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CHAPTER FIVE
ENERGY CONSERVATION AND FIRE SAFETY
The fundamental goal of energy management is to produce goods and provide services
with the least cost and least environmental effect.
(Cape Hart, Turner and Kennedy, Guide to Energy Management Fairmont press Inc.
1997)

Importance of Energy Conservation

Every industry or commercial undertaking needs a specific amount of energy to undertake the
process and operations. It could be in the form of electrical energy, thermal energy or any
other forms of energy use.
Energy is a scarce resource and the increment in energy cost is too steep. In present scenario,
competitive pricing strategy has
become a vital option for survival of a commercial
organization. To cut price, the cost of production needs to be reduced and with steep increase
in energy cost, it has become one of the most important cost components of production in any
type of industry. So, cost reduction in energy or in other words reduction in energy
consumption is of prime importance for survival of an industry.
Thus reductions in energy consumption enable to deliver products and services at a lower cost
and increase profits, which means being more competitive.
Energy conservation is also important because consumption of non-renewable sources
impacts the Environment. Specifically, our use of fossil fuels contributes to air and water
pollution, which in turn causes the global Warming of the earth, or greenhouse effect.
Thus Energy efficiency also prevents pollution and is good for the bottom line as well as the
environment.
Major thrust areas for Energy Conservation in BSNL

Make Energy Conservation a Mass Movement with involvement of all our

employees.

Monitor and control consumption of Energy through Energy Management

Groups

To reduce overall electricity expenditure by 5% every year through

implementation of energy conservation measures and other methods.

Recognize efforts of our Staff in Energy Conservation

Share and enrich our experiences on Energy Conservation with SSA /

Circles.
Energy Conservation Measures in BSNL
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In order to implement the energy conservation measures and to review the activities of
Energy Conservation in BSNL an Energy Core Group has been constituted at Corporate
office headed by Director (Plg & NS) and at each Circle headed by the respective CGMT.
For energy conservation & achieving reduction in Energy bills in BSNL, BSNL Energy Core
Group under the chairmanship of Director (Plg & NS) has decided that the following measures
are to be implemented which have been classified as No cost measures, Low cost measures
and High-cost measures.
A. No Cost Measures
1. CMD rationalization
Huge amount of Electricity bill can be saved by rationalization of Contract Demand (CD).
Contract Demand means a demand in KVA mutually agreed between the supply company and
the consumer as entered into in the agreement or agreed through other written communication.
This indicates that the consumer will always have its demand for electricity restricted to this
contract value or CD. For the highest value of electricity demanded or taken from the supply
company or the electricity board is called the Maximum Demand (MD).
Exchanges, which are having transformer sub-stations, are billed for electricity in two parts
(which is also known as Two part tariff). First part is based on the maximum demand (MD)
recorded (in KVA) during the month or the Contract Demand (KVA), which ever is higher.
The second part is based on the actual consumption in terms of units of Electricity (in KWh).
In cases where the maximum demand reached is less than contract demand EB authorities will
make bill for contract demand.
By reducing / rationalizing the contract demand near to actual maximum
demand,
unnecessary expenditure (the first part of the bill in Two-part tariff) can be curtailed.
Periodical study of Energy Bills for actual demand should be done once a year & Corrective
action should be taken with the electricity board for revision of contract demand.
2. Power Factor Improvement
An electrical supply system supplies energy to a consumers distribution system consisting of
transformers, motors, chokes and other appliances. These equipments require a magnetic field
for its operation. A part of the total energy supplied is used to establish this magnetic field and
this energy is called as reactive energy or power. The consumer cannot utilize this reactive
power as useful energy.
The power factor of a system indicates what portion of the total energy can be utilized to
produce useful work. Thus for an installation, it is a measure of the effectiveness in utilizing
the power it draws from the system.
A poor power factor implies higher reactive energy flow, which leads to increase in the current
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that flows in the system and hence results in higher system losses. This supply of reactive
power is done locally by providing Capacitor bans or reactive power generators.
The diagram below indicates a beer mug or aerated drink analogy to understand power
factor.

While pouring the bottle in to the glass, the higher the foam content in the glass, lesser will be
the amount of usable liquid / drink in the glass. The foam here indicates reactive energy and
thus higher foam content implies poor power factor or inefficient utilization of the
drink.
Power Factor

= Active Power / (Active Power + Reactive Power)

= KW / (KW + KVAR)
= Brink / (Brink + Foam)

The advantages of power factor improvement are:

Improvement in voltage regulation.
Higher power output can be obtained with the same transformer.
Reduction in power loss in transformer.
Reduction of current carrying rating of cables and switchgears.
Reduction in power loss in distribution cables.
Most of the State Electricity Boards impose a penalty if the average power factor is less than
9O% in the H.T. Installations and offer financial incentive/ rebate if the average power factor
maintained is higher than 95%.
3. Switch off Stand by Transformer
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In installations where only one transformer is catering to the building & exchange load and
the other transformer is kept as hot standby. i.e. it is kept energized from the primary side
whereas secondary is isolated from load. Switching off or de- energizing the standby
transformer from the primary side helps in saving the no-load loss of the standby transformer.
4. Thermostat Adjustment
The higher is the temperature maintained in an Air-conditioned room, the lower is the energy
consumption. Efforts must be made to maintain temperature in range of 24C1C instead of
23C 2C. This would result in considerable power saving. This range can be maintained
by setting the temperature and differential in the Thermostat.
5. Isolate non -AC area
It is seen in some Telephone Exchanges that area where equipment is proposed to be installed
in future, has also been air-conditioned. Efforts should be made to decrease the air-conditioned
area by way of Full height partition and closing AC openings available in these rooms. Also
efforts should be made to ensure that doors of Switch rooms and Package AC rooms should be
air-tight, self closing type to prevent leakage of cold air into corridors or entry of warm
unconditioned air into air-conditioned area. This will reduce load on the Air-conditioning units
resulting in less running and saving of energy.
6. Reduce excess illumination
Lighting Load contributes for approximately 2O% energy consumption. Saving in
Lighting Load means energy saving due to lighting and also energy saving due to less Airconditioning load.
For scaling down excess level of illumination, efforts must be made for:
Implementing the Concept of general lighting and task lighting
Removal / Closure of excess fittings
Periodic maintenance
Using natural light / day light where-ever available
7. Switch off lights in unmanned area
All the extra lights and the lights in unmanned area should be switched off manually.

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B. Low Cost Measures

1. Condenser stopping with compressor
Often it is seen that though temperature of switch room is achieved and compressor is cut off,
the condenser and blower fan run. Though the running of blower fan is required for quick
dissipation of heat from the sensitive components of the telecom equipment, but the running of
condenser fan is not required for long time. Connection can be done in such a way that along
with the compressor condenser fan also gets switched off.
2. Free cooling
The unit is able to manage fresh air intake to room after filtration through automatic
modulating damper on command from the microprocessor achieving the required cooling
capacity without compressor in operation.
3. LED indication in Panels
The advantages of LED lamps are Life of the LED bulbs is more
They can withstand vibrations, frequent switching
Operating and maintenance cost low
Produce less heat
4. After office hour lighting
For the common place such as corridors compact fluorescent lamps, which are more efficient,
are to be provided. The compound lighting shall be so designed that 1OO% light will be ON
between 6.OO PM to 11 .OO PM, only 5O% shall be put ON 11.OO PM onwards. Delayed
switching ON of Compound lighting by using timer and early switching OFF the same to
avail daylight shall be used.
5. Temperature setting / Thermostat change
The temperature is maintained in range of 24C 1C. This results in considerable power
saving. This range can be maintained by setting the temperature and differential. If
the quality of thermostat is poor, resulting into excessive running of unit beyond required
temperature. Each thermostat shall undergo functional test and replaced if required.
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6. Electronic Ballast
Electronic ballasts are ideal for increasing the system efficiency. They facilitate higher light
output and there is no tiring effect on workers due to absence of flickering effect. The power
factor is more than O.95. These have better life and more tolerance of voltage fluctuations.
7. Energy efficiency lighting
The energy efficiency (Lumen / Watt) of 28W T-5 lamp is 1O4, 36W T-8 fitting is 68, 36W
High lumen T-8 is 9O, 36W CFL is 8O and 4OW T-12 is 64. Thus T-5 is the most energy
efficient light source and has maximum life. The light distribution of T-5 lamp is better and
uniform.
8. Condenser reorientation
To decide the location of the condenser following points are to be adhered to
The distance
from indoor
unit to condenser unit should be minimum
to minimize pressure drop.

Place should be decided so that

heat rejected from the condenser should
be quickly diluted.

Direct sunrays should not fall

especially during afternoon time on
condenser unit. It will decrease the
condensation and increase power loss.
9. Automatic Volume control damper
These dampers are designed to open when the blower fan is energized and to close when
power is turned off.

10. Common Area Lighting

CFLs, which are more energy efficient than bulbs and ordinary tube light, are provided in
corridor, staircase and other common areas where light remains ON for longer duration.
11. Use of level controller in pumps

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Use of liquid level controller in pump operation is being adopted to eliminate wasteful running
of pump for extended period.

C. High Cost Measures

1. LT to HT conversion
The proposed revision is beneficial for all genuine consumers.

In view of higher losses and the imperative to reduce them a need has been felt to
minimize system cost. Keeping long-term perspective it would be optimal to convert
LT network to HT network.

HT tariff applicable to the consumer is much lower than the L.T tariff.

Consumers could get better voltages because of the elimination of local distribution
system and associated disturbances.

The problem of tampering of meter would be obviated, as input metering would be on

11KV/33 V.

2. Automatic and Remote Monitoring

Automatic and remote monitoring is a ability to monitor a process from remote location. There
are number of exchanges and they require a considerable amount for maintenance. To
overcome these difficulties remote monitoring is done.
Non-conventional energy methods
The following non-conventional energy methods have been approved for implementation at
field level: a)
Solar water heating system in all existing as well as new hostels, canteens and
inspection quarters.
Solar water heating system practically requires NIL maintenance and life period is
approximately 15 Years whereas water heaters require periodical maintenance of replacement
of elements etc. and life period is approximately 7 years, which further reduces the payback
period
b)
Existing solar panel spared from MARR station shall
lighting and other possible loads.
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c)
Waste water recycling should be done by installing sewage treatment plants in all major
buildings by PCE (E) / CE (E) in consultation with CGMs.

Activities for creating awareness and promoting Energy Conservation in BSNL

1.
2.
3.

4.

PCE (E) / CE (E) shall give presentation at SSA level to BSNL officials to Spread
awareness in energy conservation.
SSAs in consultation with electrical wing shall fix target for energy savings in their
SSA.
Energy conservation award shall be constituted at Circle and Corporate office Level
with SSA as a unit. That SSA who has achieved maximum energy Conservation shall be
awarded running trophy. Similar award at Corporate Office Level shall also be
instituted.
National energy conservation day on 14th December shall be observed every year at
SSA, Circle and Corporate office level by organizing seminars and other
Awareness programs to involve all stakeholders.

Using High Sensible Heat Factor AC Units

If we look at the differences between cooling people and cooling electronic
equipment, we find a mismatch in requirements. Firstly, people add moisture to a room and
electronics are dry. Latent cooling is the ability to remove humidity from the air, whereas
sensible cooling is the ability to remove heat. You, therefore, have to consider the actual
sensible cooling capacity of any proposed air conditioning system. Conventional room AC
systems (Window/Split), are usually designed with a sensible cooling ratio of around O.6O to
O.7O. In essence, this means that 6O to 7O% of the work done by a comfort system will lower
the air temperature and 3O and 4O% of the work will remove moisture from the air. This is a
typical ratio for a building full of people. In contrast, High SHF air conditioning units have
a much higher sensible cooling ratio in the region of O.9 to 1.O. This means that over 9O% of
the work done by a High SHF air conditioner will be devoted to cooling the air with less than
1O% used in the removal of moisture. How does this affect the cost equation of Conventional
(or comfort) Vs High SHF cooling? The cooling capacity stated for a comfort unit is usually
its total cooling capacity (i.e. sensible + latent). This means that you need more comfort
capacity to do the same job as a High SHF air conditioning system. The operating cost
of High SHF AC is quite low and the extra expenditure incurred on its procurement can be
recovered in less than a year out of the savings due to lower energy consumption.
These High Sensible AC units are heavy-duty units compared to conventional window / split
AC units. Their life is around 9-1O years minimum compared to 6 years of conventional type.
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They are also designed to work under high ambient temperature of 43 deg C compared to
conventional AC unit of 35 deg C.
The heart of the High SHFAC unit is its controller, providing intelligent control. The
controller has immense capability and features such as automatic start of the standby unit
in case of failure of one unit, running of units on equal run hour basis allowing a homogeneous
wear of the system components, etc.

Energy Conservation Act 2001 (ECA 2001)

It is a regulatory act enacted by the Government and the broad objective is To promote
efficient use of energy and its conservation through certain statutory measures to promote
conservation of energy and facilitate its efficient use.

Energy Conservation Act 2OO1 provides for Energy Auditing and Energy
Conservation of Designated Consumers.

Although BSNL has

not been specifically included, but all commercial
buildings/installations having a having either Connected Load
5OO KW or
Contract Demand 6OO KVA fall under its purview.
For the above referred buildings / installations, a compulsory energy audit by
qualified Energy Auditor to check compliance with statutory energy norms and
appointment of an energy manager for each such
building installation is
required.
There is a provision of penalty for non-compliance.

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Energy Efficiency Labeling

As
per the Energy Conservation Act
2OO1, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency,
Ministry of Power has developed a scheme
for
energy
efficiency
labeling
of
equipments. A Star rating between 1 star
and 5 stars is given to equipment based on
its
energy
efficiency
and
power
consumption. The Five star rating is given
to the most efficient equipment and One star
to the least efficient. This scheme has been
presently
launched
for
Frost-free
refrigerators, Window/ Split AC units,
induction
Fluorescent Tubular lamps,
motors and transformers. More products
are being covered by Star labeling

Some Common Terminology used in relation to Energy Conservation

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency is eliminating wastage while using energy. Optimizing the energy pattern in
generation, distribution and utilization is the key to energy efficiency.

Energy Audit
Energy Audit is a tool to identify areas where excess energy consumption or wastage of
energy is taking place. An Energy Audit involves measuring the actual energy used in the
plant, comparing it with an estimate of the minimum energy required to undertake the process
and establishing technically and economically feasible means to achieve the same.
Contract Demand
Maximum Demand
Power Factor

Explained at S. No. 1 & 2 under No Cost Measures

Unit of Electrical Energy (KWh)

One unit of electricity means using one Kilo watt (KW) or 1OOO Watt for one hour.
1 UNIT = 1 KW x 1 HOUR
= 1 KWh
= 1OOO W x 1 HOUR
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EER of an Air-conditioner

EER is the Ratio between Cooling Capacity of AC Unit (in BTU/hr or Kcal/Hr) and
Power input to AC Unit in Watts
EER

= Cooling Output / Power input in Watts

The conversion factor for calculating cooling capacity is 1 TR (or 1 Ton) = 12OOO BTU/Hr = 3O24 Kcal/Hr
For a 1.5 Ton AC consuming 2OOO Watts power, EER will be calculated as:
EER (BTU/Hr-W)
EER (Kcal/Hr-W)

= (1.5 x 12OOO) / 2OOO

= (1.5 x 3O24) / 2OOO

= 9.O
= 2.27

T-Number of a Fluorescent Tube

The T designation in fluorescent lamp nomenclature stands for tubular; the shape of the
lamp; and number immediately following the T gives the diameter of the lamp in eighths of an
inch. A T12 lamp is therefore twelve-eighths of an inch, or one-and- one-half inches in
diameter. A T8 lamp is eight-eighths of an inch, or one inch in diameter. A T5 lamp is fiveeighths of an inch in diameter.
CFL

It stands for Compact Fluorescent Lamp.

Depending on the effects of temperature,
mounting position and lumen depreciation, a 4:1 ratio is often stated for replacing an
incandescent lamp (a 25-watt CFL can replace a 1OO- watt incandescent lamp).
L.T.
L. T. is an abbreviation for Low Tension Supply. This term is used for Single-phase power
supply at 23O Volts A.C. and Three-phase power supply at 415 Volts A.C.
H.T.
H.T. is an abbreviation for High Tension Supply. This term is used for power supply at 11 or
22 or 33 Kilo Volts A.C. (11 KV/22 KV/ 33 KV).

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Condenser in an Air-conditioning unit

It is the unit placed outside the wall (in Window AC units), outside the room (in Split AC
units) and outside the AC plant room (in Package AC units). It is used to remove heat gained
from air-conditioned area and heat gained from compressor.
Further Reading:1. Website of bureau of energy efficiency www.bee-india.nic.in
2. Website www.energymanagertraining.com
3. Website of Ministry of Non-conventional energy sources www.mnes.nic.in

FIRE SAFETY
TRIANGLE OF FIRE
It has been shown from the triangle of fire that three factors are essential for combustion or a
fire, namely;
i)
The presence of a fuel, or combustible substances;
ii)
The presence of oxygen (usually as air) or other supporter of combustion; and
iii) The attainment and maintenance of a certain minimum temperature (ignition
temperature)

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Fire extinction, in principle, consists in the limitation or elimination of one ore more of these
factors, and the methods of extinguishing fire may be classified conveniently under the
following headings:
(a)
Starvation (or Removal of the fuel);
(b)
Smothering / Blanketing (or Removal of the oxygen); and
(c)
Cooling (or Bringing down the temperature).
CLASSES OF FIRE & EXTINGUISHING AGENT:
For all practical purposes, the basic types of fires can be grouped into following four classes:
a) Class A Fire: Fires involving solid combustible materials of organic nature such as
wood, paper, rubber, plastics etc, where the cooling effect of water is essential for
extinction of fires. Effective extinguishing agent is generally water in the form of a jet or
spray.
b) Class B Fires: Fires involving flammable liquids or liquefiable solids, where a
blanketing effect is essential. Extinguishing agents include foam, dry powder, and
carbon dioxide.
c) Class C Fires: Fires involving flammable gases under pressure including liquefied
gases, where it is necessary to inhibit the burning gas at fast rate. Extinguishing agents
include foam, dry powder, carbon dioxide.
d) Class D Fires: Fires involving combustible metals, such as magnesium,
aluminum, zinc, sodium, potassium.ext Extinguishing agent is special dry powder for
metal fire.

Electrical Fire:
Where energized electrical equipment is involved in a fire, non- conductivity of the
extinguishing media is of utmost importance, and only extinguishers expelling dry powder,
carbon dioxide (without metal horn) should be used. Once the electrical equipment is deenergized, extinguishers suitable for the class of fire involved can be used safely. Remember,
that in the case of electrical fires, use of water on live electrical equipments involves risk due
to electric shock and it also causes permanent damage to the electrical insulation
FIRE PREVENTION & SAFETY IINSTRUCTIONS:
A committee was formed for thorough examination of cases of fires in telecom buildings and
to suggest measures to avoid such incidents in future.
Subsequently
detailed
instructions have been issued on precautions against fire incidents in telephone
exchanges / buildings vide letter No. 19-30/98-PHM dated 11.9..2001 of MSE cell, Corporate
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Office, New Delhi. The instructions are summarized below:

Major Causes of Fire:
(i) Short circuit in switching racks
(ii) High voltage reaching MDF on account of telephone lines coming in contact with
high voltage lines and also on account of lightening.
(iii) Short circuit / loose connection / over loading in DC power cables / system.
(iv) Storage of hazardous materials.
(v) Indiscriminate additions to existing electrical wiring without proper technical
examination.
(vi) Improper maintenance of Electrical safety devices likes overload relays,
interlocking devices.
Preventive Measures

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Automatic fire detection system and alarm

Fire extinguishers
Wet risers in building more than 15 mtr in height.
Follow Fire protection manual, which gives details regarding fire drills and other
precautions to prevent fire.
Preventive measures to eliminate / minimize spread of fire / smoke on account of cables:

(i)

Power cables,
both A.C. & D.C., intersuit wiring and subscriber
cables should be laid separately, so that short circuits and fire prone set of cables
does not spread to other cables also. While laying cables it should be ensured that
cables are not laid on sharp edges, which can with passage of time damage the
insulation and cause short circuit and also not subjected to any other mechanical
strain.
(ii) In order to isolate MDF from higher voltages, engineering instructions should be
followed. Importance of regular check of earthing and lightening protection to be
emphasized. Next check due on kind of notice can be mounted in MDF
and exchange in charges room to draw attention and enforce regular check.
(iii) Barriers should be created at suitable intervals in addition to the requirement of
normal fire byelaws while laying cables so that fire in one section does not travel
freely along the cables. As per fire byelaws barriers are already required at the floor
crossings. It is felt that barriers should also be created along the horizontal runs of
the cables.
(iv) The specification of the insulating material of the cables should be reviewed and
strengthened with an objective to ensure that the burning of the insulation is
confirmed to the barest minimum length of
the cable and also it generates
minimum smoke.
Instructions & Suggestions for minimizing fire incidences and also losses on this account:

(i)

Identification of a Fire warden for each building along with a Deputy. He has to
ensure that fire prevention, detection and fighting systems are kept in proper shape.
(ii) A display board mentioning the next due date for fire drill should be provided. The
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(iii)
(iv)
(v)

(vi)
(vii)

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due date should be painted (i.e. recorded on a permanent basis and not to be written
with chalk).
Fixing a plate in the MDF room and also in room of senior officer mentioning the
next date for earth and surge lightening protector check.
Issuing a personal card to each occupant of the building having instructions
regarding steps to be taken in case of fire.
Fixing important fire instruction inside each room. This will ensure reading of the
instruction by the occupants of the building. Fixing these in common areas is not
considered an effective solution.
Provision of Fire Barrier at all floor / wall crossings of cable laid in exchange.
Ensuring human presence round the clock in switch room for early detection and

fire fighting during initial stages of fire.

(viii) Improving quality of insulation of D.C power and telephone cables so as to further
retard the spread of fire and generation of smoke.
(ix) Providing automatic small independent fire quenching systems at important fire
prone locations in additions to fire extinguishers as per norms.
(x) Maintenance of fire detection and fire fighting systems in working through
specialized agencies by entrusting the same to Electrical wing and ensuring fire drill at
regular intervals and certificate.
(xi)
In addition to the above, already existing instructions on fire control
particularly in the following areas need to be scrupulously followed.
(a)
Observing Engineering instructions with regards to the cable laying
particularly in regard to safety from mechanical damage, earthing
continuity at joints.
(b)
Making additions / alteration in the existing system and use of new
gadgets only after clearance from electrical maintenance unit as well as
building in charge.
(c)
Following the guidelines included in the Fire Manual particularly
in regards to keeping buildings free from hazardous materials (dry
grass, packing
cases, thermocol etc) and ensuring passages,
emergency exits and area around buildings clear of any obstructions.
Some other important precautions / safety measures for prevention of fire (as per
guidelines issued from time to time)
1) All broken furniture, empty drums, wooden packing cases and all other un usable items
which are liable to catch fire may be disposed off after observing due formalities.
2) To create awareness, fire safety day should be observed.
3) The Fire audit of major Telecom installation may be got conducted through the Fire
Department
4) Equipment / Materials used in the Telecom building should be of I.S.I specifications.
5) Sand buckets should be available in every exchange near the switch room at a reasonable
accessible place.
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6)

A non-exchange line to the nearest fire station should be provided and check for its
function on daily basis.
7) Key of all rooms in a building shall always be made available with the security personnel
with distinct tag with each key for easy identification of the room / door, floor etc.
8) Protective devices in MDF (IPM etc.) are fully provided.
9) Provisioning of adequate space should be there for the movement of Fire Brigade
personnels around the building. There should be free access inside the buildings also to
enable the fire personnel to control the fire
10) Check that all the window air conditioners are properly functional and are being
maintained properly, they do
not draw excessive current and the temperature is
maintained in the switch room at an appropriate level. Such air-conditioners are not
supposed to run continuously. The switch over/ change over arrangement between AC
units should be operational. The air-conditioners are to be serviced regularly as per
schedule.
11) Circuit breakers / HRC and other fuses, wherever
exist are of specified / matching
capacity.

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