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Covalent bond radius refers to half of the distance between two singly bonded atoms of the same element
( homonuclear X-X bond) and is denoted rcov. In other words, it is defined as half the covalent bond length when the
two atoms bonded are homonuclear. rcov is typically measured by X-ray diffraction. When multiple allotropes exist for
a given element, rcov is determined by averaging the bond distances found in each allotrope. Covalent radius is
measured in picometers (pm) or ngstrms () and represents one measurement that is used in determining atomic
radius.
Element
H
37
120
88
208
77
185
75
154
73
140
71
135
Cl
99
180
Br
114
195
133
215
He
n/a
99
Van der Waals equation was originated from the ideal gas law:
pV = nRT (p: gas pressure, V: volume, n: amount of substance, R: ideal gas constant, T: absolute temperature).
Based on the ideal gas law above, van der Waals equation takes the molecular size and the molecular force into
account. As a result, the attractive force (a/V2) is added into the pressure part. Likewise, the volume is subtracted by
the molecular volume (b), which is determined by the van der Waals radius.
Therefore, the equation for one mole is written as
(p+aV2)(Vb)=RT
And the equation for multiple moles is written as
(p + a(n/V)2)(V - nb) = nRT (n: the number of moles).
The following figure illustrates the difference between the Covalent radius and the van der Waals radius for better
understanding of two terms.
within the same group of the periodic table ionic radius increases
with increasing atomic number; (b) for elements of the same
period (i.e. same horizontal row) that form positive ions, ionic
radius decreases with increasing positive charge (reflecting the
greater nuclear attraction on the same number of
extranuclear electrons), for example, Na+ = 1.02, Mg2+ = 0.72,
Al3+ = 0.53, Si4+ = 0.40; (c) for the same reasons, if an element
can exist in different valence states, the higher the positive
charge the smaller the ion, for example, Mn = 0.82, Mn = 0.65; (d) for
2+
3+
elements of the same period forming negative ions, the ionic radius increases with
increasing negative charge (due to electronic repulsion).