Bye Laws Final Notes

TOPIC:- IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING BYE LAWS
Q: What are the importances of building bye laws?

Ans: The following are the importances for building bye laws:1.
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Architectural Need.
Defines the areas of varying densities for use. For example ZONING ORDINANCES describes.
Min. parking lot size
Min. parking lot size
Yard requirement
Other structures on the property
Parking requirements relate to the use & bulk of the building & in sub-urban areas many require Parking
structures for maximum development of property, signages, trees, screening etc. are other areas of zoning
considerations.
Decreases the danger of accident.
If setbacks are provided visibility of road is there.
To have proper building which dont disturb the human environment as well the natural environment .
For safety reasons.
Height restriction due to have proper sunlight in the nearer areas.
Making the requirements mysterious for layman.
For making building material a very important part of building buy giving their full specifications.
For freezing the time limit of a project so that the other works can be started.
For reducing visual disorder, traffic uncontrollable, uncomfortable living, environmental problems etc.
For knowing that the construction is not giving any problems to the existing site conditions. As signages, trees,
screening, etc.
If the set back are given then roads can be widened due to this.
As if set back is given in building then we can easily have light, proper ventilation some open area to have fresh
air inside the building.
As having a shaft in houses we can run our other services also from there.
For maintaining proper road size. As we know if the size of a road is already less & if we increase the height of
building & extend the balconies outside the building line then it can obstruct the natural light, air & ventilation.
So that giving set back serves our problem very nicely.
Basically the Bye Laws are very important to construct a building with proper lighting & al that kind of things.
As well with all safeties.
For having Building Bye laws or we can say using them is very important for each & every kind of building type.
With the bye laws we can plan on the urban level as well in a proper way.
It is important to create building or any space which cater services to them & as well to look beautiful. No chance
for having congested areas.
It is important to divide the areas in proper zones according to the space characters.
How a land to be used.
Where building & other structure can be located.
The types of building that are permitted & how they may be used.
It is important to design a big city as well.
To make those particular areas well planned as well beautifying that areas.
TOPIC:-IMPORTANCE OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
1) Inclusion of a complete philosophy and direction for successfully accomplishing the building projects through
Integrated Multidisciplinary Approach right through conceptual stage to planning, designing, construction,
operation and maintenance stages
2) A series of reforms in building permit process
3) Provisions to ensure and certification of safety of buildings against natural disaster by engineer and structural
engineer
4) Provision for two stage permit for high rise and special buildings
5) Provision for periodic renewal certificate of occupied buildings from structural, fire and electrical safety point
of view
6) Provision for empowering engineers and architects for sanctioning plans of residential buildings up to 500 m2
7) Inclusion of detailed town planning norms for various amenities such as educational facilities, medical
facilities, distribution services, police, civil defence and home guards and fire services
8) parking requirements for metro and mega cities
9) Special requirements for low income housing for urban areas
10) Special requirements for low income housing rural habitat planning
11) Guidelines for development planning for hilly areas
12) Provisions for buildings and facilities for physically challenged
13) Fire safety norms completely revamped through detailed provisions on Fire Prevention, Life Safety and Fire
Protection
14) Categories of starred hotels, heritage structures and archaeological monuments for fire safety provisions
15) Substitution of halon based fire/extinguishers fire fighting system
16) Promotion to new/innovative building materials/technologies
17) Inclusion of latest provisions for earthquake resistant design and construction
18) Details on mult-disaster prone districts
19) Design and construction using bamboo
20) Prefabricated and composite construction for speedier construction
21) Provision of safety in construction
22) Provision on building and plumbing services in line with applicable international practices
23) Provisions on rain water harvesting
24) Landscaping needs
TOPIC : REQUIREMENTS OF SUBMISSION DRAWINGS.
SUBMITTING PLANS AND DRAWINGS GUIDANCE
Plans and Drawings submitted with Planning Applications
This note explains the requirements regarding the submission of plans and drawings with planning applications. The
Council has a legal duty to ensure that planning applications are complete and valid, and that members of the public
are able to understand, examine and comment on them.
General
Please remember Councilors, Town and Councils, consulters and the public will view plans that are submitted to us as
part of your application and they will be published on the Councils website. It will therefore help your application if
the plans are as clear as possible.
All plans submitted with an application should be dated and numbered
Any revised drawings should indicate the full extent of the change and show a revision number/letter and the
date of the revision
All drawings should be to a suitable metric scale not imperial. The scale must be shown
Wherever possible drawings larger than A1 size should be avoided (they should be supplied in A3 if possible)
Drawings for illustrative purposes in outline applications should be clearly indicated accordingly
The drawings should give an accurate account of the proposals and indicate whether they are enlarged from an
OS map or drawn from a survey.
Where existing buildings are to be altered or extended, the new work must be clearly shown and the demolitions
indicated. The use of colour is to be encourage in distinguishing new work from existing
Presentation is important and the use of colour generally to clarify drawings is suggested, in particular for larger
complex schemes
Outline planning applications are often not appropriate for new building work in Conservation Areas or to Listed
Buildings. Guidance for alterations to Listed Buildings is available from the Council
When it is necessary to show joinery detail, especially in the case of Listed Buildings, plans should be to a scale
of 1:5, 1:10 or 1:20
Where the proposed development is likely to affect an adjoining property, the position of buildings, trees and
other features external to your site should be dimensioned
Survey information should show important landscape features, spot heights and where appropriate contours
Present and proposed levels must be indicated if changes are to be made
Where existing site conditions are significantly revised then these should be shown on a separate drawing
If any tree within the site or overhanging from a neighboring property is affected in any way, then a tree survey
must be provided indicating the position, crown spread and species
Access roads, existing vehicular access, and vehicle turning areas, parking spaces and full visibility splays
(which may affect adjoining properties) should be shown
In buildings where public have access, including shops, work places and facilities for disabled people should be
shown and described in the drawing
All existing buildings, trees, paths and all other features within the site are to be described, whether retained or
removed.
Sections through your site and adjoining areas with relevant elevations will be necessary where there are
differences in levels or changes in levels are proposed. This may be where a proposal is close to the
boundaries of the site or there is a significant slope
Site Location Plan

You MUST submit four copies of an up to date site location plan with the site area outlined in RED and adjoining
land ownership outlined in BLUE. This must correspond with ownership details given on the application form and
ownership certificate. It is also helpful if public rights of way are shown in brown. A north point should also be
shown.
Location Plans MUST be to a scale of either 1:1250 or 1:2500
You can purchase Site Location Plans on-line by using the Councils Get Mapping Ordnance Survey Link, (also
available from our Planning Reception). Alternatively, you can buy a site location plan from the Planning Portal - Site
Location Plan Creator. Plans can also be obtained from Ordnance Survey Super plan agents.
Block Plan
Four copies of a block plan MUST be provided drawn to a scale not less than 1:500. This is a birds-eye view of the
proposal, and shows the relationship of the proposed building and adjoining buildings outside of the application site.
So often a decision on a planning application will depend on the effect of proposed development on adjoining
properties and it is therefore crucial that this information is provided. This plan can be used to show levels, access,
parking, landscaping and other relevant site information.
Floor Plans
Usually at a scale of 1:100, although if a scale 1:50 is used for elevational drawings it is better to maintain the same
scale throughout the submission.
Elevations
Usually at a scale of 1:50 or 1:100. There MUST be an elevational drawing of all sides of the proposed buildings.
For extensions and elevational alterations, the elevations should illustrate the existing buildings/existing elevations,
and in particular show the relationship between windows and door openings.
Contextual Drawing
If appropriate, you may also be required to provide a contextual drawing showing a street scene of the proposed
development in relation to neighbouring buildings.
Summary of requirements:
ALL plans and drawings should include: unique reference numbers / letters / date (if applicable), paper size,
key dimensions and scale bar indicating a minimum of 0-10 metres. Where possible drawings should not exceed
A3 size and at least 4 copies of all documents should be provided. Drawings and site plans for which scale is
important must be in PDF format (jpegs and tiffs are not an accepted format by this authority).
Please ensure that your submission complies with the following Planning Authority Standards:
1. File Sizes
1. No individual file is greater than 2 Mb.
2. Major Applications can be submitted on CD (with signatures removed) 4 copies will be required (see above).
2. Plans and Drawings
1. Drawings should be submitted in single layer PDF format.
2. Site Locations plans must be to a scale of 1:1250 or 1:2500 and identify then land to which the application
relates outlined in red and any other land in the same ownership outlined in blue, showing in the direction of
North
3. Block Plans of the site should be at a scale of 1:100 or 1:200 showing any site boundaries
4. Existing and proposed elevations; floor plans; site sections and finished floor and site levels and roof plans
should be at a scale 1:50 to 1:100
5. Where possible drawings in A3
6. List of drawings supplied to include unique drawing reference number, description and paper size.
7. Critical dimensions checked on PDF and are in scale.
3. Other Documents
Architects' Professional Liability

Architects' Professional Liability
1. Letters, reports must be in Word or PDF format and preferably summarized to A4.
4. Photographs
1. Size of each photograph file to be below 1 Mb.
2. Photographs can be provided on CDs
3. Photographs to be a maximum size of 15x10cm.
5. Drawings/documents supplied on CD
1. As for Standards 1-4 above.
2. CDs will not be accepted if the files do not meet these standards.
Introduction
Professionals are required to discharge their obligations and commitments diligently and befitting with
quality and standards of services. The laws of the land mandate that the professionals should provide
services to the consumers in a required manner exercising duty of care and while doing so they should not
commit any negligent act. In order to protect the interest of the consumers against the breach of duty, the
deficient services have been defined by the statute and legal actions have been initiated on the erring
professionals. The services rendered by architects have also been covered by the relevant laws of the
country.
It has been often asked by the Architects why the legal action taken against architects whenever buildings
or any other built form collapses of which they are the architects, without inquiring their faults and
circumstances leading to the collapse. The suo motu action against architects have brought disrepute,
embarrassment and mental agony to them, at a time, when they are unconnected with reasons
responsible for the collapse of building.
What is the professional liability of architects for the buildings which have been designed and its
construction and completion is supervised by them and thereafter, remain under the control and
management of owners/ occupants, and not under the superintendence of an architect who was originally
engaged for the design and supervision of construction. In reality, the longevity and stability of the building
are dependent upon the observance of safety and maintenance norms.
Although Council of Architecture has prescribed the Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges, the
question of professional liability of architects during the post completion period of the project remained a
vexed question for many years.
It has been the constant desire and earnest request of the professionals that Council of Architecture being
a statutory body regulating the Architectural Education and Profession throughout the country, it should
formulate guidelines on architect's professional liability. Keeping this end in view, the Council has
prescribed guidelines on "Architect's Professional Liability" to make aware of the architects and the owners
and occupiers of the buildings in what manner and under which circumstances an architect should be held
responsible for the negligent act/ deficient services and at the same time, it highlights the clients/
occupiers' duties and responsibilities to be undertaken by them to preserve the longevity of the building.
This document has been approved by the Council of Architecture at its 40th meeting held on 12th &
13th April, 2002, vide Resolution No.302, as guidelines to the Architects and user organisations / individual
clients.
Prof. Vijayshrikrishna Sohoni
President
1.0 Professional Duties of Architect:
1.1 Service: "Service", as defined under Section 2 (1) (o) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, means
service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of facilities
in connection with banking, financing insurance, transport, processing, supply of electrical or other energy,
board or lodging or both, housing construction, entertainment, amusement or the purveying of news or
other information, but does not include the rendering of any service free of charge or under a contract of
personal service. In other words, rendering professional service by an architect for "consideration" falls
within the ambit of "service". The relationship between the Client and the Architect is that of recipient and
provider of service. The professional services rendered by the architect mean the services rendered
pursuant to the Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges, entered into between the Client and the
Architect.
1.2 Competence: An architect, being a professional, shall possess the required knowledge and skill i.e.
proficiency and competence for discharging his professional duties and functions. These are governed
under the provisions of the Architects Act, 1972 and the Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations,
1989, framed thereunder.

1.3 Duty of care: It means duty to exercise utmost skill and care. When an architect offers professional
advice/architectural services, implicitly undertakes that he is possessed of the knowledge and skill for the
purpose. Thus, an architect shall bring to his task a reasonable degree of knowledge and skill and must
exercise a reasonable degree of care.
1.4 Duties: The duties that are required to be performed by an architect for various types of projects have
been prescribed by the Council of Architecture under the Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges
for respective areas in the field of architecture. The documents stipulate the parameters within which the
Architect is required to function. However, the Conditions of Engagement and matters related therewith for
a given project shall be carried out in accordance with the terms and Conditions of Agreement executed
between the Client and the Architect.
2.0 Professional Conduct:
An architect shall be required to comply with the standards of professional conduct and etiquette and a
code of ethics set out in clauses (i) to (xxv), read with exceptions covered by sub-clauses (a) to (h) of subregulation (1) of Regulation 2 of the Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989. Violation of any
of the provisions of sub-regulation (1) shall constitute a professional misconduct.
3.0 Client's - Owner's/ Occupant's duties and responsibilities:
The Owner - Client shall discharge all his obligations connected with the project and engagement of the
Architect in accordance with the Conditions of Agreement as agreed upon. Further, the Client(s)-Owner(s)
/ Occupant(s) upon completion of the building shall maintain it properly to safeguard and preserve the
longevity of the building.
4.0 Professional Negligence:
4.1 Negligence: "Negligence" of an architect means failure to take reasonable degree of care in the
course of his engagement for rendering professional services.
4.2 Deficient Service:
4.2.1 "Deficiency", as defined under Section 2(1)(g) of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, means any
fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance which is
required to be maintained by or under any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to be
performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or otherwise in relation to any service.
4.2.2 An architect is required to observe and uphold the Council's Conditions of Engagement and Scale of
Charges while rendering architectural services in terms of Regulation 2 (1) (xii) of the Architects
(Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989. Thus, failure to provide any service/services that is/are
necessary for discharge of his duties and functions for the project for which he has been engaged, amount
to deficient service.
4.3 Exceptions:
An architect is not liable for any liability, if the damage to the building has occasioned in the following
circumstances :
4.3.1 Use of building for the purposes other than for which it has been designed.
4.3.2 Any changes/ modifications to the building carried out by the owner(s)/occupant(s) without the
consent or approval of the architect who designed and/ or supervised the construction of the building.
4.3.3 Any changes/alterations/modifications carried out by consulting another architect without the
knowledge and consent of erstwhile architect or without obtaining No Objection Certificate from him.
4.3.4 Illegal/unauthorised changes/alteration/ renovations / modifications carried out by the
owner(s)/occupant(s).
4.3.5 Any compromise with the safety norms by the owner(s)/ occupant(s).
4.3.6 Distress due to leakage from terrace, toilets, water logging within the vicinity of the building and that
would affect the strength/stability of the structure or general well-being.
4.3.7 Lack of periodical maintenance or inadequate maintenance by the owner(s)/occupant(s).
4.3.8 Damages caused due to any reasons arising out of `specialised consultants' deficient services with
regard to design and supervision of the work entrusted to them, who were appointed/ engaged in
consultation with the Client.
4.3.9 Damages caused to the building for the reasons beyond the control of the architect.
5.0 Professional Negligence and Deficiency in Services - Professional Misconduct :
Any person aggrieved by the professional negligence and/ or deficiency in services provided by the
architect, the matter shall be referred to the Council of Architecture under Rule 35 of the Council of
Architecture Rules, 1973, to adjudicate whether the architect is guilty of professional misconduct or not.
6.0 Professional Liabilities:
6.1 Indemnity Insurance: The architect is required to indemnify the client against losses and damages
incurred by the client through the acts of the Architect and shall take out and maintain a Professional
Indemnity Insurance Policy, as may be mutually agreed between the Architect and the Client, with a
Nationalised Insurance Company or any other recognized Insurance Company by paying a requisite
premium.
6.2 Maintenance of Record: The architect is required to maintain all records related to the project for a
minimum period of 4 years after the issuance of Certificate of Virtual Completion.
6.3 Duration: The architect's liability shall be limited to a maximum period of three years after the building
is handed over to / occupied by the owner, whichever is earlier.
7.0 Nature of Liability:
An architect is liable for the negligent act which he committed in the performance of his duties. The action
against an architect can be initiated by the Client on satisfying the following conditions :
(a) There must exist a duty to take care, which is owed by an architect to his client.
(b) There must be failure on the part of an architect to attain that standard of care prescribed by law,
thereby committed breach of such duty;
and
(c) The client must have suffered damage due to such breach of duty.
7.1 Disciplinary action under the Architects Act, 1972
If an architect is found guilty of professional misconduct, he is liable for disciplinary action by the Council of
Architecture under Section 30 of the Architects Act, 1972.
7.2 Civil and Criminal action in the Courts of Law

7.2.1 The disciplinary action taken by the Council of Architecture against the architect who has been found
guilty of professional misconduct does not absolve him of his liabilities under the Code of Civil
Procedure,1908 and the Code of Criminal Procedure,1973, if any.
Some of the relevant laws include, The Law of Torts, The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 and The Indian
Penal Code 1860, etc.
Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges Preamble

Preamble
Comprehensive
Architectural
Services
Urban
Design
Landscape
Architecture
Interior
Architecture
Scale of Charges Letter of Appointment
Preamble
Architecture is a social art that touches all human beings at all levels of their existence everywhere and
everyday. This is the only discipline, which encompasses the four major fields of human endeavour :
Humanities, Science, Art, and Technology, actually putting into practice the professional inputs drawn from
them. In sum, Architecture is the matrix of human civilization - an authentic measure of the social status, and
an evocative expression of the ethos of an era. When conserved, it is heritage and when in ruins, it becomes
archaeology, reconstructing tell-tale pictures of the past civilizations.
The demands on the profession over the years have become much more complex in nature and much wider
in scope. Architecture uses the philosophic wholesomeness of Humanities, the logical rationalism of
Science, the passionate imagination of Art and the inexhaustible resources of Technology. It calls for
originality, creativity, conceptualization, perception, aesthetic values, and a holistic judgment of people,
places, objects and events.
Architecture is primarily the art and science of designing spaces for serving the multifarious activities of
human beings and for meeting their specific needs in a meaningful built environment. When various
engineering services are rationally combined with Architecture's basic elements of Space, Structure and
Form, the performance of human functions and the operation of mechanical utilities become efficient,
pleasant and fulfilling. However, in its broadened scope and baffling complexity, Architecture has generated
specializations such as Structural Design, Urban Design, City Planning, Landscape Architecture and Interior
Architecture. Retrofitting of Buildings, Architectural Conservation, Construction Management have also lately
emerged as specializations. Each of these compliment and support each other.
The primary objective of Structural Design is to evolve a strong, durable and an efficient skeleton so that the
space which architecture encloses, and the form in which it expresses itself as interior content and an
exterior container, becomes an organic extension of one another. Structure is so fundamental to architecture
that it actually determines its two-pronged functions; the utilitarian appropriateness and the expressive power
of aesthetics. Structural design as a creative discipline assumes an indispensable position as a natural
extension of Architectural Design. Endowed with an extraordinary power of conceptualization and creativity,
an architect can conjure up unprecedented structural systems leading to the genesis of design-ideas
introducing new concepts of Space and Form. In other words, the architect's contribution to structural design
can effectively bring about qualitative change in the built-environment to stimulate the advancement of
society towards a higher order of civilization.
Urban Design is architecture of the cities, highly complex and gargantuan in scale. The primary aim of urban
design is to imbibe and maintain a sense of identity and harmony among buildings, open spaces and other
structures by means of a pleasant and memorable visual imagery throughout the length and breadth of an
urban setting. Accessibility at city-level and the movement at all levels must be designed to operate
smoothly. Volumetric relationships, harmonious spatial sequences, transition from buildings to open spaces,
streetscape and the services infrastructure must together invest a townscape with an exclusive imageability.
Landscape Architecture deals with the analysis, planning, design, management, preservation and
rehabilitation of land and also determines the environmental impact. It is a science capable of objective
analysis and synthesis leading to an ecologically-sensitive design, which is self-sustainable. It integrates
from the very conception, the elements of architecture, urban design and civil engineering for meaningful
and practical solutions. Landscape architecture covers a wide spectrum of professional expertise, ranging
from landscape planning at the regional and city scale on the one end, to the small and medium scale of
public and private landscape at the other. It involves dealing with such sites as office plazas/ public squares,
highways, city parks/ national parks, housing developments, institutional campuses, zoological and botanical
parks.
In case of Interior Architecture, the primary objective is to generate a purposeful ambience such as would
stimulate the user's creative potential through multifarious activities. It must facilitate the individual's sense of
orientation, identification and eventual appropriation of architectural spaces, that meld the interiors and
exteriors into symbiotic relationships through varied experiences of scale, volume, light and shade. Interiors
are not only to protect the users from the extremes of weather but also to nurture them emotionally. Since
the interior spaces are truly the life-force of any building, they must be designed (and not decorated) as
detailed artistic articulation of the basic architectural concept with deep insight and sensitivity to fulfill the
fundamental functional and aesthetic needs that are efficient and pleasant to live and work in. The
development of design is a very conscious act and it infuses life into interiors subconsciously.
Creativity is the essence of architecture and harmony an essential aim of architects. Architecture that has
been recognized as great, in the historic past as well as in our own time, has been harmonious with nature
and its immediate environment. These are the essential tenets of design which architects aspire to follow.
Architecture Design essentially is a product of an individual mind but realized through association of experts
from allied fields who contribute in the process of construction. Mutual respect and understanding work
wonders for ensuring high quality of the end-product.
The architectural profession feels deeply concerned towards national priorities in the fields of energy
conservation, ecology, environmental pollution, protection and preservation of architectural heritage and their
precincts, low-cost housing, urban renewals, rural upliftment, economic development at local and district
levels, etc. in the interest of quality of life both in rural and urban settlements.
The practice of the architectural profession is regulated by the Architects Act, 1972, and the regulations
framed thereunder. The Council of Architecture has prescribed the Conditions of Engagement and Scale of
Charges under the Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989. The documents stipulate the
parameters within which the Architect is required to function. These define the responsibilities, the scope of
work and services, and prescribe the mandatory minimum scale of professional charges with a view to
making the Client fully aware of the duties and services which he may expect from the Architect. The
professional services required by the Client may not be comprehensive in scope in all cases and accordingly
a clear understanding between the two must be arrived at. The Council of Architecture has prescribed the
Conditions of Engagement based on general practice of the profession in India. These documents are
applicable to all registered architects and such architects who have specialized in areas such as Structural
Design, Urban Design, City Planning, Landscape Architecture, Interior Architecture and Architectural
Conservation.
The revised version of these documents reflects the Council's response to the many challenges which the
profession of Architecture is facing at present, and is constantly endeavouring to meet them with active
concern and unflinching commitment.
* Prescribed under regulation 2(1)(xii) of the Architects Professional Conduct Regulations, 1989. This revised
document was approved by the Council of
Architecture at its 40th Meeting held on 12th and 13th April, 2002, vide Resolution No. 303.
Comprehensive Architectural Services
1. SCOPE OF WORK
The Architect is required to provide services in respect of the following :
Part I - ARCHITECTURE :
1.1 Taking Client's instructions and preparation of design brief.
1.2 Site evaluation, analysis and impact of existing and / or proposed development on its immediate
environs.
1.3 Design and site development.
1.4 Structural design.
1.5 Sanitary, plumbing, drainage, water supply and sewerage design.
1.6 Electrical, electronic, communication systems and design.
1.7 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning design (HVAC) and other mechanical systems.
1.8 Elevators, escalators, etc.
1.9 Fire detection, Fire protection and Security systems etc.
1.10 Periodic inspection and evaluation of Construction works.
Part II _ ALLIED FIELDS :
1.11 Landscape Architecture
1.12 Interior Architecture
1.13 Architectural Conservation
1.14 Retrofitting of Buildings
1.15 Graphic Design and Signage
2. SCHEDULE OF SERVICES :
The Architect shall, after taking instructions from the Client, render the following services:
CONCEPT DESIGN [STAGE 1] :
2.01 Ascertain Client's requirements, examine site constraints & potential ; and prepare a design brief for
Client's approval.
2.02 Prepare report on site evaluation, state of existing buildings, if any ; and analysis and impact of existing
and/ or proposed development on its immediate environs.
2.03 Prepare drawings and documents to enable the Client to get done the detailed survey and soil
investigation at the site of the project.
2.04 Furnish report on measures required to be taken to mitigate the adverse impact, if any, of the existing
and / or proposed development on its immediate environs.
2.05 Prepare conceptual designs with reference to requirements given and prepare rough estimate of cost
on area basis.
PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DRAWINGS [STAGE 2] :
2.06 Modify the conceptual designs incorporating required changes and prepare the preliminary drawings,
sketches, study model, etc., for the Client's approval along with preliminary estimate of cost on area basis.
DRAWINGS FOR CLIENT'S/ STATUTORY APPROVALS [STAGE 3] :
2.07 Prepare drawings necessary for Client's/ statutory approvals and ensure compliance with codes,
standards and legislation, as applicable and assist the Client in obtaining the statutory approvals thereof, if
required.
WORKING DRAWINGS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS [STAGE 4] :
2.08 Prepare working drawings, specifications and schedule of quantities sufficient to prepare estimate of
cost and tender documents including code of practice covering aspects like mode of measurement, method
of payments, quality control procedures on materials & works and other conditions of contract.
APPOINTMENT OF CONTRACTORS [STAGE 5] :
2.09 Invite, receive and analyse tenders; advise Client on appointment of contractors.
CONSTRUCTION [STAGE 6] :
2.10 Prepare and issue working drawings and details for proper execution of works during construction.
2.11 Approve samples of various elements and components.
2.12 Check and approve shop drawings submitted by the contractor/ vendors.
2.13 Visit the site of work, at intervals mutually agreed upon, to inspect and evaluate the Construction Works
and where necessary clarify any decision, offer interpretation of the drawings/specifications, attend
conferences and meetings to ensure that the project proceeds generally in accordance with the conditions of
contract and keep the Client informed and render advice on actions, if required.
2.14 In order to ensure that the work at site proceeds in accordance with the contract documents/ drawings
and to exercise time and quality controls, the day-to-day supervision will be carried out by a Construction
Manager (Clerk of Works/ Site Supervisor or Construction Management Agency in case of a large and
complex project), who shall work under the guidance and direction of the Architect and shall be appointed
and paid by the Client.
2.15 Issue Certificate of Virtual Completion of works.
COMPLETION [STAGE 7] :
2.16 Prepare and submit completion reports and drawings for the project as required and assist the Client in
obtaining "Completion/ Occupancy Certificate" from statutory authorities, wherever required.
2.17 Issue two sets of as built drawings including services and structures.
3. PROFESSIONAL FEE :
3.01 In consideration of the professional services rendered by the Architect, he shall be paid professional fee
and other charges in accordance with the Scale of Charges.

3.02 Any tax levied by law, such as Service tax, etc. contingent to professional services rendered by the
Architect, shall be payable by the Client, over and above the gross fees charged by the Architect in relation
to the services provided.
4. SCHEDULE OF PAYMENT :
The Architect shall be paid professional fee in the following stages consistent with the work done plus other
charges and reimbursable expenses as agreed upon :
Retainer
On appointment/ Signing of Agreement/ Acceptance
of
offer.
Stage 1
On submitting conceptual designs and rough
estimate of
cost.
Stage 2
On submitting the required preliminary scheme for
the
Client's approval along with the preliminary estimate
of cost.
Stage 3
Rs. 20M* or 5% of the total fees payable, whichever

is
higher, adjustable at the last stage.
10% of the total fees payable.
20% of the total fees payable less payment already

made
at Stage 1.

a. On incorporating Client's suggestions and
made
submitting drawings for approval from the
at Stages 1 and 2.
Client/ statutory authorities, if required.
b. Upon Client's / statutory approval necessary
for commencement of construction, wherever 35% of the total fees payable less payment already
made
applicable.
at Stages1 to 3a.
Stage 4
Upon preparation of working drawings, specifications 45% of the total fees payable less payment already
made
and
schedule of quantities sufficient to prepare estimate at Stages1 to 3a.
of cost
and preparation of tender documents.
Stage 5
On inviting, receiving and analysing tenders; advising 55% of the total fees payable less payment already
Client
made
on appointment of contractors.
at Stages 1 to 4.
Stage 6
a. On submitting working drawings and details
required for commencement of work at site.
b.
i.
On completion of 20% of the work
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
On Virtual Completion

made
at Stages 1 to 5.
made
at Stages 1 to 6a.
made
at Stages 1 to 6b(i).
made
at Stages 1 to 6b(ii).
made
at Stages 1 to 6b(iii).
made
at Stages 1 to 6b(iv).
Stage 7
On submitting Completion Report and drawings for
issuance
of completion/ occupancy certificate by statutory
authorities, wherever required and on issue of as
built
drawings
100% of the fees payable less payment already

made at
various stages and retainer.
* Refer explanatory note 3 under Scale of charges.
5. EFFECTING PAYMENT TO THE ARCHITECT :

5.1 The fee payable to the Architect shall be computed on the actual cost of works on completion. The
payment due to the Architect at different stages be computed on the following basis:
5.1.1 Retainer : On rough estimate of cost.
5.1.2 At Stage 1 : On rough estimate of cost.
5.1.3 At Stages 2 to 4 : On preliminary estimate of cost.
5.1.4 At Stages 5 to 6b : Accepted tender cost.
5.1.5 At Stage 7 : Actual total cost.
5.2 Progressive, on account, payments shall be made by the Client to the Architect against any of the above
stages based on the quantum of work done during that stage, as may be mutually agreed to between the
Client and the Architect.
5.3 No deductions shall be made from the fee of the Architect on account of penalty, liquidated damages,
part rates or other sums withheld from payment or recovered from contractors/ suppliers.
5.4 When the work is executed wholly or in part with old materials or labour or carriage is provided by the
Client, the percentage fees shall be calculated as if the work had been executed wholly by the contractor
supplying all labour and new materials.
5.5 The actual cost of the completed works shall include cost of execution of assigned works, referred to in
Scope of Work and also the cost of equipment & machinery such as Transformers, DG Sets, Sub-stations,
Lifts, Air Conditioning Machines, Pumps & Motors, Water and Sewage Treatment Plant, etc., but excluding
the cost of land.
6. DOCUMENTATION AND COMMUNICATION CHARGES :
Apart from the professional fee, the Client shall pay to the Architect Documentation and Communication
charges, @ 10% of the professional fee payable to the Architect at all stages.
7. REIMBURSABLE EXPENSES :
In addition to the amounts reimbursable against site visits by the Architect/ Consultant, the Client will
reimburse the Architect the following expenses incurred by him for discharge of his obligations:
7.01. Actual cost of travel (to & fro), boarding & lodging and local transport for any visit made by his staff to
the site or such other place as may be necessary in connection with the execution of work and in connection
with the performance of duties referred to in this agreement.
7.02. Cost of presentation models, computer simulation, presentation drawings, etc., prepared at the
instance of the Client for purposes other than the Design and execution of the project.
8. CLIENT'S ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES :
The Client shall discharge all his obligations connected with the project and engagement of the Architect as
follows:
8.01 To provide detailed requirements of the project.
8.02 To provide property lease/ ownership documents.
8.03 To provide a site plan, to a suitable scale, showing boundaries, contours at suitable intervals, existing
physical features including any existing roads, paths, trees, existing structures, existing service and utility
lines and such lines to which the proposed service can be connected. In case such information is not readily
available, the Client shall arrange for the survey/ collection of necessary information and pay for the same.
8.04 To furnish reports on soil conditions and test as required by the Architect or pay for the preparation of
the same.
8.05 To furnish specific conditions/ Statutory stipulations/ Codes of Practice/Schedule of rates, etc., desired
to be followed.
8.06 To pay all the fees, levies, security deposits and expenses in respect of statutory sanction.
8.07 To give effect to the professional advice of the Architect and cause no changes in the drawings and
documents without the consent of the Architect.
8.08 To honour Architect's bills within one month of its submission.
8.09 To appoint a Construction Manager (Clerk of Works/ Site Supervisor or Construction Management
Agency in case of a large and complex project) as per the Architect's advice.
9. EXECUTION OF THE ASSIGNMENT :
9.01 The Architect shall keep the Client informed about the progress of work in his office.
9.02 The Architect shall appoint specialised consultants in consultation with the Client, if necessary.
9.03 The Architect shall be responsible for the direction and integration of the consultants work. The
consultants, however, shall be fully responsible for the calculations, the detailed design and periodic
inspection and evaluation of the work entrusted to them. The Architect shall, if requested, make available the
design calculations.
9.04 The Architect will advise the Client on the Time Schedule (Bar Chart/PERT/ CPM Network) prepared by
the contractors for the completion of work, if required.
9.05 The Architect shall supply to the Client, free of cost, upto six sets of drawings at different stages.
9.06 The Architect shall not make any deviations, alterations or omissions from the approved drawings,
involving financial implications without prior consent of the Client.

9.07 Any professional services to be rendered by the Architect at the instance of the Client after the agreed
project completion period shall be compensated for on mutually agreed terms.
9.08 The Architect shall exercise all reasonable skill, care and diligence in the discharge of his duties and
shall exercise such general superintendence and inspection as may be necessary to ensure that works are
being executed in accordance with the Conditions of Contract.
9.09 Any revision in the drawings, tenders and documents, once approved, required to be made by the
Client shall be compensated as additional services rendered by the Architect and paid for @ 50% of the fee
prescribed for the relevant stage(s).
9.10 No change shall be made in the approved drawings and specifications at site without the consent of the
Architect.
9.11 Any curtailment of the professional services, beyond Stage 2, shall make it obligatory for the client to
pay at least 20% of the fee for the remaining Stage(s) of the curtailed work/ Services.
10. TIME SCHEDULE :
The Architect shall, in consultation with the Client, prepare a Time Schedule in respect of various services to
be rendered and discharge of Client's obligations.
11. INDEMNIFICATION :
In the event that a claim or suit is brought against the Architect or the Consultants by any third party for
damages arising from personal injury or property damage caused wholly by the Client, or anyone employed
by the Client, or anyone for whose acts the Client may be held responsible, then the Client shall indemnify
the Architect and fully reimburse any loss, damage or expenses, including the attorney's fees, which the
Architect may incur in connection therewith.
12. OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT :
Architectural design is an intellectual property of the Architect. The drawings, specifications, documents and
models as instruments of service are the property of the Architect whether the project, for which they are
made, is executed or not. The Client shall retain copies of the Architect's models, drawings, specifications
and other documents for his information and use in connection with the project. These shall not be used for
any other project by the Client or the Architect or any other person, except for the repetition as stipulated in
the Scale of Charges.
13. TERMINATION OF AGREEMENT :
13.1 Agreement between the Architect and the Client may be terminated by either one giving the other a
written notice of not less than 30 (thirty) days, should either fail substantially to perform his part of
responsibilities/duties, so long as the failure is not caused by the one initiating the termination.
13.2 When termination of this Agreement is not related or attributable, directly or indirectly to any act,
omission, neglect or default on the part of the Architect, the Architect shall be entitled to professional fees as
stipulated under Clause 4 and sub-clauses 9.09 and 9.11 of Clause 9.
13.3 In the event of Architect's firm closing its business or the Client having terminated the agreement, the
Client shall have the right to employ another Architect to complete the work, after making payment to the
previous architect's firm.
14. INTERPRETATION :
In case of any ambiguity or difficulty in the interpretation of the Conditions of Engagement and Scale of
Charges, the interpretation of the Council of Architecture shall be final and binding on the Architect and the
Client.
15. ARBITRATION :
All disputes or differences which may arise between the Client and the Architect under "Conditions of
Engagement and Scale of Charges" with regard to the meaning or interpretation or matter or things done or
to be done in pursuance hereof, such disputes and differences shall be referred for arbitration to the Council
of Architecture. The arbitrator shall be appointed by the President, Council of Architecture. The arbitration
shall be conducted as per the provisions of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The decision and
award of the arbitrator shall be final and binding on the Architect and the Client.
Competition Guidelines
Sch
edu
le 2
Preface
Purpos Guidelin Registration

e
es
Procedure
Schedu Schedu Schedul

Schedule 4
le1
le2
e3
Model
Forms
Schedule
Schedule6
5
Preface
Architectural Competitions have a long history, and have produced many extremely successful buildings.
They attract great public interest, and have led to the discovery of new talent and new ideas, that could only
be found by throwing an architectural project wide open to competition. The Council of Architecture
Competition Guidelines provide a new uptodate code that safeguards the interests of promoters and of
architects, and bring the system into line with present-day conditions.
To many clients - the choice of an architect presents no difficulty, but to many others the choice is not easy.
The client's desire to see the sketch designs of several architects before he commissions him is
understandable, but to ask an architect to submit a sketch design is to ask him to do the essential creative
work for which he should be properly paid. If more than one or two architects are commissioned payment to
each would be expensive. Architects, however, are allowed to compete against each other without charging
a fee in an open architectural competition held under Council of Architecture Guidelines.
The architectural competition is a balance of advantages. Architects who would not have been considered in
the normal way for an important commission, perhaps for a building of national importance have an
opportunity to prove their talent and ability.
Many architects regard competitions as a valuable opportunity for research, perhaps for the study of a new
building type, or for exploring the possibilities of new technical ideas and for gaining new experience. On the
other hand, the profession's willingness to allow its members to compete without fee is a remarkable
concession to the promoter without parallel in any other profession.
For the promoter also, there is balance of advantages. A competition will cost him a little more than if he had
commissioned an architect privately and it will take a little more time. But this must be balanced against the
chance to draw upon the talents of all those who respond to the architectural challenge, and the possibility
than an outstanding design will emerge. He is making a public demonstration that he cares about
architecture, and can take legitimate pride in his determination to find the best architect and the best design
he can get. He will be rewarded with a greater public interest than is generally shown in new buildings.
Competition Guidelines as laid by the Council of Architecture protects and safeguards the interest of both the
promoter and the competitors. While ensuring the promoter a design of high standard, it also ensures that
each competitor competes on like conditions and within the same limitations.
The purpose of these Guidelines is to explain the architectural competitions system, and to help the client
who is thinking of promoting a competition to make up his mind whether a competition is the right answer to
his architectural problem, and, if so, which kind of competition would be suitable. It also tells, a would be
promoter how competitions are organised, and what are the responsibilities of promoter.
Purpose
Architectural Competitions give the promoters a choice from the best viable project of high standard with a
variety of approaches.
Competition brings out a wide range of ideas and concepts and gives the promoter the choice of selecting
that which fits into his specific requirements.
One of the principal aims of the competition is to explore hidden talents among younger Architects. To many
competitors, it often is the first step to a successful career.
Competition Guidelines as laid down by the Council of Architecture protect and safeguard the interests both
of the promoter and the competitor.
While ensuring the promoter a design of high standard and adjudged as such by prominent Architects acting
as Assessors, it also ensures that each competitor competes on like conditions and within the same
limitations.
Both the promoter and the competitor are assured by these guidelines that the entries will be judged only by
those who are qualified to interpret the competitors' presentations and to judge if the design selected meets
with the promoter's requirements.
The guidelines therefore lay considerable emphasis on the mandatory requirement of Assessors and the
qualifications.
The appointment of the Assessors should therefore be the immediate and first step the moment the
promoter decides to go in for a competition. The President of the Council of Architecture, if so requested by
the promoter, may suggest a panel of names experienced in this type of project proposed, for appointment
as Assessors. Their responsibilities commence with the approval of the brief of the competition project. The
Assessor may even help to prepare the brief.
For practical reasons, this responsibility is often taken by the Senior Assessor who would then be available
to advise the promoter on all matters connected with the competition from the promoter's decision to hold the
competition till the final award.
Briefly the Assessors (or the Senior Assessor) will:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Assist in the preparation and approval of the brief.

Study and understand the requirements of the Local Authorities
Visit and examine the project site, if necessary.
Advise on the appointment of the Technical Advisers, if necessary.
Finalise the competition conditions.
Prepare the final report/award.
The project brief is the most important document. The success of the competition will depend upon the clarity
and the completeness of the brief. This can be achieved by a very close cooperation between the Promoters
and the Assessors (or the Senior Assessor) in the preparation and finalisation of the brief.
Further the participation of the Assessors in the preparation of the brief will enable them to understand fully
the intent of the promoter. Also as qualified Architects they would be capable of visualizing the development
with reference to the promoter's requirements, site conditions etc. and in interpreting the competition entries
in these terms.
For complicated projects such as Hospitals, Airports etc. which are under constant development or projects
encompassing highly technical elements, a Technical Adviser would be considered necessary in the initial
stage to help the Promoter and the Assessors to draw up the brief and subsequently to advise the Assessors
on the technical aspect of the competition entries.

Once the promoter's requirements, the site conditions, the requirements of the local authorities etc. have
been formulated into the competition brief, the Assessors (or the Senior Assessor) can advise the promoter
on the type of competition that should be promoted.
Schedule 1 of the Competition Guidelines describes in detail the types of competitions, which could be
adopted and successfully conducted.
The conditions for Architectural competition given in Schedule 3 specifies the procedure to be followed by
the promoter for conducting competitions and these conditions have been drawn up to ensure that each
competitor competes on similar conditions, that the selection is based entirely on merit, that in appreciation
of the effort that would be put in by each competitor suitable and adequate prize monies and honoraria are
assured, that anonymity of the competitor is maintained during the competition and that each competitor
enjoys Copyright and Right of Ownership.
Response from well established Architects as well as large number of young Architects to an open
competition can best be assured by wide publicity. This is all the more essential for projects which are of
public interest.
Publicity could begin with the invitation of Architects to participate through widely read media. This could be
followed by press conferences and finally by the publication of the Assessor's report and public exhibition of
all the entries.
Guidelines
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of these Guidelines is to indicate the principles upon which competitions will be conducted and
the rules which must be observed by a promoter for conducting competitions.
These guidelines have been drawn up in the interest of both the promoter and the competitor and to ensure
that the architectural competitions are properly conducted and that selection of the design will be on merit
alone and will satisfy the promoter's requirements.
The Code of Professional Conduct of the Council of Architecture does not allow Architects to give unpaid
services in competition with each other and competitive designs shall only be submitted through competition
organised within the framework of these guidelines.
GUIDELINES :
ARTICLE 1 : ELIGIBILITY TO COMPETE:
Participation in any and all competitions shall be open to:
1. Architects i.e those who are registered with the Council of Architecture under the Architects Act, 1972
on the date of announcement of the competition and thereafter.
2. Firms in which all the partners shall be registered with the Council of Architecture under the
Architects Act, 1972 on the date of announcement of the competition and thereafter.1
3. Students of a Teaching Institution, the qualifying examination of which is recognised by the Council of
Architecture provided that no member of the staff of the said institution is the sole Assessor or in a
jury of three or more Assessors, only one Assessor is from the staff of the said institution.
4. Neither the Promoter of the competition, Assessor/s engaged for the competition nor any of their
associate, partner or employee shall compete, assist a competitor or act as an architect or joint
architect for the competition project.
Competitor may be requested to submit a proof of qualification, copy of his valid Registration certificate
issued by the Council of Architecture, and in case of a student, a certificate from the head of his institution
which is qualified as per 3 above.

ARTICLE 2 :Competition
1. The word 'Competition' shall apply to any competition described in Schedule 1 and participation shall
be open only to those qualified as per Article 1.
2. The draft competition conditions including time table, registration fees, prize monies/honoraria, board
of assessors, the programme etc. of competitions shall have been finalised within the framework of
the guidelines prescribed by the Council of Architecture before any announcement is made by the
promoter of the competition.
3. The conditions of the competitions shall clearly give:
Conditions based upon guidelines prescribed by the Council of Architecture.
Type of Competition.
Purpose of the competition and intentions of the promoter.
Nature of the problem to be solved.
All practical and mandatory requirements to be met by the competitors.
Number, nature, scale and dimensions of the documents, plan and/or models.
Estimates if required in standard form issued with the conditions.
Nature of prizes.
Names of Assessors.
Necessary information required for conducting the competition.
4. The competition shall be conducted in English.
5. All competition designs shall be submitted anonymously.
ARTICLE 3 :BOARD OF ASSESSORS:
The Board of Assessors shall at all times include Architects who are registered with the Council of
Architecture and shall be in a majority of atleast one.
ARTICLE 4 : Prizes, Honoraria & Mentions :
No competition shall be conducted without adequate premium/honoraria and the competition conditions and
the media announcements must state the amounts and number of prizes for the open competition and the
amount of premium or honorarium to each competitor in a limited competition and in the second stage of a
two stage competition.
ARTICLE 5 : Copyright & Right of ownership :
i.
ii.
Each competitor shall retain Copyright in his own competition design.

Each competitor shall retain the right of reproduction of his own competition design.
ARTICLE 6 :
All competition designs including those disqualified by the Board of Assessors shall be exhibited for atleast
one week, together with a copy of the signed report of the Board of Assessors. The exhibition shall be open
to public free of charge.
1
Amended by the Council of Architecture at its 38th Meeting held on 26th & 27th July, 2001.
Registration Procedure
It is extremely important for competitors who may be asked to pay substantial registration fees to know
exactly when they are registered and under what conditions the registration fee will be refunded. It is also
important for intending competitors to receive sufficient information when they are invited to apply for the
competition conditions to enable them to judge whether the competition falls within the guidelines for
architectural competition of the Council of Architecture and whether they are capable of tackling the problem
set by the competition.

The Council of Architecture recommends 3 parts Procedure:
PART I
A descriptive leaflet and / or an advertisement in general and professional media. These should include the
following information:
1. Name of the Promoter
2. Purpose and nature of the competition. This should be carefully worded to give a clear idea of the
scope of the project whether it is a project or an ideas competition, single or 2 stage competition and
the type of material that a competitor would be asked to submit.
3. The prizes (or honoraria)
4. Names of Assessors
5. Persons eligible to compete
6. An approximate time table
7. The procedure for registration, the last date for registration and the date by which the competition
conditions would be made available by the promoter.
Copies of this leaflet with a registration form attached (see model form) should be available from the
promoter.
PART II
An intending competitor makes an application the bodies listed in the advertisement/leaflet for the
registration form, completes the registration form as per the instructions given on the form and sends it by
registered post to the promoter together with the registration fee (if any).
The registration form should be sent by the intending competitor within the time stipulated. It will establish his
eligibility to compete. The registration is only complete when the promoter accepts the competitor's eligibility
by placing his name on the competition register and informs him in writing accordingly.
PART III
The competition condition will be sent to the intending competitor by the promoter only when his eligibility is
established and his name is entered in the competition register.
REGISTRATION FORM
(All entries in block letters)
Registration No.
...............................................................................
OR Name of Educational Institution:
.............................................................................................
.............................................................................................
Year of Study.........................................................
Competitor (s)/ Name (s)

Ms.......................................................................
(1) Mr. /
(Surname)
(1st Name)
(2nd
( Surname)
( 1st Name)
( 2nd
( Surname)
( 1st Name)
( 2nd
Name)
(2) Mr. / Ms.
......................................................................
Name)
(3) Mr. / Ms
.......................................................................
Name)
Address:
(In case of entry by a team, give the address of the first mentioned person
who will be registered by the promoter as a leader.)
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
.................................................................................................
Registration fee (By Demand Draft

amount)
Demand Draft for Rs. ...................................................(enter
in favour of
......................................................)
(indicate name of promoter)
Bank)
no .......................................... dated .................................................

drawn on ......................................................(enter name of the
payable at
.........................................
(enter name of the city)
Declaration : (To be signed by Competitor i.e. an individual Architect or one of the partners of a firm of
Architects or leader of a team of Architects)1
I declare that at the time of application to register for the competition, I was registered with the Council of
Architecture incorporated under the Architects Act 1972 and that the Registration with the Council of
Architecture will be maintained, till the award of the Board of Assessors and thereafter till the completion of
the project if I am declared and appointed as the Architect for the project.
OR
I declare that at the time of application to register I was studying Architecture in the____________ (indicate
year of study) year of Architecture at the __________________________(Indicate name of educational
institution) (Optional clause if students are admitted).
Signature....................................................
Date...........................................................
Notes:
i.
ii.
iii.
Registration is not transferable.

Ideas competitions: Students may register either individually or in team with other students.
Two Stage and Single Stage competitions: Students are not permitted to register and may therefore
only participate in association with an accredited architect.
Title of Competition (Enter name of project and location)
Amended by the Council of Architecture at its 38th meeting held on 26th & 27th July, 2001.
Schedule 1
Type of Competitions
1. PROJECT AND IDEAS COMPETITIONS

Competitions may be either "Projects" or "Ideas" competitions or in certain circumstances a combination of
both. The aim of a Project competition is to find the best solution for an actual building project and to appoint
its author to carry out the commission. Competitions of Ideas are set as an exercise to elucidate certain
aspects of architectural and town planning problems. The winner of such a competition may not be
commissioned to carry out the project, and hence students of architecture may participate at the discretion of
the promoter.
2. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPETITIONS
(I) OPEN COMPETITIONS
Competitions in which all Architects are invited to participate through an announcement by advertisements in
suitable media and through circulars which may be issued by the promoters.
Open competitions for projects estimated at less than Rs. 10,00,000/-may be restricted to Architects who
have their main or branch office in the State of the project site.
(II) LIMITED COMPETITIONS FOR COMPETITIONS BY INVITATION
Competitions in which limited amount of Architects (approx. 5 to 8) selected by the promoter on the advice of
the Senior Architect Assessor or Board of Assessors, are invited to participate. Each participant who submits
his designs shall receive an honorarium.
(III) SPECIAL COMPETITIONS
Besides competitions described in (i) and (ii) above a competition may also combine town planning as well
as design problem, and may involve the use of industrial components or participation of developers. In such
competitions participation may be required to be limited to professionals or group of professionals with
certain definite expertise.
In such cases the competition announcement shall clearly define the field of expertise.
3. COMPETITION ORGANISATION
Competitions may be organised in one or two stages.
(I) SINGLE STAGE COMPETITION
In single stage competition the competition entries shall be fairly complete drawings i.e. plans, section,
elevations, etc. to a suitable scale
and sufficient to explain the scheme as set out in the competition conditions.
The designs so submitted shall be assessed by the Assessors for the award of the prizes and the
appointment of the architect.
Such competitions are recommended for small and simple project.
(II) TWO STAGE COMPETITIONS
In two stage competition, the first stage is for soliciting ideas and therefore the competition entries at this
stage would be limited to planning on broad basis and drawings to a suitable scale sufficient to indicate the
intentions of the competitor.
Designs submitted in the first stage shall be assessed by the Assessors for selecting a small number of
competitors (between 5 and 10). The author of these selected designs will be invited to take part in the
second stage of the competition, and each architect so invited would be paid a specified sum.
In order to maintain anonymity, each competitor will be informed individually whether he has been or has not
been invited to participate in the second stage. Correspondence in this respect will be the responsibility of
the Promoter or Professional Adviser, if appointed. It will also be his responsibility to ensure that the names
of those invited and those rejected are not revealed either to the assessor or to any person.
To ensure this anonymity the envelopes containing the names of the competitors shall be opened by the
Promoter or Professional Adviser if appointed. After the intimation has been sent to each competitor they
shall be resealed until the final award.
After the end of the first stage, the Board of Assessors, may, if found necessary and with the approval of the
Promoter, clarify or amplify points in the competition conditions for the benefit of the second stage
competitors. Such clarification or amplification shall not in any way disclose directly or indirectly or even
inadvertently any of the designs submitted in the first stage to those invited for the second stage.
The period between the Assessors award for the first stage and submission of designs for the second stage
shall not exceed six months. Only under exceptional circumstances period may be extended.
The second stage of the competition may be limited to only a part of the subject dealt with in the first stage.
Members of the Board of Assessors shall be the same for first stage and second stage of the competition.
The designs submitted for both the first stage and the second stage shall be exhibited and/or published only
after the final award of the second stage competition.
If any design selected for the second stage is published or exhibited before the final award of the second
stage has been declared, it will be disqualified.

Two stage competitions are recommended for town planning and for large scale or complex project.
III. REGIONAL SPECIAL CATEGORY COMPETITIONS
This type of competition is intended for small projects of charitable organisations in which four to six local
firms will compete for the appointment as the Architect.
No premiums are given and the winner shall be appointed to carry out the project.
Schedule 2
Advisers
(I) TECHNICAL ADVISER
Where appropriate and necessary the promoter shall in consultation with the Senior Architect
Assessor/Board of Assessors appoint one or more technical advisers to assist in the preparation of the brief
for the competition project and to advise the Board of Assessors, only when called upon to do so, on the
competition design entries.
The advise of the technical adviser will be limited to his expertise and he will have no voting rights.
(II) PROFESSIONAL ADVISER
For a two stage competition a Professional Adviser who shall be an Architect registered with the Council of
Architecture may be appointed. He will not be connected with the Board of Assessors or attend any of its
meetings.
It will be the responsibility of the Professional Adviser to maintain the anonymity of each competitor and
those selected for the second stage of the competition.
On completion of the first stage of the competition the sealed envelopes containing the names of the
competitors shall be opened only by the Promoter or Professional Adviser if appointed and he shall without
disclosing any of the names to anyone inform each competitor individually whether he has or has not been
invited for the second stage. All the envelopes shall then be resealed by the Professional Adviser/Promoter
till the final award.
If after the first stage, the Board of Assessors wish to clarify or amplify any aspect of the competition project,
such clarification or amplification shall be conveyed to the competitors selected for the second stage only by
the Professional Adviser/Promoter.
Schedule 3
Conditions for conducting architectural competitions
Careful preparation of the competition conditions including schedule of requirement shall be of primary
importance for the success of the competition and as such adequate time shall be allowed for this phase of
the competition.
1. CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATION
i. The publication of competition shall constitute an offer of a contract by the promoter, and, by submission of
design for the competition, the competitor accepts this contract.
ii. The competition condition together with any replay to the competitor's questions constitute a legal basis for
this contract which is legally binding on both the promoter and competitors.
2. GENERAL CONDITIONS
i. The competition project brief and the conditions of the competition may be prepared by the promoter in
consultation with the Senior Architect Assessor. They shall however be approved by the Senior Architect
Assessor and the Board of Assessors before publication and issue to the competitors.
ii. The conditions including the programme of requirement of the competition shall be identical for all
competitors. A copy of complete competition conditions shall be filed with the Council of Architecture.
Answers to the competitor's questions shall also be sent to the Council of Architecture for their record.
iii. The conditions shall clearly indicate which of the requirements are mandatory and which could be freely
interpreted by the competitor.
The freedom in case of the latter shall be as wide as possible.
iv. The information supplied to the competitors shall be specific and shall not be open to misinterpretation.
Supplementary information if any issued by the Board of Assessors shall be sent to all the competitors
simultaneously.
v. Draft of the conditions of competitions approved as per (i) above shall be submitted to the Council of
Architecture for information before publication and issue to the competitors.
vi. The conditions of the competition shall indicate the promoter's priorities with reference to the solution of
the problem (e.g. functional aspects, economy of construction or in use, solution to technical or circulation
problems etc).
vii. The condition of the competition shall state the exact use to which the promoter will put the winning
design. Designs shall not be put to any other use or altered in any way except by agreement with the author.
viii. Where a fixed amount is required to be remitted to with the promoters by the applicants for the
'Conditions of the Competition', it shall be refunded in full to the applicant if he decides not to compete and
return the "Conditions of the Competition" in full within four weeks prior to the date of submission of the
design.
Submission of design in Competition shall imply acceptance, by the competitor, of the conditions of
competition.
ix. Each design shall be accompanied by a declaration on the prescribed form signed by the competitor in a
properly sealed envelope that the design is his bonafide work and that the drawings have been prepared
under his supervision and that he undertakes to accept the award of the Assessors as final and binding.
x. In case two or more architects form an association for the purpose of the competition then there shall exist
a partnership deed for the purpose of carrying out the project in the event the said association wins the
competition. Reference to this partnership must be made in the form of declaration.
xi. The Board of Assessors must make awards which shall be final and binding and shall be made public by
a date stated in the conditions.
xii. The Board of Assessors when making an award may at its discretion adopt "promoters' choice".
In this procedure the Board of Assessors shall select not more than three designs which in their opinion are
of equal merit and the selection of the winning design from the designs so selected by the Assessors could
be made by the promoter.
The promoter may for making the final selection discuss with the authors of the selected designs their
respective entries.
3. PRIZE MONEY & HONORARIA
i. The condition for any competition must state the number of prizes and the amount of each prize money.
This must be related to the size of the project, the amount of work involved for the competitors and the
expenses he would incur for the preparation for the competition.
ii. In Ideas competition and in competitions such as those for Town planning, where subsequently the work is
generally carried out by official bodies, it is particularly important to allot adequate prize money to
recompensate the competitors for the ideas and the work they have done.
iii. The promoter shall undertake to accept the decision of the Board of Assessors and to pay the prize
monies within one month of the announcement of the competition results.
iv. Each participant in a limited competition (or competition by invitation) shall receive an honorarium.
v. In a two stage competition a reasonable honorarium shall be paid to each of the competitors selected to
take part in second stage. This sum which is intended to be reimbursed to them for the additional work
carried out in the second stage shall be stated in the conditions for the competition.
4. ANONYMITY
The anonymity of the competitors shall be maintained until the final award of the Board of Assessors and in
the interest of the competition, rigorous measures shall be taken to ensure that this principle is adhered to.
No competitor shall terminate his anonymity in any way whatsoever till the final award. The anonymity of
each competitor shall be guaranteed by adopting suitable measures.
5. COPYRIGHT & RIGHT OF OWNERSHIP
i. Each competitor shall retain copyright in his own competition design.
ii. The competition design awarded the first prize only shall be used by the promoter upon commissioning by
him the author of the said design to render professional services to carry out the project.
iii. No other design whether premiated or not shall be used wholly or in part by the promoter.
iv. The promoter's right on the design awarded the first prize or the designs selected covers one execution
only. The competition conditions however may provide for repetitive work and shall specify the terms thereof.
v. Each competitor shall retain the right of reproduction of his design.
6. INSURANCE
The promoter shall insure for damage or loss by fire, floods, or by any other reason Competitor's design
drawings submitted in competition when he assumes responsibility for them and for the duration of his
responsibility and also for loss during transit when the design drawings are being returned to the competitor.
The amount of such insurance shall be stated in the competition conditions.
7. COMPETITION TIME TABLE
i. The notice of competition shall clearly indicate the last date for application for the competition conditions
and the last date for submission of the design drawings.
ii. The conditions of the competition shall clearly indicate:
The last date for submission of questions.
Approximate date when the answers to the questions will be sent to the competitors.
The final date for the despatch of entries by the competitors and for the receipt of the same by the promoter.
Sufficient time shall be allowed for transport, more particularly for open competitions where the competitors
will be from all over the country.

The interval between the date of despatch and the date of delivery of the entries to the promoter should be
between five and ten days.
In case of late delivery of the entry despatched before the last date for despatch, it will be the responsibility
of the Board of Assessors to decide whether the entry was despatched in accordance with the competition
time table and if circumstances can permit its admission for judging.
iii. The competition time table shall under no circumstances be shortened.
iv. The Board of Assessors shall decide upon the judging dates at the early stage of the competition and the
date of announcement of the awards shall also be included in the conditions of the competition.
In case of two stage competitions however the conditions of competition shall indicate dates limited to the
first stage only.
All the dates in respect of the second stage shall form part of the conditions with reference to the second
stage.
v. In case of unavoidable delay in judging, a new date shall be fixed by the Board of Assessors which shall
be confirmed by all its members and publicly announced.
8. COST ESTIMATES
The competitors may be required to submit cost estimate of their design on areas or volume basis. The cost
estimate shall however not be a determining factor in the Assessors' decision except where cost limits have
to be rigidly imposed and is so stated in the competition conditions.
9. TERMINATION OF THE COMPETITION
The promoter may terminate the competition if in the opinion of the Board of Assessors none of the
competition designs could be declared as a winning entry. In this event the promoter under the advice of the
Board of Assessors shall award second, third and additional prizes as declared and none of the competitors
will be considered for appointment as the architect for the project and the promoter will not be liable to make
any further payments to any of the competitors.
10. APPOINTMENT OF ARCHITECT
i. The award of the first prize to the competition design places the promoter under an obligation to appoint its
author as the architect for the commissioning of the project.
ii. If the Board of Assessors shall be satisfied that there is a valid objection to the appointment of the author
of the winning design as the architect he may be required to associate with a senior architect or a firm of
architects of his choice whose qualifications shall be approved by the Board of Assessors. Failing this the
design placed next on merit shall be selected for commissioning and its author shall be appointed as the
architect subject to similar conditions.
The award of the Board of Assessors shall not be varied for any reasons.
iii. If no instructions are given to the author of the design selected by the Assessor to proceed within twelve
months from the date of the award, then he shall receive payment for his services in connection with the
preparation of the Competition drawings of a sum equal to 1.00 percent on the amount of the estimated cost.
The first premium shall be deducted from the sum so paid. If the work is subsequently proceeded with, this
sum shall from part of his ultimate fee.
If within twelve months of the award, the promoters shall decide to proceed with part of the work only, the
author of the selected design shall be paid including the premium and in addition to the scale of fees on the
work, which is being carried out a sum equal to 1.00 percent on the difference between the cost of the work
carried out and his estimate of cost of the total project which sum shall also merge into the commission when
the remainder of the work is subsequently executed.
iv. The selected Architect having been appointed to carry out the work shall be paid in accordance with the
Schedule of Charges determined and published by the Council of Architecture in consultation with the
Promoters, and the premium already paid shall be deemed to be a payment on account.
11. EXHIBITION OF ENTRIES
i. All competition designs including those disqualified by the Board of Assessors shall be exhibited for atleast
one week together with a copy of the signed report of the Board of Assessors. The exhibition shall be open
to public free of charge.
ii. The promoter shall notify all the competitors and shall also announce in suitable media the days and place
of the public exhibition of the competition.
iii. The promoters shall submit to the Council of Architecture a copy of the signed report of the jury and if
requested photographs of the premiated designs for possible publication.
12. RETURN OF DESIGN DRAWINGS
All drawings, plans, models etc. submitted by the competitor except those of the winning design shall be
returned by the promoter at the end of the public exhibition at his own cost. The drawings, plans, models of
the winning design shall be returned to its author on being appointed as the Architect for the Project or after
six months from the date of announcement of the award by the Board of Assessors whichever is early.
Schedule 4
Board of assessors
1. The Board of Assessors shall be set up before the promotion of the competition. Their names and those of
the reserve members of the board, if any shall be stated in the competition conditions.
2. The Board of Assessors shall be composed of a smallest reasonable number of assessors which number
shall be an odd figure.
3. The size of the Board shall depend upon the size of the competition project and preferably the number of
Assessors shall not exceed seven.
4. Of the total number of Assessors the number of Assessors who shall be Architects and registered with the
Council of Architecture shall be in a majority of at least one.
5. The number of Assessors representing the promoters shall not exceed two.
6. Each member of the Board shall examine and approve the competition conditions before they are made
available to the competitors.
7. The Board of Assessors may invite Technical Advisers as experts in specialised fields to assist in the
assessment of competition entries. Such Technical Advisors shall not have any voting rights.
8. It is essential that atleast 2/3rd of the voting members of the Board shall be present at all meetings of the
Board. The Board shall elect a Chairman from among its members.
9. In the event of death of an Assessor before or during the assessment of the competition or his inability to
continue to act on account of illness or any other cause, another Assessor shall be appointed in his place by
the promoters without affecting the majority of atleast one, of the Assessors who are Architects and
registered with the Council of Architecture.
10. No promoter of the competition and no assessors engaged upon it nor any partner, associate, or
employee of either shall compete or assist a competitor, or act as architect or joint architect for the project.
This regulation shall not be applicable to:
a. Staff or present students of an Institution of which a member of the regular teaching staff is on the Board
of Assessors provided he is not the sole Assessor and the Board consists of two or more Assessors of whom
only one is a member of the teaching staff of this or any other Institution.
b. Employees of a Government, Semi-Government or a Public Sector organisation of which one of its
employees is on the Board of Assessors provided he is not the sole Assessor and the Board consists of
three or more Assessors of whom only one is such an employee.
11. In two stage competitions, the same members of the Board shall judge both stages of the competition. In
no case may a competition as a single stage competition proceed to a second stage except with knowledge
of the Council of Architecture and arrangement for payment of appropriate honoraria to the competitors
involved, over and above the prize money provided for in the original competition. In the event of such a
secondary competition taking place, the Assessors appointed for the original competition must be
reappointed by the promoters.
12. Any drawings, photographs, models or other documents not required by the competition condition shall
be excluded by the Assessors before examining the competitors' entries.
13. The Assessors shall disqualify any design which does not conform to any of the conditions, instructions
or requirements of the competition.
14. The Board of Assessors must make an award. The award shall be final and shall be made public in open
competitions, and intimated individually to all those participating in limited competition, by a date stated in
the conditions. The Board of Assessors when distributing the award money shall make full use of the
amounts set aside for prizes in the competition conditions. In an ideas competition, a first prize shall be
awarded.
15. The decision of the Board of Assessors shall be taken by a majority vote with a separate vote on each
entry. The award including the Assessors report to the promoter, shall be signed by all the members of the
Board before they disperse.
16. The decision of the Board of Assessors regarding selection and placement of competition design shall be
final and binding on the promoter and all competitors and shall be reached by a majority.
17. The Board of Assessors will make its award known to the promoter in a formal statement signed by
atleast a simple majority of its members. The statement will indicate the number of designs examined and
the order of the prizes awarded. This statement must be completed before the envelopes are opened and
the Assessors disperse.
18. The fees, travel expenses and out of pocket expenses of the members of the Board shall be paid by the
promoter.
Schedule 5
Prizes and honoraria
Award
Project with
Project with
Project upto
built up area
built up area
built up area
above 10000
above 5000
5000
sq.m and upto
sq.m and upto
sq.m(Rs.)
250000
10000 sq.(Rs.)
sq.m(Rs.)
Project with
built up area
above 25000
sq.m(Rs.)
1. OPEN COMPETITION
i. First prize (To be adjusted
125M
250 M
500 M
1000M
in
professional fees)
ii. Second prize
75 M
150 M
300 M
600 M
iii. Third prize
50 M
100 M
200 M
400 M
iv. Merit prizes upto 5 each
10 M each
20 M each
40 M each
80 M
100 M
200 M
300 M
2. LIMITED COMPETITION
Minimum honoraria to be paid
to
50 M
each competitor
Note : The current value of M is 1000
Schedule 6
Cost of conducting Architectural Competitions
Description
i. Assessors' Fee
Project with built-up area upto

Project with built-up area
10,000 Sq.m( Rs.)
above 10,000 Sq.m.( Rs.)
Pre-assessment 10 M and assessment Pre-assessment 10 M and assessment
10 M
10 M
per day or part thereof.
per day or part thereof.
ii. Professional Advisor/

Project Coordinator's
100 M
200 M
Fee
iii. Contingent
As per estimate*
As per estimate*
Expenditure
Note 1: For a two stage competition, the above fees for Professional
Advisor/Project Coordinator be
increased by 50%.
Note 2: For a two stage competition, the above fees for Professional
Advisor/Project Coordinator be
increased by 50%.
* Sub-heads for contingent expenditure :
1. Land Survey.
2. Photographs of site.
3. Printing of Brochure.
4. Advertisement.
5. Communication Expenses.
6. Administrative and Legal Expenses.
7. Exhibition.
8. Publication of competition/select entries.
9. Contingent travel, conveyance, boarding, lodging etc. for Professional Advisor / Project Coordinator,
Assessors and others.
10. Other incidental expenses.
chitects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989

Regulations - 1982 Architectural Education - 1983 Professional Conduct - 1989
Professional Conduct - 1989
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
(Incorporated under the Architects Act, 1972)
ARCHITECTS (PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT) REGULATIONS, 1989 *
New Delhi, the 11th May, 1989
F.No. CA/1/89.- In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (1) read with clause (i) of sub-section (2)
of Section 45 of the Architects Act, 1972 (Act No. 20 of 1972), the Council of Architecture, with the approval
of the Central Government, hereby makes the following regulations to promote the standard of professional
conduct/ self-discipline required of an Architect, namely :1. Short Title and Commencement :
1. These regulations may be called with Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989.
2. They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the Official Gazette.*
2.
**(1) Every architect, either in practice or employment, subject to the provisions of the Central Civil
Services (Conduct) Rules, 1964 or any other similar rules applicable to an Architect, he shall :i.
ensure that his professional activities do not conflict with his general responsibility to
contribute to the quality of the environment and future welfare of society,
ii.
apply his skill to the creative, responsible and economic development of his country,
iii.
provide professional services of a high standard, to the best of his ability,
iv.
if in private practice, inform his Client of the conditions of engagement and scale of charges
and agree that these conditions shall be the basis of the appointment,
v.
not sub-commission to another Architect or Architects the work for which he has been
commissioned without prior agreement of his Client,
vi.
not give or take discounts, commissions, gifts or other inducements for the introduction of
Clients or of work,
vii.
act with fairness and impartiality when administering a building contract,
viii.
maintain a high standard of integrity,
ix.
promote the advancement of Architecture, standards of Architectural education, research,

training and practice,
x.
conduct himself in a manner which is not derogatory to his professional character, nor likely to
lessen the confidence of the public in the profession, nor bring Architects into disrepute,
xi.
compete fairly with other Architects,
xii.
observe and uphold the Council's conditions of engagement and scale of charges,
xiii.
not supplant or attempt to supplant another Architect,
xiv.
not prepare designs in competition with other Architects for a Client without payment or for a
reduced fee (except in a competition conducted in accordance with the Architectural
competition guidelines approved by the Council),
xv.
not attempt to obtain, offer to undertake or accept a commission for which he knows another
Architect has been selected or employed until he has evidence that the selection, employment
or agreement has been terminated and he has given the previous Architect written notice that
he is so doing :
provided that in the preliminary stages of works, the Client may consult, in order to select the
Architect, as many Architects as he wants, provided he makes payment of charges to each of
the Architects so consulted,
xvi.
comply with Council's guidelines for Architectural competitions and inform the Council of his
appointment as assessor for an Architectural competition ,
xvii.
when working in other countries, observe the requirements of codes of conduct applicable to
the place where he is working ,
xviii.
not have or take as partner in his firm any person who is disqualified for registration by reason
of the fact that his name has been removed form the Register under Section 29 or 30 of the
Architects Act, 1972 ,
xix.
provide their employees with suitable working environment, compensate them fairly and
facilitate their professional development,
xx.
recognize and respect the professional contribution of his employees,
xxi.
provide their associates with suitable working environment, compensate them fairly and
facilitate their professional development,
xxii.
recognize and respect the professional contribution of his associates,
xxiii.
recognize and respect the professional contribution of the consultants,
xxiv.
enter into agreement with them defining their scope of work, responsibilities, functions, fees
and mode of payment ,
xxv.
shall not advertise his professional services nor shall he allow his name to be included in
advertisement or to be used for publicity purposes save the following exceptions :-
(a) a notice of change of address may be published on three occasions and

correspondents may be informed by post,
(b) an Architect may exhibit his name outside his office and on a building, either under
construction or completed, for which he is or was an Architect, provided the lettering does
not exceed 10 cm. in height ,
(c) advertisements including the name and address of an Architect may be published in
connection with calling of tenders, staff requirements and similar matters,
(d) may allow his name to be associated with illustrations and descriptions of his work in
the press or other public media but he shall not give or accept any consideration for such
appearances,
(e) may allow his name to appear in advertisements inserted in the press by suppliers or
manufacturers of materials used in a building he has designed, provided his name is
included in an unostentatious manner and he does not accept any consideration for its
use,
(f) may allow his name to appear in brochure prepared by Clients for the purpose of
advertising or promoting projects for which he has been commissioned,

(g) may produce or publish brochures, pamphlets describing his experience and
capabilities for distribution to those potential Clients whom he can identify by name and
position ,
**(h) may allow his name to appear in the classified columns of the trade / professional
directory and/or telephone directory/ website.
**(2) In a partnership firm of architects, every partner shall ensure that such partnership firm
complies with the provisions of the sub-regulation (1).
(3) Violation of any of the provisions of sub-regulation (1) shall constitute a professional mis-conduct.
K. V. Narayana
TOPIC : LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ARCHITECT

LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ARCHITECT ARE FOLLOWS :-
1. The Architect shall submit for the Owners approval a schedule for the performance of the Architects
services which may be adjusted in writing by mutual agreement of the parties as the Project proceeds, and
shall include allowances for periods of time required for the Owners review and for approval of
submissions by authorities having jurisdiction over the Project.
2. Time limits established by this schedule approved by the Owner shall not,
except for reasonable cause, be exceeded by the Architect or Owner.
3. The Architect shall provide a preliminary evaluation of the Owners program,
Project schedule, and construction budget requirements, each in terms of the other, subject to the
limitations.
Based on the mutually agreed-upon program, Project schedule and
construction budget requirements, the Architect shall prepare, for approval by the Owner, Schematic
Design Documents consisting of drawings and other documents illustrating the scale and relationship of
Project components, and shall prepare for review by the Owner a preliminary estimate of the Construction
Cost as that phrase is defined in Article 5 of this Agreement.
4. Design Documents shall comply with applicable laws, statutes, regulations,
ordinances, codes, orders, rules and regulations in existence as of the date of the
development of the Documents. These requirements shall not apply to elements of the Project which are
not within the scope of the Architects services. Approval by the Owner shall be deemed to be approval of
the concept, though not the means, techniques or particular material recommended by the Architect, unless
the material or system is specifically required by the Owner.
5. The Architect shall submit to the Owner a preliminary estimate of Construction Cost based on current
area, volume or other unit costs.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PHASE
6. Based on the approved Schematic Design Documents and any adjustments
authorized by the Owner in the program, Project schedule or construction budget, the Architect shall
prepare, for approval by the Owner, Design Development Documents consisting of drawings and other
documents to fix and describe the size and character of the Project as to architectural, structural,
mechanical, civil and electrical systems, materials and such other elements as may be appropriate.
7. The Architect shall advise the Owner in writing of any adjustments to the
preliminary estimate of Construction Cost.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS PHASE

8. Based on the approved Design Development Documents and any further
adjustments in the scope or quality of the Project or in the construction budget authorized by the Owner,
the Architect shall prepare, for approval by the Owner, Construction Documents consisting of Drawings and
Specifications setting forth in detail the requirements for the construction of the Project, including, but not
limited to, the work required for the architectural, structural, mechanical, civil, electrical, plumbing, service
connected equipment and site work, and the necessary General Conditions of the Contract.
The Architect shall provide the services of professional structural, mechanical, civil,
electrical and other engineers, qualified by training and experience in their respective fields, as needed, to
address the requirements of the Project; shall submit a list of the names of the engineers to be employed
by the Architect to the Owner, in advance, for the Owners review and approval, which approval shall not be
unreasonably withheld, and shall require such professional engineers to place their seal, name and
signature on the Drawings and Specifications prepared by them. Said Construction Documents shall
comply with applicable laws, statutes, ordinances, codes, rules and regulations. Approval by the Owner
shall not constitute approval of the means, techniques or particular material recommended
by the Architect for the Project. Selection by the Owner of a particular material
recommended by the Architect for the Project shall constitute approval of that
particular material by the Owner for aesthetic purposes only.
9. The Architect in consultation with the Owner, shall prepare the necessary
bidding information, bidding forms, the Conditions of the Contract, which shall be subject to review and
approval by the Owner and/or the Owners legal counsel. Additionally, the Architect after consultation with
the Owner, shall prepare a final estimate of the Construction Cost.
BIDDING OR NEGOTIATION PHASE
10. The Architect, following the Owners approval of the Construction Documents
and of the latest preliminary estimate of Construction Cost, shall assist the Owner in
obtaining bids or negotiated proposals and assist in awarding and preparing contracts for construction,
which contracts shall be subject to review and approval by the Owners legal counsel.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE-ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION
CONTRACT
11. The Architect shall provide administration of the Contract for Construction as
set forth below and in the edition of AIA Document A201, General Conditions of the
Contract for Construction, 1987 Edition, unless otherwise provided in this Agreement or as mutually agreed
to by the Owner and Architect. The terms of this Agreement shall control any inconsistency between this
Agreement and the General Conditions of the Contract.
12. The Architect at all times shall be a representative of and shall advise and
consult with the Owner. The Architect shall have authority to act on behalf of the Owner only to the extent
provided in this Agreement unless otherwise modified by written instrument. The Owners instructions to the
Contractor shall be forwarded through the Architect.
CONTINGENT ADDITIONAL SERVICES
13. Making material and substantial revisions in Drawings, Specifications or other
documents when such revisions are:
.1 inconsistent with approvals or instructions previously given by the
Owner, including revisions made necessary by adjustments in the
Owners program or Project budget;
.2 required by the enactment or revision of codes, laws or regulations
subsequent to the preparation of such documents; or
.3 due to changes required as a result of the Owners failure to render
decisions in a timely manner.
RESPONSIBILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION COST
14. Evaluations of the Owners Project budget, preliminary estimates of Construction Cost and detailed
estimates of Construction Cost, if any, prepared by the Architect, represent the Architects best judgment as
a design professional familiar with the
construction industry. It is recognized, however, that neither the Architect nor the Owner has control over
the cost of labor, materials or equipment, over the Contractors methods of determining bid prices, or over
competitive bidding, market or negotiating conditions.
Accordingly, the Architect cannot and does not warrant or represent that bids or negotiated prices will not
vary from the Owners Project budget or from any estimate of Construction Cost or evaluation prepared or
agreed to by the Architect.
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION
15. On those occasions when a dispute arises between the Parties to this
Agreement, the Parties shall be compelled to seek an alternative means of resolving the dispute as a
condition precedent to litigation. Therefore, the Parties agree to the following terms and conditions:
A. The Party bringing a claim shall give notice to the other Party and, in
writing, propose a meeting in which to discuss and attempt to resolve
the claim within seven (7) days after the claim arises.
B. In the event the meeting between the Parties to resolve the claim does
not resolve the dispute or does not take place within said seven (7)
day period, the Parties shall designate, by mutual agreement, an
independent mediator who shall convene a meeting of the Parties
within a period of fourteen (14) days after the initial meeting between
the Parties. The mediator shall render his/her decision within seven
(7) days of said meeting.
C. The purpose of the mediator is to attempt to resolve the dispute
between the Parties. The Mediator shall not be empowered with the
authority to render a binding opinion or award.
D. In the event the independent mediators attempt to resolve the dispute
between the Parties fails, then each party will be free to pursue
recovery of claims at law.
E. During the pendency of this alternative dispute resolution process, the
Parties agree that the statute(s) of limitations applicable to all claims
that are the subject of this process shall be told.
F. Checking the accounts of the office on time.
TENDERS
Tender is an offer made by one party to another for execution of specified work at a specified cost in
keeping with all the terms and conditions set there in the tender document including the extent of the work
shown on the plans. It remains floating till the time it receives a seal of acceptance either by the employer
and / or his architect/ engineer and thereafter forms a binding contract.
The architect or engineer who prepares detailed tender papers on behalf of the owner/employer and issues to
the contractors against a specified tender fees.
, It is the duty of the architect to see that:
(1) All the plans, specifications and details are not only clear and correct, but without any ambiguity.
(2) Bill of quantities should be as accurate as possible.
(3) Special conditions if any should be thoroughly checked .
*Prior to filling of the tender, the contractor is required to make a careful study of plans, specifications,
special conditions, etc., and further inspect the site in order to ascertain the difficulties which will be met
with in the execution of the work.He has to estimate the probable period of completion of work, number of
technical and non-technical staff that will be required on the job. This will help him to work out the cost of
establishment charges. Also works like temporary hoarding, road work, office, godown, toilet for workers,
wear and tear of the plants and equipments. After taking into consideration all the above facts including cost
of materials and labour, he is able to quote for the work.
Invitation to Tender
There are three ways in which the tenders can be called for namely
(i) by. private invitation,
(ii)by public notice and
(iii)by negotiations.
By Private Invitation (Selected or Limited Invitation)

Generally, the architects and the engineers do maintain a panel of contractors and from the panel a few are
invited to quote for a particular job. In such a case, the architect knows the contractor, together with his
intelligence, integrity and financial standing and thus he is sure of the type of work that he will get from
him. It also prevents inexperienced persons from entering the contract line. This is suitable for private
works.
By Public Notice
All public works are required .to be advertised in the newspapers for the purpose of tenders and any
contractor can quote for the same. There are chances of getting the work at a cheaper rate and these tenders
are also not free from collusion. At time the tenders are so low that it will not be possible to imagine whether
the contractors will be able to complete the work. Such tenders usually end in dispute, poor quality of work
and a lot headaches for the architects.
-The reverse is also true that the architect or the engineer may come in contact with new and intelligent
contractors and this opens the field for new entrants in the contracting line.
-The work is generally given to the contractor quoting the lowest amount. provided he is otherwise equally
qualified. By Negotiations
In this case the architect / engineer do possess some base for negotiations like the work of a building not to
cost more than Rs per S.M. of plinth area or at certain percentage above or below the schedule of
rates. With this base . negotiations are done with one or two contractors and work thereafter is assigned to
the right contractor. This mode is popular with developers and for repair jobs .The UP PWD or CPWD
schedule of rates are taken as the base.
Nature of Tender
Tenders set out paths for completion of building jobs. The paths may vary from item rate to labour work and
the said paths have different terms and conditions. The accepted contracts derive their names from the type
of tender like
(i)
item rate contracts derived from
(ii)
item rate tender. lump-sum contract from lump-sum tender etc.
Besides the above other paths available for execution of the works are:(1) Day work.
(2) Piece work.
(3) Dally labour.
Thus, nature of tenders leads to nature of contracts, and discussion hereunder will apply to nature of contract
also however, we shall study while discussing the Contracts
Nature of Tender can be Classified as Under
(1) (a) the ,rate tender.
(b) Schedule of rates with percentage up or down the basic. rate with rise and fall clauses . .
(2) (a) Lump-sum tender.
(b) Lump-sum percentage tender (target tender).
(3) (a) 'Cost plus percentage or "cost plus fee tender".
(b) Cost plus fixed fee tender.
(c) Cost plus fixed fee with bonus and penalty.
(4) Labour tender.
(5) Tender for demolition work.
Item Rate Tender
It is an offer to execute the work based on the rates of different items of work. The tender form usually
contains the bill of quantities wherein all the items of work are fully described with their quantities. The
quantities given are always approximate and are not binding on the owner. The contractor is required to fill
in the rates of the items and thus it becomes a simplified job so far as the calculations and estimating are
concerned.
The contractor is paid on the measurement of the work executed at the rates quoted by him in the tender. In
fact the rates of the items are the part of the contract and the approximate quantities are not.
This is a balanced method of execution and the chances for extra works are minimized. It is not risky for the
contractor and hence quality of workmanship will be assured. Reasonable variations can be made in the
plans and also in the quantities during the execution of work.
It is suitable for all types of works .
Schedule of Rates with Percentage Up or Down
It is also known as basic rates (mostly UP PWD or CPWD )with rise and fall clauses. It is a modified form
of item rate tender. In this case a bill of quantities duly priced is given to each of the tenderers and they are
asked to quote only the percentages above or below the priced schedule of rates. at which they are prepared
to execute the work. All other facts as given for the item rate tender will hold good in this case also. This
type of tender is suitable for the repair works, new buildings as well as for maintenance works.
Lump-sum Tender
In a lump-sum tender the contractor undertakes to carry out the work as shown on the plans and describe in
the specifications till completion. supplying all the materials and labour sum or at a fixed rate per cubic or
square metre of work. The contractor will be paid from time- to- time or lump sum at the completion o
works as specified in the contract .
Work to be executed should be clearly specify in advance
(i)the plans elevation sections and the relevant details
(ii)the specifications with special conditions. if any.
(iii)Time for completion
The Advantages of this Type of the Tender total cost of construction is known in advance .and the contractor
will try to complete the work early Work load of the engineer and the architect is reduced, as no detailed
measurements are required .
Lump-sum Plus Percentage (Target) Tender

It is the same as the lump-sum tender except that if the contractor completes the works before the specified
date, he is usually granted certain bonus in terms of percentage of the cost of the project. All other facts as
given for lump-sum tenders will hold good in this case also.
"Cost Plus Percentage Tender" or "Cost Plus Fee Method"
The expenditure incurred by the contractor will paid by the owner as agreed and over and above he is paid
certain percentage as profit for his professional services. At times such tenders are invited from a few
contractors asking them to name the price at which they will execute the work and fees that they expect for
the same. The fees are usually fixed at a certain percentage of the cost of work:
Cost Plus Fixed Fee Tender
A modified form of this system of tendering is "Cost plus Fixed fee" ~ wherein the contractor is given a
fixed fee irrespective of the cost of the work and as such, he becomes a disinterested adviser and tries to
complete the work in time.
All the cost of the materials and labour are directly paid by the owner and thus the contractor's financial
liability is nil As such, he is paid a higher percentage for works done by him.and lower percentage for those
works which are given on sub-contract. The fees charged by him will include his professional services as
well as the rentals for all. his implements. plants, etc.. including the cost of repairs if required. His fees
sho41d be paid in four to five instalments and the last instalment should be paid after the completion of the
work.
.
Cost Plus Fixed Fee with Bonus and Penalty
In order to keep a check over the cost of the work, tlps form of tender is slightly modified and is known as
"Cost plus Fixed fee with Bonus and Penalty". If the cost ofthe work as executed remains the same as has
been estimated in advance. the contractor receives his agreed fees with no profit and no penalty deduction. If
the cost of the work as executed turns out to be less than the estimated cost, the contractor is to receive
certain percentage from the savings effected up to a maximum of 50 per cent plus his agreed fees. If the cost
ofthe executed work turns out to be more than the estimated cost, certain percentage of the increased cost
will be deducted from his agreed fees. and such deductions shall not be more than 66 per cent of his agreed
fees.
Labour Tender
In this case the contractor agrees to carry out the complete labour work of all the items of the work at the
rates quoted by him. The contractor has to supply all the tools plants, scaffolding. centerillg materials. coirs
and nails. etc.. and the owner supplies only the materials required for the construction work. The contractor
is responsible for line, level and setting out of the work.
The labour tender generally includes the labour work for the conStruction of water tank for storage of water
required for construction purpose as well as labour work for putting up temporary sheds for office and
cement godown of reasonable size.
The owner has to keep a close watch over the materials used by the contractor as he is least concerned with
their wastages.
This method of execution of work is very popular as the materials used and the workmanship will be of
standard quality. The points of dispute are minimised and the payments for extra works are restricted to the
labour charges only.
The labour tenders are invited sometimes on the basis of rate per square meter or cubic meter'of the
construction work:4'he contractor agrees to execute the complete work of the building right from the stage
of foundation till the completion of the building at a specified rate per square meter or cubic meter.
excluding drainage and electric Works.
It is suitable for all types of works like buildings, bridges. culverts, and Specially the works of additions,
alterations and repairs to the existing buildings.
Demolition Tender
These tenders are usually called for the demolition of the existing building up to ground level or up to road
level and removal of all the materials of the same including carting away of the debris. The tenderer usually
takes away all the materials that are there in the old building and in turn he pays a specified amount to the
owner:
Other Modes of Execution of Works The execution of the works can also be carried out by anyone of the
following arrangements depending upon the nature of works and other factors:
(1) Day work.
(2) Piece work.
(3) Daily labour.
Day Work This method of execution of the work is adopted for all small items of work which cannot either
be measured or valued, e.g., architectural
features 'like petals or domes for mosques or temples, decorative design in plaster'work or for works under
water where time of working is limited due to rise and fall of tide level.
The payments made to the contractor consist of net cost of materials and labour to complete the work and
usually, about 20 to 25 per cent on the same which will cover contractor's profit, establishment charges, and
rentals for the plants, if any. It requires proper check on the materials consumed and labour employed and
the reports to that effect must be countersigned daily by the clerk of work. The contractor is required to
submit a weekly report of the same to the architect concerned .It is the duty of the architect and the engineer
to sanction those extra works in writing which cannot be measured or valued properly to be paid at day work
prices.
DailyLabour This method is suitable for the maintenance works of roads, canals, etc., and is also known as
departmental method of execution. The owner or the Government agencies usually employ all the labours
required like masons, bhistis, mazdoors, etc., whose attendance is recorded daily in the muster roll by the'Jr.
Engineer. The materials of construction, and tools, etc., are obtained from the central stores department by
sending the necessary indent for the same. The works executed are recorded in the measurement book and
are checked by the sub-divisional engineer and executive engineer before the payments are effeted. The
labour is usually paid weekly, fortnightly or monthly as agreed upon.
Earnest Money It is an initial deposit made along with the tender in order to show the genuineness of the
contractor. The amount of earnest money varies from I to 2 per cent of the estimated cost of the project. This
amount remains in the safe custody of the architect or the engineer till the work is allotted to a particular
contractor who will be asked to deposit further sum towards the security deposit. The earnest money of the
other contractors whose tenders are not accepted are refunded to them. The main purpose of the earnest
money is ~ see that a fair competition takes place for the work.
The earnest money is forfeited in favour of the owner in case the contractor refuses to enter into a contract
after his tender has been accepted. It is accepted in cash or cheque at times in the form of negotiable
Government securities.
Security Deposit The approved contractor is asked to deposit a further amount of 2 to 5% of the estimated
cost of project with the architect as security deposit. It includes the earnest money already deposited by the
contractor. It is paid in cash or cheque and at times in the form of negotiable Government securities.
This amount is kept as a check so that the contractor fulfills all the terms and conditions of the contract,
carries out the work to entire satisfaction and maintains proper progress of the work. If he fails the whole or
part of the security deposit is forfeited. It does not carry any interest and is returned to the contractor after
his defect liability period is over.
Retention Amount When a contract of the work is assigned, it is essential for a contractor to deposit a fixed
amount either with the architect or with the owner as a guarantee for the faithful performance of the terms of
the contract.
If it is very difficult for a contractor to pay such amount all at once as his business it is arranged that the
contractor should pay the so called security deposit by installments from the payments due to him for the
works already executed. .It is usually 10 % of the value of the work . As soon as the total retention fund of
10 per cent of the tendered amount has been collected, the subsequent interim certificates are required to be
issued at their full values.. The Retention Amount is a Security Deposit. Normally 50% of the said amount
is paid after the virtual completion of the work.. Final installment of50% is paid after the defect liability
period has passed and after issue .of the final certificate by the architect. In case of bankruptcy of the
contractor, he will have no claim over the retention fund, till the final certificate has been issued by the
architect for the work. The Retention fund does not carry any interest.
Mobilisation Fund ' In case of big projects a lot of money is required by the Contractor , for the recruitment
of labour ,travel of staff ,erection of temporary accommodation staff/ labour ,storage of certain , insurance
premium etc .Therefore Employer pays the Contractor certain amount called Mobilisation Funds, the main
purpose of which are to enable the contractors to make all initial arrangements for commencement of works
on basis of interim certificates it may be 90% or even 95% of its value and materials on site paid at varying
percentages from 50% to 75% o( the value of such materials on site depending upon the terms and
conditions as may have been agreed upon subject to 2% deduction of the amount released as deduction of
Income-tax at source. i.e.TDS
Mobilisation Fund is essential for construction of big projects It is required before executing .
Maximum amount is limited to about 10% of the contract amount, exact percentage depends upon the
terms of contract.
2. It is paid in f\ill or paid in two to three stages like:
Stage-1-: 50% of the mobilisation fund as agreed is paid within one month of the award of the work and
signing of the contract against bank guarantee for it.
Stage-2 Part is released on completion of preparatory works depending upon their value.
Stage-3- is released on bringing plants and machineries on site again depending upon their value. '
. It is recovered from each of the interim bill at specified percentage of interim payment and entire
mobilisation fund is recovered on completion of 80% of the work. It can be interest free fund or carrying a
specified rate of interest..
The mobilisation fund is the backbone of successful implementation of big construction projects.
Tender Document.
The tender documents occupy important position for contractors and employers, the architects.
And comprise of the following:
1) Tender notice.
(2) Specta1 notice.
(3) Letter of offer.
(4) Specla1 conditions.
(5) Form of Contract with conditions.
(6) General Spec1fications.
(7) One complete set of drawings .
(9) Bill of quantities. (OR) Detailed description of work for tender on lump-sum basis. (OR) Unit of S.M.
basis: which at times take the form of "Supplementary specifications" .
Tender Notice and Cost of Tendering It is the notification for the contractors at large possessing either
expertise in that branch of civil work for which the notification has been issued or having the skill and
human resources to get the work in question executed, to give their offers for the specified work. In the
notification the employer invites the offer and does not make art offer by himself that he is prepared to give
the contract for the work for a specified sum. Even if the owner has made an offer, still he has got rights to
withdraw the same at any time before acceptance is confirmed by him
Cost of Tendering It is usually a practice in vogue that cost involved in preparation and completion of the
tender papers including site inspection by the contractor as well his adm1n1strative expenses are to be borne
by the contractors alone and the owners are not saddled with such tender expenses.
Characteristics of a Tender Notice
1. Tender notice must mention the name of the owner, the place, nature and extent of work, and the
estimated cost.
2. It must mention amount of earnest money and tender fees.
3. Minimum time of returning the tender by the contractor should be atleast 15 to 20 days from the date of
issue of the same.
4. The place of delivery of the tenders by the contractors should be specified.
5. The contractors should be requested to inspect the site prior to filling of the tender, so that they can
ascertain well in advance the Working Conditions, the nature of soil for the foundation etc.
Understanding Accounting Methods

Officially, there are two types of accounting methods, which dictate how the company's transactionsare recorded in the company's financial books:
cash-basis accounting and accrual accounting. The key difference between the two types is how the company records cash coming into and going
out of the business. Within that simple difference lies a lot of room for error or manipulation. In fact, many of the major corporations involved in
financial scandals have gotten in trouble because they played games with the nuts and bolts of their accounting method.
Cash-basis accounting
In cash-basis accounting, companies record expenses in financial accounts when the cash is actually laid out, and they book revenue when they
actually hold the cash in their hot little hands or, more likely, in a bank account. For example, if a painter completed a project on December 30,
2003, but doesn't get paid for it until the owner inspects it on January 10, 2004, the painter reports those cash earnings on her 2004 tax report. In
cash-basis accounting, cash earnings include checks, credit-card receipts, or any other form of revenue from customers.
Smaller companies that haven't formally incorporated and most sole proprietors use cash-basis accounting because the system is easier for them to
use on their own, meaning they don't have to hire a large accounting staff.
Accrual accounting
If a company uses accrual accounting, it records revenue when the actual transaction is completed (such as the completion of work specified in a
contract agreement between the company and its customer), not when it receives the cash. That is, the company records revenue when it earns it,
even if the customer hasn't paid yet. For example, a carpentry contractor who uses accrual accounting records the revenue earned when he
completes the job, even if the customer hasn't paid the final bill yet.
Expenses are handled in the same way. The company records any expenses when they're incurred, even if it hasn't paid for the supplies yet. For
example, when a carpenter buys lumber for a job, he may very likely do so on account and not actually lay out the cash for the lumber until a month
or so later when he gets the bill.
All incorporated companies must use accrual accounting according to the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). If you're reading a
corporation's financial reports, what you see is based on accrual accounting.
Why method matters

The accounting method a business uses can have a major impact on the total revenue the business reports as well as on the expenses that it
subtracts from the revenue to get the bottom line. Here's how:
Cash-basis accounting: Expenses and revenues aren't carefully matched on a month-to-month basis. Expenses aren't recognized until the
money is actually paid out, even if the expenses are incurred in previous months, and revenues earned in previous months aren't recognized
until the cash is actually received. However, cash-basis accounting excels in tracking the actual cash available.
Accrual accounting: Expenses and revenue are matched, providing a company with a better idea of how much it's spending to operate each
month and how much profit it's making. Expenses are recorded (or accrued) in the month incurred, even if the cash isn't paid out until the next
month. Revenues are recorded in the month the project is complete or the product is shipped, even if the company hasn't yet received the
cash from the customer.
The way a company records payment of payroll taxes, for example, differs with these two methods. In accrual accounting, each month a company
sets aside the amount it expects to pay toward its quarterly tax bills for employee taxes using an accrual (paper transaction in which no money
changes hands, which is called an accrual). The entry goes into a tax liability account (an account for tracking tax payments that have been made
or must still be made). If the company incurs $1,000 of tax liabilities in March, that amount is entered in the tax liability account even if it hasn't yet
paid out the cash. That way, the expense is matched to the month it is incurred.
In cash accounting, the company doesn't record the liability until it actually pays the government the cash. Although the company incurs tax
expenses each month, the company using cash accounting shows a higher profit during two months every quarter and possibly even shows a loss
in the third month when the taxes are paid.
To see how these two methods can result in totally different financial statements, imagine that a carpenter contracts a job with a total cost to the
customer of $2,000. The carpenter's expected expenses for the supplies, labor, and other necessities are $1,200, so his expected profit is $800. He
contracts the work on December 23, 2004, and completes the job on December 31, 2004. But he isn't paid until January 3, 2005. The contractor
takes no cash upfront and instead agrees to be paid in full at completion.
If he uses the cash-basis accounting method, because no cash changes hands, the carpenter doesn't have to report any revenues from this
transaction in 2004. But say he lays out the cash for his expenses in 2004. In this case, his bottom line is $1,200 less with no revenue to offset it,
and his net profit (the amount of money the company earned, minus its expenses) for the business in 2004 is lower. This scenario may not
necessarily be a bad thing if he's trying to reduce his tax hit for 2004.
If you're a small-business owner looking to manage your tax bill and you use cash-basis accounting, you can ask vendors to hold off payments until
the beginning of the next year to reduce your net income, if you want to lower your tax payments for the year.
If the same carpenter uses accrual accounting, his bottom line is different. In this case, he books his expenses when they're actually incurred. He
also records the income when he completes the job on December 31, 2004, even though he doesn't get the cash payment until 2005. His net
income is increased by this job, and so is his tax hit.
LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING

Contents
1.0 Aims and Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Book- Keeping
1.2.1 Meaning
1.2.2 Definition
1.2.3 Objectives
1.3 Accounting
1.3.1 Meaning
1.3.2 Definition
1.3.3 Objectives
1.3.4 Importance
1.3.5 Functions
1.3.6 Advantages
1.3.7 Limitations
1.4 Methods of Accounting
1.4.1 Single Entry
1.4.2 Double Entry
1.4.3 Steps involved in double entry system
1.4.4 Advantages of double entry system
1.5 Meaning of Debit and Credit
1.6 Types of Accounts and its rules
1.6.1 Personal Accounts
1.6.2 Real Accounts
1.6.3 Nominal Accounts
1.7 Distinction between Book Keeping and Accounting
1.8 Branches of Accounting
1.8.1 Financial Accounting
1.8.2 Cost Accounting
1.8.3 Management Accounting
1.9 Let us Sum Up
1.10 Lesson-End Activities
1.11 Check your Progress
1.12 Points for Discussion
1.13 References
1.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

i) To know the Meaning ,Definition and objective of Book- Keeping
ii) To study the objectives, functions, importance and limitations of
Accounting
iii) To understand the methods of Accounting, kinds of Accounts and
Accounting rules.
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iv) To study the difference between Book- keeping and Accounting
v) To study the various branches of Accounting
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In all activities (whether business activities or non-business activities) and in
all organizations (whether business organizations like a manufacturing entity or
trading entity or non-business organizations like schools, colleges, hospitals, libraries,
clubs, temples, political parties) which require money and other economic resources,
accounting is required to account for these resources. In other words, wherever money
is involved, accounting is required to account for it. Accounting is often called the
language of business. The basic function of any language is to serve as a means of
communication. Accounting also serves this function.
1.2. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF BOOK- KEEPING

1.2.1 Meaning
Book- keeping includes recording of journal, posting in ledgers and balancing
of accounts. All the records before the preparation of trail balance is the whole subject
matter of book- keeping. Thus, book- keeping many be defined as the science and art
of recording transactions in money or moneys worth so accurately and systematically,
in a certain set of books, regularly that the true state of businessmans affairs can be
correctly ascertained. Here it is important to note that only those transactions related
to business are recorded which can be expressed in terms of money.
1.2.2 Definition
Book- keeping is the art of recording business transactions in a systematic
manner. A.H.Rosenkamph.
Book- keeping is the science and art of correctly recording in books of
account all those business transactions that result in the transfer of money or moneys
worth. R.N.Carter
1.2.3 Objectives of Book- keeping
i) Book- keeping provides a permanent record of each transactions.
ii) Soundness of a firm can be assessed from the records of assets and abilities
on a particular date.
iii) Entries related to incomes and expenditures of a concern facilitate to know
the profit and loss for a given period.
iv) It enables to prepare a list of customers and suppliers to ascertain the amount
to be received or paid.
v) It is a method gives opportunities to review the business policies in the light
of the past records.
vi) Amendment of business laws, provision of licenses, assessment of taxes etc.,
are based on records.
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1.3 ACCOUNTING
1.3.1 Meaning of Accounting
Accounting, as an information system is the process of identifying, measuring
and communicating the economic information of an organization to its users who need
the information for decision making. It identifies transactions and events of a specific
entity. A transaction is an exchange in which each participant receives or sacrifices
value (e.g. purchase of raw material). An event (whether internal or external) is a
happening of consequence to an entity (e.g. use of raw material for production). An
entity means an economic unit that performs economic activities.

1.3.2 Definition of Accounting
American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) which defines
accounting as the art of recording, classifying and summarizing in a significant
manner and in terms of money, transactions and events, which are, in part at least, of a
financial character and interpreting the results thereof.
1.3.3 Objective of Accounting
Objective of accounting may differ from business to business depending upon
their specific requirements. However, the following are the general objectives of
accounting.
i) To keeping systematic record: It is very difficult to remember all the
business transactions that take place. Accounting serves this purpose of record
keeping by promptly recording all the business transactions in the books of account.
ii) To ascertain the results of the operation: Accounting helps in
ascertaining result i.e., profit earned or loss suffered in business during a particular
period. For this purpose, a business entity prepares either a Trading and Profit and
Loss account or an Income and Expenditure account which shows the profit or loss of
the business by matching the items of revenue and expenditure of the some period.
iii) To ascertain the financial position of the business: In addition to profit,
a businessman must know his financial position i.e., availability of cash, position of
assets and liabilities etc. This helps the businessman to know his financial strength.
Financial statements are barometers of health of a business entity.
iv) To portray the liquidity position: Financial reporting should provide
information about how an enterprise obtains and spends cash, about its borrowing and
repayment of borrowing, about its capital transactions, cash dividends and other
distributions of resources by the enterprise to owners and about other factors that may
affect an enterprises liquidity and solvency.
v) To protect business properties: Accounting provides upto date
information about the various assets that the firm possesses and the liabilities the firm
owes, so that nobody can claim a payment which is not due to him.
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vi) To facilitate rational decision making: Accounting records and
financial statements provide financial information which help the business in making
rational decisions about the steps to be taken in respect of various aspects of business.
vii) To satisfy the requirements of law: Entities such as companies, societies,
public trusts are compulsorily required to maintain accounts as per the law governing
their operations such as the Companies Act, Societies Act, and Public Trust Act etc.
Maintenance of accounts is also compulsory under the Sales Tax Act and Income Tax
Act.
1.3.4 Importance of Accounting
i) Owners: The owners provide funds or capital for the organization. They
possess curiosity in knowing whether the business is being conducted on sound lines
or not and whether the capital is being employed properly or not. Owners, being
businessmen, always keep an eye on the returns from the investment. Comparing the
accounts of various years helps in getting good pieces of information.
ii) Management: The management of the business is greatly interested in
knowing the position of the firm. The accounts are the basis, the management can
study the merits and demerits of the business activity. Thus, the management is
interested in financial accounting to find whether the business carried on is profitable
or not. The financial accounting is the eyes and ears of management and facilitates
in drawing future course of action, further expansion etc.

iii) Creditors: Creditors are the persons who supply goods on credit, or
bankers or lenders of money. It is usual that these groups are interested to know the
financial soundness before granting credit. The progress and prosperity of the firm,
two which credits are extended, are largely watched by creditors from the point of
view of security and further credit. Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet are
nerve centres to know the soundness of the firm.
iv) Employees: Payment of bonus depends upon the size of profit earned by
the firm. The more important point is that the workers expect regular income for the
bread. The demand for wage rise, bonus, better working conditions etc. depend upon
the profitability of the firm and in turn depends upon financial position. For these
reasons, this group is interested in accounting.
v) Investors: The prospective investors, who want to invest their money in a
firm, of course wish to see the progress and prosperity of the firm, before investing
their amount, by going through the financial statements of the firm. This is to
safeguard the investment. For this, this group is eager to go through the accounting
which enables them to know the safety of investment.
vi) Government: Government keeps a close watch on the firms which yield
good amount of profits. The state and central Governments are interested in the
financial statements to know the earnings for the purpose of taxation. To compile
national accounting is essential.
vii) Consumers: These groups are interested in getting the goods at reduced
price. Therefore, they wish to know the establishment of a proper accounting control,
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which in turn will reduce to cost of production, in turn less price to be paid by the
consumers. Researchers are also interested in accounting for interpretation.
viii) Research Scholars: Accounting information, being a mirror of the
financial performance of a business organization, is of immense value to the research
scholar who wants to make a study into the financial operations of a particular firm.
To make a study into the financial operations of a particular firm, the research scholar
needs detailed accounting information relating to purchases, sales, expenses, cost of
materials used, current assets, current liabilities, fixed assets, long-term liabilities and
share-holders funds which is available in the accounting record maintained by the
firm.
Check Your Progress 1
List out five objectives of Accounting.
Notes: (a) Write your answer in the space given below.
(b) Check your answer with the ones given at the end of this Lesson
(pp. 13).
1.3.5 Functions of Accounting

i) Record Keeping Function: The primary function of accounting relates to
recording, classification and summary of financial transactions-journalisation, posting,
and preparation of final statements. These facilitate to know operating results and
financial positions. The purpose of this function is to report regularly to the interested
parties by means of financial statements. Thus accounting performs historical
function i.e., attention on the past performance of a business; and this facilitates
decision making programme for future activities.
ii) Managerial Function:Decision making programme is greatly assisted by
accounting. The managerial function and decision making programmes, without
accounting, may mislead. The day-to-day operations are compared with some predetermined
standard. The variations of actual operations with pre-determined
standards and their analysis is possible only with the help of accounting.
iii) Legal Requirement function: Auditing is compulsory in ca s e o f
registered firms. Auditing is not possible without accounting. Thus accounting
becomes compulsory to comply with legal requirements. Accounting is a base and
with its help various returns, documents, statements etc., are prepared.
iv) Language of Business: Accounting is the language of business. Various
transactions are communicated through accounting. There are many parties-owners,
creditors, government, employees etc., who are interested in knowing the results of the
5
firm and this can be communicated only through accounting. The accounting shows a
real and true position of the firm or the business.
1.3.6 Advantages of Accounting
The following are the advantages of accounting to a business:
i) It helps in having complete record of business transactions.
ii) It gives information about the profit or loss made by the business at the
close of a year and its financial conditions. The basic function of
accounting is to supply meaningful information about the financial
activities of the business to the owners and the managers.
iii) It provides useful information form making economic decisions,
iv) It facilitates comparative study of current years profit, sales, expenses
etc., with those of the previous years.
v) It supplies information useful in judging the managements ability to
utilise enterprise resources effectively in achieving primary enterprise
goals.
vi) It provides users with factual and interpretive information about
transactions and other events which are useful for predicting, comparing
and evaluation the enterprises earning power.
vii) It helps in complying with certain legal formalities like filing of incometax
and sales-tax returns. If the accounts are properly maintained, the
assessment of taxes is greatly facilitated.
1.3.7 Limitations of Accounting
i) Accounting is historical in nature: It does not reflect the current financial
position or worth of a business.
ii) Transactions of non-monetary mature do not find place in accounting.
Accounting is limited to monetary transactions only. It excludes
qualitative elements like management, reputation, employee morale,
labour strike etc.
iii) Facts recorded in financial statements are greatly influenced by
accounting conventions and personal judgements of the Accountant or
Management. Valuation of inventory, provision for doubtful debts and
assumption about useful life of an asset may, therefore, differ from one
business house to another.
iv) Accounting principles are not static or unchanging-alternative
accounting procedures are often equally acceptable. Therefore,
accounting statements do not always present comparable data

v) Cost concept is found in accounting. Price changes are not considered.
Money value is bound to change often from time to time. This is a
strong limitation of accounting.
6
vi) Accounting statements do not show the impact of inflation.
vii) The accounting statements do not reflect those increase in net asset
values that are not considered realized.
1.4 Methods of Accounting
Business transactions are recorded in two different ways.
1.4.1 Single Entry
1.4.2 Double Entry
1.4.1. Single Entry: It is incomplete system of recording business transactions. The
business organization maintains only cash book and personal accounts of debtors and
creditors. So the complete recording of transactions cannot be made and trail balance
cannot be prepared.
1.4.2 Double Entry: It this system every business transaction is having a two fold
effect of benefits giving and benefit receiving aspects. The recording is made on the
basis of both these aspects. Double Entry is an accounting system that records the
effects of transactions and other events in atleast two accounts with equal debits and
credits.
1.4.3 Steps involved in Double entry system
(a) Preparation of Journal: Journal is called the book of original entry. It
records the effect of all transactions for the first time. Here the job of recording takes
place.
(b) Preparation of Ledger: Ledger is the collection of all accounts used by a
business. Here the grouping of accounts is performed. Journal is posted to ledger.
(c) Trial Balance preparation: Summarizing. It is a summary of ledge
balances prepared in the form of a list.
(d) Preparation of Final Account: At the end of the accounting period to
know the achievements of the organization and its financial state of affairs, the final
accounts are prepared.
1.4.4 Advantages of Double Entry System
i) Scientific system: This system is the only scientific system of recording
business transactions in a set of accounting records. It helps to attain the objectives of
accounting.
ii) Complete record of transactions: This system maintains a complete
record of all business transactions.
iii) A check on the accuracy of accounts: By use of this system the accuracy
of accounting book can be established through the device called a Trail balance.
iv) Ascertainment of profit or loss: The profit earned or loss suffered during
a period can be ascertained together with details by the preparation of Profit and Loss
Account.
7
v) Knowledge of the financial position of the business: The financial
position of the firm can be ascertained at the end of each period, through the
preparation of balance sheet.
vi) Full details for purposes of control: This system permits accounts to be
prepared or kept in as much detail as necessary and, therefore, affords significant
information for purposes of control etc.

vii) Comparative study is possible: Results of one year may be compared
with those of the precious year and reasons for the change may be ascertained.
viii) Helps management in decision making: The management may be also
to obtain good information for its work, specially for making decisions.
ix) No scope for fraud: The firm is saved from frauds and misappropriations
since full information about all assets and liabilities will be available.
1.5 Meaning of Debit and Credit
The term debit is supposed to have derived from debit and the term credit from
creditable. For convenience Dr is used for debit and Cr is used for credit.
Recording of transactions require a thorough understanding of the rules of debit and
credit relating to accounts. Both debit and credit may represent either increase or
decrease, depending upon the nature of account.
1.6 Types of Accounting
Types of Accounts
The object of book-keeping is to keep a complete record of all the transactions
that place in the business. To achieve this object, business transactions have been
classified into three categories:
(i) Transactions relating to persons.
(ii) Transactions relating to properties and assets
(iii) Transactions relating to incomes and expenses.
The accounts falling under the first heading are known as personal Accounts.
The accounts falling under the second heading are known as Real Accounts, The
accounts falling under the third heading are called Nominal Accounts. The accounts
can also be classified as personal and impersonal. The following chart will show the
various types of accounts:
Accounts
Personal
Accounts
nal
Impersonal
Natural Groups/
Representative
Real Nominal
Tangible Intangible
Revenue,
Income and Gain
Expense
and loss
Artificial
or Legal
8
1.6.1 Personal Accounts: Accounts recording transactions with a person or group of
persons are known as personal accounts. These accounts are necessary, in particular,
to record credit transactions. Personal accounts are of the following types:
(a) Natural persons: An account recording transactions with an individual
human being is termed as a natural persons personal account. eg., Kamals account,
Malas account, Sharmas accounts. Both males and females are included in it
(b) Artificial or legal persons: An account recording financial transactions
with an artificial person created by law or otherwise is termed as an artificial person,
personal account, e.g. Firms accounts, limited companies accounts, educational
institutions accounts, Co-operative society account.

(c) Groups/Representative personal Accounts: An account indirectly
representing a person or persons is known as representative personal account. When
accounts are of a similar nature and their number is large, it is better tot group them
under one head and open a representative personal accounts. e.g., prepaid insurance,
outstanding salaries, rent, wages etc.
When a person starts a business, he is known as proprietor. This proprietor is
represented by capital account for all that he invests in business and by drawings
accounts for all that which he withdraws from business. So, capital accounts and
drawings account are also personal accounts.
The rule for personal accounts is: Debit the receiver
Credit the giver
1.6.2 Real Accounts
Accounts relating to properties or assets are known as Real Accounts, A
separate account is maintained for each asset e.g., Cash Machinery, Building, etc.,
Real accounts can be further classified into tangible and intangible.
(a) Tangible Real Accounts: These accounts represent assets and properties
which can be seen, touched, felt, measured, purchased and sold. e.g. Machinery
account Cash account, Furniture account, stock account etc.
(b) Intangible Real Accounts: These accounts represent assets and properties
which cannot be seen, touched or felt but they can be measured in terms of money.
e.g., Goodwill accounts, patents account, Trademarks account, Copyrights account,
etc.
The rule for Real accounts is: Debit what comes in
Credit what goes out
1.6.3 Nominal Accounts
Accounts relating to income, revenue, gain expenses and losses are termed as
nominal accounts. These accounts are also known as fictitious accounts as they do not
represent any tangible asset. A separate account is maintained for each head or
9
expense or loss and gain or income. Wages account, Rent account Commission
account, Interest received account are some examples of nominal account
The rule for Nominal accounts is: Debit all expenses and losses
Networking techniques
How to Network
To begin your career-related networking efforts, inventory all the formal and informal groups of which you are a member. To help you get started,
consider the following list: friends, relatives, college classmates, high school classmates, former or current faculty members, alumni who have
majored in your field, former or current employers, sports partners, campus or community club members, staff members of the Career Development
Center. Can you think of more categories? Be sure to compile an exhaustive list of the names and addresses/phone numbers of individuals you
know for each category. Never underestimate the value of any group or person. Each can potentially contribute to your successful career
development.
An illuminating research study known as the "Small-World Problem" (Stanley Milgram, Psychology Today, May 1967, pp 290-299) reveals the
extraordinary power of having and using personal contacts. Milgram estimates that any person of adult age has accumulated between 500 and
1000 personal contacts. That total increases dramatically when you estimate the potential number of referral contacts that might be generated.
Referral contacts are easily developed when you ask someone you know for the name of someone they know. The skill of expanding a personal
network is the skill of connecting with people. By stringing together enough contacts and referrals, you can reach ANYONE!
The next step to successful networking is determining your objective. What do you want to learn, share, or gain from contacting others? Clearly
define your needs so that you may focus your activity. Perhaps you want to conduct informational interviews to learn more about a particular career
field. Be sure to generate a list of questions you would like to ask each contact before the meeting takes place. Also, be prepared to offer some
information in exchange. Networking is a two-way street. You must be willing to share contacts and resources, as well as receive them.
To better illustrate the networking process, let's use "accounting" as an example of a profession you may want to investigate. Who do you already
know in the field of accounting? Begin your list with the names of faculty at CSULB who teach the subject and ask for the names of students they
know. Consider attending a meeting of the Student Accounting Society on campus to develop additional contacts. Who prepares your tax return,
and what additional referrals can he/she give you?
Be sincere regarding your networking motive. If your primary goal is to locate specific job vacancy information, be honest. Ask your questions, listen
carefully to the answers given (take notes, if necessary), share some relevant information which may be of use to the contact, thank the individual
for his or her advice and always ask for a referral name with whom you may repeat this process.
Building a personal network takes time and effort. Some referrals may ultimately lead to a dead end. At some point, you may wish to get involved in
a formal, professional network to replenish your contact sources.
Using a Professional Network

Professional networks/organizations exist to promote a particular field, provide a forum to discuss issues of mutual interest and, most importantly, to
link people together with common goals. As a student or graduate, you need to identify a professional association in your local area with which to
get involved. Your major department or Career Development Center can help you identify relevant groups. Are you a psychology major? The
American Psychological Association holds local chapter meetings regularly.
There are hundreds of other such association meetings related to your major or career objectives from which you might choose.
When selecting a professional association, there are some questions you should answer:
1.
What is the purpose of the group? Does it relate to your career interests and needs?
2.
How large is the membership? A national group may make you feel lost, but may offer you contacts across the country.
3.
How is the association run? Do they offer structured involvement like committees?
4.
What are the requirements for membership? Some may require specific financial, educational, or other qualifications.
5.
What are the membership fees? Do they offer student rates?
6.
What is the membership profile? What is the typical background of the members? What are their interests? Are they the type of people you hope
to meet?
7.
Where and how often does the group meet? Does this correspond with how much time you wish to devote?
8.
What is the meeting content and format? Is there time for making contacts and introductions?
9.
What is the policy towards attending as a guest? Are they allowed?
10. What programs and services does the group make available to its members (i.e., conferences, placement assistance, professional training,
publications)?
When you have identified a network organization, determine the time, date and place of the next meeting and inquire as to whether you can attend
as a guest. Make a reservation, if necessary. Some meetings are held during lunch or dinner so be prepared to pay the designated meal fee.
When you arrive at your first meeting, find out who is responsible for coordinating the event. Explain to him/her that you do not know anyone and
are interested in meeting some of the members. It may feel uncomfortable to introduce yourself to others, but keep in mind that everyone in the
room had to begin in a similar fashion. Try to make meaningful contacts with as many individuals as possible. You must establish a professional
connection between yourself and each person with whom you converse. Dress and behave accordingly. The best way to establish rapport is to
listen carefully to the issues that are discussed, express interest, and communicate your point of view on the subject. Remember the information
you want to obtain. If appropriate, create an opportunity to share information about yourself and career needs. Remember to ask for the names of
others. In networking at such meetings, conversations tend to be brief because individuals tend to circulate.
Many individuals you meet during a networking meeting will offer their business cards. Be sure to keep them and pencil notes regarding the
individual on his/her card. These notes will serve as helpful reminders for follow-up purposes. Your professional impression is enhanced, if you also
offer a card to others in exchange for theirs. If you do not have a business card, have a simple calling card (listing your name, phone
numbers/address) prepared at a local printing shop.
After any meeting you attend, decide which individuals you may wish to pursue further. You may wish to record notes of these network contacts in a
journal. A follow-up phone call, letter, or visit is best determined by the type of relationship that you have established with him/her at that point. In
some cases, you are building friendships that will continue long after your information gathering or job seeking goals are met.
A network is like a spider web, spinning further outward as you make additional contacts. Be careful not to press too hard at any one contact point
or the web will collapse. You are at the center of the web and it is up to you and your efforts to keep this network up and functional.
Rules of Networking
DO
Try to give as much as you get.
Follow up on any leads your receive and report back to anyone who has given you a lead.
Be well informed before asking questions.
Call members of your network at times other than just when you need something. Occasionally call for "no reason at all."
Keep in touch with your old network.
Call ahead when you have given someone's name to a person in your network.
Keep expanding your network.
Take advice when you have asked for it.
Deliver on your promises.
Take others upon their offers to help.
Include a wide cross-section of people in your network.
Try to circulate at network meetings.
Support and promote other people, as well as yourself.
Know your skills, accomplishments and goals.
DO NOT
Be afraid to ask for what you need.
Pass up opportunities to network.
Expect your network to serve as a placement service.
Be discouraged if someone is unresponsive to your networking overtures.
Expect any group to meet all your needs.
Credit all incomes and gains
CONSTRUCTION SITE LAYOUT PLANNING

1. Introduction
Most construction sites that run into trouble do so for reasons related to managerial factors rather
than because of technical problems. The site-based management can make significant
improvements in the cost and time savings during the construction process without involving a
mass of additional work. The role of site managers is to control and maintain work performance
and then taking actions to rectify situations where performance is unsatisfactory.
Site management, in general, involves many tasks, such as site investigation before
construction process starts, material delivery and procurement management, keeping better site
records, keeping good site communication and high level of information flow, monitoring
performance regularly, establishing a well co-ordination system among different parts, and
performing a good site layout planning.
Among the important tasks of site management is the site layout planning. Extensive time
loss and cost overruns could result in large projects, where the number of manpower,
subcontractors, and equipment involved are high, if there is no effective and systematic approach
to site planning. A detailed planning of the site layout and location of temporary facilities can
enable the management to make considerable improvement by minimizing travel time, waiting
time, and increasing worker morale by showing better and safer work environment. Due to its
importance, this research focuses on the site layout planning problem.
Construction site layout involves identifying, sizing, and placing temporary facilities (TFs)
within the boundaries of construction site. These temporary facilities range from simple laydown
areas to warehouses, fabrication shops, maintenance shops, batch plant, and residence
facilities. Required temporary facilities and their areas are depending in many factors including
project type, scale, design, location, and organization of construction work.
Site planning in particular, has been the most neglected aspect in the construction industry
and the attitude of the engineers has been that it will be done as the project progress. It is
important to realize that the site planning will be the conditions that site personnel will live with
for the total duration of the construction period. Thus the careful pre-planning is imperative.
Also, since the labor cost on a large project constitute approximately 50 to 60 percent of the total
project cost, significant saving can be occurred if the labor force moved freely and quickly
within the site. In 1987, the Construction Industry Institute reported in its Constructability
Concepts File that temporary facilities are important elements that can either enhance or
adversely affect construction productivity.
Layout planning, in general, can be viewed as a complex optimization problem that has
many engineering applications ranging from the layout of manufacturing plants to the layout of
computer chips on a board. Since the early 1960's, the problem has been extensively analyzed in
the Industrial Engineering and Operational Research communities. However, it has not been
satisfactory analyzed in the construction domain.
Site Layout Planning 2 Dr. Emad Elbeltagi
There are two general objectives which planners should seek to meet through careful
organization of the site for construction. First, the site must be designed to maximize efficiency
of operations in order to promote worker productivity, to shorten project time and to reduce cost.
Second, the final plan must create a project with a good work environment in order to attract and
retain the best personnel and thus contribute to better work quality and productivity.
The problem of site layout planning has been solved by researchers using two distinctly
techniques: optimization and heuristics. Mathematical optimization procedures have been
designed to produce the optimum solutions. The heuristic methods, on the other hand, used to
produce good but not optimal solutions. However, the first category can not be adopted for large
projects, and the second category is the only available mean for solving the complex real life
projects.
2. The Problem
Failure to plan the site layout in advance is a prime cause of operational inefficiency, and can
increase the overall cost of a project substantially. In the absence of a precise site layout plan, the
following problems may occur:
a. Material stacks wrongly located. Materials arriving on site are off-loaded into what
someone guesses to be the correct location. This problem may involve double or triple
handling of materials to another location. For example:
- They may stocked over a drainage line or near the edge of excavation;
- They are too far from the work area;
- They are too remote from the hoist or not within the radius of the crane;
- They impede the smooth flow of work traffic across the site;
- Their delivery was wrongly phased and they are not needed until much later in the
project;
- They are fragile.
b. Plant and equipment wrongly located. For example:
- The mixer is inaccessible for the delivery of materials; not enough room for the
storage of aggregates;
- Fixed cranes are unable to reach all parts of the works;
- Hoists have insufficient capacity or height to handle the loads or badly located in
relation to the floor layout;
c. Inadequate space allowed. Where inadequate space is allowed for the stacking of materials
or activities:
- Materials may be stacked to high or stacked on roadways causing hazards.
- Working areas may become too cramped or additional areas may have o be allocated
with the consequent waste of time caused by having to travel between them.
d. Site huts wrongly located in relation to their effective use, such as:
- Site office located too near noisy activities such as mixer, or located too near to site
roads in dusty conditions, or too remote with insufficient overview of the site.
- Warehouses having inadequate access for loading and unloading or located in

insecure area.
Therefore, before moving on to a site, it is necessary to prepare a detailed site plan,
showing the positions to be taken by every item of equipment, accommodation, ancillary work
areas and materials storage areas.
3. Present Practice
In construction, field practitioners manually mark up a single site drawing to include major
temporary facilities needed on site throughout the duration of the project. They depend on
knowledge of years of experience, common sense, and adoption of past layouts in determining
positions of temporary facilities on site. But, they can not keep track of all factors that could
affect the selection, location, and interactions of all facilities to be positioned.
In fact, site layout planning is one of the preplanning tasks to be accomplished in a
construction project. This task has an interactive relationship with the other planning tasks such
as scheduling, selection of construction method, procurement and material planning, manpower
and equipment planning, and financial planning. So, it becomes a task as important as other tasks
that project managers have to accomplish.
4. Site Layout Planning Elements
A well planned site including all temporary facilities and utilities lead to: 1) increasing
productivity and safety, 2) reducing area(s) needed for temporary construction, and 3)
maximizing utilization. The following points should be considered in good site layout.
1. Safety
- Fire prevention: Fire is a major cause of damage on construction sites. So that, fire
extinguishers are basic requirements on a construction project.
- Medical services: On construction project a first aid kit is a must. In remote projects a
well-equipped medical room with a doctor and nurse is important.
- Construction safety clothing: Basic safety supplies like safety shoes, hard hats, gloves, and
goggles must be used by workers.
2. Site Accessibility
Easy accessibility will keep the morale of the equipment and vehicle drivers high, minimize
the chance of accidents, and save time in maneuvering to arrive at and leave the project. In
case of large projects, proper planning is required to layout the roads leading from the nearest
highway. Internal roads are necessary for easy flow of work. Also, Parking Lots are provided
for the owner, office, and craft personnel, but this facility must be planned where space does
exist.
3. Information Signs
- Site map: It should locate details of the project, and displayed in the office of the site
superintendent or project manager and posted at the entrance gate.
- Traffic regulatory signs: For large projects, traffic regulatory signs help in guiding the
traffic on the site and avoid accidents to a considerable extent.
- Display of labor relations policy and safety rules: This will help in eliminating disputes
between labor and management.
- Emergency routes and underground services: It is important to display the emergency
escape routes on every floor as the building progresses. Locations of underground services
should be marked to prevent its damage.
4. Security
- Entrance: It is necessary to have a proper guard entrance to the site provided by a booth.
Also, it is necessary to keep track of all visitors to the project.
- Lighting: It is necessary to have a standby generator to maintain site lighting.
- Fencing: The boundary should be fenced off from a security point of view.
5. Accommodation
On large construction projects, it is necessary to provide camp accommodation for all type of
staff involved in the project.
6. Offices
The offices should be close together, close to the site, and in a safe area. Also, provide the
offices with proper office equipment. The offices at the site may include job office, general
contractor office, and sub-contractors and consultants Offices.
7. Water Supply and Sanitation
It is necessary to have water and toilet facilities in convenient locations to accommodate the
work force.
8. Material Handling
One third or more of all construction operations can be classified as material handling. The
use of proper equipment for material handling and advance planning for minimizing multiple
handling will result in direct cost and time savings.
9. Storage and site cleaning
It is necessary to plan and reserve storage areas for materials so that multiple movement of
material is avoided.
- Laydown areas: Areas reserved for storage of large materials and equipment and it can be
short-term or long-term.
- Warehouses: They are sheltered storage facilities where materials are stored until they have
disbursed to the job.
- Material staging areas: They used when materials are stored near the work on a short-term
basis. They are generally as close to work as possible.
- Site cleaning: It is necessary at a work place and especially where the extent of debris
produced is high. Regular disposal of debris is necessary.
10. Craft Change-Houses
Craft change-houses provide sheltered space for craft personnel to change and store clothes,
wash, and rest during waiting periods.
11. Batch plant and Fabrication Shops
Batch plants are provided on projects where it is more economical to produce concrete on site
than to buy a ready mix. Aggregate storage piles, cement silos and admixture tanks will
accompany an on-site batch plant. Shops are used where materials and equipment are
fabricated on site. This includes electrical, mechanical, carpentry, and paint shops. Also,
testing shops used to house the necessary testing equipment and personnel for the project.
5. Temporary Facilities Characteristics
It is important to understand the characteristics of the temporary facilities before planning the
site layout. Six generic temporary facility characteristics are discussed in this section.
1. Satisfying environmental and safety regulations: All temporary facilities should satisfy
environmental and safety regulations. Special attention should be paid to temporary
facilities like batch plants, which have high pollution potential. Planners have to make
proper arrangements to control the air, water, and noise pollution from such facilities.
2. Availability of diverse solutions for the same problem: There are many arrangements that
can be made to establish a temporary facility. For example, if a warehouse is required, the
planner can build a warehouse on the site, use existing facilities on the site, rent a building
near the site, or plan a just in time delivery. Based on the usage of the warehouses, each
alternative can be further divided into several sub items. For example, the material of
building the facility can vary from wood, bricks, to a steel structure.
3. Relatively short life span of a specific location: The life span of temporary facility depends
on the duration of the project. In general, it must be removed as soon as the project is
completed.
4. Reutilization with a minimum loss for the same or modified function at another location:
Due to the shorter life span of temporary facility on site, planners consider reutilization of
the temporary facilities. This can result in saving the cost of construction. With appropriate
modifications, most of the temporary facilities can be used for more different purposes.
Therefore, good maintenance, and storage of the building materials can increase the
frequency of reutilization and decrease construction costs significantly.
5. Easy of assembly, dismantling, and exploitation: temporary facilities structures which are
easy to assemble and dismantle will reduce both assembly and disassembly time. As
mentioned above, temporary facilities will need to be removed in a very short period of
time after project completion. Thus, temporary facilities structures should be easy to
assemble and dismantle without any damage to the structure components. Prefabricated
modules are ideal for constructing temporary facilities and they are usually easy to
assemble and dismantle.
6. Standardization of design: Standardization of design and construction of temporary
facilities can increase the frequency of reutilization and reduce the work-hours and cost
required for construction the facilities. This approach makes the maintenance,
transportation and storage of temporary facilities easy. The benefits of the learning curve
can be gained from repetitive field operations, which results in increase of productivity and
quality. Also, benefits are obtained by providing grater interchangeability of spare parts
and reducing the variety of spare parts stored in the warehouse.
6. Facility Identification and Sizing
Identifying the required temporary

temporary facilities for a specific project and determining their areas are
difficult decisions that require thorough consideration of the project conditions and local
regulations. In current practice, layout planning is often done in a speedy manner by adjust
adjusting
previous plans based mainly on the project manager's experience and common sense. In many
situations, some facilities, which are required by local by-laws,
by laws, such as a site first
first-aid
aid office or a
fire route may be omitted. Accommodating these facilities later
later can be costly and can cause loss
of site productivity. While some information related to facility identification and sizing have
been documented in the literature, this information however is scattered and is not readily usable.
In order to develop the
the knowledge base for the facility identification and area determination, the
knowledge were acquired and compiled from different sources, including construction safety and
health manuals, company handbooks, published dissertations, technical articles, and interviews
with some experts in the construction industry.
Temporary Facilities Selection
One of the characteristics of temporary facilities is the availability of diverse solutions for the
same function. This section describes some of the considerations when selecting the required
temporary facilities for a specific project.
- Construction type:
type: The construction of an industrial plant, such as power plant, requires
more storage and fabrication area for process mechanical and electrical work than other
projects such as a highway project.
Chapter 8 Project Scheduling
Value engineering
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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mber 2007)
Value engineering (VE)) is a systematic method to improve the "value" of goods or products and services by using an
examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost.
cost. Value can therefore be increased by either
improving the function or reducing the cost.. It is a primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and
not be reduced as a consequence
consequence of pursuing value improvements.[1]
In the United States, value engineering is specifically spelled out in Public Law 104-106, which states Each executive
agency shall establish and maintain cost-effective value engineering procedures and processes." [2]
Value engineering is sometimes taught within the project management or industrial engineering body of knowledge as a
technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (function) and costs. In
most cases this practice identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the
manufacturer and/or their customers.
VE follows a structured thought process that is based exclusively on "function", i.e. what something "does" not what it is. For
example a screw driver that is being used to stir a can of paint has a "function" of mixing the contents of a paint can and not
the original connotation of securing a screw into a screw-hole. In value engineering "functions" are always described in a two
word abridgment consisting of an active verb and measurable noun (what is being done - the verb - and what it is being
done to - the noun) and to do so in the most non-prescriptive way possible. In the screw driver and can of paint example, the
most basic function would be "blend liquid" which is less prescriptive than "stir paint" which can be seen to limit the action
(by stirring) and to limit the application (only considers paint.) This is the basis of what value engineering refers to as
"function analysis".[3]
Value engineering uses rational logic (a unique "how" - "why" questioning technique) and the analysis of function to identify
relationships that increase value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the scientific method, which focuses on
hypothesis-conclusion approaches to test relationships, and operations research, which uses model building to identify
predictive relationships.
Value engineering is also referred to as "value management" or "value methodology" (VM), and "value analysis" (VA).[4] VE
is above all a structured problem solving process based on function analysisunderstanding something with such clarity
that it can be described in two words, the active verb and measurable noun abridgement. For example, the function of a
pencil is to "make marks". This then facilitates considering what else can make marks. From a spray can, lipstick, a diamond
on glass to a stick in the sand, one can then clearly decide upon which alternative solution is most appropriate.
Contents
[hide]
1 Origins
2 The Job Plan
3 How it works
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links
Origins[edit]
Value engineering began at General Electric Co. during World War II. Because of the war, there were shortages of skilled
labour, raw materials, and component parts. Lawrence Miles, Jerry Leftow, and Harry Erlicher at G.E. looked for acceptable
substitutes. They noticed that these substitutions often reduced costs, improved the product, or both. What started out as an
accident of necessity was turned into a systematic process. They called their technique "value analysis".
The Job Plan[edit]
Value engineering is often done by systematically following a multi-stage job plan. Larry Miles' original system was a six-step
procedure which he called the "value analysis job plan." Others have varied the job plan to fit their constraints. Depending on
the application, there may be four, five, six, or more stages. One modern version has the following eight steps:
1. Preparation
2. Information
3. Analysis
4. Creation
5. Evaluation
6. Development
7. Presentation
8. Follow-up
Four basic steps in the job plan are:
Information gathering - This asks what the requirements are for the object. Function analysis, an important technique in
value engineering, is usually done in this initial stage. It tries to determine what functions or performance characteristics
are important. It asks questions like; What does the object do? What must it do? What should it do? What could it do?
What must it not do?
Alternative generation (creation) - In this stage value engineers ask; What are the various alternative ways of meeting
requirements? What else will perform the desired function?
Evaluation - In this stage all the alternatives are assessed by evaluating how well they meet the required functions and
how great the cost savings will be.
Presentation - In the final stage, the best alternative will be chosen and presented to the client for final decision.
How it works[edit]
VE follows a structured thought process to evaluate options as follows.
Gather information
1.What is being done now?
Who is doing it?
What could it do?
What must it not do?
Measure
2.How will the alternatives be measured?
What are the alternate ways of meeting requirements?
What else can perform the desired function?
Analyze
3.What must be done?
What does it cost?
Generate
4.What else will do the job?

Evaluate
5.Which Ideas are the best?
6. Develop and expand ideas
What are the impacts?
What is the cost?
What is the performance?
7.Present ideas
Sell alternatives
Employment Rights & Conditions

The Employment Act & Who It Covers
Contracts of Service & Termination
Hours of Work & Rest Days
Salary
Retrenchment
Retirement and Re-employment Act
Central Provident Fund
Workfare
WorkRight
Young Persons & Children

Amendments to the Employment Act
Leave & Holidays
Part Time Employment
Employment Related Services
Fair Employment
WorkPro
Work Life Harmony
Medical Benefits
Tripartism in Singapore
Trade Unions
International Labour Relations
Resources
Workplace Diversity Management
Best Sourcing
Community Engagement Programme at Workplaces
The Employment Act: Who it covers
Note:
From 1 April 2014, persons employed in managerial and executive positions earning a basic monthly salary not exceeding
$4,500 will be covered under the Employment Act, except for the provisions in Part IV.
From 1 April 2014, non-workmen employees earning a basic monthly salary not exceeding $2,500 will be covered under Part
IV of the Employment Act.
Who is covered by the Employment Act
Managers & executives
Workmen
Who is covered by the Employment Act

The Employment Act covers every employee (regardless of nationality) who is under a contract of service with an employer, except:
a.
Any person employed in a managerial or executive position
b.
Any seaman;
c.
Any domestic worker; and
d.
Any person employed by a Statutory Board or the Government.
Part IV of the Act, which provides for rest days, hours of work and other conditions of service, applies only to:
a.
Workmen earning not more than $4,500 basic monthly salaries and
b.
Employees earning not more than $2,000 basic monthly salaries.
Managers & executives

Managers and executives are employees with executive or supervisory functions. These functions include the authority to influence
or make decision on issues such as recruitment, discipline, termination of employment, assessment of performance and reward, or
involvement in the formulation of strategies and policies of the enterprise, or the management and running of the business.
They also include professionals with tertiary education and specialised knowledge/skills and whose employment terms are
comparable to those of managers and executives. Professionals such as lawyers, accountants, dentists and doctors whose nature
and terms of employment are comparable to executives would generally be deemed as such, and hence they would not be covered
under the Act.
Junior managers and executives earning $4,500 basic monthly salary and below are onlycovered partially on the basic payment
of salary. All other provisions do not apply to them.
Workmen
A workman is an employee whose work involves manual labour. This includes a worker who falls under any of the following
categories:
a.
Any person, skilled or unskilled, doing manual work, including any artisan or apprentice but excluding any seaman or
domestic servant;
b.
Any person, other than clerical staff, employed in the operation or maintenance of mechanically propelled vehicles that
transport passengers, for hire or commercial purposes;
c.
Any person employed to supervise any workman and perform manual work. However, this is subject to the requirement that
the time spent on manual work must be more than half of the total working time in a salary period; or
d.
Any person specified in the First Schedule of the Employment Act, namely:
i.
Cleaners;
ii.
Construction workers;
iii.
Labourers;
iv.
Machine operators and assemblers;
v.
Metal and machinery workers;
vi.
Train,bus, lorry and van drivers;
vii.
Train and bus inspectors;and
viii.
All workmen employed on piece rates at the employer's premises.
It covers both local and foreign employees. It does not make any distinction between a temporary employee, contract employee,
daily-rated employee or employee on tenured employment.
For employees working less than 35 hours a week, they are covered by the Employment of Part-Time Employees Regulations,
which provide certain flexibility for both the employers and employees, including the pro-rating of employment benefits, encashment
of annual leave and provision of rest day.
SERVICES
e-Calculator
Maternity & Childcare Leave Self-Assessment Tool
Employment Standards Online (ESOL) for Individual Users
Employment Standards Online (ESOL) for Business Users
Notification of Retrenchment Exercise
FORMS
Application for Overtime Exemption - 12 hours
Application for Overtime Exemption (72 hours a month)
Notification of Young Person Employed in an Industrial Undertaking

Bye Laws Final Notes

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TOPIC:- IMPORTANCE OF BUILDING BYE LAWS

Q: What are the importances of building bye laws?

Site Location Plan

Architects' Professional Liability

1989, framed thereunder.

7.2 Civil and Criminal action in the Courts of Law

Conditions of Engagement and Scale of Charges Preamble

Scale of Charges Letter of Appointment

Comprehensive Architectural Services

and other charges in accordance with the Scale of Charges.

Rs. 20M* or 5% of the total fees payable, whichever

20% of the total fees payable less payment already

30% of the total fees payable less payment already

On completion of 40% of the work

On completion of 60% of the work

On completion of 80% of the work

65% of the total fees payable less payment already

100% of the fees payable less payment already

* Refer explanatory note 3 under Scale of charges.

5. EFFECTING PAYMENT TO THE ARCHITECT :

involving financial implications without prior consent of the Client.

Purpos Guidelin Registration

Schedu Schedu Schedul

Assist in the preparation and approval of the brief.

on the technical aspect of the competition entries.

which is qualified as per 3 above.

Each competitor shall retain Copyright in his own competition design.

set by the competition.

Competitor (s)/ Name (s)

Registration fee (By Demand Draft

Demand Draft for Rs. ...................................................(enter

no .......................................... dated .................................................

Registration is not transferable.

Title of Competition (Enter name of project and location)

1. PROJECT AND IDEAS COMPETITIONS

stage has been declared, it will be disqualified.

will be from all over the country.

iii. Third prize

iv. Merit prizes upto 5 each

Project with built-up area upto

ii. Professional Advisor/

chitects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989

provide professional services of a high standard, to the best of his ability,

act with fairness and impartiality when administering a building contract,

maintain a high standard of integrity,

promote the advancement of Architecture, standards of Architectural education, research,

compete fairly with other Architects,

not supplant or attempt to supplant another Architect,

recognize and respect the professional contribution of his employees,

recognize and respect the professional contribution of his associates,

recognize and respect the professional contribution of the consultants,

(a) a notice of change of address may be published on three occasions and

advertising or promoting projects for which he has been commissioned,

TOPIC : LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF AN ARCHITECT

CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS PHASE

By Private Invitation (Selected or Limited Invitation)

Lump-sum Plus Percentage (Target) Tender

Understanding Accounting Methods

Why method matters

LESSON 1 INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING

1.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

1.2. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF BOOK- KEEPING

entity means an economic unit that performs economic activities.