Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Molecular View of
Elements and Compounds
Molecular Elements
Certain elements occur as 2 atom molecules
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2
Chemistry A Molecular Aprroach, Tro, 1st edition, 2008, Pearson Prentice Hall, p.94
Molecular Compounds
Made up of nonmetal atoms bound with covalent bonds
(sharing electrons)
The smallest unit of a molecular compound is the molecule
Example:
one water molecule
CHEM101 F14
CH3COOH or CH3CO2H
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 69
OH
Structure of cholesterol
CH3
CH3
Ionic Compounds
Example: NaCl
Electron transfer
Electron
Cl
Na
Na
ClIonic interaction
Na
Cl-
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 71
Practice Example:
Classify the following substances as atomic elements, molecular
elements, ionic compounds or molecular compounds
MgCl2
Br2
Li
LiF
Oxygen
CLICKER QUESTION
CH3CH2OH
S8
Ti
TiO2
Example:
One formula unit of NaCl weighs ?
1 Na atom = 22.9898 u
1 Cl atom = 35.4527 u
22.9898 + 35.4527 u = 58.4425 u
Practice examples:
Calculate the molecular or formula weights of the following:
SO2
CLICKER QUESTION
Ba(OH)2
Practice examples:
How many moles of Carbon and Oxygen are in one mole of carbon
dioxide, CO2?
Practice Example:
CLICKER QUESTION
Percent Composition
For a compound, the mass percentage of one element that
makes up the compound is calculated as follows:
mass of element
Mass percentage
100%
mass of compound
The mass percentage of hydrogen in water is:
2.0158 u
Mass % of H
100%
18.0152 u
= 11.1894 %
Practice Example:
What is the mass percent composition of acetic acid,
CH3COOH?
Determining formulas
Determining formulas
1mol O
15.9994 g
= 4.35 moles
Determining formulas
NO2
STEP 5: Use the experimentally-determined molecular mass to calculate the
molecular formula
empirical formula molecular mass: 14.0067 + 2(15.9994) = 46.0055 g
molecular formula molecular mass: 92 g/mol
Correct formula must be N2O4
Determining formulas
Practice Example: A compound with a molecular mass of 98.0 u
contains 3.09 % Hydrogen by mass; 31.6% Phosphorus by mass
and 65.3% Oxygen by mass. Determine its molecular formula.
Determining formulas
Combustion Analysis
The empirical formulas for compounds that are easily burned
can be found via combustion analysis:
In a combustion reaction, molecules are burned in a
stream of oxygen gas. If the molecule contains H and
C, the products are always carbon dioxide and water.
Determining formulas
Combustion Analysis
An apparatus for combustion analysis: The masses of the products H2O
and CO2 are recorded; the mass of the original sample is known
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 80
Determining formulas
Combustion Analysis
Determining formulas
Combustion Analysis
Example: What is the empirical formula for Vitamin C? Combustion
analysis on a 0.2000 g sample yields 0.2998 g CO2 and 0.0819 g
H2O.
STEP 1: Determine the mass of carbon in the original sample. (Find the number of
moles of C in the CO2 product and convert to grams of C)
0.2998 g CO2 x 1 mol CO 2 x 1 mol C x 12.011 g C
44.010 g CO 2 1 mol CO 2
1 mol C
= 0.08182 g C
STEP 2: Determine the mass of hydrogen in the original sample. (Find the number of
moles of H in the H2O product and convert to grams of H)
0.0819 g H2O x
1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H
1.00794 g H
x
x
= 0.009164 g H
18.0153 g H 2 O 1 mol H 2O
1 mol H
Determining formulas
Combustion Analysis
Example continued: (0.08182 g C
0.009164 g H)
STEP 3: Determine the mass of oxygen in the original sample. (Find the difference in
the original mass and the known C and H masses).
Mass O
= sample mass mass C mass H
= 0.2000 g 0.08182g 0.009164 g = 0.1090 g O
STEP 4: Determine a formula for the compound from the number of moles of C, H and
O (C and H already known, calculate O from mass)
1 mol C
= 0.006812 moles C
12.011 g C
0.009164 g H x 1 mol H
= 0.009092 moles H
1.00794 g H
1 mol O
0.1090 g O x
= 0.006813 moles O
15.9994 g O
0.08182 g C x
C0.006812H0.009092O0.006813
Determining formulas
Combustion Analysis
Example continued: C0.006812H0.009092O0.006813
STEP 5: Find the empirical formula by converting subscripts to smallest whole numbers
Divide by 0.006812 first:
CH1.33O
For smallest whole numbers, multiply each number by 3:
C3H4O3
(actual formula for vitamin C6H8O6)
Practice Example
A 0.1888-g sample of a hydrocarbon produces 0.6260 g CO2 and 0.1602
g H2O in combustion analysis. Its molecular mass is found to be
106 amu. Determine the empirical and molecular formulas for this
hydrocarbon.
Practice examples:
Assign oxidation numbers to the atoms in the following
compounds:
CuF2
Fe2O3
C (s)
H2O
NaH
Fe (s)
Fe 2+
H2SO4
CLICKER QUESTION
Br
Br
Mg
Ionic Interactions
Mg
Br-
2+
Br-
Formulas:
Net charge of the formula must equal zero
Write the elemental symbol for the cation first and the
elemental symbol for the anion second
Names:
Write the name of the cation first and the name of the
anion second
Leave out the word ion
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 85
Examples: What is the name and formula of the ionic compound made
up of the:
Na+ and ClNeed one of each ion for a net charge of zero
NaCl, sodium chloride
Al3+ and INeed one aluminum ion and three iodide ions for a net zero charge
AlI3, aluminum iodide
Fe3+ and O2Need two iron and three oxygen for a net zero charge
Fe2O3, iron (III) oxide (or ferric oxide)
Practice examples:
MgF2
CoCl3
Ag2S
MnO2
Name the second element in the formula using ide ending and a prefix if needed
Prefixes:
Number
Prefix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
monoditritetrapentahexaheptaoctanonadeca-
Examples:
N2O5
BBr3
SO3
SF6
dinitrogen pentoxide
boron tribromide
sulfur trioxide
sulfur hexafluoride
HF (aq)
HCl(aq)
HBr (aq)
HI (aq)
H2S(aq)
hydrofluoric acid
hydrochloric acid
hydrobromic acid
hydroiodic acid
hydrosulfuric acid
Practice Examples:
Name the following compounds:
HF (aq)
PCl3
HCl (g)
CO2
N2O3
Polyatomic ions
A polyatomic ion is a group of covalently-bonded atoms
with a net charge
Names usually end in ite or ate
Polyatomic ions containing oxygen are called oxoanions
Polyatomic ions
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 89
Naming rules are the same as they were for binary ionic compounds
Examples:
KCN
LiNO3
Fe(OH)3
(NH4)2SO4
potassium cyanide
lithium nitrate
iron (III) hydroxide
ammonium sulfate
Naming rules
ate ic
ite ous
General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, Petrucci, Harwood, Herring, Madura, 9th edition, 2007, Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 90
Practice examples:
Name the following compounds
MnO2
KMnO4
P2O5
CuO
NO
HClO3
CuSO45H2O
CLICKER QUESTION