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JeanPaulSartre
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

JeanPaulCharlesAymardSartre(/srtr/[2]French:[sat]21June190515April1980)wasa
Frenchphilosopher,playwright,novelist,politicalactivist,biographer,andliterarycritic.Hewasone
ofthekeyfiguresinthephilosophyofexistentialismandphenomenology,andoneoftheleading
figuresin20thcenturyFrenchphilosophyandMarxism.

JeanPaulSartre

Hisworkhasalsoinfluencedsociology,criticaltheory,postcolonialtheory,andliterarystudies,and
continuestoinfluencethesedisciplines.Sartrehasalsobeennotedforhisopenrelationshipwiththe
prominentfeministtheoristSimonedeBeauvoir.
Hewasawardedthe1964NobelPrizeinLiteraturebutrefusedit,sayingthathealwaysdeclined
officialhonoursandthat"awritershouldnotallowhimselftobeturnedintoaninstitution".[3]
AccordingtoNobelcommitteememberLarsGyllensten,[4]Sartreaskedforthe$53,000[5]prize
moneylateronbutwasturneddown.[6]

Sartrein1950
Born

JeanPaulCharlesAymardSartre
21June1905
Paris,France

Died

15April1980(aged74)
Paris,France

Contents
1 Biography

Almamater coleNormaleSuprieure

1.1 Earlylife

Era

20thcenturyphilosophy

1.2 WorldWarII

Region

Westernphilosophy

School

Continentalphilosophy,
Existentialism,Phenomenology,
Marxism,Hermeneutics,Anarchism

Main
interests

Metaphysics,epistemology,ethics,
consciousness,selfconsciousness,
literature,politicalphilosophy,

1.3 ColdWarpoliticsandanticolonialism
1.4 Latelifeanddeath
2 Thought
3 Careeraspublicintellectual

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3 Careeraspublicintellectual
4 Literature

ontology
Notable
ideas

5 Criticism
6 Works
7 Seealso
8 Sources

Badfaith,"existenceprecedes
essence,"nothingness,"every
consciousnessisanonpositional
consciousnessofitself,"situation,
Sartreanterminology

Influences
Influenced

Signature

9 References
10 Furtherreading
10.1 Fulllengthbiographiesandmemoirs
10.2 Criticism
11 Externallinks
11.1 BySartre
11.2 OnSartre

Biography
Earlylife
JeanPaulSartrewasborninParisastheonlychildofJeanBaptisteSartre,anofficeroftheFrenchNavy,andAnneMarieSchweitzer.[7]Hismother
wasofAlsatianoriginandthefirstcousinofNobelPrizelaureateAlbertSchweitzer.(Herfather,CharlesSchweitzer,wastheolderbrotherofAlbert
Schweitzer'sfather,LouisThophile.)[8]WhenSartrewastwoyearsold,hisfatherdiedofafever.AnneMariemovedbacktoherparents'housein
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Meudon,wheresheraisedSartrewithhelpfromherfather,ateacherofGermanwhotaughtSartremathematicsandintroducedhimtoclassicalliterature
ataveryearlyage.[9]Whenhewastwelve,Sartre'smotherremarried,andthefamilymovedtoLaRochelle,wherehewasfrequentlybullied.[10]
Asateenagerinthe1920s,SartrebecameattractedtophilosophyuponreadingHenriBergson'sessayTimeandFreeWill:AnEssayontheImmediate
DataofConsciousness.[11]HeattendedtheCoursHattemer,aprivateschoolinParis.[12]HestudiedandearnedadegreeinphilosophyinParisatthe
coleNormaleSuprieure,aninstitutionofhighereducationthatwasthealmamaterforseveralprominentFrenchthinkersandintellectuals.[13]Itwas
atENSthatSartrebeganhislifelong,sometimesfractious,friendshipwithRaymondAron.[14]PerhapsthemostdecisiveinfluenceonSartre's
philosophicaldevelopmentwashisweeklyattendanceatAlexandreKojve'sseminars,whichcontinuedforanumberofyears.[15]
FromhisfirstyearsinthecoleNormale,Sartrewasoneofitsfiercestpranksters.[16][17]In1927,hisantimilitaristsatiricalcartoonintherevueofthe
school,coauthoredwithGeorgesCanguilhem,particularlyupsetthedirectorGustaveLanson.[18]Inthesameyear,withhiscomradesNizan,Larroutis,
BaillouandHerland,[19]heorganizedamediaprankfollowingCharlesLindbergh'ssuccessfulNewYorkParisflightSartre&Co.callednewspapers
andinformedthemthatLindberghwasgoingtobeawardedanhonorarycoledegree.Manynewspapers,includingLePetitParisien,announcedthe
eventon25May.Thousands,includingjournalistsandcuriousspectators,showedup,unawarethatwhattheywerewitnessingwasastuntinvolvinga
Lindberghlookalike.[18][20][21]Thepublic'sresultantoutcryforcedLansontoresign.[18][22]
In1929atthecoleNormale,hemetSimonedeBeauvoir,whostudiedattheSorbonneandlaterwentontobecomeanotedphilosopher,writer,and
feminist.Thetwobecameinseparableandlifelongcompanions,initiatingaromanticrelationship,[23]thoughtheywerenotmonogamous.[24]Thefirst
timeSartretooktheexamtobecomeacollegeinstructor,hefailed.Buthetookitasecondtimeandwasfirstinhisclass,withBeauvoirsecond.[25]
SartrewasdraftedintotheFrenchArmyfrom1929to1931andservedasameteorologistforsometime.[26]Helaterarguedin1959thateachFrench
personwasresponsibleforthecollectivecrimesduringtheAlgerianWarofIndependence.[27]
Together,SartreanddeBeauvoirchallengedtheculturalandsocialassumptionsandexpectationsoftheirupbringings,whichtheyconsideredbourgeois,
inbothlifestyleandthought.Theconflictbetweenoppressive,spirituallydestructiveconformity(mauvaisefoi,literally,"badfaith")andan"authentic"
wayof"being"becamethedominantthemeofSartre'searlywork,athemeembodiedinhisprincipalphilosophicalworkL'treetleNant(Beingand
Nothingness)(1943).[28]Sartre'sintroductiontohisphilosophyishisworkExistentialismandHumanism(1946),originallypresentedasalecture.

WorldWarII

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In1939SartrewasdraftedintotheFrencharmy,whereheservedasameteorologist.[29]HewascapturedbyGermantroopsin1940inPadoux,[30]and
hespentninemonthsasaprisonerofwarinNancyandfinallyinStalagXIID,Trier,wherehewrotehisfirsttheatricalpiece,Barion,filsdu
tonnerre,adramaconcerningChristmas.ItwasduringthisperiodofconfinementthatSartrereadHeidegger'sBeingandTime,latertobecomeamajor
influenceonhisownessayonphenomenologicalontology.Becauseofpoorhealth(heclaimedthathispooreyesightandexotropiaaffectedhisbalance)
SartrewasreleasedinApril1941.Givencivilianstatus,herecoveredhisteachingpositionatLycePasteurnearParis,settledattheHotelMistral.In
October1941hewasgivenapositionatLyceCondorcet,replacingaJewishteacherwhohadbeenforbiddentoteachbyVichylaw.
AftercomingbacktoParisinMay1941,heparticipatedinthefoundingoftheundergroundgroupSocialismeet
LibertwithotherwritersSimonedeBeauvoir,MauriceMerleauPonty,JeanToussaintDesantiandhiswife
DominiqueDesanti,JeanKanapa,andcoleNormalestudents.InAugustSartreanddeBeauvoirwenttothe
FrenchRivieraseekingthesupportofAndrGideandAndrMalraux.However,bothGideandMalrauxwere
undecided,andthismayhavebeenthecauseofSartre'sdisappointmentanddiscouragement.Socialismeet
libertsoondissolvedandSartredecidedtowriteinsteadofbeinginvolvedinactiveresistance.Hethenwrote
BeingandNothingness,TheFlies,andNoExit,noneofwhichwascensoredbytheGermans,andalso
contributedtobothlegalandillegalliterarymagazines.
AfterAugust1944andtheLiberationofParis,hewroteAntiSemiteandJew.Inthebookhetriestoexplainthe
FrenchjournalistsvisitGeneral
etiologyof"hate"byanalyzingantisemitichate.SartrewasaveryactivecontributortoCombat,anewspaper
GeorgeC.Marshallathisofficein
createdduringtheclandestineperiodbyAlbertCamus,aphilosopherandauthorwhoheldsimilarbeliefs.Sartre
thePentagonbuilding,1945
anddeBeauvoirremainedfriendswithCamusuntil1951,withthepublicationofCamus'sTheRebel.Later,
whileSartrewaslabeledbysomeauthorsasaresistant,theFrenchphilosopherandresistantVladimir
JankelevitchcriticizedSartre'slackofpoliticalcommitmentduringtheGermanoccupation,andinterpretedhisfurtherstrugglesforlibertyasanattempt
toredeemhimself.AccordingtoCamus,Sartrewasawriterwhoresisted,notaresisterwhowrote.
In1945,afterthewarended,SartremovedtoanapartmentontherueBonapartewhichwaswherehewastoproducemostofhissubsequentwork,and
whereheliveduntil1962.Itwasfromtherethathehelpedestablishaquarterlyliteraryandpoliticalreview,LesTempsmodernes(ModernTimes),in
parttopopularizehisthought.[31]Heceasedteachinganddevotedhistimetowritingandpoliticalactivism.Hewoulddrawonhiswarexperiencesfor
hisgreattrilogyofnovels,LesCheminsdelaLibert(TheRoadstoFreedom)(19451949).

ColdWarpoliticsandanticolonialism
ThefirstperiodofSartre'scareer,definedinlargepartbyBeingandNothingness(1943),gavewaytoasecondperiodwhentheworldwasperceived
assplitintocommunistandcapitalistblocsofhighlypublicizedpoliticalinvolvement.His1948playLesmainssales(DirtyHands)inparticular
exploredtheproblemofbeingapolitically"engaged"intellectual.HeembracedMarxism,butdidnotjointheCommunistParty.WhileaMarxist,Sartre
attackedwhathesawasabusesoffreedomandhumanrightsbytheSovietUnion.HewasoneofthefirstFrenchjournaliststoexposetheexistenceof
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thelaborcamps,andvehementlyopposedtheinvasionofHungary,RussianantiSemitism,andtheexecutionof
dissidents.Asananticolonialist,SartretookaprominentroleinthestruggleagainstFrenchruleinAlgeria,and
theuseoftortureandconcentrationcampsbytheFrenchinAlgeria.HebecameaneminentsupporteroftheFLN
intheAlgerianWarandwasoneofthesignatoriesoftheManifestedes121.Consequently,Sartrebecamea
domestictargetoftheparamilitaryOrganisationdel'armesecrte(OAS),escapingtwobombattacksinthe
early'60s.[32](HehadanAlgerianmistress,ArletteElkam,whobecamehisadopteddaughterin1965.)He
opposedU.S.involvementintheVietnamWarand,alongwithBertrandRussellandothers,organizedatribunal
intendedtoexposeU.S.warcrimes,whichbecameknownastheRussellTribunalin1967.

JeanPaulSartre(middle)andSimone
deBeauvoir(left)meetingwithChe
Guevara(right)inCuba,1960

HisworkafterStalin'sdeath,theCritiquedelaraisondialectique(Critiqueof
DialecticalReason),appearedin1960(asecondvolumeappearing
posthumously).IntheCritiqueSartresetouttogiveMarxismamorevigorous
intellectualdefensethanithadreceiveduntilthenheendedbyconcludingthatMarx'snotionof"class"asanobjective
entitywasfallacious.Sartre'semphasisonthehumanistvaluesintheearlyworksofMarxledtoadisputewitha
leadingleftistintellectualinFranceinthe1960s,LouisAlthusser,whoclaimedthattheideasoftheyoungMarxwere
decisivelysupersededbythe"scientific"systemofthelaterMarx.
SartrewenttoCubainthe1960stomeetFidelCastroandspokewithErnesto"Che"Guevara.AfterGuevara'sdeath,
Sartrewoulddeclarehimtobe"notonlyanintellectualbutalsothemostcompletehumanbeingofourage"[33]andthe
"era'smostperfectman."[34]SartrewouldalsocomplimentGuevarabyprofessingthat"helivedhiswords,spokehis
ownactionsandhisstoryandthestoryoftheworldranparallel."[35]Howeverhestoodagainstthepersecutionofgays
byCastro'srgime,whichhecomparedtoNazipersecutionoftheJews,andsaid:"HomosexualsareCuba'sJews".[36]
SketchofSartrefortheNew
YorkTimesbyReginaldGray,
1965

Duringacollectivehungerstrikein1974,SartrevisitedRedArmyFactionleaderAndreasBaaderinStammheim
Prisonandcriticizedtheharshconditionsofimprisonment.[37]Towardstheendofhislife,Sartrebecamean
anarchist.[38][39][40]

Latelifeanddeath
In1964Sartrerenouncedliteratureinawittyandsardonicaccountofthefirsttenyearsofhislife,LesMots(Words).Thebookisanironiccounterblast
toMarcelProust,whosereputationhadunexpectedlyeclipsedthatofAndrGide(whohadprovidedthemodeloflittratureengageforSartre's
generation).Literature,Sartreconcluded,functionedultimatelyasabourgeoissubstituteforrealcommitmentintheworld.InOctober1964,Sartrewas
awardedtheNobelPrizeinLiteraturebuthedeclinedit.HewasthefirstNobellaureatetovoluntarilydeclinetheprize,[41]andremainsoneofonlytwo
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laureatestodoso.[42]In1945,hehadrefusedtheLgiond'honneur.[43]TheNobelprizewasannouncedon22
October1964on14October,SartrehadwrittenalettertotheNobelInstitute,askingtoberemovedfromthelist
ofnominees,andwarningthathewouldnotaccepttheprizeifawarded,buttheletterwentunread[44]on23
October,LeFigaropublishedastatementbySartreexplaininghisrefusal.Hesaidhedidnotwishtobe
"transformed"bysuchanaward,anddidnotwanttotakesidesinanEastvs.Westculturalstrugglebyaccepting
anawardfromaprominentWesternculturalinstitution.[44]Afterbeingawardedtheprizehetriedtoescapethe
mediabyhidinginthehouseofSimone'ssisterHlnedeBeauvoirinGoxwiller,Alsace.
Thoughhisnamewasthenahouseholdword(aswas"existentialism"duringthetumultuous1960s),Sartre
remainedasimplemanwithfewpossessions,activelycommittedtocausesuntiltheendofhislife,suchasthe
May1968strikesinParisduringthesummerof1968duringwhichhewasarrestedforcivildisobedience.
PresidentCharlesdeGaulleintervenedandpardonedhim,commentingthat"youdon'tarrestVoltaire."[45]

HlnedeBeauvoir'shousein
Goxwiller,whereSartretriedtohide
fromthemediaafterbeingawarded
theNobelPrize.

In1975,whenaskedhowhewouldliketoberemembered,Sartrereplied:
Iwouldlike[people]torememberNausea,[myplays]NoExitandTheDevilandtheGoodLord,
andthenmytwophilosophicalworks,moreparticularlythesecondone,CritiqueofDialectical
Reason.ThenmyessayonGenet,SaintGenet....Iftheseareremembered,thatwouldbequitean
achievement,andIdon'taskformore.Asaman,ifacertainJeanPaulSartreisremembered,I
wouldlikepeopletorememberthemilieuorhistoricalsituationinwhichIlived,...howIlivedinit,
intermsofalltheaspirationswhichItriedtogatherupwithinmyself.[46]
Sartre'sphysicalconditiondeteriorated,partiallybecauseofthemercilesspaceofwork(andtheuseof
amphetamines)[47]heputhimselfthroughduringthewritingoftheCritiqueandamassiveanalyticalbiography
ofGustaveFlaubert(TheFamilyIdiot),bothofwhichremainedunfinished.Hesufferedfromhypertension,[48]
andbecamealmostcompletelyblindin1973.Sartrewasanotoriouschainsmoker,whichcouldalsohave
contributedtothedeteriorationofhishealth.[49]

JeanPaulSartreinVenicein1967

Sartrediedon15April1980inParisfromedemaofthelung.HehadnotwantedtobeburiedatPreLachaiseCemeterybetweenhismotherand
stepfather,soitwasarrangedthathebeburiedatMontparnasseCemetery.AthisfuneralonSaturday,19April,fiftythousandParisiansdescendedonto
BoulevardMontparnassetoaccompanySartre'scortege.[50][51]Thefuneralstartedat"thehospitalattwop.m.,thenfiledthroughthefourteenth
arrondissement,pastallSartre'shaunts,andenteredthecemeterythroughthegateontheBoulevardEdgarQuinet."Sartrewasinitiallyburiedina
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temporarygravetotheleftofthecemeterygate.[52]Fourdayslaterthebodywasdisinterredforcremationat
PreLachaiseCemetery,andhisasheswerereburiedatthepermanentsiteinMontparnasseCemetery,tothe
rightofthecemeterygate.[53]

Thought
Sartre'sprimaryideaisthatpeople,ashumans,are"condemnedtobefree".[54]Thistheoryreliesuponhis
positionthatthereisnocreator,andisillustratedusingtheexampleofthepapercutter.Sartresaysthatifone
consideredapapercutter,onewouldassumethatthecreatorwouldhavehadaplanforit:anessence.Sartresaid
thathumanbeingshavenoessencebeforetheirexistencebecausethereisnoCreator.Thus:"existenceprecedes
essence".[55]Thisformsthebasisforhisassertionthatsinceonecannotexplainone'sownactionsandbehaviour
byreferencinganyspecifichumannature,theyarenecessarilyfullyresponsibleforthoseactions."Weareleft
alone,withoutexcuse.""Wecanactwithoutbeingdeterminedbyourpastwhichisalwaysseparatedfrom
us."[56]
Sartre'sanddeBeauvoir'sgravein
Sartremaintainedthattheconceptsofauthenticityandindividualityhavetobeearnedbutnotlearned.Weneed
theCimetiredeMontparnasse
toexperience"deathconsciousness"soastowakeupourselvesastowhatisreallyimportanttheauthenticin
ourliveswhichislifeexperience,notknowledge.[57]Deathdrawsthefinalpointwhenweasbeingsceasetolive
forourselvesandpermanentlybecomeobjectsthatexistonlyfortheoutsideworld.[58]Inthiswaydeathemphasizestheburdenofourfree,individual
existence.

AsajuniorlecturerattheLyceduHavrein1938,SartrewrotethenovelLaNause(Nausea),whichservesinsomewaysasamanifestoof
existentialismandremainsoneofhismostfamousbooks.TakingapagefromtheGermanphenomenologicalmovement,hebelievedthatourideasare
theproductofexperiencesofreallifesituations,andthatnovelsandplayscanwelldescribesuchfundamentalexperiences,havingequalvalueto
discursiveessaysfortheelaborationofphilosophicaltheoriessuchasexistentialism.Withsuchpurpose,thisnovelconcernsadejectedresearcher
(Roquentin)inatownsimilartoLeHavrewhobecomesstarklyconsciousofthefactthatinanimateobjectsandsituationsremainabsolutelyindifferent
tohisexistence.Assuch,theyshowthemselvestoberesistanttowhateversignificancehumanconsciousnessmightperceiveinthem.
Healsotookinspirationfromphenomenologistepistemology,explainedbyFranzAdlerinthisway:"Manchoosesandmakeshimselfbyacting.Any
actionimpliesthejudgmentthatheisrightunderthecircumstancesnotonlyfortheactor,butalsoforeverybodyelseinsimilarcircumstances."[59]

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Thisindifferenceof"thingsinthemselves"(closelylinkedwiththelaternotionof"beinginitself"inhisBeingandNothingness)hastheeffectof
highlightingallthemorethefreedomRoquentinhastoperceiveandactintheworldeverywherehelooks,hefindssituationsimbuedwithmeanings
whichbearthestampofhisexistence.Hencethe"nausea"referredtointhetitleofthebookallthatheencountersinhiseverydaylifeissuffusedwitha
pervasive,evenhorrible,tastespecifically,hisfreedom.ThebooktakesthetermfromFriedrichNietzsche'sThusSpokeZarathustra,whereitisused
inthecontextoftheoftennauseatingqualityofexistence.NomatterhowmuchRoquentinlongsforsomethingelseorsomethingdifferent,hecannot
getawayfromthisharrowingevidenceofhisengagementwiththeworld.
ThenovelalsoactsasaterrifyingrealizationofsomeofImmanuelKant'sfundamentalideasaboutfreedomSartreusestheideaoftheautonomyofthe
will(thatmoralityisderivedfromourabilitytochooseinrealitytheabilitytochoosebeingderivedfromhumanfreedomembodiedinthefamous
saying"Condemnedtobefree")asawaytoshowtheworld'sindifferencetotheindividual.ThefreedomthatKantexposedishereastrongburden,for
thefreedomtoacttowardsobjectsisultimatelyuseless,andthepracticalapplicationofKant'sideasprovestobebitterlyrejected.

Careeraspublicintellectual
WhilethebroadfocusofSartre'sliferevolvedaroundthenotionofhumanfreedom,hebeganasustainedintellectual
participationinmorepublicmatterstowardstheendoftheSecondWorldWar,around194445.[60]Priortothisbefore
theSecondWorldWarhewascontentwiththeroleofanapoliticalliberalintellectual:"Nowteachingatalycein
Laon[...]SartremadehisheadquarterstheDomecafatthecrossingofMontparnasseandRaspailboulevards.He
attendedplays,readnovels,anddined[with]women.Hewrote.Andhewaspublished."[61]Sartreandhislifelong
companion,deBeauvoir,existed,inherwords,where"theworldaboutuswasamerebackdropagainstwhichour
privateliveswereplayedout".[62]
SartreportrayedhisownprewarsituationinthecharacterMathieu,chiefprotagonistinTheAgeofReason,whichwas
completedduringSartre'sfirstyearasasoldierintheSecondWorldWar.ByforgingMathieuasanabsoluterationalist,
analyzingeverysituation,andfunctioningentirelyonreason,heremovedanystrandsofauthenticcontentfromhis
characterandasaresult,Mathieucould"recognizenoallegianceexceptto[him]self",[63]thoughherealizedthatwithout
"responsibilityformyownexistence,itwouldseemutterlyabsurdtogoonexisting".[64]Mathieu'scommitmentwas
onlytohimself,nevertotheoutsideworld.Mathieuwasrestrainedfromactioneachtimebecausehehadnoreasonsfor
acting.Sartrethen,forthesereasons,wasnotcompelledtoparticipateintheSpanishCivilWar,andittooktheinvasion
ofhisowncountrytomotivatehimintoactionandtoprovideacrystallizationoftheseideas.Itwasthewarthatgave
himapurposebeyondhimself,andtheatrocitiesofthewarcanbeseenastheturningpointinhispublicstance.

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ThewaropenedSartre'seyestoapoliticalrealityhehadnotyetunderstooduntilforcedintocontinualengagementwithit:"theworlditselfdestroyed
Sartre'sillusionsaboutisolatedselfdeterminingindividualsandmadeclearhisownpersonalstakeintheeventsofthetime."[65]ReturningtoParisin
1941heformedthe"SocialismeetLibert"resistancegroup.In1943,afterthegroupdisbanded,Sartrejoinedawriters'Resistancegroup,[66]inwhich
heremainedanactiveparticipantuntiltheendofthewar.Hecontinuedtowriteferociously,anditwasduetothis"crucialexperienceofwarand
captivitythatSartrebegantotrytobuildupapositivemoralsystemandtoexpressitthroughliterature".[67]
ThesymbolicinitiationofthisnewphaseinSartresworkispackagedintheintroductionhewroteforanewjournal,LesTempsmodernes,inOctober
1945.Herehealignedthejournal,andthushimself,withtheLeftandcalledforwriterstoexpresstheirpoliticalcommitment.[68]Yet,thisalignment
wasindefinite,directedmoretotheconceptoftheLeftthanaspecificpartyoftheLeft.
Sartre'sphilosophylentitselftohisbeingapublicintellectual.Heenvisagedcultureasaveryfluidconceptneitherpredetermined,nordefinitely
finishedinstead,intrueexistentialfashion,"culturewasalwaysconceivedasaprocessofcontinualinventionandreinvention."ThismarksSartre,the
intellectual,asapragmatist,willingtomoveandshiftstancealongwithevents.Hedidnotdogmaticallyfollowacauseotherthanthebeliefinhuman
freedom,preferringtoretainapacifist'sobjectivity.Itisthisoverarchingthemeoffreedomthatmeanshiswork"subvertsthebasesfordistinctions
amongthedisciplines".[69]Therefore,hewasabletoholdknowledgeacrossavastarrayofsubjects:"theinternationalworldorder,thepoliticaland
economicorganisationofcontemporarysociety,especiallyFrance,theinstitutionalandlegalframeworksthatregulatethelivesofordinarycitizens,the
educationalsystem,themedianetworksthatcontrolanddisseminateinformation.Sartresystematicallyrefusedtokeepquietaboutwhathesawas
inequalitiesandinjusticesintheworld."[70]
SartrealwayssympathizedwiththeLeft,andsupportedtheFrenchCommunistParty(PCF)untilthe1956SovietinvasionofHungary.Followingthe
LiberationthePCFwereinfuriatedbySartre'sphilosophy,whichappearedtolureyoungFrenchmenandwomenawayfromtheideologyof
communismandintoSartresownexistentialism.[71]From1956onwardsSartrerejectedtheclaimsofthePCFtorepresenttheFrenchworkingclasses,
objectingtoits"authoritariantendencies".Inthelate1960sSartresupportedtheMaoists,amovementthatrejectedtheauthorityofestablished
communistparties.[72]However,despitealigningwiththeMaoists,SartresaidaftertheMayevents:"Ifonerereadsallmybooks,onewillrealizethatI
havenotchangedprofoundly,andthatIhavealwaysremainedananarchist."[38]Hewouldlaterexplicitlyallowhimselftobecalledananarchist.[39][40]
IntheaftermathofawarthathadforthefirsttimeproperlyengagedSartreinpoliticalmatters,hesetforthabodyofworkwhich"reflectedonvirtually
everyimportantthemeofhisearlythoughtandbegantoexplorealternativesolutionstotheproblemsposedthere".[73]Thegreatestdifficultiesthathe
andallpublicintellectualsofthetimefacedweretheincreasingtechnologicalaspectsoftheworldthatwereoutdatingtheprintedwordasaformof
expression.InSartre'sopinion,the"traditionalbourgeoisliteraryformsremaininnatelysuperior",butthereis"arecognitionthatthenewtechnological
'massmedia'formsmustbeembraced"ifSartre'sethicalandpoliticalgoalsasanauthentic,committedintellectualaretobeachieved:the
demystificationofbourgeoispoliticalpracticesandtheraisingoftheconsciousness,bothpoliticalandcultural,oftheworkingclass.[74]
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ThestruggleforSartrewasagainstthemonopolisingmogulswhowerebeginningtotakeoverthemediaanddestroytheroleoftheintellectual.His
attemptstoreachapublicweremediatedbythesepowers,anditwasoftenthesepowershehadtocampaignagainst.Hewasskilledenough,however,
tocircumventsomeoftheseissuesbyhisinteractiveapproachtothevariousformsofmedia,advertisinghisradiointerviewsinanewspapercolumnfor
example,andviceversa.[75]
Theroleofapublicintellectualcanleadtotheindividualplacinghimselfindangerasheengageswithdisputedtopics.InSartre'scase,thiswas
witnessedinJune1961,whenaplasticbombexplodedintheentranceofhisapartmentbuilding.HispublicsupportofAlgerianselfdeterminationatthe
timehadledSartretobecomeatargetofthecampaignofterrorthatmountedasthecolonists'positiondeteriorated.Asimilaroccurrencetookplacethe
nextyearandhehadbeguntoreceivethreateninglettersfromOran,Algeria.[76]

Literature
Sartrewrotesuccessfullyinanumberofliterarymodesandmademajorcontributionstoliterarycriticismandliterarybiography.Hisplaysarerichly
symbolicandserveasameansofconveyinghisphilosophy.Thebestknown,Huisclos(NoExit),containsthefamousline"L'enfer,c'estlesautres",
usuallytranslatedas"Hellisotherpeople."[77]AsidefromtheimpactofNausea,Sartre'smajorworkoffictionwasTheRoadstoFreedomtrilogywhich
chartstheprogressionofhowWorldWarIIaffectedSartre'sideas.Inthisway,RoadstoFreedompresentsalesstheoreticalandmorepractical
approachtoexistentialism.
Despitetheirsimilaritiesaspolemicists,novelists,adapters,andplaywrights,Sartre'sliteraryworkhasbeencounterposed,oftenpejoratively,tothatof
Camusinthepopularimagination.In1948theRomanCatholicChurchplacedSartre'soeuvreontheIndexLibrorumProhibitorum(ListofProhibited
Books).

Criticism
SomephilosophersarguethatSartre'sthoughtiscontradictory.Specifically,theybelievethatSartremakesmetaphysicalargumentsdespitehisclaim
thathisphilosophicalviewsignoremetaphysics.HerbertMarcusecriticizedBeingandNothingnessforprojectinganxietyandmeaninglessnessontothe
natureofexistenceitself:"InsofarasExistentialismisaphilosophicaldoctrine,itremainsanidealisticdoctrine:ithypostatizesspecifichistorical
conditionsofhumanexistenceintoontologicalandmetaphysicalcharacteristics.Existentialismthusbecomespartoftheveryideologywhichitattacks,
anditsradicalismisillusory."[78]InLetteronHumanism,HeideggercriticizedSartre'sexistentialism:

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Existentialismsaysexistenceprecedesessence.Inthisstatementheistakingexistentiaandessentiaaccordingtotheirmetaphysical
meaning,which,fromPlato'stimeon,hassaidthatessentiaprecedesexistentia.Sartrereversesthisstatement.Butthereversalofa
metaphysicalstatementremainsametaphysicalstatement.Withit,hestayswithmetaphysics,inoblivionofthetruthofBeing.[79]
PhilosophersRichardWollheimandThomasBaldwinhavearguedthatSartre'sattempttoshowthatSigmundFreud'stheoryoftheunconsciousis
mistakenwasbasedonamisinterpretationofFreud.[80][81]AuthorRichardWebsterconsidersSartreoneofmanymodernthinkerswhohave
reconstructedJudaeoChristianorthodoxiesinsecularform.[82]
BrianC.AndersondenouncedSartreasanapologistfortyrannyandterrorbecauseofhissupportforStalinism,Maoism,andCastro'sregimein
Cuba.[83]PaulJohnsondenouncedSartre'sideasfortheirinfluenceontheKhmerRouge:"TheeventsinCambodiainthe1970s,inwhichbetweenone
fifthandonethirdofthenationwasstarvedtodeathormurdered,wereentirelytheworkofagroupofintellectuals,whowereforthemostpartpupils
andadmirersofJeanPaulSartre'Sartre'sChildren'asIcallthem."[84]
Sartre,whostatedinhisprefacetoFrantzFanon'sTheWretchedoftheEarththat,"ToshootdownaEuropeanistokilltwobirdswithonestone,to
destroyanoppressorandthemanheoppressesatthesametime:thereremainsadeadmanandafreeman,"hasbeencriticizedbyAndersonand
MichaelWalzerforsupportingthekillingofEuropeanciviliansbytheFLNduringtheAlgerianWar.WalzersuggeststhatSartre,aEuropean,wasa
hypocritefornotvolunteeringtobekilledhimself.[83][85]
CliveJamesexcoriatedSartreinhisbookofminibiographiesCulturalAmnesia(2007).Amongotherthings,JamesattacksSartre'sphilosophyasbeing
"allapose".[86]

Works
Plays,screenplays,novels,andshortstories
Nausea/Lanause(1938)
TheWall/Lemur(1939)
Bariona/Bariona,oulefilsdutonnerre
(1940)
TheFlies/Lesmouches(1943)
NoExit/Huisclos(1944)
Typhus,wr.'44,pub.'07adaptedasThe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JeanPaul_Sartre

Philosophicessays
Imagination:APsychologicalCritique/
L'imagination(1936)
TheTranscendenceoftheEgo/La
transcendancedel'go(1936)
SketchforaTheoryoftheEmotions/
Esquissed'unethoriedesmotions(1939)
TheImaginary/L'imaginaire(1940)

Criticalessays
AntiSemiteandJew/Rflexionssurla
questionjuive(wr.1944,pub.1946)
Baudelaire(1946)
SituationsI:LiteraryCritiques/Critiques
littraires(1947)[87]
SituationsII:WhatIsLiterature?/Qu'est
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ProudandtheBeautiful
TheAgeofReason/L'gederaison(1945)
TheReprieve/Lesursis(1945)
TheRespectfulProstitute/Laputain
respectueuse(1946)
TheVictors/Mortssansspulture(1946)
TheChipsAreDown/Lesjeuxsontfaits
(1947)
IntheMesh/L'engrnage(1948)
DirtyHands/Lesmainssales(1948)
TroubledSleep(Londoned.(Hamilton)has
title:Ironinthesoul)/Lamortdansl'me
(1949)
Intimacy(1949)
TheDevilandtheGoodLord/Lediableet
lebondieu(1951)
Kean(1953)
Nekrassov(1955)
TheCondemnedofAltona/Lessquestrs
d'Altona(1959)
HurricaneoverCuba/writtenandprinted
in1961inBrazil,alongwithRubemBraga
andFernandoSabino(1961)
TheTrojanWomen/LesTroyennes(1965)
TheFreudScenario/LescnarioFreud
(1984)

JeanPaulSartreWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

BeingandNothingness/L'treetlenant
(1943)
ExistentialismisaHumanism/
L'existentialismeestunhumanisme(1946)
SearchforaMethod/Questiondemthode
(1957)
CritiqueofDialecticalReason/Critiquede
laraisondialectique(1960,1985)
NotebooksforanEthics/Cahierspourune
morale(1983)
TruthandExistence/Vritetexistence
(1989)

cequelalittrature?(1947)
"BlackOrpheus"/"Orphenoir"(1948)
SituationsIII(1949)
SaintGenet,ActorandMartyr/S.G.,
comdienetmartyr(1952)[88]
TheHenriMartinAffair/L'affaireHenri
Martin(1953)
SituationsIV:Portraits(1964)
SituationsV:Colonialismand
Neocolonialism(1964)
SituationsVI:ProblemsofMarxism,Part1
(1966)
SituationsVII:ProblemsofMarxism,Part2
(1967)
TheFamilyIdiot/L'idiotdelafamille
(197172)
SituationsVIII:Autourde1968(1972)
SituationsIX:Mlanges(1972)
SituationsX:Life/Situations:Essays
WrittenandSpoken/Politiqueet
Autobiographie(1976)

Autobiographical
SartreByHimself/Sartreparluimme(1959)
TheWords/LesMots(1964)[88]
WitnesstoMyLife&QuietMomentsinaWar/LettresauCastoretquelquesautres(1983)
WarDiaries:NotebooksfromaPhonyWar/Lescarnetsdeladroledeguerre(1984)

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Seealso
ForadetailedchronologyofSartre'slife,seeRonaldHayman,Sartre:ABiography(Carroll&GrafPublishers,Inc.,1987),pages485511.
Badfaith(existentialism)
Sartre'sRoadstoFreedomTrilogy
Situation(Sartre)
Freud:TheSecretPassion
WilfridDesan

Sources
Aronson,Ronald(1980)JeanPaulSartrePhilosophyintheWorld.London:NLB
Baert,Patrick(2015)TheExistentialistMomentTheRiseofSartreasaPublicIntellectual.Cambridge:PolityPress.
Gerassi,John(1989)JeanPaulSartre:HatedConscienceofHisCentury.Volume1:ProtestantorProtester?Chicago:UniversityofChicago
Press
Judaken,Jonathan(2006)JeanPaulSartreandtheJewishQuestion:AntiantisemitismandthePoliticsoftheFrenchIntellectual.Lincoln:
UniversityofNebraskaPress
Kirsner,Douglas(2003)TheSchizoidWorldofJeanPaulSartreandR.D.Laing.NewYork:Karnac
Scriven,Michael(1993)SartreandTheMedia.London:MacMillanPressLtd
Scriven,Michael(1999)JeanPaulSartre:PoliticsandCultureinPostwarFrance.London:MacMillanPressLtd
Thody,Philip(1964)JeanPaulSartre.London:HamishHamilton

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February2012.
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11. JeanPaul,SartreArletteElkamSartre,JonathanWebber(2004)[1940].TheImaginary:APhenomenologicalPsychologyoftheImagination.Routledge.pp.viii.
ISBN0415287553.
12. "QuelquesAnciensCelebres".Hattemer.Retrieved20150630.
13. Schrift,AlanD.(2006).TwentiethcenturyFrenchPhilosophy:KeyThemesandThinkers.BlackwellPublishing.p.174.ISBN1405132175.
14. Memoirs:fiftyyearsofpoliticalreflection,ByRaymondAron(1990)
15. Auffret,D.(2002),AlexandreKojeve.Laphilosophie,l'Etat,lafindel'histoire,Paris:B.Grasset
16. JeanPierreBoulSartre,selfformation,andmasculinities(https://books.google.com/books?id=wlukeHj_TKEC&pg=PA53)p.53
17. CohenSolal,Annie(1988)Sartre:ALife(https://books.google.com/books?id=vWbWlhHGPEC)pp.612quote:"DuringhisfirstyearsattheEcole,Sartrewas
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18. JohnGerassi(1989)JeanPaulSartre:Protestantorprotester?(https://books.google.com/books?id=XStvJEokm7gC&pg=PA76)pp.767
19. Godo,Emmanuel(2005)Sartreendiable(https://books.google.com/books?id=oT9lAAAAMAAJ)p.41
20. Hayman,Ronald(1987)Sartre:alife(https://books.google.com/books?id=eCpBAQAAIAAJ)pp.69,318
21. "Jeanj.m.m.,n,mnnPaulSartrephilosopher,socialadvocate".Tameri.com.Retrieved27October2011.
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23. Humphrey,Clark(28November2005)."ThePeopleMagazineapproachtoaliterarysupercouple".TheSeattleTimes.Retrieved20November2007.
24. Siegel,Liliane(1990).IntheshadowofSartre.Collins(London).p.182.ISBN000215336X.
25. WilfredDesan,TheTragicFinale:AnEssayonthePhilosophyofJeanPaulSartre(NewYork:HarperTorchbooks,1960)xiv.
26. AnnFulton,ApostlesofSartre:ExistentialisminAmerica,19451963(Evanston,IL:NorthwesternUniversityPress,1999)7.
27. LeSueur,JamesD.PierreBourdieu(2005)[2005].UncivilWar:IntellectualsandIdentityPoliticsDuringtheDecolonizationofAlgeria.UniversityofNebraska
Press.p.178.ISBN0803280289.
28. McCloskey,DeirdreN.(2006).TheBourgeoisVirtues:EthicsforanAgeofCommerce.UniversityofChicagoPress.p.297.ISBN0226556638.
29. VandenHoven,AdrianAndrewN.Leak(2005).SartreToday:ACentenaryCelebration.AndrewN.Leak.BerghahnBooks.pp.viii.ISBN184545166X.
30. Boul,JeanPierre(2005).Sartre,Selfformation,andMasculinities.BerghahnBooks.p.114.ISBN1571817425.
31. AnnFulton,ApostlesofSartre:ExistentialisminAmerica,19451963(Evanston,IL:NorthwesternUniversityPress,1999)12.
32. IstvnMszros,TheWorkofSartre:SearchforFreedomandtheChallengeofHistory,rev.ed.(NewYork:MonthlyReview,2012),p.16.
33. " "RememberingCheGuevara",9October2006,''TheInternationalNews'',byProfKhwajaMasud".TheNewsInternational.9October2006.Retrieved
27October2011.
34. AmazonReviewof:',TheBolivianDiary:AuthorizedEdition',.Amazon.com.ISBN1920888241.
35. HeyChe.orgPeopleaboutCheGuevara(http://www.heyche.org/peopleaboutche.html)Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20080709042917/http://www.heyche.org/peopleaboutche.html)9July2008attheWaybackMachine
36. LiverecordinginConductaImpropriabyNestorAlmendros,1983.
37. JeanPaulSartre(7December1974)."TheSlowDeathofAndreasBaader".Marxists.org.Retrieved2March2010.
38. "SartreatSeventy:AnInterviewbyJeanPaulSartreandMichelContat".TheNewYorkReviewofBooks.7August1975.Retrieved27October2011.
39. "R.A.Forum>Sartreparluimme(SartrebyHimself)".Raforum.info.28September1966.Retrieved27October2011.
40. "InterviewwithJeanPaulSartre"inThePhilosophyofJeanPaulSartre,ed.P.A.Schilpp,p.21.
41. "NobelPrizeinLiterature1964PressRelease".nobelprize.org.Retrieved11February2009.
42. "Nobelprize.org".
43. "LeFigaro".
44. HistoiredelettresJeanPaulSartrerefuselePrixNobelen1964(http://fondationlaposte.com/article.php3?id_article=251),ElodieBess
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45. "SuperstaroftheMind"(http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE4DF1538F934A35755C0A961948260),byTomBishopinNewYorkTimes7June
1987
46. Charlesworth,Max(1976).TheExistentialistsandJeanPaulSartre.UniversityofQueenslandPress.p.154.ISBN0702211508.
47. "NewCriterionreviewofLaCrmoniedesadieuxbySimonedeBeauvoir".
48. RonaldHayman.Sartre:ABiography.Carroll&Graf,1992,p.464.
49. Samuel,Henry(10March2005)."Hellisotherpeopleremovingyourcigarette".TheTelegraph.
50. "HistoireDuMonde".
51. Singer,Daniel(5June2000)."Sartre'sRoadstoFreedom".TheNation.Archivedfromtheoriginalon2June2008.Retrieved9May2009.
52. CohenSolal,Annie.Sartre:ALife.RandomHouse,Inc.,1987,p.523.
53. CohenSolal,Annie,p.523.Also,RonaldHayman,Sartre:ABiography.Carroll&GrafPublishers,Inc.,1992,p.473.AlsoseeSimoneDeBeauvoir,Adieux:A
FarewelltoSartre.TranslatedbyPatrickO'Brian.PantheonBooks,1984.Chapter:"TheFarewellCeremony,"unpaginatedebook.
54. ExistentialismandHumanism
55. ExistentialismandHumanism,page27
56. YoannMalinge:Doesourpasthaveamotivationaleffect?Ourreasonsforacting:Sartresphilosophyofaction.
https://www.academia.edu/8181406/Does_our_past_have_a_motivational_effect_Our_reasons_for_acting_Sartre_s_philosophy_of_action
57. BeingandNothingness,p.246
58. Death.(1999).InGordonHayim(Ed.)DictionaryofExistentialism(p.105).Westport,CT:GreenwoodPress.
59. Adler,Franz."TheSocialThoughtofJeanPaulSartre".AmericanJournalofSociology55(3).
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61. Gerassi1989:134
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ISBN9780226027968.
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68. Aronson1980:10
69. Kirsner2003:13
70. Scriven1999:xii
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72. "JeanPaulSartre".StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy.Retrieved27October2011.
73. Aronson1980:121
74. Scriven1993:8
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76. Aronson1980:157
77. Woodward,Kirk(9July2010)."TheMostFamousThingJeanPaulSartreNeverSaid".RickonTheater.Blogger(Google:blogspot.com).Retrieved8January
2010.
78. Marcuse,Herbert."Sartre'sExistentialism".PrintedinStudiesinCriticalPhilosophy.TranslatedbyJorisDeBres.London:NLB,1972.p.161
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79. MartinHeidegger,"LetteronHumanism",inBasicWritings:NineKeyEssays,plustheIntroductiontoBeingandTime,trans.DavidFarrellKrell(London,
Routledge1978),208.GoogleBooks(https://books.google.com/books?id=kVc9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA208)
80. ThomasBaldwin(1995).TedHonderich,ed.TheOxfordCompaniontoPhilosophy.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.p.792.ISBN0198661320.
81. Wollheim,Richard.Freud.London,FontanaPress,pp.157176
82. Webster,Richard(2005).WhyFreudWasWrong:Sin,ScienceandPsychoanalysis.Oxford:TheOrwellPress.p.7.ISBN0951592254.
83. TheAbsoluteIntellectual(http://www.hoover.org/publications/policyreview/article/6476)BrianC.Anderson
84. Johnson,Paul,"TheHeartlessLoversofHumankind(http://www.fortfreedom.org/h11.htm)",TheWallStreetJournal,5January1987.
85. CanThereBeaDecentLeft?(http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=598)MichaelWalzerArchived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20111118221640/http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=598)18November2011attheWaybackMachine
86. http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/clives_lives/2007/03/jeanpaul_sartre.html
87. "JeanPaulSartreBiography".People.brandeis.edu.Retrieved27October2011.
88. "NobelPrize,JeanPaulSartrebiography".Nobelprize.org.15April1980.Retrieved27October2011.

Furtherreading
Fulllengthbiographiesandmemoirs
AnnieCohenSolal,Sartre:ALife.TranslatedbyAnnaCancogni.NewYork:PantheonBooks,1987.
RonaldHayman,Sartre:ABiography.NewYork:Carroll&GrafPublishers,1987.(DetailedchronologyofSartre'slifeonpages485510.)
SimonedeBeauvoir,Adieux:AFarewelltoSartre,NewYork:PantheonBooks,1984.

Criticism
StevenChurchillandJackReynolds(eds.)JeanPaulSartre:KeyConcepts,London/NewYork:Routledge,2014.
GianlucaVagnarelli,Lademocraziatumultuaria.SullafilosofiapoliticadiJeanPaulSartre,Macerata,EUM,2010.
RobertDoran,"SartresCritiqueofDialecticalReasonandtheDebatewithLviStrauss,"YaleFrenchStudies123(2013):4162.
ThomasFlynn,SartreandMarxistExistentialism:TheTestCaseofCollectiveResponsibility,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,1984.
JohnGerassi,JeanPaulSartre:HatedConscienceofHisCentury,Volume1:ProtestantorProtester?,UniversityofChicagoPress,1989.ISBN
0226287971.
R.D.LaingandD.G.Cooper,ReasonandViolence:ADecadeofSartre'sPhilosophy,19501960,NewYork:Pantheon,1971.
SuzanneLilar,AproposdeSartreetdel'amour,Paris:Grasset,1967.
AxelMadsen,HeartsandMinds:TheCommonJourneyofSimonedeBeauvoirandJeanPaulSartre,WilliamMorrow&Co,1977.
HeinerWittmann,L'esthtiquedeSartre.Artistesetintellectuels,translatedfromtheGermanbyN.WeitemeierandJ.Yacar,ditions
L'Harmattan(CollectionL'ouverturephilosophique),Paris2001.
lisabethRoudinesco,PhilosophyinTurbulentTimes:Canguilhem,Sartre,Foucault,Althusser,Deleuze,Derrida,ColumbiaUniversityPress,
NewYork,2008.
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JeanPaulSartreandBennyLevy,HopeNow:The1980Interviews,translatedbyAdrianvandenHoven,Chicago:UniversityofChicagoPress,
1996.
P.V.Spade,ClassLectureNotesonJeanPaulSartre'sBeingandNothingness(http://pvspade.com/Sartre/pdf/sartre1.pdf).1996.
JonathanWebberTheexistentialismofJeanPaulSartre,London:Routledge,2009
H.Wittmann,SartreunddieKunst.DiePortrtstudienvonTintorettobisFlaubert,Tbingen:GunterNarrVerlag,1996.
H.Wittmann,SartreandCamusinAesthetics.TheChallengeofFreedom.Ed.byDirkHoeges.Dialoghi/Dialogues.LiteraturundKulturItaliens
undFrankreichs,vol.13,Frankfurt/M:PeterLang2009ISBN9783631586938
WilfridDesan,TheTragicFinale:AnEssayonthephilosophyofJeanPaulSartre(1954)
BBC(1999)."TheRoadtoFreedom(http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=5997040150951355473#)".Human,AllTooHuman.

Externallinks
JeanPaulSartre(https://www.dmoz.org/Society/Philosophy/Philosophers/S/Sartre%2C_JeanPaul/)atDMOZ

BySartre
WorksbyoraboutJeanPaulSartre(https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Sartre%2C%20Jean
Paul%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22JeanPaul%20Sartre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sartre%2C%20Jean
Paul%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jean
Paul%20Sartre%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Sartre%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jean
Paul%20Sartre%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Sartre%2C%20JeanPaul%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jean
Paul%20Sartre%22%29%20OR%20%28%2219051980%22%20AND%20Sartre%29%29%20AND%20%28mediatype:software%29)at
InternetArchive
AmericansandTheirMyths(http://www.thenation.com/article/americansandtheirmyths)Sartre'sessayinTheNation(18October1947issue)
SartreTexts(http://www.philosophyarchive.com/index.php?title=Sartre#Primary_Sources)onPhilosophyArchive
SartreInternetArchive(http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/sartre/index.htm)onMarxists.org(http://www.marxists.org/)
WorksbyJeanPaulSartre(https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL117592A)atOpenLibrary

OnSartre
UKSartreSociety(http://www.sartreuk.org)
Grouped'tudessartriennes(http://www.gessartre.fr),Paris
SartresCritiqueofDialecticalReason(http://home.mira.net/~andy/works/sartre.htm)essaybyAndyBlunden
JeanPaulSartre(19051980):Existentialism(http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/sartreex.htm)InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy
JeanPaulSartre(19051980):PoliticalPhilosophy(http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/sartrep.htm)InternetEncyclopediaofPhilosophy
JeanPaulSartre(StanfordEncyclopediaofPhilosophy)(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sartre/)
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Sartre.org(http://www.sartre.org/)Articles,archives,andforum
"TheSecondComingOfSartre"(http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/article226073.ece),JohnLichfield,TheIndependent,17June
2005
TheWorldAccordingtoSartre(http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/extras/sartre.htm)essaybyRogerKimball
ReclaimingSartre(http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj102/pitt.htm)AreviewofIanBirchall,SartreAgainstStalinism
SartresExistentialMarxismandtheQuestforHumanisticAuthenticity(http://www.hrfd.hr/u/dokumenti/19%20Jakopovich.pdf)essaybyDaniel
JakopovichinthejournalSynthesisPhilosophica
BiographyandquotesofSartre(http://atheisme.free.fr/Biographies/Sartre_e.htm)
LivingwithMother.Sartreandtheproblemofmaternity(http://www.senspublic.org/article.php3?id_article=300),BenedictO'Donohoe,
InternationalWebjournalSensPublic.
LimagedelafemmedanslethtredeJeanPaulSartreJeanPaulSartre:sexiste?byStephanieRupert(http://igitur
archive.library.uu.nl/studenttheses/20060912200835/MA%2520Eindwerkstuk%202006%20Eindversie.doc)
PierreMichel,JeanPaulSartreetOctaveMirbeau(http://www.scribd.com/doc/2358674/PierreMichelJeanPaulSartreetOctaveMirbeau).
ListentoRadio4'sInOurTimeprogrammeonSartreRealAudio(http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20041007.shtml)
Sartre:philosophy,literature,politics(articles),InternationalWebjournalSensPublic(http://www.senspublic.org/spip.php?article544)
Buddhists,ExistentialistsandSituationists:WakingupinWakingLife(http://publish.uwo.ca/~dmann/waking_essay.htm)
Hellisotherpeoplepeopleatbreakfast(http://movies.yahoo.com/news/10yearslaterfakesartreremainsviraleven172611658.html)
SartrephenomenologicaltheoryofemotionsAdolfoVasquezRoccaJ.P.Sartre:TeoraFenomenolgicadelasEmociones(inspanish)
(http://www.margencero.com/almiar/sartreexistencialismoyconcienciadelmundo/)
MimUdovitchacontributingeditorforEsquire(6December1988)."HotandEpistolary:'LetterstoNelsonAlgren',bySimonedeBeauvoir".
TheNewYorkTimes.Retrieved9June2012.
LouisMenand(26September2005)."StandByYourMan:ThestrangeliaisonofSartreandBeauvoir(BookreviewoftherepublishedThe
SecondSexbySimonedeBeauvoir)".TheNewYorker.Retrieved9June2012.
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