A User's Guide to EnergyPLAN Modelling

AUsersGuidetoEnergyPLAN
DavidConnolly
UniversityofLimerick
david.connolly@ul.ie
www.cpi.ul.ie
10December2010
Version4.1
December10,2010 AUSERSGUIDETOENERGYPLAN
IwouldliketothankProf.HenrikLundandAssistantProf.BrianVad
MathiesenforalltheirhelpduringmytimeatAalborgUniversity.
PrintDoubleSided
AUSERSGUIDETOENERGYPLAN December10,2010
TableofContents
Section
Title
Page
TableofContents..............................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................2
Nomenclature....................................................................................................................2
WhyEnergyPLAN?.............................................................................................................3
CollectingtheRequiredData..............................................................................................4
3.1
3.1.1
TechnicalDataRequired.......................................................................................................6
InputTab.........................................................................................................................6
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
EconomicDataRequired.....................................................................................................26
FuelTab.........................................................................................................................26
OperationTab...............................................................................................................28
InvestmentTab.............................................................................................................29
AdditionalTab...............................................................................................................31
AreasofDifficulty............................................................................................................32
4.1
ThermalEnergySystem......................................................................................................32
4.2
DistrictHeatingGroups.......................................................................................................33
4.3
4.3.1
TechnicalOptimisationvs.MarketOptimisation................................................................33
Businesseconomicvs.Socioeconomiccalculations....................................................34
4.4
OptimisationcriteriaforanEnergySystem........................................................................35
4.5
ExternalElectricityMarketPrice.........................................................................................35
4.6
4.6.1
OperationStrategyforElectricityStorage..........................................................................35
Storagecapacityforthedoublepenstocksystemstrategy..........................................37
4.7
Descriptionofstab.loadfromEnergyPLANresultswindow............................................39
4.8
AbbreviationsfortheResultswindow................................................................................41
VerifyingReferenceModelData......................................................................................46
CommonErrorScreens....................................................................................................47
6.1
WrongNumberofDataPoints...........................................................................................47
6.2
DistributionFileLocation....................................................................................................48
6.3
Warnings.............................................................................................................................49
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................51
Appendix.........................................................................................................................52
8.1
IrelandsEnergyBalance2007............................................................................................52
References.......................................................................................................................53
UniversityofLimerick |TableofContents 1
Introduction
ThisisabriefdescriptionofmyexperiencewhenIlearnedhowtousetheenergytoolEnergyPLAN[1].Itisa
shortdescriptionofwhyIchoseEnergyPLANformyparticularstudy,followedbyabriefaccountofthesources
Iusedtogatherthedataforthemodel.
WhenIwascarryingoutmyworkusingEnergyPLAN,Ididnotknowwheretobeginlookingforalotofthedata
I needed.As a result, the primary aim of this documentis to share with others where and how I found the
required data for my model. I hope that this brief overview of my experience will enable the reader to use
EnergyPLANquickerandmoreeffectively.Finally,Iwelcomeanycontributionsthatcouldbemadetoimprove
thecontentofthisdocument,suchasnewsourcesofdataorsuggestionsfornewcontent.Ifyouhaveany
further questions or contributions regarding any of the material in this document, you can contact me at
david.connolly@ul.ie.
Nomenclature
Symbols
CFW
EAnnual
EOUT
EIN
GJ
GE
HDD
IEA
Gigajoule
TheGeneralElectricCompany
Heatdegreedays
InternationalEnergyAgency
kW
Kilowatt
kWh
kg
M
Kilowatthour
Kilogram
MillionEuro
M2
Databuoynumber2aroundtheIrishcoast
M4
Databuoynumber4aroundtheIrishcoast
MW
Megawatt
eStab
stab.
load
Averagecapacityfactorforanoffshorewindfarm
Annualoutputfromawindfarm
Totalelectricityproducedfromageneratingfacility
TotalelectricityconsumedbyaPHES
Percentageofelectricityproductionfromgrid
stabilisingunits
Totalfuelinput,Wh
MinimumGridStabilisationProductionShare
Installedwindcapacity
Minimumgridstabilisationproductionsharein
EnergyPLAN
Totalelectricityproductionfromgridstabilisingunits
Percentageofgridstabilisationcriteriawhichhave
beenmetduringeachhour
COND
Efficiencyofallthecondensingplant
GridStab
FIN
MGSPS
PW
dStab
TH
RoundtripefficiencyofaPHES
Abbreviations
BEV
BatteryElectricVehicle
CDD
Coolingdegreedays
CEEP
Criticalexcesselectricityproduction
CHP
CombinedHeatandPower
CSO
CentralStatisticsOffice,Ireland
DH
Districtheating
EEEP
ExportableExcessElectricityProduction
EuropeanNetworkofTransmissionSystem
ENTSOE
OperatorsforElectricity
2 Introduction|UniversityofLimerick
OECD
PES
PHES
PP
SEAI
TSO
TWh
VAT
Wh
bbl
m
s
OrganisationforEconomicCoOperationand
Development
PrimaryEnergySupply
Pumpedhydroelectricenergystorage
PowerPlant
SustainableEnergyAuthorityofIreland
TransmissionSystemOperator
Terawatthour
Valueaddedtax
Watthour
Barrel
metre
second
WhyEnergyPLAN?
Itisdifficulttochooseasuitableenergytoolatthebeginningofastudyduetothewiderangeofdifferent
energytoolsavailable,whicharediverseintermsoftheregionstheyanalyse,thetechnologiestheyconsider,
andtheobjectivestheyfulfil.Inaddition,itcanbeverydifficulttodefinewhatexactlytheprimaryfocusofany
research will become. Therefore, the first step which I would advise, is defining an overall objective for any
modellingworkwhichyouintendtodo.Forexample,theunderlyingobjectiveinmyworkwas:
ToidentifyhowIrelandcouldintegratethemostrenewableenergyintoitsenergysystem.
Afterestablishingacoreobjective,itisthenpossibletoratevariousdifferentenergytoolsagainstoneanother
basedontheircapabilitiesoffulfillingthisobjective.Toaidthiscomparison,anoverviewofalltheenergytools
Iconsidered,aswellasmanyotherscanbefoundin[2,3].Hence,thesewillnotbediscussedindetailhere,
butinsteadtheonlyreasonsIchoseEnergyPLANareoutlinedbelow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
EnergyPLAN is a userfriendly tool designed in a series of tab sheets and hence the training period
requiredusuallyvariesfromafewdaysuptoamonth,dependingonthelevelofcomplexityrequired.
Alsoinrelationtothispoint,thereisonlinetrainingavailablefromtheEnergyPLANwebsitesoitis
relativelystraightforwardtoexperienceatypicalapplicationofthesoftware[1].
TheEnergyPLANsoftwareisfreetodownload[1].
EnergyPLANconsidersthethreeprimarysectorsofanynationalenergysystem,whichincludesthat
electricity,heat,andtransportsectors.Asfluctuatingrenewableenergysuchaswindpowerbecomes
moreprominentwithinenergysystems,flexibilitywillbecomeavitalconsideration.Oneofthemost
accessible methods of creating flexibility is the integration of the electricity, heat, and transport
sectors using technologies such as combined heat and power (CHP) plants, heat pumps, electric
vehicles,andhydrogen.Therefore,forcertainobjectives,thiscanbeanessentialissueforastudy.
EnergyPLANwaspreviouslyusedtosimulatea100%renewableenergysystemforDenmark[48].
TheresultsdevelopedusingEnergyPLANareconstantlybeingpublishedwithinacademicjournals.A
number of energy tool developers publish their results in private reports for those who fund their
investigations. However, in order to obtain my PhD qualification I needed to publish my work in
academic journals. Therefore, it was fortunate and important that EnergyPLAN was being used for
thispurpose.
ThequalityofjournalpapersbeingproducedusingEnergyPLANwasakeyattraction.Belowareafew
examplesofthetitlesIrecordedbeforecontactingProf.HenrikLundaboutEnergyPLAN:
a. Energysystemanalysisof100%renewableenergysystemsThecaseofDenmarkinyears
2030and2050[7].
b. Theeffectivenessofstorageandrelocationoptionsinrenewableenergysystems[9].
c. LargescaleintegrationofoptimalcombinationsofPV,windandwavepowerintoelectricity
supply[10].
d. Largescaleintegrationofwindpowerintodifferentenergysystems[11].
AfterreadingthesejournalpapersandobservingthecontributionthattheresultsmadetotheDanish
energysystem,itwasevidentthatsimilarresearchwouldbenefittheIrishenergysystem.
Finally and possibly the most important reason for using EnergyPLAN, was Prof. Henrik Lunds
supportive attitude when I approached him about using EnergyPLAN. My progress has been
accelerated beyond expectation due to the support and guidance from both Prof. Henrik Lund and
AssociateProf.BrianVadMathiesen.Thisisanessentialaidwhenembarkingonresearch,especially
whenlearningnewskillsandmeetingdeadlinesatthesametime.
TheseareonlysomeofreasonsforusingtheEnergyPLANtool.AmoredetailedoverviewofEnergyPLANcan
befoundin[1],whileamorethoroughcomparisonwithotherenergytoolscanbefoundhere[2,3].
UniversityofLimerick |WhyEnergyPLAN? 3
CollectingtheRequiredData
Afterchoosinganyenergytoolforastudy,itiscrucialthatyouensurethatthetooliscapableofaccurately
modellingyourparticularapplication.Therefore,thefirststepistocreateareferencemodelofanhistorical
year.Inmyfirststudy,Ichosethe2007Irishenergysystemasmyreferenceandhencethisreportisprimarily
basedonthisapplication.HoweverasIwasmakingthereferencemodel,Ifeltthatalotofquestionscould
havebeenansweredifIsimplyknewwheretobeginlookingforthedatarequired.Therefore,thisdocument
simplydiscusseswhereIfoundtheinformationIneededtocompletemyreferencemodelofthe2007Irish
energysystem.IhopethatthiswillenablefutureEnergyPLANuserstocollecttheirdatamoreeffectively.
Important:Thereareimportantpointsbelowthatneedtobeconsideredwhenreadingthefollowingchapters:
1. I have discussed a number of inputs in great detail and others only briefly. This reflects the effort
requiredandtheassumptionsmadeinordertogetthedataandnottheimportanceofthedata.
2. WhenyoudownloadtheEnergyPLANmodel,anumberofdistributionsareincludedwithit.Inalotof
studiesthesedistributionswillsufficeastheresultsfromtheEnergyPLANmodelmaynotbegreatly
improved by a more accurate distribution. Therefore, it is worth analysing the effects of various
distributionsonyourresultsbeforeallocatinglargeperiodsoftimetocreatingdistributions.
Thischapterisdividedintotwoprimarysections:
1. TechnicalData
2. EconomicData
Theorderisusedasthisisatypicalmodellingsequencethatcanbeusedwhensimulatinganenergysystem.
Firstly,areferencemodeliscreatedtoensurethatEnergyPLANcansimulatetheenergysystemcorrectly.The
reference model does not require economic inputs, as it is usually only the technical performance that is
compared.Aftercreatingthereferencemodelusingthetechnicalinputs,thenthefuel,investment,andO&M
costscanbeaddedtocarryoutasocioeconomicanalysisoftheenergysystem.Therefore,alternativescan
nowbecreatedandcomparedinrelationtotheirtechnicalperformanceandannualoperatingcosts.Finally,
theexternalelectricitymarketcostscanbeaddedsoamarketoptimisationcanbecompletedinEnergyPLAN:
this enables you to identify the optimum performance of the energy system from a businesseconomic
perspective,ratherthanatechnicalperspective.However,typicallytheaimwhencreatingfuturealternatives
istoidentifyhowtheoptimumbusinesseconomicscenario,canbealteredtorepresenttheoptimumsocio
economicscenario(i.e.byadjustingtaxes)asthisisthemostbeneficialforsociety.
Finally, before discussing the data that was collected, it is important to be aware of the type of data that
EnergyPLANtypicalrequires.Usually,theEnergyPLANmodelrequirestwoprimaryparameters:
1. Thetotalannualproduction/demand.
2. Thehourlydistributionofthetotalannualproduction/demand,whichhavethefollowingcriteria:
a. Theremustbe8784datapoints,oneforeachhour.
b. Thedatapointsareusuallybetween0and1,representing0100%ofproduction/demandas
shown in Figure 11. However, if a distribution is entered with values greater than 1,
EnergyPLANwillindexthedistribution:Thisisdonebydividingeachentryinthedistribution
bythemaximumvalueinthedistribution.Thismeansthathistoricalhourlydatacanbeused
in EnergyPLAN for a distribution. An example, displayinghow an indexis created, and also
howanindexisusedisshowninTable31.
c. ThedistributionisinputtedasatextfileandstoredintheDistributionsfolder.
1
This does not apply to the price distributions. For the price distribution, the actual values provided in the
distributionareused.
4 CollectingtheRequiredData|UniversityofLimerick
Thedistributionissimplyadjustedtoreflectthetotalannualproduction/demand.Forexample,inFigure2,the
distributions for three separate demands are shown, which show how the distribution in Figure 1 is
manipulatedtomodelthetotaldemand.
Table31
HowadistributionisindexedandsubsequentlyusedinEnergyPLAN(Note:8784hoursintotalarerequired).
Time
(h)
1
2
3
4
5
6
Outputfroma100MW
WindFarm(MW)
20
30
60
100
80
40
IndexData
Fraction
Decimal
20/100
0.2
30/100
0.3
60/100
0.6
100/100
1.0
80/100
0.8
40/100
0.4
UsingIndexedDatatoSimulatea400MW
WindFarm
0.2*400
80
0.3*400
120
0.6*400
240
1.0*400
400
0.8*400
320
0.4*400
160
Demand(Normalised)
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
216
240
264
288
312
336
360
384
408
432
456
480
504
528
552
576
600
624
648
672
696
720
744
0%
Hour
Figure1:DistributionofIrishelectricitydemandforJanuary2007[12].
1.5TWhDemand
1TWhDemand
0.5TWhDemand
3000
Demand(MW)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
192
216
240
264
288
312
336
360
384
408
432
456
480
504
528
552
576
600
624
648
672
696
720
744
Hour
Figure2:DistributionmodifiedbythetotalIrishelectricitydemandrequiredforJanuary2007[12].
UniversityofLimerick |CollectingtheRequiredData 5
3.1
TechnicalDataRequired
EnergyPLANsimulatesasingleyearinhourlytimesteps.Tocreateaninitialmodel,Ipickedtheyear2007asit
wasthemostrecentwhenIstartedgatheringmydata.
To explain where I got my data, I will discuss each tab within the EnergyPLAN model separately. The
FrontpagetabdisplayedinFigure3illustratesaflowdiagramoftheEnergyPLANmodel,indicatinghowallthe
variouscomponentsoftheenergysysteminteractwithoneanother.TheInputtabisusedtodescribethe
parameters of the energy system in question. The Cost tab is used to input the costs associated with the
energy system being investigated and the Output tab is used to analyse the results of your investigation.
Finally,theSettingstabenablestheusertochangethescaleoftheunitsintheprogram.
BelowIwilldiscussindetailwhereIgottheinformationfortheInputtabandtheCosttab,astheseaccount
forthemajorityofdatarequired.
VersionofEnergyPLAN
anddateitwasreleased.
Figure3:FrontpageoftheEnergyPLANtool.
3.1.1
InputTab
BelowisabriefdescriptionofthedataIusedundertheInputtabinmymodel.Itisworthnotingthatthe
datarequiredforEnergyPLANisusuallygenericdatathatcanbeobtainedinmostOECD2countries.Therefore,
ifIwasabletoobtainthedatafortheIrishenergysystem,itislikelytobeavailableinothercountriesalso.
AlsonotethateachsubheadinginthissectionrepresentsdatarequiredforadifferenttabinEnergyPLAN.
ThefirstpieceofinformationthatyoushouldtrytosourceistheEnergyBalanceforyourcountryorregion.
TheIrishEnergyBalancewascompletedbytheIrishenergyagencycalledtheSustainableEnergyAuthorityof
OrganisationforEconomicCoOperationandDevelopment:http://www.oecd.org.
Ireland(SEAI)[13].TheEnergyBalanceindicatestheenergyconsumedwithineachsectoroftheenergysystem
as displayed Figure 4 and Appendix 8.1. The International Energy Agency (IEA) completed two reports on
energybalancesin2008:onewiththeEnergyBalancesforeachoftheOECDcountries[14]andonewiththe
EnergyBalancesforanumberofnonOECDcountries[15].ThesedocumentsmustbepurchasedsoIhavenot
obtainedacopy.However,thisisonepossiblesourceforanenergybalanceofyourenergysystem.
DoubleClicktoOpenifUsingMSWordVersion
Figure4:Irishenergybalancefor2007:seeAppendix8.1andreference[16].
The Energy Balance document proved to be the most useful source of information for my investigation.
However,itisimportanttochecktheaccuracyofthedatainthisdocument,asthefigurescansometimesbe
basedonestimates.
Secondly, meteorological data also proved very important when predicting renewable energy production.
Meteorological data can usually be obtained from a national meteorological association. However, another
option is to use a program called Meteonorm [17]. This program has gathered data from a number of
meteorological stations around the world, which can be accessed using a very intuitive userinterface.
However,theprogramisnotfreesoyouwillneedtodecidehowimportantmeteorologicaldatawillbebefore
purchasing it3. Even if you use this program, it could also be useful to compare the data in the software to
actualmeasurementsfromaweatherstationtoensurethattheprogramisprovidingaccuratedata.
3
Datafrommeteorologicalstationsmayormaynotbefreesoitisworthenquiringaboutthisalso.
3.1.1.1
ElectricityDemand
TotalelectricitydemandwasobtainedfromtheIrishtransmissionsystemoperator(TSO),EirGrid[13],andthe
EnergyBalancedocument.ImportedandExportedelectricitywasalsoobtainedfromtheTSOinIreland.
TwentyfourEuropeancountriesareinvolvedintheEuropeanNetworkofTransmissionSystemOperatorsfor
Electricity (ENTSOE), which provides a lot of detailed data about the production and consumption of
electricity.A list of the countries in the ENTSOE is available from [18],and the datacan be obtained from
[19].Thedataincludesthefollowing:
Statistics
ProductionData
ConsumptionData
ExchangeData
MiscellaneousData
CountryDataPackages
Therefore,thisisausefulsourceofinformationifyouaremodellingaEuropeanregion.
3.1.1.2
DistrictHeating
FormyinitialenergymodelIdidnothavetoincludeanydistrictheatingorCHPastherearecurrentlynolarge
scale installations in Ireland. For power plants, the first parameter required is the total capacity installed,
whichIgotfromtheIrishTSO[13].Ifnecessary,itispossibletodividethepowerplantsintotwocategories:
condensingandPP2.ThePP2categoryisusuallyusedifthereisahighlycontrastingplantmixonthesystem
i.e.ifthereisonegroupofplantswithalowefficiencyandareexpensive,butanothergroupofplantswhich
haveahighefficiencyandarecheap.Therefore,thePP2canbesuitableforsomeenergysystems.
In addition to the PP capacity, you also need to find the total fuel consumed by the power plants, which is
usuallyavailableintheenergybalance.Forexample,intheIrishenergybalance,youcanseethatthereisa
categorytitled"Publicthermalpowerplants",whichcanbebrokendownbycoal,oil,gas,andbiomass.These
valuesareenteredintotheDistributionofFuelgrid.IfyouputallofthePPcapacityintothecondensing
section, then all of the fuel consumption needs to be in the PP row of the grid. However, if you put some
plantsinPPandsomeotherplantsinPP2,thenthefuelwillneedtobesplitacrosstheserows,inawaythat
reflectsthisdivide.
Finally, you will also need the efficiency of the power plants. As mentioned, the total fuel consumption for
each type of power plant can be obtained from the energy balance. Using the energy balance document I
couldcalculatetheefficiencyofallthecondensingplant,COND,usingthetotalfuelinput,FIN(Wh),andtotal
electricitygenerated,EOUT(Wh),
(1)
Itwasdifficulttoobtaintheefficienciesoftheindividualcondensingplantasitwascommerciallysensitive
information.However,IobtainedabreakdownoffuelinputtedintotheIrishcondensingplants,seeFigure5,
once again from the Irish energy agency SEAI, and used this to calculate the efficiencies for the condensing
plantofdifferentfueltype(usingformula1).Forthereferencemodelyouwillnotneedtoknowthis:instead
allyouneedtofindoutisthetotalfuelconsumedbyallthepowerplants,andthetotalelectricitygenerated
by all the power plants (then you can calculate the condensing efficiency). However, the efficiency of the
powerplantsundereachfueltypewillbenecessarywhensimulatingfuturealternatives:forexample,ifyou
wantedtosimulatecoalpowerplantsbeingreplacedbynaturalgaspowerplantsasillustratedinTable32.
Table32
HowindividualpowerplantefficienciesaltertheoverallCondensingpowerplantefficiency.
Reference
Alternative1
Alternative2
CoalPP
(MW)
1000
500
0
NaturalGas
PP(MW)
2000
2500
3000
CoalPP
Efficiency
0.4
0.4
0.4
NaturalGas
PPEfficiency
0.5
0.5
0.5
TotalCapacity
(MW)
3000
3000
3000
Overall
Efficiency
0.466
0.484
0.500
Figure5:BreakdownoffuelconsumptionandelectricitygeneratedinIrishelectricitysystem[20].
3.1.1.3
RenewableEnergy
Inordertodefinetheenergyavailablefromarenewableenergyresourceinyourenergysystem,youneedto
definefivemajorfeatures:
1. Thetypeofrenewableenergyinquestion.
2. Theinstalledcapacityoftherenewableresource.
3. Thedistributionprofile(hourlyforoneyear).
4. Thestabilisationshare.
5. Thecorrectionfactor.
Parameters 13 are reasonably intuitive and have been discussed in detail in at the start of section 3.
Therefore,Iwillonlyrecaponthestabilisationshareandthecorrectionfactorhere.So,justtorepeatfrom
theEnergyPLANusermanual[1],thestabilisationshareisthepercentage(between0and1)oftheinstalled
capacityoftherenewableresourcethatcancontributetogridstabilityi.e.provideancillaryservicessuchas
voltage and frequency regulation on the electric grid. At present renewable energy technologies, with the
exceptionofhydroplantswithstorage,cannothelpregulatethegrid.Therefore,thestabilisationsharewillbe
setto0unlessthischangesinthefuture.
AlsofromtheEnergyPLANusermanual[1],thecorrectionfactoradjuststhehourlydistributioninputtedfor
the renewable resource. It does not change the power output at fullload hours or hours of zero output.
However,itdoesincreasetheoutputatallothertimes.Thiscanbeusedforanumberofdifferentreasons.For
example,futurewindturbinesmayhavehighercapacityfactors,andthusthesameinstalledwindcapacitywill
producemorepower.
OnshoreWind
Iobtainedtheinstalledwindcapacityandthehourlywindoutputfor2007fromtheIrishTSO.Thestabilisation
factor was inputted as 0 because wind power does not contribute to grid stabilisation. Also, the correction
factorwasinputtedas0becausetheinstalledwindcapacityandthedistributionusedgeneratedtheexpected
annual wind energy. Otherwise, the correction factor would need to be adjusted until the wind production
calculatedbythemodelwasthesameastheactualannualproduction.
OffshoreWind
TherewasverylittlehistoricaldataavailableforoffshorewindinIreland.Thereiscurrentlyonlyoneoffshore
windfarmconstructed,whichislocatedatArklowBanksnearCountyWicklow.Thiswindfarmisusinganew
wind turbine developed by GE Energy (The General Electric Company), hence they will not release any
informationinrelationtothepowergeneratedfromtheturbines.TheonlyinformationIhadwastheinstalled
capacityofthewindturbines,whichwas25.2MW(7x3.6MWturbines).AsaresultIusedtheonshorewind
distributionthatIhadobtainedfromtheIrishTSO,combinedwiththecorrectionfactorinEnergyPLAN.The
reasontheonshorewinddistributionisagoodsourceofdata,isbecauseitaccountsforthevariationsinwind
speedovertheislandofIreland.Theonlydifferencebetweenonshoreandoffshorewinddistributionsisthe
higher capacity factor for offshore. This is accounted for by the correction factor in EnergyPLAN. However,
afterdecidingtousetheonshorewinddistribution,Ithenhadtoidentifytheannualwindenergyproducedby
the25.2MWofoffshorewind.Icalculatedthisintwodifferentways.
ForthefirstmethodIbeganbyobtainingtheaverageannualwindspeedatthelocationoftheoffshorewind
farm(8.75m/s),usingtheIrishwindatlas[21].ThenIgotanannualoffshorewinddistributionfromadata
buoylocatedclosetotheoffshorewindfarm(databuoyM2from[22]).Thisdatahadanaverageannualwind
speedof7.82m/sovertheyear2007.Therefore,Iscaledupthisdistributioncurveuntiltheaverageannual
windspeedwas8.75m/s(thesameastheaveragewindspeedattheoffshorewindfarm).Finally,Igotthe
powercurveforaVestasV90windturbineasseeninFigure6,andcalculatedtheexpectedoutputforasingle
year from the offshore wind farm. I did not want to use the power curve for the GE Energy wind turbines
which were installed at the offshore wind farm, as these are still at the testing stage. At this point I had
calculated an expected offshore wind production of 0.11 TWh: using the power curve and wind speed
distribution with average annual wind speed of 8.75 m/s. Using the onshore wind distribution, the annual
electricitygeneratedfromthe25.2MWoffshorewindfarmwas0.07TWh.However,frommycalculations,the
total electricity that should have been generated was 0.11 TWh. Consequently, I adjusted the Correction
Factor (to 0.65) until the total offshore wind output was 0.11 TWh. This accounted for the higher capacity
factoroftheoffshorewindturbinesincomparisontotheonshorewindturbines.However,if25.2MWofwind
powerproducedanannualoutputof0.11TWh,thiswouldgivethewindfarmacapacityfactorof49.8%which
isveryhighandhenceIusedasecondmethodalso.
3500
3000
Power(kW)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
15
20
25
WindSpeed(m/s)
Figure6:PowercurveforaVestasV90windturbine[23].
Forthesecondmethod,IsimplyfoundtheaveragecapacityfactorforanoffshorewindfarminIreland,which
was40%[24].Ithencalculatedtheannualoutputfromthewindfarm,EAnnual,usingtheinstalledwindcapacity,
PW,andtheaveragecapacityfactorforanoffshorewindfarm,CFW,asdisplayedbelow:
8760
(2)
The result was 0.088 TWh from an installed wind capacity of 25.2 MW with a capacity factor of 40%.
Therefore,aftertheoffshorewindcapacityandonshorewinddistributionwereinputtedintoEnergyPLAN,and
the correction factor was adjusted (to 0.36) until the annual output was 0.088 GWh. In my opinion, this
methodisbetterwhensimulatingalternativeswhichintroducenewlargescalewindcapacities,asitusesthe
averagecapacityfactor.Incomparison,thefirstmethodisbetterifyouaresimulatingaspecificwindfarmasit
takesintoaccountthespecificwindspeedsatthatsite.AsIrelandhasverylittleoffshorewindatthemoment,
but my future alternatives will most likely simulate largescale offshore wind capacities, I used the second
methodformymodel.
Photovoltaic
AsIcouldnotobtainPVoutputfromIreland,IusedtheresultsobtainedfromaDanishprojectcalledSol300,
asthesolarradiationinDenmarkisverysimilartothesolarradiationinIreland,whichisdisplayedinFigure7.
To ensure the Danish solar resource was similar to the Irish solar resource, global solar radiation data was
comparedbetweenDenmarkandIrelandasseeninTable33.Itclearlyverifiesthesimilarityandthereforeit
wasconsideredreasonabletoassumethatthesolarthermaloutputwouldbeverysimilarforbothDenmark
andIreland.
ThisSol300projectinvolvedtheinstallationofgridconnectedPVpanelson300homesinDenmarkandthe
correspondingoutputwasrecorded.Thisoutputisdiscussedin[10],andisavailableintheDistributionsfolder
that comes with the EnergyPLAN model. The name of the distribution is hour_PV_eltra2001 and
hour_PV_eltra2002,fortheyears2001and2002respectively.
WorkiscurrentlyunderwaytofindarelationshipbetweenPVoutputandglobalsolarradiation(asglobalsolar
radiationisthemostcommonformofmeasuringsolarradiationatmeteorologicalstations).Thissectionwill
beupdatedwhenthisworkiscompleted.
Figure7:YearlyglobalirradiationdatainEurope[25].
Table33
GlobalsolarradiationinDenmarkandIrelandfor2007[26,27].
Country
NumberofStationsThatProvidedData
Denmark
Ireland
4
7
AverageAnnualGlobalSolarRadiation
(kWh/m2)
976
989
Tidal
Tidalpowerisdevelopingrapidlyatpresent.Itisverysimilartomostrenewableenergyasitmustbeusedat
thetimeofgeneration.However,theuniquecharacteristicoftidalpoweristhefactthatitcanbepredictedin
onaminuteresolutionatleastthreeyearsinadvance,ifnotmore.Inordertosimulatetidalpower,Isourced
two studies completed in Ireland: one by SEAI (the Irish Energy Authority), titled Tidal and Current Energy
Resources in Ireland [28], and one by the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources
calledtheAllIslandGridStudy:RenewableEnergyResourceAssessment(Workstream1)[29].Thefirststudy
[28]identifiedviabletidalenergyresourceavailableinIrelandfromtidalpower(0.92TWh),andthesecond
study[29]createdapoweroutputcurvefortidaldevicesasseeninFigure8.Usingthesetwoinputsitwas
possible to simulate tidal energy in EnergyPLAN. It is worth noting that these figures were based on first
generationtidaldevices,sotheareainvestigatedcameunderthefollowingrestrictions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Waterdepthbetween20mand40m.
Sitesoutsidemajorshippinglanes.
Sitesoutsidemilitaryzonesandrestrictedareas.
Siteswhichdonotinterferewithexistingpipelinesandcables.
12nauticalmilelimitoffshore.
Peaktidalvelocitygreaterthan1.5m/s.
Secondgenerationtidaldevicesareexpectedtobedevelopedthatcanbeplacedinareaswithoutsomeof
theserestrictions(seeFigure9).However,thesedevicesarenotexpecteduntil2015[29].
140
PowerOutput(MW)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
HourinJanuary
Figure8:TidalpoweroutputexpectedinIrelandforthemonthofJanuaryfroma122MWTidalFarm[29].
Figure9:FirstandSecondgenerationtidaltechnology[30].
WavePower
I consulted with Jens Peter Kofoed from Aalborg University in order to generate the expected wave power
dataformymodel.Duringourdiscussion,itbecameapparentthatthefutureofwavepowerisveryunclear.
Unlike wind power where the threebladed turbine has become the primary technology, there will be no
standard design for future wave generators. This is due to the fact that wave power depends on two
parameters:waveheightandwaveperiod.Differentwavegeneratorswillbeuseddependingonthespecific
waveheightandperiodcharacteristicsatasiteandhence,itisunlikelythatanysinglewavegeneratorwillbe
themostefficientatallsites.
Themostconvincingwaytopredictthewavepowercontributionforanenergysysteminthefutureistouse
the output from a wave generator device that is publicly providing a power matrix, such as the Pelamis in
Figure10,theWaveDragoninFigure11,andtheArchimedesinFigure12.Thesepowermatricesareavailable
tothepublicandhencecanbeusedinconjunctionwithwaveheightandwaveperioddatatopredictfuture
wavepower.
(a)
(b)
Figure10:Pelamiswavegenerator(a)andpowermatrix:outputinkW(b).
Figure11:WaveDragonpowermatrix(optimisedforhighaveragewaveconditions):outputinkW[31].
Figure12:ArchimedesWaveSwingpowermatrix(unrestricted):outputinkW[31].
Whenmultiplepowermatricesareavailable,thesuitabilityofthedeviceforaparticularsitecanbeevaluated
bycompletingascatterdiagram.Thewaveheightandwaveperiodrecordedatthesiteinquestionshouldbe
plottedagainstoneanotherasillustratedinFigure13.Ifthepowermatrixandrecordeddatafromthesitein
question overlap each other significantly on the scatter diagram, then the wave energy generator being
investigatedisagoodchoiceforthatparticularlocation.AsseeninFigure13,thePelamisisaverygoodmatch
forthesamplesiteanalysed.
M4ScatterDiagram
WavePeriod(s)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
PelamisPowerMatrix
0
1
SignificantWaveHeight(m)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Figure13:ScatterdiagramforM4databuoyoffthecoastofIreland.
Oncethemostsuitablewavepowerdevicehasbeenchosen,andthepowermatrixobtained,thewaveheight
and wave period data recorded at the site must be converted into power output. To do this, I created a
programinMATLAB[32]andIusedwaveheightandwaveperioddatafromfourdifferentsitesaroundthe
coast of Ireland. The data was gathered by the Marine Institute in Ireland using data buoys (see Figure 14)
distributedaroundtheIrishcoast[33].Obtainingdatafromfourdifferentlocationsspreadaroundtheisland
ensuredthatwaveenergyfluctuationswereminimised.Alistofdatabuoyscanbeseenat[34].
Figure14:ADataBuoy.
RiverHydro
River hydro refers to hydroelectric dams with no storage facility i.e. they must operate as water passes
through them. Although there is no river hydro in Ireland at the moment, it was used to simulate the Irish
referencemodel.IfoundthatifhydropowerwassimulatedundertheHydrooption,whichisdiscussedafter
thissection,EnergyPLANwouldoptimisethedispatchofhydroitself.However,theoptimaldispatchofhydro
accordingtoEnergyPLANwasdifferenttotheactualdispatchofhydropowerinIrelandintheyear2007.In
contrast,theriverhydropowerdidnotoptimisethedispatchofhydro,butinsteaditreplicatedthehistorical
hourlyvaluesthatwereinputtedasthedistribution.ThesehourlyoutputswereobtainedfromtheIrishTSO,
butnotethatittookfourmonthstoobtainthisdatasolongwaitingperiodsmayneedtobeaccountedfor.
WhenmodellingfuturealternativesforIreland,IwillusetheHydroPoweroptioninEnergyPLAN,asthiswill
enableEnergyPLANtooptimisethedispatchofhydroitself,whichisdesirableinthefuture.
HydroPower
Ifoundthathydrodatawasquitedifficulttogatheri.e.powercapacityandstoragecapacity.Asindicatedin
Figure5,hydroonlyprovides2.3%ofIrelandselectricitydemands,andthereforethereisnotalotofdetailed
information which is easily accessible for the hydro plants. As a result, I found that the most productive
approach was to contact the hydro plants directly, and request the data required from the operator in the
control room. For the distribution of the hydro production, I used annual output data for the hydro plants
whichwasrecordedbytheIrishTSOs,EirGrid[35]andSEMO[36].Asstatedpreviously,hydropowerwasonly
simulated using this option when modelling future alternatives for Ireland, and not when modelling the
referencemodelin2007.
Geothermal/Nuclear
ThereiscurrentlynogeothermalornuclearpowerplantsinstalledinIrelandsonodatahasbeengatheredfor
them.
3.1.1.4
ElectricityStorage
Onlypumpedhydroelectricenergystorage(PHES)isinuseinIrelandsoIdidnothavetogatheranydataon
electrolysersorcompressedairenergystorage(CAES).ForthePHESparametersIsimplycontactedtheplant
control rooms and they provided information of pump/turbine and storage capacities. However, plant
efficiencies could not be revealed as it was commercially sensitive. Therefore, from the Energy Balance, I
calculatedtheoverallPHESefficiencyusing
(3)
where EOUT was the total electricity produced from Turlough Hill in 2007 (0.349 TWh) and EIN is the total
electricityconsumedbyTurloughHillin2007(0.546TWh).Theresultingroundtripefficiency,TH,was63.9%.
Therefore,Iinsertedtheapumpefficiencyof79.9%andaturbineefficiencyof79.9%,sothattheroundtrip
efficiencywas0.799*0.799=0.639.Notethatthesameefficiencywasusedforthepumpandturbineasthisis
typicallythesituationwithinaPHESfacility[37].
3.1.1.5
Cooling
ThereiscurrentlynocoolingloadinIrelandsonodatawasrequiredfortheIrishreferencemodel.Notethat
theheatdemandunderthecoolingtabisforabsorptioncooling.
3.1.1.6
Individual
HeatDistribution
It was very difficult to predict the annual heat distribution for the entire population of Ireland. In order to
estimateit,IusedDegreeDaydatafromMetireann,theIrishmeteorologicalservice[26].
ThereareHeatingDegreeDays(HDD)andCoolingDegreeDays(CDD).Astheirtitlesuggest,theHDDindicate
thelevelofheatingrequiredonagivenday,andtheCDDindicatethelevelofcoolingrequiredonagivenday.
InIreland,coolingisnotusuallynecessaryduetotheclimateandtherefore,theHDDwasusedtoestimatethe
amountofheatrequired.
HeatingDegreeDaysworkasfollows:Thetemperaturewithinabuildingisusually23Cmorethanoutside,so
whentheoutsidetemperatureis15.5C,theinsideofabuildingisusually17.5Cto18.5C.Therefore,once
thetemperaturedropsbelowthis15.5Coutsidetemperaturesetpoint,theinsidetemperaturedropsbelow
17.5/18.5C and the space heating within a building is usually turned on. Note that this 15.5C setpoint is
specificallyforIrelandanditcanchangedependingonanumberoffactorssuchastheclimateandthetypical
levelofhouseinsulation[38].Afullexplanationaboutthecalculationandapplicationofdegreedatacanbe
obtainedfrom[38,39].
Fortheheatdemand,anannualdistributionwitharesolutionof1dayisrequired,buttheDegreeDaydata
obtainedfromvariousweatherstationsaroundIrelandisonlyrecordedonadailybasis,asseeninFigure15.
Therefore, this 1 day data had to be converted into hourly readings. To do this, I took a daily cycle from a
similarstudycompletedonDenmarkin[7]andappliedittotheIrishdistributionwithaprogramIdevelopedin
MATLAB[32],whichisdisplayedinFigure16.AsdistrictheatingiscommoninDenmark,hourlydatacouldbe
easilyobtainedovera24hourperiodanditwasassumedthatIrelandwouldhaveasimilardailydistributionin
itsheatdemandsasDenmark.
16
14
DegreeDays
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Figure15:DegreeDaydatafromBelmulletmeteorologicalstationinMayo,Ireland[26].
NoDailyCycle
WithDailyCycle
100
80
60
40
20
0
HourinJanuary
Figure16:IndividualheatdistributionforJanuary2007inIreland(Hourly).
Finally, by obtaining the HDD data, the level of heat required each day within a building can be estimated.
However,thisonlyconsideredthespaceheatingdistributionandnotthehotwaterdistribution.Therefore,a
heatdistributionwhichaccountedforbothspaceheatingandhotwaterdemandhadtobeconstructed.For
thesummermonths,itwasassumedthatspaceheatingwouldnotberequired:itwasassumedthattheheat
absorbed by the building during warm temperatures, and also the buildings occupants, would keep the
building warm during colder temperatures. Therefore, during the summer hot water is the only heating
demand.Itwasalsoassumedthathotwaterisaconstantdemandeachdayfortheentireyear,aspeopletend
touseaconsistentamountofwaterregardlessoftemperatureortimeofyear.TheBERRintheUKcompleted
areportinrelationtodomestichotwaterandspaceheating,whichindicatedthattheratioofspaceheatingto
hot water heating in the home is 7:3 [40]. Therefore, as seen in Figure 17, for the heat distribution a 30%
constantbandwidthwasplacedatthebaserepresentinghotwaterdemand,anda70%demandwasplacedon
top(basedonDegreeDaydata)representingthespaceheatingrequirements.Figure17representstheheat
distributionconstructedformodellingtheheatdemandwithintheIrishenergysystem.
SpaceHeating
HotWater
100
HeatDemand(%)
80
60
40
20
Dec07
Nov07
Oct07
Sep07
Aug07
Jul07
Jun07
May07
Apr07
Mar07
Feb07
Jan07
Figure17:IndividualheatdistributionforIreland.
FuelConsumptionandEfficiencyofBoilers
ThefuelconsumedforresidentialheatingcanbeobtainedfromtheEnergyBalance.Fortheboilerefficiencies,
I consulted the Building Energy Rating documentation provided by the Irish energy agency, SEAI [41]. This
documentation is used by assessors to complete energy ratings for homes in Ireland. Therefore, the
documentationgavethetypicaltypeandefficiencyofdifferentdomesticboilersusedinIreland.Thiscouldbe
availableinothercountriesalso,orifnot,theefficiencieswithinthisdocumentationcouldbeappliedtoother
applications.
ElectricHeating
Electricheatingdemandcanalsobedifficulttoquantifyasitisusuallydocumentedinconjunctionwiththe
heatingdemandandnotasaseparateentity.FromareportcompletedbytheIrishenergyagency,SEAI,itwas
foundthat14%ofalldomesticelectricityisusedforspaceheatingand23%forhotwater[42].Inaseparate
reportbySEAI,itwasfoundthat12%ofcommercialelectricitywasusedforheatingpurposes[43].Therefore,I
usedthesefigurestocalculatetheelectricheatingdemandinIrelandi.e.(37%ofdomesticelectricityplus12%
ofcommercialelectricity).
SolarDistribution
There are two types of solar thermal in the EnergyPLAN model: solar thermal that contributes to district
heatingandsolarthermalforindividualhouseholds.Atpresent,onlyindividualsolarthermalenergyisusedin
Ireland and hence it is discussed here under the individuals heating demands. The inputs required for the
EnergyPLANmodelarethe:
1. Thetotalannualsolarthermalproduction.
2. Hourlydistributionofthesolarthermalproductionovertheyear.
3. Solarthermalshare.
ThetotalsolarproductioninIrelandfor2007wasgotfromthe2007EnergyBalance[16].Forthedistribution,
an attempt was made to obtain the hourly power output from a solar panel for an existing installation4 in
Ireland, but this could not be obtained. As discussed previously, the solar radiation available in Ireland and
Denmark is very similar (see Table 33) and hence, a solar thermal output curve which was constructed for
Denmark was used. This solar thermal distribution was created by a Danish energy consultancy firm,
Solarthermaloutputcanbefoundbymeasuringtheinletandoutlettemperaturesofthecollector,andalso
theflowrate.
PlanEnergi[44],forthe2030DanishEnergyPlan[7,8].Thedistributiongivestheproductionfromanindividual
solarthermalinstallationof4.4m2duringatypicalDanishyear.Theenergyproducedfromthesolarpanelis
based on a daily consumption demand of 150 litres, which needs to be heated from 10C to 55C in
combinationwitha200litrestoragetank.The4.4m2representsasolarthermalinstallationdesignedforhot
waterandsomecontributiontospaceheating.
SolarShare
The solar share is the percentage of houses that have a solar panel installed: To estimate this in Ireland, I
contactedtheIrishenergyagency,SEAI[13],whotoldmethattherewas33,600m2ofsolarthermalpanels
installed in Ireland. Atypical solar installation in Irelanduses 5 m2, therefore it was assumed thatthere are
approximately6,720solarinstallationsinIreland.Fromthe2006censusinIreland,itwasstatedthatthereare
1,469,521homesinIreland[45].Therefore,itwasconcludedthatthereisasolarthermalinstallationin0.45%
(6720/1469521)ofIrishhouses.
SolarInput
Asstatedabove,IfoundthetotalsolarenergyutilisedfromtheIrishEnergyBalance[16].Thesolarinputand
solar share can be adjusted if necessary to match the solar production with the value stated in the Energy
Balance.
3.1.1.7
Industry
FuelConsumption
The quantity of each fueltype consumed within industry can be found in the Energy Balance [16]. The
Various input is only used when a consumption cannot be specified anywhere else or may need to be
analysedonitsowni.e.gasconsumptionforoffshoredrilling.
IndustrialCHP:EnergyProduction
InordertoquantifythecapacityofindustrialCHP,IhadtocontactthestatisticsdepartmentwithintheIrish
energyagency,SEAI,whohadthebreakdownofCHPplantsattheirdisposal.Theycouldidentifyfromtheir
recordshowmuchCHPinIrelandwasindustrialandhowmuchwasdispatchable.Fromthistheycouldalso
providetheamountofelectricityandheatthatwasproducedfrombothindustrialanddispatchableCHP.
IndustrialCHP:Distribution
Since the industrial CHP in Ireland was not controlled by the TSO, I used the const.txt distribution for
IndustrialCHP,whichmeanstheoutputwassimplyconstant.Itisconsideredthebestproxyformodellinga
productionthatcannotbecontrolled.
3.1.1.8
Transport
Theamountoffuelusedfortransportisavailablebyfueltype,includingelectricity,fromtheEnergyBalance
[16].
3.1.1.9
Waste
There is currently no waste used for energy production in Ireland so no data was required for the Irish
referencemodel.However,Mnstercarriedoutadetailedenergysystemanalysisofwastetoenergyoptions
in[46],whichcouldbeusefulifdataisrequired.
3.2
EconomicDataRequired
EnergyPLANsimulatesthecostsofanenergysysteminfourprimarycategories:
1. Fuelcosts:purchasing,handling,andtaxesinrelationtoeachfuelaswellastheirCO2costs.
2. Investmentcosts:capitalrequired,thelifetimeofeachunit,andtheinterestrateonrepayments.
3. Operationcosts:thevariableandfixedoperationandmaintenancecostsforeachproductionunit.
4. Additional costs: any extra costs not accounted for in the program by default e.g. the cost of
insulatinghousesforincreasedenergyefficiency.
ThesecostsareusedbyEnergyPLANtoperformsocioeconomicandbusinesseconomicstudies,aswellasa
marketoptimisationfortheenergysystem.
3.2.1
FuelTab
3.2.1.1 FuelandCO2Costs
The purchasing costs for each fuel were obtained for the year 2007, 2010/2015, and 2020, which were
recommendedbytheInternationalEnergyAgency[47]andtheDanishEnergyAuthority[48]andaredisplayed
inTable34.Also,ifrequiredthecurrentmarketpricefordifferentfuelscanbeobtainedfromthelinksbelow:
CrudeOil:http://www.oilprice.net/
Coal:http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/coal/page/coalnews/coalmar.html
NaturalGas:http://www.bloomberg.com/markets/commodities/energyprices.html
Table34
Fuelpricesusedfor2007,2010/2015and2020[47,48].
(/GJ)
2007
2010/2015
2020
CrudeOil CrudeOil
($/bbl)
69.33
9.43
100
13.60
110
14.96
Fuel
Oil
6.66
9.60
10.56
GasOil/
Diesel
11.79
17.00
18.70
Petrol/JP
Coal
12.48
18.00
19.80
1.94
3.19
3.11
Natural
Gas
5.07
8.16
9.16
Biomass
6.30
7.01
7.45
The crude oil price was used to identify the cost of Fuel Oil, Diesel, and Petrol/Jet Fuel. As these fuels are
refinedfromcrudeoiltheirpricesareproportionaltothecrudeoilpriceandhence,thepriceratiobetween
eachoftheseandcrudeoiltypicallyremainsconstant.Therefore,thefollowingratiosrecommendedbythe
DanishEnergyAuthoritywasusedtocalculatetheseprices[48]:ratioofcrudeoiltofueloilwas1to0.70,
crudeoiltodieselwas1to1.25,andcrudeoiltopetrol/jetfuelwas1to1.33.Also,thefuelhandlingcosts
wereobtainedfromtheDanishEnergyAgency[48]andaredisplayedinTable35.
Table35
Fuelhandlingcosts[48].
/GJ
PowerStations(central)
DistributedCHP,district
heating&industry
Individualhouseholds
Roadtransport
Airplanes
FuelOil
0.228
Gasoil/Diesel
0.228
Petrol/JP
.
Coal
0.067
NaturalGas
0.428
Biomass
1.160
1.914
1.807
1.165
1.120
.
.
.
2.905
3.159
.
.
4.257
0.696
.
.
.
2.945
.
.
6.118
11.500[49]
.
3.2.1.2 Taxes
IrangtheIrishrevenueofficetofindoutiftherewereanytaxesonspecificfuelsortechnologiesandfound
thattherewasnone.NotethatValueAddedTax(VAT)isnotincludedhere.
3.2.1.3 CO2Content
IntheEnergyPLANmodel,threeCO2emissionfactorsarerequired:oneforcoal,oil,andnaturalgas.However,
inthisstudycoalandoildonotjustaccountforasinglefuelbutinstead,theyaccountforagroupoffuels.The
coal category represents peat and coal as these were modelled as a single fuel: this is a method which has
beencarriedoutinpreviousmodelsoftheIrishenergysystem[50]duetothesimilarpowerplantefficiencies
and CO2 emissions of the two fuels. The oil category represents a number of different types of oil including
kerosene,diesel,andcoke.Therefore,theCO2emissionfactorsforcoalandoilwerecalculatedbasedonfuel
consumptionsfromtheIrishEnergyBalance[16],andCO2emissionfactorsrecommendedbySEAI[20]forthe
variousfuelstheyrepresent.Inconclusion,theCO2emissionfactorusedforcoal/peatwas100.63kg/GJ(see
Table36),foroilwas73.19kg/GJ(seeTable37)andfornaturalgaswas57.1kg/GJ[20].
Table36
CO2emissionfactorsforcoalandpeat.
Fuel
Coal
MilledPeat
SodPeat
BriquettedPeat
Total
Consumption
(TWh)[16]
17.425
6.186
2.167
0.992
26.770
Consumption
(%ofTotal)
65.09
23.11
8.09
3.71
100.00
CO2EmissionFactor
(kg/GJ)[20]
94.60
116.70
104.00
98.90
100.63
Table37
CO2emissionfactorforoil.
Fuel
Gasoil
Gasoline
JetKerosene
Kerosene
FuelOil(ResidualOil)
Coke
LPG
Naphtha
Total
Consumption
(TWh)[16]
45.230
17.425
12.134
10.620
8.528
3.637
1.856
0.012
104.342
Consumption
(%ofTotal)
43.35
21.40
11.63
10.18
8.17
3.49
1.78
0.01
100.00
CO2EmissionFactor
(kg/GJ)[20]
73.3
70.0
71.4
71.4
76.0
100.8
63.7
73.3
73.2
3.2.1.4 CO2Price
ThereisnocarbontaxinIrelandatthemoment.However,IrelandparticipatesintheEuropeancarbontrading
schemeandthereforethereisacostassociatedwithcarbon,eventhoughitisnotaninternalgovernmenttax.
Forinformationoncarboncosts,visithttp://www.pointcarbon.com.
3.2.2
OperationTab
Underthistabyoumustenterthevariableoperationandmaintenancecosts.Thesearethecoststhatoccurif
thetechnologyinquestionisused.Forexample,anannualservicehastobedoneeveryyearregardlessofhow
oftenthegeneratingplantoperates.Therefore,thisisafixedoperationandmaintenancecharge.However,if
thegeneratingplantgenerates1GWhitmustgetasecondservicecosting1500.Therefore,thegenerating
planthasavariableoperationandmaintenancecostof1500/GWhor1.50/MWh,asthissecondservicewill
onlybenecessaryiftheplantactuallyoperates.
Forthecondensingplant,Ifoundthevariableoperationandmaintenancecostsforeachtypeofpowerplants
from[51],andcalculatedanoverallvariableO&Mcostof1.84/MWhasdisplayedinTable38.ForthePHES
facilities,Iobtainedthevariableoperationandmaintenancecostsfrom[52],andtodateIhavenotfoundthe
variableoperationandmaintenancecostfortheindividualunits.
3.2.3
InvestmentTab
Under this tab you must enter the investment, lifetime, and fixed operation and maintenance costs. These
costsareusedfortocalculatetheannualcostsofeachcomponentbasedonafixedraterepaymentloan:the
governing equations for these calculations are discussed in detail in the EnergyPLAN user manual [1]. The
investment and operation costs for condensing power plants were obtained from [51], and are displayed in
Table38.
Table38
Investment,fixedO&M,andvariableO&McostsforIrishcondensingpowerplants[51].
PlantType
Investment
Costs
(M/MW)
1.100
Fixed
O&MCosts
(/MW/year)
16000
Variable
O&MCosts
(/MWh)
1.800
2007IrishCapacity
/FuelType
Steamturbine,coalfiredadvanced
steamprocess,20%cofiringof
biomass,2004
1.200
22000
3.000
345.6MW/Peat
Gasturbinesinglecycle,(40125
MW),2004
0.485
7350
2.500
719MW/Gas
Gasturbinecombinedcycle(100
400MW),2004
0.525
14000
1.500
2806MW/Gas
Gasturbinecombinedcycle(10
100MW),2004
0.700
10000
2.750
208MW/Gas
Steamturbine,coalfired,advanced
steamprocess,2004
852.5MW/Coal
806MW/Oil
Theonshorewindandoffshorewindcostswereobtainedfrom[53]:investmentcostsforonshorewindare1.2
M/MWandoffshorewindis1.6M/MW,whilethefixedO&Mcostsare6/MWhforonshorewindand
8.70 /MWh for offshore wind5. The investment costs for hydro power in Ireland were obtained from the
BritishHydropowerAssociation[54]:theinvestmentcostforhydrostationsbelow100MWis1.765M/MW,
thefixedO&Mcostsareapproximately2.7%oftheinvestmentandthevariableO&Mcostsareapproximately
1.3%oftheinvestment.ThecostsforPHESinIrelandwerefoundfromGonzalezetal.[52]as0.476M/MW
and7.89M/GWhfortheinitialinvestment,0.6%oftheinvestmentforthefixedO&Mcost,and3/MWhfor
thevariableO&Mcost.
Fortheindividualheatingunits(suchasboilers,electricheaters,solar)IfoundtheinvestmentandfixedO&M
costs by contacting the suppliers as displayed in Table 39. Remember to include the installation costs for
boilersandsolarsystemssuchastheinstallationofthecentralheatingsystem,whichcanbeobtainedfrom
[55].ThetypeofindividualheatingsystemsinIreland(byfueltype)wasgotfromareportcarriedoutbythe
Irish Central Statistics Office (CSO) [56]. Finally, just to note that taxes should not be included in the costs
inputtedhere.Therefore,ifasupplieriscontactedtoobtainthecosts,ensurethepricequotediswithouttax.
Table39
Costs(excludingtaxes)ofindividualheatingsystemsforthereferencemodeloftheIrishenergysystem.
FuelType
Oil
Biomass
NaturalGas
SolidFuel
ElectricBoiler
ElectricHeaters
SolarThermal
Size
26kW
19kW
26kW
21kW
12kW
20kW
2400kWh/year
CostIncludingInstallation
()
14750
19500
14750
15300
15500
6000*
5900
Lifetime
(years)
15
15
15
15
15
20
35
O&MCosts
(/year)
110
110
110
110
0
0
55
*Doesnotaccountforelectrictransmissionupgradesthatmaybenecessaryforwidespreadinstallations.
5
Thisdoesnotincludethebalancingcostsassociatedwithwindpower.
3.2.4
AdditionalTab
Thiscanbeusedifthereareanyadditionalcostswhichhavenotbeenaccountedfor.Forexample,thecostof
insulatinghousestoreduceenergydemandsmaybeaccountedforhere.
AreasofDifficulty
Although a large degree of EnergyPLAN is intuitive, there were some areas which I found difficult to
understandatfirst.Therefore,afewaspectsofthemodelarediscussedinmoredetailhere.
4.1
ThermalEnergySystem
As there are very little CHP plants or no significant district heating networks in Ireland, heat is usually
generated at the point of demand, so I did not fully understand how a thermal energy system worked. As
EnergyPLAN can model this type of energy system, a brief outline is provided. To illustrate the flexibility
induced by thermal energy storage on such a system, a snapshot of the power production during different
scenariosispresentedbelow.ThesysteminquestioncontainsaCHPplant,windturbines,athermalstorage,a
hotwaterdemand,andanelectricaldemandasillustratedinFigure18.
Duringtimesoflowwindpower,alotofelectricitymustbegeneratedbytheCHPplantstoaccommodatefor
theshortfallinpowerproduction.Asaresult,alotofheatisalsobeingproducedfromtheCHPplantasseenin
Figure 18a. The high production of heat means that production is now greater than demand, and
consequently,heatissenttothethermalstorage.
Conversely, at times of high wind power, the CHP plants produce very little electricity and heat. Therefore,
thereisnowashortageofheatsothethermalstorageisusedtoensurethatdemandismet,asseeninFigure
18b.
Note:ThissystemcanbesimulatedbychoosingtheTechnicalOptimisation2:BalancingHeatandElectricity
DemandsundertheRegulationtabinEnergyPLAN.
WindPower
WindPower
Electricity
Demand
Electricity
Demand
CHPPlant
CHPPlant
Heat
Demand
Heat
Demand
ThermalStorage
ThermalStorage
(a)
(b)
Figure18:Energysystemwithdistrictheatingandthermalenergystorageduring(a)alowwindscenarioand(b)ahigh
windscenario.
ThissystemhasbeenputintopracticeinDenmarkwhichhasthehighestwindpenetrationintheworld.Also,
Lund and Mathiesen have created a roadmap for Denmark towards achieving a 100% renewable energy
systemusingathermalenergysystem[48].
32 AreasofDifficulty|UniversityofLimerick
4.2
DistrictHeatingGroups
After learning about the operation of the thermal storage energy system, the next question that comes to
mindrelatestotheCHPinputsundertheInput>DistrictHeatingtab.Underthistabtherearethreedistrict
heating(DH)categories:
1. DHwithoutCHP:Thesearesystemsthatuseboilers,wasteheatorsomeotherformofheatsupply
butdonotuseCHP.
2. DHwithsmallCHPplants:ThiscategoryrepresentsCHPplants,whichcannotoperatewithoutaheat
load.
3. DHwithlargeCHPplants:ThiscategoryspecifiestheamountofcentralisedCHPcapacity.Theprimary
differencebetweentheseandgroup2,isthefactthattheseplantsdonotneedtocreateheatduring
theproductionofelectricity.Theycanremovetheheatfromtheirsystemusingwater(usuallyfroma
riverorthesea).
4.3
TechnicalOptimisationvs.MarketOptimisation
TherearetwokindsofstudiesthatcanbecarriedoutinEnergyPLAN:
1. TechnicalOptimisation(triestominimisefossilfuelconsumptionandcanbecarriedoutwithoutany
costinputs).
2. MarketOptimisation(triestominimisetheoperationcostsofthesystem).
Thetechnicaloptimisationisbasedonthetechnicalabilitiesofthecomponentswithintheenergysystem.The
differencebetweendemandandsupplyismetaslongasthepowerproducingunitsarecapableofcompleting
thetask.Onlyinsituationswherethepowerproducingunitsarenotabletomeetdemandispowerimported
from the external market, and where excess energy is produced (i.e. during high wind speeds) energy is
exportedtotheexternalmarket.Therearefourtypesoftechnicaloptimisation:
1. BalancingHeatDemands:Thisoptionperformsatechnicaloptimisationwhereheatproducingplants
mustoperateaccordingtotheheatdemand.Theunitschosentosupplytheheatdemandarechosen
inthefollowingorder:
i. SolarThermal.
ii. IndustrialCHP.
iii. HeatProductionfromWaste.
iv. CHPHeat.
v. HeatPumps.
vi. PeakLoadBoilers.
This also affects electricity production: Under this regulation, the amount of heat that CHP units
produce,andhencetheamountofelectricitytheyproduceisdependentontheheatdemandatthat
time.
2. Balancing Both Heat and Electricity Demands: This option performs a technical optimisation where
the export of electricity is minimised, primarily by replacing CHP production with boilers or heat
pumps6 when there is excess electricity. By doing this the electricity consumption is increased (i.e.
more electric boilers or heat pumps) and the electricity produced is decreased (i.e. less CHP
production).Alsoforthisoperatingstrategy,ifthereiscondensingpowerplantproductiononthegrid
andthereisCHPcapacityavailable,thentheCHPreplacesitandtheexcessheatproducedissenttoa
thermalstorage.AgraphicalillustrationofthisoptionisdisplayedinFigure18.Thisensuresthatthe
energysystemoperateswiththelargestefficiencypossible.
6
Heat pumps are powered by electricity to transfer heat from one heat source (i.e. ground or water) into
anotherheatsource(i.e.adistrictheatingnetwork).
UniversityofLimerick |AreasofDifficulty 33
3.
4.
Option2butReducingCHPalsowhenpartlyneededforgridstabilisation:Asstatedthisislargely
thesameasoption2.Inoption2,CHPisreducedwhenthereisalargeoutputfromrenewableenergy
sources.However,inoption3,CHPisalsoreducedifitisrequiredforgridstabilisation7.
Option1usingtheTripleTariff:Asstatedthisislargelythesameasoption1.However,inthisoption,
CHPplantsdonotoperateaccordingtotheheatdemand,butinsteadtheyoperateaccordingtothe
Triple Tariff. The Triple Tariff was introduced in Denmark to encourage CHP units to produce
electricityduring peak hours. Therefore, CHP plants gotpaid 3 timesmore for producing electricity
duringpeakhours(times)thananyothertimeoftheday.Asaresult,thermalstoragebecamevery
commonwithCHPplants,sotheycouldstoretheexcessheatcreatedwhileoutputwashighduring
peakelectricityhours.ThisregulationoptionisusedtosimulatetheTripleTariff.
The market optimisation is designed to match supply and demand at the least cost, rather than on the
minimumfuelconsumption.Forthisoptimisationtwoprimarystepsarecompleted:
1. The shortterm marginal cost8 of producing electricity and/or heat is calculated for each power
producingunit.
2. Theleastcostcombinationofproductionunitsischosentosupplythedemand.
For a detailed explanation of the calculations completed in both the technical optimisation and the market
optimisation,readchapter6and7respectivelyintheEnergyPLANusermanual[1].
4.3.1
Businesseconomicvs.Socioeconomiccalculations
EconomicresultsfromEnergyPLANcanbedividedintotwotypesofstudies:
1. Socioeconomiccosts:Taxesarenotincluded.
2. Businesseconomiccosts:Taxesareincluded.
Thesocioeconomicstudiesaredesignedtominimisethecoststosocietyi.e.thecostfortheregion/countryto
providetheenergynecessary.Inasocioeconomicstudytheaimistoidentifythecostsassociatedwiththe
Technical Optimisation. This way you can optimise the performance of the energy system without the
restrictionsimposedbyeconomicinfrastructures.Therefore,thefollowingstepscanbefollowed:
1. CompleteaTechnicalOptimisationidentifyingtheoptimumtechnicaloperationoftheenergysystem,
forexamplethesystemwithminimumCriticalExcessElectricityProduction(CEEP)orminimumCO2.
2. Completeasocioeconomicstudytoidentifythecostsassociatedwiththetechnicaloptimisation.
Thebusinesseconomicstudiesshowwhatcanbedonewhilebeingprofitableforabusinessorperson.Once
the socioeconomic study is completed, the marketeconomic study should be done to identify how the
existingmarketinfrastructureobstructstheoptimaltechnicalsolution.Therefore,aftercompletingsteps1and
2above:
3. Carryoutabusinesseconomicmarketoptimisationtoidentifyhowtheexistingsystempreventsthe
introductionoftheoptimaltechnicalsolution.
4. Make changes to the existing tax system to outline how the existing market could be adjusted to
promotetheoptimaltechnicalsolution.
Sometimes,socioeconomiccostscanincludethefollowingaspectsalso:
1. JobCreation.
2. BalanceofPayment9.
3. PublicFinances.
The electric grid needs to be maintained at a certain frequency and voltage. Power plants usually provide
ancillary services that ensure this frequency and voltage are maintained. If the frequency or voltage is not
maintained,theelectricgridwillstopworking.
8
MarginalCost:Isthecostatwhichthereisenoughsupplytomeetdemand.
9
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments.
7
4.
EnvironmentalCosts.
However, these calculations are not made by the EnergyPLAN model. Instead, these benefits must be
calculatedexternallybytheuserbasedontheinvestmentsmadeinthedifferentenergysystemsectors.These
calculationsarediscussedfurtherin[57].
4.4
OptimisationcriteriaforanEnergySystem
ItisveryimportanttoknowhowEnergyPLANidentifiesthatoneenergysystemisbetterthananalternative
energysystem.Therefiveprimaryvariablesthatarerecordedwhendoingthisare:
1. PES(PrimaryEnergySupply):Thisisthetotalenergyrequiredwithintheenergysystem.
2. CO2:ThisistheamountofCO2producedwithintheenergysystem.
3. Annualcosts:Theannualcostsrequiredtosupplytherequiredenergydemand.
4. EEEP (Exportable Excess Electricity Production): This is the amount of electricity that had to be
exportedfromtheenergysystem,ANDitwaspossibletoexportbecausetherequiredtransmission
outoftheenergysystemwasavailable.
5. CEEP(CriticalExcessElectricityProduction):Thisistheamountofelectricitythathadtobeexported
from the energy system, BUT COULD NOT be exported because the required transmission was not
available.
How important each of these parameters is depends on the objective of your study. Exercise four in the
EnergyPLAN training (which is available from the EnergyPLAN website [1]) provides a good example of how
theseparametersareusedtocomparealternativeenergysystems.Finally,otherparametersmayalsobeused
tocompareenergysystems,butthesearethemostcommon.
4.5
ExternalElectricityMarketPrice
Undertheregulationtab,anexternalelectricitymarketpricecanbedefined.ThedistributionisNOTindexed
likeotherdistributionsinEnergyPLAN:insteadtheactualvaluesinthedistributionareused.Thedistribution
can be manipulated by an Addition Factor and a Multiplication Factor. The addition factor is used to
representthecostofCO2,becausewhenaCO2costisincreasedorintroduced,itusuallyincreasesthecostof
electricitybyaconstantamountforeachhour.Themultiplicationfactorisusuallyusedtomodelanincreasein
fuelprices,astheseusuallyincreasethecostofelectricityproportionallyduringeachhour.
4.6
OperationStrategyforElectricityStorage
InEnergyPLAN,electricitystorageisdescribedintheformofpumpedhydroelectricenergystorage(PHES)as
thisisthelargestandmostcommonformofelectricitystorageinusetoday[58].However,thiscanbeusedto
defineanytypeofelectricitystoragewhichhasachargingcapacity(i.e.pump/compressor),dischargecapacity
(i.e. turbine), and a storage capacity. When defining the electricity storage capacities available, it is also
possible to define an electricity storage operation strategy. Once again, as EnergyPLAN uses PHES as a
reference,thequestionaskedinEnergyPLANwhendefininganoperationstrategyisAllowforsimultaneous
operationofturbineandpump:YES/NO,whichisdisplayedinFigure19.
Figure19:ElectricitystorageparametersandoperationstrategyinEnergyPLAN.
Historically, PHES (and other largescale electricity storage) facilities have typically been constructed with a
singlepenstocksystemastheyweredesignedtomaximiseelectricitygenerationfrombaseloadpowerplants
i.e.bychargingduringthenightwhenelectricitypriceswerelow(duetoahighpercentageofbaseloadpower)
anddischargingduringthedaywhenelectricitypriceswerehigh(duetoahighdemand).Therefore,theycould
not, or never needed to, charge and discharge at the same time. To simulate this scenario in EnergyPLAN,
selectNOforAllowforsimultaneousoperationofturbineandpump.However,ifenergystoragedevicesare
designed especially to integrate fluctuating renewable energy, there may be additional benefits when using
PHESthatcanchargeanddischargeatthesametime.ThiscanbeachievedinasinglePHESfacilitybyinstalling
twopenstocks,asdisplayedinFigure20,oralsobyinstallingmultiplesinglepenstocksystemPHESfacilitieson
thesameenergysystemi.e.onecanchargewhiletheotherisdischargingatthesametime.Byusingadouble
penstock system, the PHES introduces more flexibility onto the energy system and hence it can aid the
integration ofmore renewable energy. Asa result, this operating strategy is also possible in EnergyPLAN by
selectingYESwhenaskedAllowforsimultaneousoperationofturbineandpump.
UpperReservoir
ElectricityOut
DuringDischarging
UpperReservoir
ElectricityOut
DuringDischarging
Generator
Turbine
PumpTurbine
Motor/Generator
Double
ElectricityIn
Single
Pump
LowerReservoir
LowerReservoir
ElectricityIn
(A)
(B)
Figure20:OnePHESfacilitywith(A)asinglepenstocksystemand(B)adoublepenstocksystem.
SohowdotheseoperatingstrategiesaffectthehourlyoperationofthesysteminEnergyPLAN?Toillustrate
this,anexampleispresentedinTable41usingtheparametersdefinedinTable42.AsseeninTable41,the
primary advantage of a double penstock PHES facility relates to grid stabilisation: to see how the grid
stabilisationpercentageiscalculated,seesection8.3oftheEnergyPLANusermanual.Asthepumpandturbine
canoperatetogether,adoublepenstocksystemcanstoreexcesswindproductionusingthepump,whilealso
producinggridstabilisingpowerusingtheturbine.Incontrast,thesinglepenstocksystemhastoprioritiseone
oftheseasthepumpandturbinecannotoperatetogether.FromTable41itisclearthatthesinglepenstock
systemprioritisesthepumpandtherefore,theexcesselectricityissenttothePHESwhilethepowerplants
(PP) must now provide the grid stabilising power. As a result, a system with single penstock PHES facility
typicallyrequiresmorefuel(i.e.morePPproduction)thanasystemwithadoublepenstockPHES.Also,asa
doublepenstockcanchargeanddischargeatthesametime,thestoragecapacitydoesnotfillupasquicklyas
asinglepenstocksystem.Therefore,doublepenstocksystemcanachievehigherfluctuatingrenewableenergy
penetrationsatlowerstoragecapacitiesthanasinglepenstocksystem.
Table41
Resultsforhours110whenusingasingleandadoublepenstockPHESoperationstrategyinEnergyPLAN.
hour
elec.
demand
wind
power
pp
1*
2
3*
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
397
374
362
346
331
323
326
335
346
354
194
266
400
522
750
616
618
860
772
672
0
1
38
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
pump
turbine storage
stab.
load
import
CEEP
EEEP
170
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
170
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
298
740
55
557
479
757
89
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
DoublePenstock System:YES
0
6
209
400
740
557
557
893
757
606
203
113
134
224
321
264
265
369
331
288
136
0
0
40
230
346
460
714
906
1031
SinglePenstockSystem:NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
397
374
362
346
331
323
326
335
346
354
194
266
400
522
750
616
618
860
772
672
0
114
171
224
0
264
0
369
0
288
0
6
209
101
0
502
0
414
0
517
203
0
0
0
321
0
265
0
331
0
4747
4752
4919
5000
4598
5000
4669
5000
4586
5000
*Valueshighlightedinredandgreenrelatetosection4.7ofthisreport.
Table42
ParametersusedinEnergyPLANforthesamplecalculationsonthetwoPHESoperationstrategies.
Parameter
Electricitydemand
Condensingpowerplants
Windenergy
Pumpcapacity
Turbinecapacity
Pumpefficiency
Turbineefficiency
Storagecapacity
Regulation:Minimumgridstabilisationshare
Capacity*
4TWh
500MW
2000MW
1000MW
1000MW
0.8
0.8
5GWh
0.3(i.e.30%)
*AllvalueswereenteredusingthedefaultdistributionsprovidedwhenopeningEnergyPLAN.
4.6.1
Storagecapacityforthedoublepenstocksystemstrategy
Itshouldbenotedthatwhenusingadoublepenstocksystem,thestoragecapacitymayneverberecordedas
fullduringthehourlyvalues.ThisisduetothecalculationprocedureinEnergyPLAN.Asstatedpreviously,a
doublepenstocksystemcanchargeusingexcesselectricity,whilealsodischargingtoprovidegridstabilisation.
Therefore, at the beginning of each hour EnergyPLAN must decide how much energy will be stored due to
excess electricity and how much will be discharged to provide grid stabilisation. To do this the following
sequenceisusedbyEnergyPLAN:
1.
2.
3.
Theamountofexcesswindpowercanbestorediscalculatedi.e.isthereenoughpumpcapacityand
storagecapacityavailabletosendtheexcesselectricity.
Itcalculatestheelectricitythatneedstobedischargedtomeetthegridstabilisationrequirements.
Basedonthesefigures,theelectricitythatmustbeimportedorexportedisevaluated.
Onceagain,bylookingatanexamplethisshouldbecomeclear.Letstakethevaluesfromhour887inTable
43. At the beginning of this hour there was a demand of 442 MW and a wind production of 1200 MW.
Therefore,byfollowingthestepsoutlinedabove,EnergyPLANdidthefollowing:
1. Thestoragecapacityfromthehourbeforewas4351MWh,whilethetotalcapacitywas5000MWh.
Therefore, the total capacity available for the next hour was 649 MWh, which equates to a pump
demand of 812 MW (i.e. 649/0.8). Hence there is only room for 812 MW of excess electricity
productioninthestorageduringthishour.
2. Asthetotalproductionduringthishourisnow1200MWofwind,thereisnogridstabilisingpower
operating.Theregulationusedstatesthat30%ofallproductionmustbegridstabilising.However,if
theturbinestartsproducingpower,ittoowillbeaddingtotheproductionandhencetheamountof
grid stabilisation required will increase. For example, if the turbine provides 30% of the wind
production, which is 360 MW (i.e. 0.3*1200), then the total production is now 1560 MW, but
360/1560isonly23%,whichislessthan30%.Therefore,thetotalpowerthatmustcomefromthe
turbine must account for its own production also and is calculated from (see section 8.3 of the
EnergyPLANusermanualforfulldetailsongridstabilisationcalculations[1]):
Turbine=0.3*(Wind+Turbine)=0.3*(1200+Turbine)=>0.7Turbine=360=>Turbine=514MW
Astheturbineneedstoproduce514MW,itmeansthat643MWh(514/0.8)mustberemovedfrom
thestoragefacility,sothebalanceinthestoragefacilityduringthishouris4351+649643=4357
MWh.
3. Now that EnergyPLAN has evaluated that the maximum electricity it can store is 812 MW and the
total electricity it needs for stabilisation is 514 MW, it can equate how much electricity is left for
export,whichis1200+514812442=460MW.Notethatthishasatoleranceof1MWasthe
decimalplacemaybegreaterorlessthan0.5.
Animportantissuetonoticehereisthevaluerecordedforthestoragefacilityattheendofthehour.Even
thoughthevaluerecordedwas4357MWh,thestoragecapacitywasfullduringthecalculationsi.e.afterthe
pump demand was added: 4351 + 649 = 5000 MWh. Therefore, when analysing the results for a double
penstock,theMaximumStorageforthePHESfacilitymaynotregisterasthestoragecapacity,eventhoughit
hasbeenfullduringtheanalysis.
Forclaritypurposes,letslookatanotherexample:hour5fromTable41:
1. Thereis1000MWand5000MWhofpumpandstoragecapacityavailablerespectively.
2. Thereis750MWofwindand0MWofgridstabilisingpower.Therefore,theturbinecapacityrequired
is:Turbine=0.3*(Wind+Turbine)=>Turbine=321MW.
3. Nowthatthetotalproductionis1071MW(750+321),butthedemandisonly331MW,740MWis
senttothestorageasthereissufficientpumpandstoragecapacityavailable.Therefore,thebalance
forthestorageis592MWh(740*0.8)inand401MWhout(321/0.8),whichmeansthevalueatthe
endofthehouris40+592401=231MWh.
4. Finally,alltheexcesspowerwassenttothestorageandallofthegridstabilisingpowerwasprovided
bytheturbine,sonoexportorimportoccurred.
Finally,thesinglepenstockisevaluatedinthesameway,exceptifexcesspowerandgridstabilisationmustbe
provided at the same time, the excess power is prioritised (i.e. pump operates) and the power plants (PP)
providethegridstabilisation(i.e.astheturbinecannotoperatewhenthepumpisoperating).
Table43
CalculatingthehourpumpandturbinedemandforadoublepenstockPHES.
Hour
885
886
887
888
889
890
Elec.
Demand
500
472
442
403
383
363
Wind
Power
1230
1212
1200
1008
982
1116
PP
Pump
Turbine
Storage
0
0
0
0
0
0
1000
975
812
804
675
658
527
519
514
432
421
478
4220
4351
4357
4460
4474
4402
stab.
load
100
100
100
100
100
100
Import
CEEP
EEEP
0
0
0
0
0
0
257
284
461
233
345
574
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.7
Descriptionofstab.loadfromEnergyPLANresultswindow
AsdisplayedinFigure21,thereareanumberofgridstabilisationregulationsthatcanbespecifiedunderthe
Regulationtab.ThisincludesthatMinimumgridstabilisationproductionshare(MGSPS),whichspecifiesthe
percentageofproductionthatmustbefromgridstabilisingunits(i.e.powerplants,hydro,etc).Itisimportant
torememberthatthisisapercentageoftotalproductionandnottotaldemand,whichisoutlinedindetailin
section8.3oftheEnergyPLANusermanual[1].
Figure21:GridstabilisationcriteriaintheEnergyPLANmodel.
TomeasureifthesystemprovidedtheMGSPSduringeachhourofthesimulation,EnergyPLANcalculatesthe
stab.load",asshowninFigure22.ThisillustratesthepercentageoftheMGSPSthatwassatisfiedduringeach
hour.Thissectionillustrateshowthestab.loadiscalculated.
Figure22:Stab.LoadresultsdisplayedinEnergyPLAN.
Insection8.3oftheEnergyPLANusermanual,itstatesthatthepercentageofelectricityproductionfromgrid
stabilisingunits,GridStab,isfoundfrom:
100
(4)
Where eStab is the total electricity production from grid stabilising units and dStab is the minimum grid
stabilisationproductionsharethatwasspecifiedinEnergyPLAN(asshowninFigure21).Usingthisvaluethe
stab.loadisthencalculatedfrom:
(5)
Tomakethisclear,letslookathour1foradoublepenstocksysteminTable41.Inhour1ofTable41,allof
theproductionunitsarehighlightedinredandallofthedemandunitsarehighlightedingreen.Therefore,for
hour1thetotalproductionis397MW,with203MWproducedbytheturbineand194MWproducedbywind
power.However,onlythePHESturbineprovidesgridstabilisingpowerandasaresult,theGridStabvaluefor
this hour is (203/397)*100 = 51%. However, the MGSPS required is 30%, see Table 42 and Figure 21.
Therefore,thestab.loadis51%/30%=170%,asdisplayedinTable41.
Letscalculatethestab.loadforhour3ofthedoublepenstocksysteminTable41also.ItisclearfromTable
41thatduringthishourthetotalproductionis572MW,with400MWfromwindpower,38MWfrompower
plants,and134MWfromthePHESturbine.AsspecifiedintheEnergyPLANusermanual,bothpowerplants
andthePHESturbinecanprovidegridstabilisingpower.Therefore,thetotalgridstabilisingpowerproduction
forhour3is172MW(38+134).ThismeansthatGridStab=(172/572)*100=30%andstab.load=30%/30%=
100%.
4.8
AbbreviationsfortheResultswindow
In the results window, there are a number of columns which represent various technologies within the
EnergyPLANsimulation.
Table44:AbbreviationsdisplayedintheresultswindowoftheEnergyPLANmodel.
Abbreviation
Input
elec.demand
Sum(Demandexcl.elec.Heating)undertheInput>ElectricityDemandtab.
elec.demcooling
ElectricityConsumptionundertheInput>Coolingtab.
FixedExp/Imp
FixedImport/ExportundertheInput>ElectricityDemandtab
districtheating
SumofDemandunderGroupsI,II,and3ofInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
windpower
PV
Wavepower
Riverhydro
Hydropower
Hydropump
Hydrostorage
HydroWatSup
HydroWatLoss
solarthermal
EstimatedPostCorrectionProductionfortherenewableenergyselectedonthe
firstrowofRenewableEnergySourceundertheInput>RenewableEnergytab.
secondrowofRenewableEnergySourceundertheInput>RenewableEnergytab.
thirdrowofRenewableEnergySourceundertheInput>RenewableEnergytab.
fourthrowofRenewableEnergySourceundertheInput>RenewableEnergytab.
EstimatedannualproductionintheHydroPowersectionundertheInput
>RenewableEnergytab.
Operationofthehydropump.ThecapacityisdefinedinPumpCapacityinthe
HydroPowersectionundertheInput>RenewableEnergytab.
Energyinthehydrostorage.ThecapacityisdefinedinStorageintheHydro
PowersectionundertheInputRenewableEnergytab.
Incomingwatertothehydrostorage.ItisdefinedinAnnualWatersupplyinthe
HydroPowersectionundertheInput>RenewableEnergytab.
Sometimesthewaterflowingintothehydroplantexceedsthedemandrequiredand
hence,waterhastogothroughthespillwayanditislost.
SumofalltheResultTWh/yearattheendofalltheSolarthermalinputsunder
GroupsI,II,and3ofInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
cshp1heat
DHprodfortheDHGr.1rowundertheInput>Industrytab.
waste1heat
DHproductioninthefirstDHGr.1rowundertheInput>Wastetab.
DHPheat
DemandfromdistrictheatingunitsundertheinputDemandoftheGroup1
sectionintheInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
cshp2heat
waste2heat
Geoth2heat
Geoth2steam
Geoth2storage
chp2heat
ThisistheDHproductionproducedbytheGeothermaloperatedbyabsorption
hearpumponsteamfromwasteCHPplantsfortheDHGr.2undertheInput
>Wastetab.
ThisistheSteamforHeatPumpproducedbytheGeothermaloperatedby
absorptionhearpumponsteamfromwasteCHPplantsfortheDHGr.2underthe
Input>Wastetab.
ThisistheSteamStorageproducedbytheGeothermaloperatedbyabsorption
>Wastetab.
TheamountofheatproducedfromtheCHPunitsinGroup2oftheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.ThecapacityandthermalefficiencyofCHPunitsavailableto
producethisheataredefinedintheCHP&Therm.inputsrespectively,whichare
alsoundertheGroup2section.
Abbreviation
hp2heat
boilerheat
EH2heat
Input
TheamountofheatproducedfromtheHeatPumpunitsinGroup2oftheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.Thecapacityandcoefficientofperformancefortheheatpump
unitsavailabletoproducethisheataredefinedintheHeatPump&COPinputs
respectively,whicharealsoundertheGroup2section.
TheamountofheatproducedfromtheboilerunitsinGroup2oftheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.Thecapacityandefficiencyfortheboilerunitsavailableto
producethisheataredefinedintheBoiler&Therm.inputsrespectively,which
arealsoundertheGroup2section.
Heatproducedfromtheelectricboileringroup2ofdistrictheating.Thisoccursif
CEEPregulationnumber4isusedundertheRegulationtab.
ELT2heat
HeatproducedfromtheElectrolyserinGroup2undertheInput>ElecStoragetab.
storageCHPgr2
EnergyavailableinHeatstoragegr.2forCHPundertheInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
heat2balance
Thebalancebetweentheheatproduced (i.e.fromIndustrialCHP,Waste,
Geothermal,CHP,HP,Boilers,ElectricBoilers,andElectrolysers),andtheheat
demand(i.e.Demandinput)underGroup2intheInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
cshp3heat
waste3heat
Geoth3heat
Geoth3steam
Geoth3storage
chp3heat
hp3heat
boilerheatr
EH3heat
ThisistheDHproductionproducedbytheGeothermaloperatedbyabsorption
>Wastetab.
ThisistheSteamforHeatPumpproducedbytheGeothermaloperatedby
absorptionhearpumponsteamfromwasteCHPplantsfortheDHGr.3underthe
Input>Wastetab.
ThisistheSteamStorageproducedbytheGeothermaloperatedbyabsorption
>Wastetab.
TheamountofheatproducedfromtheCHPunitsinGroup3oftheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.ThecapacityofCHPunitsavailabletoproducethisheatis
definedintheCHPinput,whichisalsoundertheGroup3section.
TheamountofheatproducedfromtheHeatPumpunitsinGroup3oftheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.Thecapacityandcoefficientofperformancefortheheatpump
unitsavailabletoproducethisheataredefinedintheHeatPump&COPinputs
respectively,whicharealsoundertheGroup3section.
Theamountofheatproducedfrom theboilerunitsinGroup3oftheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.Thecapacityandefficiencyfortheboilerunitsavailableto
producethisheataredefinedintheBoiler&Therm.inputsrespectively,which
arealsoundertheGroup3section.
HeatproducedfromtheelectricboilerinGroup3 ofdistrictheating.Thisoccursif
CEEPregulationnumber5isusedundertheRegulationtab.
ELT3heat
HeatproducedfromtheElectrolyserinGroup3undertheInput>ElecStoragetab.
storageCHPgr3
EnergyavailableinHeatstoragegr.2forCHPundertheInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
heat3balance
flexibleeldemand
hpelec.
Thebalancebetweentheheatproduced(i.e.fromIndustrialCHP,Waste,
Geothermal,CHP,HP,Boilers,ElectricBoilers,andElectrolysers),andtheheat
demand(i.e.Demandinput)underGroup3intheInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
SumofFlexibledemand(1day),Flexibledemand(1week),andFlexibledemand
(4weeks)inputsundertheInput>ElectricityDemandtabPLUStheelectricity
demandforElectricity(DumpCharge)undertheInput>Transporttab.
Theelectricityrequiredtopower theheatpumpsinGroup2andGroup3under
theInput>DistrictHeatingtab.
Abbreviation
cshpelec.
chpelec.
ppelec.
pp2elec.
geother.Elec.
pumpelec.
turbineelec.
pumpstorage
ELT2elec.
H2storelt.2
ELT3elec.
H2storelt.3
V2GDemand
V2GCharge
V2GDischa.
V2GStorage
transH2electr.
Input
SumofElectricityproductioninthefirstDHGr.1,DHGr.2,andDHGr.3rows
intheWastesectiononlyundertheInput>WastetabPLUSsumofElectricityprod
forDHGr.1,DHGr.2,andDHGr.3undertheInput>Industrytab.
TheelectricityproducedbytheCHPunitsinGroup2andGroup3underthe
Input>DistrictHeatingtab.
TheelectricityproducedbytheCondensingpowerplantunitsinGroup3under
TheelectricityproducedbythePP2powerplantunitsinGroup3undertheInput
>DistrictHeatingtab.
TheelectricityproducedbyGeothermalPowerandNuclearPowerunderthe
Input>RenewableEnergytab.
TheelectricitydemandrequiredtopowerthePump/CompressorintheElectricity
StoragesectionundertheInput>ElecStoragetab.
TheelectricityproducedbytheTurbineintheElectricityStoragesectionunder
theInput>ElecStoragetab.
TheenergycontainedintheStorageCapacity,whichisintheElectricityStorage
sectionundertheInput>ElecStoragetab.Thetotalenergyputintothestorageis
equaltothepumpelec.multipliedbythePump/Compressorefficiencyandthe
totalenergyremovedisequaltotheturbineelec.dividedbytheTurbine
efficiency.
Theelectricityconsumed bytheElectrolyserinGroup2undertheInput
>ElecStoragetab.
Energystoredinthe formoffuelintheHydrogenStorageofGroup2underthe
Input>ElecStoragetab.
TheelectricityconsumedbytheElectrolyserinGroup3undertheInput
>ElecStoragetab.
EnergystoredintheformoffuelintheHydrogen StorageofGroup3underthe
Input>ElecStoragetab.
Thisistheelectricityrequiredbythesmart/V2Gelectricvehiclesfortransport
purposesonly(i.e.notthedemandusedwhenactingasagridstoragefacility)andit
isobtainedbymultiplyingtheElectricity(SmartCharge)inputbytheEfficiency
(gridtobattery)inputundertheInput>Transporttab.NotethattheElectricity
(DumpCharge)inputistreatedseparatelyintheflexibleeldemandresults.
Thisistheelectricitydemandtakenfromthegridforthesmart/V2Gelectricvehicles
andisfromtheElectricity(SmartCharge)inputundertheInput>Transporttab.
NotethatthiscouldbehigheriftheV2Gisusedasastoragefacilityforthegrid(i.e.
energyispassedinandoutofthecars).NotealsothattheElectricity(Dump
Charge)inputistreatedseparatelyintheflexibleeldemandresultsalready
discussed.
Thisistheamountofelectricitysuppliedfromthesmart/V2Gcarstothegrid.Its
maximumvalueisobtainedbymultiplyingtheCapacityofbatterytogrid
connectioninputbytheShareofparkedcarsgridconnected.Whencomparing
thisvaluetootherhourlyvalues,theEfficiency(batterytogrid)willalsoneedtobe
considered.
ThisistheamountofenergyintheBatterystoragecapacityundertheInput
>Transporttab.Energycanberemovedat100%efficiencyfromthisstoragefor
transport(i.e.fortheV2GDemand).However,thetotalenergyputintothestorageis
equaltotheV2GChargemultipliedbytheEfficiency(gridtobattery)andthe
totalenergyremovedisequaltotheV2GDischa.dividedbytheEfficiency(battery
togrid).
Theelectricityconsumedbytheelectrolyserwhichcreateshydrogenforthe
transportsector.Thevaluedependsonthecapacityandefficiencydefinedfor
TransportundertheInput>ElecStoragetab,aswellastheH2(Producedby
Electrolysers)undertheInput>Transporttab.
Abbreviation
transH2storage
HHelec.CHP
HHelec.HP
HHelec.EB
HHH2.Electr.
HHH2storage
HHH2prices
HHheatDemand
HHheatCHP+HP
HHheatBoiler
HHheatSolar
HHheatStorage
HHheatBalance
stab.load
import
export
CEEP
EEEP
Nordpoolprices
Nordpoolprod
Input
ThisistheHydrogenStoragecapacityforTransportcontainedintheInput
>ElecStoragetab.
TheEstimatedElectricityProductionfromtheH2microCHP,NgasmicroCHP,
andtheBiomassmicroCHPundertheInput>Individualtab.
TheEstimatedElectricityProductionfromtheHeatPumpundertheInput
>Individualtab.ThiswillincreaseastheCapacityLimitisreduced,asanelectric
boilerwillsupplytheshortfallinheatsupplyatpeaktimes.
TheEstimatedElectricityProductionfromtheElectricheatingundertheInput
>Individualtab.
TheelectricityconsumedbytheMicroCHPelectrolyserundertheInput
>ElecStoragetab.
TheHydrogenStoragecapacityforMicroCHPundertheInput>ElecStoragetab.
TheH2microCHPwillonlyoperateifitischeaperthanusingaconventionalboiler.
Therefore,EnergyPLANcalculatesthepriceofpurchasinghydrogenandcomparesit
tothepriceofoperatingaconventionalboiler.
SumofHeatDemandfortheH2microCHP,NgasmicroCHP,Biomassmicro
CHP,HeatPump,andElectricHeatingundertheInput>Individualtab.
SumofHeatDemandfortheH2microCHP,NgasmicroCHP,Biomassmicro
CHP,andHeatPumpundertheInput>Individualtab.
ThisisthetotalamountofheatsuppliedbytheboilercomponentonlyintheH2
microCHP,NgasmicroCHP,andBiomassmicroCHP.Thisisdependentonthe
HeatDemandandtheCapacityLimitofthesetechnologies,whicharedefined
undertheInput>Individualtab.
ThesumoftheSolarThermalOutputwhichwasbuiltinconjunctionwiththeH2
microCHP,NgasmicroCHP,BiomassmicroCHP,HeatPump,andElectric
HeatingundertheInput>Individualtab.
TheoperationoftheHeatStoragewhichwasbuiltinconjunctionwiththeH2
microCHP,NgasmicroCHP,BiomassmicroCHP,andHeatPumpunderthe
Input>Individualtab.
ThisisthebalacebetweensupplyanddemandfortheH2microCHP,Ngasmicro
CHP,BiomassmicroCHP,HeatPump,ElectricHeating,HeatStorage,and
SolarThermalundertheInput>Individualtab.Note,atleastonefullrowneedsto
becompletefortheheatbalancetobeactivated.
Thisneedstobe100%toensurethattheMinimumgridstabilisationproduction
shareundertheRegulationtabismet.ItisexplainedindetailintheUsersGuideto
EnergyPLAN.
Thisistheamountofelectricitythatneededtobeimportedduetoashortagein
supplyortoensuregridconstraintsweremet.Notethatthiscanexceedthe
Maximumimp./exp.Cap:definedundertheRegulationtab.
Thisistheamountofelectricitythatneededtobeexportedduetoanoversupplyor
toensuregridconstraintsweremet.NotethatthiscanexceedtheMaximum
imp./exp.Cap:definedundertheRegulationtab.
ThisistheamountofelectricitythatwasexportedwhichdidexceedtheMaximum
ThisistheamountofelectricitythatwasexportedwithoutexceedingtheMaximum
ThisisthePriceDistributionintheExternalElectricityMarketDefinitionsection
undertheRegulationtabAFTERithasbeenmanipulatedbytheAdditionfactorand
theMultiplicationFactor.
ThisisthePriceDistributionintheExternalElectricityMarketDefinitionsection
undertheRegulationtabAFTERithasbeenmanipulatedbytheAdditionfactorand
theMultiplicationFactor.Also,foramarketoptimisation,thepriceelasticityisalso
considered.Itisusedtodeterminetheunitswhichcanaffordtobuyelectricity(i.e.
heatpumps,electrolysers,energystorage,etc).
Abbreviation
Systemprices
DKmarketprices
Btlneckprices
importpayments
exportpayments
bltneckpayment
addexportpayment
DHPandBoilers
CHP2CHP3
PPCAES
Individual
Transp.
Indust.Various
DemandSum
Biogas
Syngas
Storage
Input
ThesystempriceistheresultingpriceaftertheNordPoolpricehasbeeninfluenced
bytheimport/exportofelectricityasdefinedbythepriceelectricityinputinthe
Regulationtab.Thesystempriceislower(thantheNordPoolprice)whenthereis
exportandhigherwhenthereisimport.
Thisisthemarketpricefortheenergysystembeingsimulated,whichiscalculated
basedontheunitsoperating,theircapacities,andtheircorrespondingcostsfromthe
Cost>FuelandtheCost>Operationtabs.
ThisisthepricedifferencebetweentheexternalmarketpriceSystemPriceandthe
marketbeingsimulatedDKmarketprices.
Thisisthecostofimportingelectricityanditisobtainedbymultiplyingtheimport
bytheSystemPrice.Thevaluedisplayedneedstobemultipliedby1000toobtain
thetruefigureanditisamonetaryvalue.
Thisistherevenuefromexportingelectricityanditisobtainedbymultiplyingthe
exportbytheSystemPrice.Thevaluedisplayedneedstobemultipliedby1000to
obtainthetruefigureanditisamonetaryvalue.
Thesearethecoststhatoccurduetobottlenecksthatoccurwhenimport/export
reachesitsmaximumcapacity.ItiscalculatedbymultiplyingtheBtlneckpricesby
theimport/exportcapacity.Notethatthisisthendividedby2,astherevenuefrom
bottlenecksisnormallysplitbetweenthe2operatorsoneachsideofthe
interconnector.
Theisthecost/revenuethatoccursduetotheFixedImport/Exportwhichwas
definedundertheInput>ElectricityDemandtab.ItistheFixedExp/Impinthe
resultswindowmultipliedbytheDKmarketprices.
ThisistheamountofgasconsumedforDH systemswithoutCHP,whichisGroup
1,plusthegasconsumedbytheboilersinGroup2andGroup3,underthe
Input>DistrictHeatingtab.
ThisistheamountofgasconsumedforCHPplantsinGroup2andGroup3under
ThisistheamountofgasconsumedfortheCondensingandPP2unitsinGroup
3,undertheInput>DistrictHeatingtab,aswellasforCAESenergystoragefacilities
undertheInput>ElecStoragetab.
ThisistheamountofgasconsumedfortheNgasboilerandtheNgasmicroCHP,
undertheInput>Individualtab.
ThisistheamountofNgasconsumedundertheInput>Transporttab.
ThisistheamountofNgasconsumedbyIndustryandVarious,undertheInput
>Industrytab.
Theisthetotalgasdemand:DHPandBoilers+CHP2CHP3+PPCAES+
Individual+Transp.+Indust.Various.
ThisistheInputtoGasGridfromtheBiogasPlantundertheInput>Biomass
Conversiontab.
ThisistheInputtoGasGridfromtheGasificationPlantundertheInput>Biomass
Conversiontab.
Thisistheamountofgasconsumedfrom(positive)orsentto(negative)thegas
storagefacilityduringeachhourofthesimulation.
StorageContent
Thisistheamountofgasinthegasstoragefacility.
Sum
Thisisthedifferencebetweendemandandsupplyforgas.
Import
IftheSumresultsindicatethatthereisashortageingas,thenitisimported.
Export
IftheSumresultsindicatethatthereisexcessgas,thenitisexported.
VerifyingReferenceModelData
Once all the data has been inputted into EnergyPLAN, the final step is to verify that the model created is
operatingthesameastheenergysystemthatyouaretryingtosimulate.
The first step is to ensure that all the capacities and distributions are correct, including interconnection
capacity that is placed under the Regulation tab. Afterwards, the energy outputs from the model must be
comparedwiththoseoftheactualenergysystem.Therearefiveguidelineslistedbelowthatmaybeusefulfor
completingthistask(seeFigure23also):
1. Ensuretheelectricitydemandiscorrect(includingdemand,heating,cooling,andinterconnection).
2. Confirmtheconsumptionisalsocorrectatpoint2.
3. Checkthattheproductionunits,otherthanthepowerplants,areproducingtherequiredamountof
energy.
4. Arethepowerplantsgeneratingthecorrectamountofenergyforeachfueltype?Ifsteps3and4are
correct,butthepowerplantsarenotgeneratingthecorrectamountofenergy,thenthepowerplant
efficiencyundertheInput>DistrictHeatingtabneedstobeadjusted.
5. Isthetotalamountoffuelbeingusedwithintheenergysystemcorrect?
2
4
3
5
Figure23:VerifyingtheEnergyPLANmodelisfunctioningaccurately.
46 VerifyingReferenceModelData |UniversityofLimerick
CommonErrorScreens
ThesearesomeofthecommonerrorscreensthatIsawduringthetimethatIusedEnergyPLAN,withabrief
explanationoftheircause.
6.1
WrongNumberofDataPoints
Ifyoudonothave8784datapointswithinadistributioninyourmodel,youwillgetanerrorthatsaysisnota
validfloatingpointvalueasshowninFigure24.Youneedtohave8784datapointssothatthereisadata
pointforeachhouroftheyear(366hours*24days).
Figure24:Errorthatoccurswiththewrongnumberofdatapointsinadistribution.
UniversityofLimerick |CommonErrorScreens 47
6.2
DistributionFileLocation
IfthedistributionfilethatyouhaveusedisnotlocatedintheDistributionsfolderthatyoudownloadedwith
theEnergyPLANmodel,youwillreceiveanerrorthatsaysFilenotfound:location\distribution_name.txtas
showninFigure25.
Figure25:Errorthatoccurswhenthedistributionisplacedinthewrongfolder.
48 CommonErrorScreens|UniversityofLimerick
6.3
Warnings
AWARNINGsignwillbeactivatedontheresultsscreen(seeFigure26)andontheresultsprintout(seeFigure
27)ifanyofthethreefollowingincidenthappens:
1. Excesselectricityproduction.
2. Gridstabilisationisbelowrequestedlevel.
3. The specified electricity demand (e.g. for BEV) cannot be met by the capacity of power plants in
combinationwithimportonthetransmissionlinecapacity.
Forexample,Figure26belowillustratesthewarningdisplayedontheresultsscreenoftheEnergyPLANtool
whenexcesselectricityproductionoccurs,whileFigure27illustratesthesamewarningontheresultsprintout
ofEnergyPLAN.
Figure26:SampleoftheWARNINGforexcesselectricityproductionontheresultsscreenofEnergyPLAN.
UniversityofLimerick |CommonErrorScreens 49
Figure27:SampleoftheWARNINGforexcesselectricityproductionontheresultsprintoutofEnergyPLAN.
50 CommonErrorScreens|UniversityofLimerick
Conclusions
The EnergyPLAN model is extremely useful because it is simple to use. However, this simplicity creates a
responsibilityontheusertoensurethatthedatainputtedisasaccurateandrelevantaspossible.Thetime
requiredtobuildthereferencemodeliscumbersomeasthereisalotoffalsepathsalongtheway.However,
the wave of possibilities that present themselves upon completion of the reference model, ensure that the
timespentsearchingfordatabecomesaworthyexperience.
Once the reference model is completed, it is possible to build and analyse energy systems with endless
quantitiesofrenewableenergy,conventionalplant,energystorage,andtransporttechnologies,inarelatively
shortperiodoftime.
Finally, the level of detail discussed in this report is not necessary for every study completed using
EnergyPLAN,especiallyinrelationtothedistributionsused.Therefore,beforespendingalargeperiodoftime
gatheringdata,ensurethatthedataisrequiredfortheaccuracyoftheresults.
UniversityofLimerick |Conclusions 51
8
8.1
Appendix
IrelandsEnergyBalance2007
52 Appendix|UniversityofLimerick
9
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
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[13]
[14]
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[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
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[24]
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