardcoversarangeofmanydifferentbands,eachofwhichisdesignatedbybothafrequency
andabandnumber.InNorthAmerica,700,750,800,850,1900,1700/2100(AWS),2500and2600MHz
(RogersCommunications,BellCanada)areused(bands2,4,7,12,13,17,25,26,41)2500MHzinSouth
America700,800,900,1800,2600MHzinEurope(bands3,7,20)[34][35]800,1800and2600MHzin
Asia(bands1,3,5,7,8,11,13,40)[36][37]and1800MHzand2300MHzinAustralia[38][39]andNew
Zealand(bands3,40).[40]Asaresult,phonesfromonecountrymaynotworkinothercountries.Userswill
needamultibandcapablephoneforroaminginternationally.

Patents
AccordingtotheEuropeanTelecommunicationsStandardsInstitute's(ETSI)intellectualpropertyrights
(IPR)database,about50companieshavedeclared,asofMarch2012,holdingessentialpatentscoveringthe
LTEstandard.[41]TheETSIhasmadenoinvestigationonthecorrectnessofthedeclarationshowever,[41]so
that"anyanalysisofessentialLTEpatentsshouldtakeintoaccountmorethanETSIdeclarations."[42]
ThetablebelowshowstheavailableLTEroyalty:
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AnnouncedroyaltyratesforLTEpatents
Company

Royaltyrate

AlcatelLucent

2.00%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Ericsson

1.50%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Huawei
TechnologiesCo.,
Ltd.

1.50%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

InterDigitalInc.

2.50%(http://seekingalpha.com/article/287408googlebuysmotorolafor125
billionwhatinterdigitalisnowworth)

MotorolaInc.

2.25%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Motorola
MobilityInc.

2.25%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Nokia
Corporation

1.50%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

NokiaSiemens
Networks

0.80%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

NortelNetworks
Ltd

1.00%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Qualcomm
Incorporated

3.25%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Samsung
ElectronicsCo.,
Ltd.

2.40%(http://www.iphoneincanada.ca/news/unclassifiedletterrevealssamsungs
royaltydemandsfromapplefor3gumtsessentialpatents/)

ZTECorporation

1.00%(http://www.wiseharbor.com/pdfs/wiseharborvalueof4g2012.pdf)

Seealso
4GLTEfilter
Comparisonofwirelessdatastandards
EUTRAtheradioaccessnetworkusedinLTE
eMBMSMulticastBroadcastMultimediaServices(MBMS)enhancedforLTE
FlatIPflatIParchitecturesinmobilenetworks
HSPA+anenhancementofthe3GPPHSPAstandard
LTEAdvancedthesuccessortoLTE
LTEinunlicensedspectrum
Nextgenerationnetwork
QoSClassIdentifier(QCI)themechanismusedinLTEnetworkstoallocateproperQualityof
Servicetobearertraffic
SystemarchitectureevolutiontherearchitecturingofcorenetworksinLTE
TDLTE(LTETDD)analternativeLTEstandarddevelopedbyChina
UMBaproposedcompetitortoLTE,nevercommercialized
WiMAXacompetitortoLTE
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ZadoffChusequence

References
1."AnIntroductiontoLTE".3GPPLTEEncyclopedia.RetrievedDecember3,2010.
2."LongTermEvolution(LTE):ATechnicalOverview"(PDF).Motorola.RetrievedJuly3,2010.
3."NewsroomPressRelease".Itu.int.Retrieved20121028.
4."ITURConfersIMTAdvanced(4G)Statusto3GPPLTE"(Pressrelease).3GPP.20October2010.Retrieved
18May2012.
5.pressinfo(20091021)."PressRelease:IMTAdvanced(4G)Mobilewirelessbroadbandontheanvil".Itu.int.
Retrieved20121028.
6."NewsroomPressRelease".Itu.int.Retrieved20121028.
7.ETSILongTermEvolution(http://www.etsi.org/technologiesclusters/technologies/mobile/longtermevolution)
page
8."WorkPlan3GPP(Release8)".16January2012.Retrieved1March2012.
9."LSTIjobcomplete".Retrieved1March2012.
10."LTE/SAETrialInitiative(LSTI)DeliversInitialResults".7November2007.Retrieved1March2012.
11.Temple,Stephen."VintageMobiles:SamsungSCHr900TheworldsfirstLTEMobile(2010)".Historyof
GMS:Birthofthemobilerevolution.
12."SamsungCraft,theworldsfirst4GLTEphone,nowavailableatMetroPCS".UnwiredView.September21,
2010.
13."MetroPCSdebutsfirst4GLTEAndroidphone,SamsungGalaxyIndulge".AndroidandMe.20110209.
Retrieved20120315.
14."MetroPCSsnagsfirstLTEAndroidphone".Networkworld.com.Retrieved20120315.
15."VerizonlaunchesitsfirstLTEhandset".Telegeography.com.20110316.Retrieved20120315.
16."HTCThunderBoltisofficiallyVerizon'sfirstLTEhandset,comeMarch17th".Phonearena.com.Retrieved
20120315.
17."RogerslightsupCanada'sfirstLTEnetworktoday".CNWGroupLtd.20110707.Retrieved20121028.
18.LTEAnEndtoEndDescriptionofNetworkArchitectureandElements.3GPPLTEEncyclopedia.2009.
19."AT&TcommitstoLTEAdvanceddeploymentin2013,HesseandMeadunfazed".Engadget.20111108.
Retrieved20120315.
20.LTEanintroduction(PDF).Ericsson.2009.
21."LongTermEvolution(LTE)"(PDF).Motorola.RetrievedApril11,2011.
22."LTEDirect|ResearchProject|Qualcomm".Qualcomm.Retrieved20151020.
23."LTEDirect:AthrivingecosystemandamazingusecasesonfulldisplayatMWC2015[VIDEOS]|
Qualcomm".Qualcomm.Retrieved20151020.
24.http://opensignal.com/reports/2015/09/stateoflteq32015/
25.Sesia,Toufik,Baker:LTETheUMTSLongTermEvolutionFromTheorytoPractice,page11.Wiley,2009.
26."EvolutionofLTE".LTEWorld.RetrievedOctober24,2011.
27."VoiceandSMSinLTETechnologyWhitePaper,Rohde&Schwarz,2011"(http://www.rohde
schwarz.com/appnote/1MA197)
28.[1](http://www.huawei.com/en/static/hw094164.pdf)HuaweiCommunicateMagazine,Issue61,September
2011.
29.VoLGAwhitepaper(http://www.cmnetworks.de/volgaawhitepaper.pdf)
30.QualcommChipsetPowersFirstSuccessfulVoIPOverLTECallWithSingleRadioVoiceCallContinuity
(http://www.prnewswire.com/newsreleases/qualcommchipsetpowersfirstsuccessfulvoipoverltecallwith
singleradiovoicecallcontinuity138556144.html)
31.ErricssonLTEdeliverssuperiorvoice,too
(http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/publications/ericsson_review/2010/lte_e2e.pdf)
32.FraunhoferIISDemosFullHDVoiceOverLTEOnAndroidHandsets
(http://hothardware.com/News/FraunhoferIISDemosFullHDVoiceOverLTEOnAndroidHandsets/)
33."FirmSettoDemoHDVoiceoverLTE"(http://mobilenow.yankeegroup.com/articles/103805/firmsettodemo
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hdvoiceoverlte/)
34."ECmakesofficialrecommendationfor790862MHzrelease".29October2009.Retrieved11March2012.
35."Europeplanstoreserve800MHzfrequencybandforLTEandWiMAX".16May2010.Retrieved11March
2012.
36.CSLbeginsdualband1800/2600LTErollout(https://gsmaintelligence.com/analysis/2010/10/hongkongand
singaporeleadltechargeinasiapacific/228/)
37.OredooTheTechnology(http://www.ooredoo.qa/en/4GLTEtechnology#)
38.TelstraswitchesonfirstLTEnetworkon1800MHzinAustralia
(http://www.ericsson.com/news/110530_telstra_switches_on_first_lte_network_244188810_c)
39.OptusstillevaluatingLTE(http://m.zdnet.com.au/optusstillevaluatinglte339313233.htm)
40."NewZealand4GLTElaunch".28February2013.
41."WhoOwnsLTEPatents?".ipeg.March6,2012.RetrievedMarch10,2012.
42.ElizabethWoyke(20110921)."IdentifyingTheTechLeadersInLTEWirelessPatents".Forbes.Retrieved
March10,2012.Secondcommentbytheauthor:"Thus,anyanalysisofessentialLTEpatentsshouldtakeinto
accountmorethanETSIdeclarations."

Furtherreading
GautamSiwach,Dr.AmirEsmailpour"LTESecurityPotentialVulnerabilityandAlgorithm
Enhancements",IEEECanadianConferenceonElectricalandComputerEngineering,"IEEE
CCECE,Toronto,Canada,May2014
ErikDahlman,StefanParkvall,JohanSkld"4GLTE/LTEAdvancedforMobileBroadband",
AcademicPress,2011,ISBN9780123854896
StefaniaSesia,IssamToufik,andMatthewBaker,"LTETheUMTSLongTermEvolutionFrom
TheorytoPractice",SecondEditionincludingRelease10forLTEAdvanced,JohnWiley&Sons,
2011,ISBN9780470660256
ChrisJohnson,"LTEinBULLETS(http://www.ltebullets.com)",CreateSpace,2010,ISBN9781
452834641
ErikDahlman,StefanParkvall,JohanSkld,PerBeming,"3GEvolutionHSPAandLTEfor
MobileBroadband",2ndedition,AcademicPress,2008,ISBN9780123745385
BorkoFurht,SyedA.Ahson,"LongTermEvolution:3GPPLTERadioAndCellularTechnology",
CrcPress,2009,ISBN9781420072105
F.Khan,"LTEfor4GMobileBroadbandAirInterfaceTechnologiesandPerformance",Cambridge
UniversityPress,2009
MustafaErgen,"MobileBroadbandIncludingWiMAXandLTE",Springer,NY,2009
H.Ekstrm,A.Furuskr,J.Karlsson,M.Meyer,S.Parkvall,J.Torsner,andM.Wahlqvist,
"TechnicalSolutionsforthe3GLongTermEvolution,"IEEECommun.Mag.,vol.44,no.3,March
2006,pp.3845
E.Dahlman,H.Ekstrm,A.Furuskr,Y.Jading,J.Karlsson,M.Lundevall,andS.Parkvall,"The
3GLongTermEvolutionRadioInterfaceConceptsandPerformanceEvaluation,"IEEEVehicular
TechnologyConference(VTC)2006Spring,Melbourne,Australia,May2006
K.FazelandS.Kaiser,MultiCarrierandSpreadSpectrumSystems:FromOFDMandMCCDMA
toLTEandWiMAX,2ndEdition,JohnWiley&Sons,2008,ISBN9780470998212
AgilentTechnologies,"LTEandtheEvolutionto4GWireless:DesignandMeasurementChallenges
(http://www.agilent.com/find/ltebook)",JohnWiley&Sons,2009ISBN9780470682616
SajalK.Das,JohnWiley&Sons(April2010):"MobileHandsetDesign",ISBN9780470824672.
Beaver,Paul,"WhatisTDLTE?(http://www.eetimes.com/design/microwaverf
design/4228238/WhatisTDLTE?Ecosystem=microwaverfdesign)",RF&MicrowaveDesignline,
September2011.
DanForsberg,GntherHorn,WolfDietrichMoeller,ValtteriNiemi,"LTESecurity",Second
Edition,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,Chichester2013,ISBN9781118355589
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SeungJuneYi,SungDuckChun,YoungDaelee,SungJunPark,SungHoonJung,"RadioProtocolsfor
LTEandLTEAdvanced",Wiley,2012,ISBN9781118188538

Externallinks
LTEhomepage(http://www.3gpp.org/article/lte)fromthe3GPPwebsite
LTEAZDescription(http://sites.google.com/site/lteencyclopedia/home)3GPPLTEEncyclopedia
4G/LTEcommunitywebsite(http://www.4g360.com)
LTEFrequentlyAskedQuestions(http://lteworld.org/faq)
LTEDeploymentMap(http://ltemaps.org/)

Whitepapersandothertechnicalinformation
LTETechnologyOverviewandTutorialSeriesincludingWebinarsandVideopresentations
(http://testrf.com/tag/ltetutorial/)
"TheLongTermEvolutionof3G"onEricssonReview,no.2,2005
(http://www.ericsson.com/ericsson/corpinfo/publications/review/2005_02/07.shtml)
LTEtechnologyintroduction(http://www.rohdeschwarz.com/appnote/1MA111.pdf)
"3GLongTermEvolution"byDr.ErikDahlmanatEricssonResearch
(http://www.signal.uu.se/Research/PCCWIP/Tunisia/WIP05_EAB.pdf)
"LongTerm3GEvolutionRadioAccess"byDr.StefanParkvallatEricssonResearch
(http://www.calit2.net/events/pdfs/S3G_Stefan_Parkvall.pdf)
"3GPPLongTermEvolution/SystemArchitectureEvolution:Overview"byUlrichBarthatAlcatel
(http://www.ikr.unistuttgart.de/Content/itg/fg524/Meetings/20060929Ulm/013GPP_LTE
SAE_Overview_Sep06.pdf)
The3GLongTermEvolutionRadioInterfaceConceptsandPerformanceEvaluation
(http://www.ericsson.com/res/thecompany/docs/journal_conference_papers/atsp/the_3g_long
term_evolution_radi_interface.pdf)
LTEandtheEvolutionto4GWirelessDesignandMeasurementChallenges"LTESecurity"
(http://www.3g4g.co.uk/Lte/LTE_Security_WP_0907_Agilent.pdf)
RoleofCryptoinMobileCommunications"LTESecurity"
(https://www.cosic.esat.kuleuven.be/ecrypt/courses/end/slides28/9niemi.pdf)
Dr.MaodeMa"SecurityInvestigationin4GLTEWirelessNetworks(http://www.ieee
globecom.org/2012/private/T10F.pdf)",2012.
LTEUplinkInterferenceModeling(http://asp.eurasipjournals.com/content/pdf/168761802011
61.pdf)
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