Booklet For Anti-Human Trafficking Advocates

Human Trafficking
Toolkit
By The Academy for Prevention of Human Traffikcing and Other Related Matters(TAPHOM)
www.devatop.org,
devatop2013@gmail.com,
+2348067251727
Devatop Centre for Africa Development
Human Trafficking Toolkit

By The Academy for Prevention of Human Trafficking and Other Related Matters (a subsidiary of Devatop Centre for Africa Development)
www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727
NOTE
This intellectual property of The Academy for Prevention of Human
Trafficking and Other Related Matters (TAPHOM) can serve as a
teaching, training or advocacy tool for trainers and advocates. No
part of this book should be written without the approval by the
author.
The updated version will be published and launched on March, 2016
Contributors:
Joseph Osuigwe
Jenna Treen
Chinonyerem Anyanaso

CHAPTER ONE
OVERVIEW OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
INTRODUCTION:
Slavery was abolished more than 155 years ago, but there exist more people in
modern day slavery now, than any other time in the human history. Human
trafficking has become a high-profit and relatively low-risk business with ample
supply and growing demand. A lot of people think that Human Trafficking is a
foreign issue, but it can happen at our backyard. All over the world there are daily
reports of human trafficking; our women, girls and children are used as money
generating machines. The future of so many young people has been punctured,
their dream delayed, vision shattered, and potentials caged because of the
triumph of this evil.
It doesnt matter if you are rich or poor, from the city or village, anyone can be at
risk of human trafficking. Human trafficking remains a great threat to our
economy, development, advancement, and human capital. It saps the very
potential of our nation by frustrating the aspiration of our young people.
1.1.
DEFINITION:
According to The Trafficking Protocol, Human Trafficking is the recruitment,

transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or
use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of

the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving

of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
This definition entails that human trafficking has acts, means, and purposes
(AMP):
ACTS: This entails what is done to the victims, and these include:
Transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons.
MEANS: This entails how it is done. It is done with threat or use of force,
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or
giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim, and
sometimes through online platform.
PURPOSES: This entails why it is done, which include exploiting the
prostitution of others, sexual exploitation, child pornography, child labour,
forced labour, bonded labour, slavery, removal of organs, rituals, or similar
practices/servitudes.
NOTE:
Movement is not an element necessary for human trafficking.
A child under 18 years who is involved in commercial sex without force,
coercion can be considered victim of human trafficking.
Traffickers also force their victims into illegal activities such as fraud or
stealing, in order to criminalize them as another means of control.
1.2.
HISTORY
Human trafficking began in two phases: first, as a slave trade which existed in
1400s in Africa, especially by Portuguese, and second as a forced labour of

children during the 1700s, while sex trafficking started as a white slavery. The
British were the first to make a law against slavery in 1807, when they passed a
law that made the Transatlantic Slave Trade illegal. In 1820, the United States
followed Great Britain's example by making the slave trade a crime that was
punishable by death.
In 1899 and 1902, international conferences to talk about white slavery were
organized in Paris, France. Then in 1904, an international agreement against the
'white slave trade' was created, with a focus on migrant women and children. In
1910, 13 countries signed the International Convention for the Suppression of
White Slave Trade to make this form of trafficking illegal. This International
Convention led to the creation of national committees to work against the
trafficking of white women. However, the First World War halted these efforts,
and it wasn't until 1921 that the fight against trafficking continued. In June of
1921, a the League of Nations held an international conference in Geneva, in
which the term 'white slavery' was changed to 'traffic of women and children'.
This was done to make sure that: the trafficking in all countries was dealt with,
the victims of races other than those termed 'white' were recognized, and that
male children were also recognized as victims. During this conference, 33
countries signed the International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic
in
Women
and
Children.
In 1923, the League of Nations had a group of experts carry out two studies on
the trafficking of women and children. These studies were created to answer the
following questions: were there many foreign women selling sex in the countries
studied; was there a demand for foreign women prostitutes, if so , why was there
a demand; what areas of their home countries were these women taken from and

did they leave their home country by themselves or did someone help them; who
were the people trafficking these women; what countries did these women come
from, why did they leave their home countries, and how did they get to where
they were. According to the results of the first study, most of the women came
from many different European countries and were sent to countries in South
America and Central America, and to Egypt, Algeria, and Tunis. The second study
focused specifically on the sex trafficking between Asia and Europe and America.
The results showed that very few Asian women were trafficked to Europe or
America, and instead, mushes of the trafficking victims were Americans and
Europeans that were trafficked to Asian countries. The results of the second study
also showed a pattern of Asian women being trafficked from one Asian country
to the next, and of Asian women trafficked to men of their own ethnic
background who were living in or visiting places outside of Asia. Both of these
studies showed that the main ways traffickers used to convince women to be
trafficked was the use of force and deception.
In 1949, the United Nations Convention of the Traffic in Persons and the
Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others was passed. This was the first
convention about human trafficking that was legally binding to the countries that
signed it and required the countries to make prostitution illegal. However, like all
of the conventions before it, this convention still dealt only dealt with human
trafficking that had a sexual purpose. In 2000, the United Nations Protocol
against
1.3.
Trafficking
in
Persons
was
STATISTICS AND FACTS ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING
There are over 27 million victims of human trafficking worldwide
passed.

Human trafficking is the 2nd largest crime industry in the world with an
estimate of over 32 billion dollars yearly.
More than 30, 000 victims of human trafficking die every year as a result of
torture, hunger, disease, neglect, abuse etc.
Over 50% of victims of human trafficking are children.
1.3 WHO IS A TRAFFICKER

Traffickers may be professional or non-professional criminals. They may operate
as individuals, families, or more organized groups of criminals, and are facilitated
by other indirect beneficiaries, such as advertising, distribution, or retail
companies and consumers.
1.4 EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING:
1. The victims suffer from lack of self-esteem, emotional disturbance,
disorientation, and depression and are scarred for life. They develop deep
psychological disorders that they struggle with for the rest of their lives
even if they have been rescued.
2. The victims are likely to become withdrawn and tend to be suicidal.
3. The use of sexual protection is negligible in this industry, leaving the
exploited at a high risk of contracting various sexually transmitted diseases
and HIV/AIDS that they further pass on to the men and their partners. Such
individuals also have to constantly battle with drug addiction. Improper
supply of meals and the lack of nutritious food causes malnourishment in
these entrapped victims. Poor living conditions also contribute to the
development of various diseases that these victims suffer from in later
years. The victims are not given any medical aid to cure these ailments.

Those recruited in chemical factories are treated like modern-day slaves

and when they succumb to occupational diseases, are quickly replaced by
another batch of victims.
4. The victims always struggle to gain acceptance in society from the stigma
after being rescued.
1.5 CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Push Factors:
1. An unequal access to education: this limits womens opportunities to
increase their earnings in more skilled occupants. Lack of education.
2. Lack of employment opportunities among youths and women. Every young
person who is unemployed is vulnerable to human trafficking.
3. Unawareness or lack of information about human trafficking
4. Greediness and lack of contentment among young people and parents.
5. Poverty
6. Crisis and war
7. Traditional community attitudes
Pull Factors:
1. The increased demand for foreign workers.
2. The ease in controlling and manipulating vulnerable women.
3. Lack of access to legal remedies for victims of trafficking.
4. Devaluation of women and childrens human rights
5. Low-risk, high-profit nature of human trafficking.
1.6 FORMS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING:

Human trafficking is multifaceted and has the following forms:

1. Sex Trafficking (forced prostitution, child pornography, domestic sexual
exploitation)
2. Trafficking for Child Labour
3. Trafficking Forced Labour
4. Trafficking for Bonded Labour
5. Organ trafficking
6. Forced Marriage
7. Trafficking for Begging
8. Trafficking for Rituals
Internal Human Trafficking involves from rural to urban or from urban to
urban
External Human Trafficking involves from a country to another country.
1.7 STORIES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1. Ritha was interested in finding work in Europe and a fellow Nigerian
woman helped arrange for her travel and immigration papers for a job in
Germany. Before Ritha left, she underwent a traditional Juju ritual where
she promised to repay the woman 60,000 (US$82,000) or else she would
lose her soul and her life. When she arrived in Frankfurt, she was taken to a
prostitution house where she had to have sex with 18 men a day and hand
over all of the money to pay off her debt. After being arrested, she was
introduced to an NGO who shared that traffickers used voodoo was a
tactic to compel people in prostitution. This helped her gain the courage

to break her Juju oath and she now helps other Nigerian women deceived
in the same way.
2. Amelia, 17, and Mara, 22, left their impoverished village in Colombia to
work as waitresses in Argentina, where they had been offered good pay.
Instead, their recruiters took them to Chile, where a man informed them
that they would be serving men at a brothel, not customers at a restaurant.
Amelia, Mara, and the 15 other Colombian women were not allowed to
leave the brothel or make phone calls; there was nowhere to go for help.
The group decided Amelia and Mara should escape and then seek help for
the others. They immediately called their families and the authorities in
Colombia, which lead to Chilean authorities arresting the lead woman of
the trafficking ring.
Sex trafficking occurs within street prostitution, brothels, homes, hotels,

escort services, massage parlors and other establishments posing as
legitimate businesses.
I can only describe my life in New York as five years in hell, said Carmen. The
three brothers who captured her and dozens of others have been sentenced to
jail for pimping out and abusing the women; Carmen was pimped out by 35year-old Benito Lopez-Perez. From the day I arrived in New York until the day I
escaped, Benito forced me to work seven days a week, she said. I was just
merchandise for him. His associates, his clients treated me as an animal. Carmen
was ferried around the tri-state area and forced to have sex with men in their
homes and with seasonal workers in rural areas of Connecticut, New Jersey and
New York, she testified in court, according to the paper.
The depraved pimp forced her to have sex with as many as 60 men in one day.
9

At the end of the day I was bleeding and in great pain caused by these men, she
recalled, adding that he would savagely beat her if she wasnt out earning
money.
Carmen hoped her tormentor would beat her to death.
I was upset because he hadn't killed me and that I had to live another day of
torture, she said.
The other victim was forced by Anastasio Romero-Perez, 50, to tattoo his name
on her stomach, she told the paper. She was his property.
Another brother, Jose Gabino Barrientos-Perez, 50, was in on the scheme, but
only found guilty of stashing hookers in various apartments in the citys five
boroughs.
Carmen finally escaped in 2010 but was locked in suicide ward at a city hospital
to keep her from killing herself, she said its the only time she had felt safe in
years.
Although I have been free for three years, there is a part of me that is still
trapped, Carmen testified in court.
1.8: EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Human trafficking has a huge negative impact on the victims, society and nation.
Human trafficking deprives people of their human rights and freedoms, it is a
10

global health risk, and it fuels the growth of organized crime. However, the
impact of human trafficking goes beyond the individual victims, to society,
nations and continent. The victims suffer physical and emotional abuse, rape,
threats against self and family, passport theft, and even death. There are many
forms of impact of human trafficking. (The United States Attorneys Office,
Northern Districts of IOWA. Human trafficking response team)
1. Isolation: They are denied access to health care, social activities, and
assistance. Often times, no one around them speak their language except
for their trafficker. Victims are also afraid to come in contact with law
enforcement so that things wouldnt get worst. They want to hide
themselves, because they feel that they have failed and are ashamed.
2. Psychological effects: Victims suffer from lack of self-esteem, emotional
disturbance, disorientation, and depression and are scarred for life. They
develop big psychological disorders that they struggle with for the rest of
their lives even if they have been rescued. Some of them become
withdrawn and tend to be suicidal. Victims suffer from denial, humiliation,
guilt, eating and sleeping disorder, phobias, panic attacks, anxiety. They
longer the victims are enslaved, greater will be their traumatic experience.
3. Health Effects: Because the victims, especially of sex trafficking are made
to offer sexual services to between 8 to 15 clients in a day, they face
greater risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS.
Victims also face other forms of health challenges because they are forced
to take hard drugs/stimulants, improper supply of meal/malnutrition, poor
living conditions, lack medical aid in time of ailments, etc.
11

4. Societal Effects: The victims often struggle to gain acceptance in the

society from stigma after being rescued. Most victims experience different
forms of rejection and discrimination in the family and community.
5. Economic Effects:
Availability of cheap labour hinders employment
opportunities and subsequently reduces per capita income of the nation. It

gives rise to wastage of resources, poor standard of living, and high crime
rates. Human trafficking slows down the economic growth of the nation.
6. Physical Effects: The victims suffer from different forms of physical abuses
such as; bruises, broken bones, chronic back, visual or hearing problem,
7. Death: More than 30, 000 victims of human trafficking die every year as a
result of abuse, hunger, disease, torture, etc.
1.9: How to identify victims of human trafficking:

It is often hard to recognize victims of human trafficking, and harder to identify
human traffickers. However, below are some of the indications that a person is or
might be a victim of human trafficking.
Living with employer
Seem to be in debt to someone
poor living condition
Multiple people in cramped space
Inability to speak to individual alone
Answers appear to be scripted or rehearsed
Employer or master/madam is holding identity documents
Signs of physical abuse
Too Quiet, submissive or fearful
12

Is not free to go and come back as he/she wishes. (limited freedom of

movement)
Is fearful, anxious, depressed, nervous and paranoid
Avoids eye contact
Has no bank records
Unpaid or paid little
At Airport:
A traveler is not dressed appropriately for their route of travel.
A traveler is not dressed appropriately for their route of travel.
Their communication seems scripted, or there are inconsistencies with their
story.
They can't move freely in an airport or on a plane, or they are being
controlled, closely watched or followed.
They are afraid to discuss themselves around others, deferring any
attempts at conversation to someone who appears to be controlling them.
1.10: How to combat and prevent human trafficking. (An ounce of prevention
is worth a pounce of cure). The combating of human trafficking can be
categorized under the following 4Ps:
1. Prevention: Some of the anti-human trafficking prevention activities
include:
13

Massive and consistent awareness/campaigns in communities, especially in

vulnerable areas.
Vocational training for vulnerable people, especially women and youths.
Provision of microcredit to rural women and parents.
Educational opportunities for vulnerable children
Reduce the incidence of migration and stop cross boarder crises
Develop tools to keep young people self, online and offline.
Create employment for youths
2. Policy and Cooperation:

Developing and implementing plans, policies and guidelines to strengthen
the fight against human trafficking
Strengthening
collaboration
and
cooperation
between
ministries,
organizations and countries with focus on combating and preventing

human trafficking
3. Persecution:
Developing and implementing of specific anti-human trafficking laws,
training of law enforcement agents, judiciaries and legislatures.
Increase the punishment of offenders and traffickers
4. Protection
Treat victims as victims, not as offenders
Provide range of services including shelter, medical and psychological
support, legal assistance and support for self-return and re-integration.
14

EXERCISE
1. What other factors do you consider to be causes of human trafficking?
2. What other ways to think human trafficking can be eradicated and

prevented?
3. What personal role can you play in combating and preventing human
trafficking?
15

CHAPTER TWO
SEX TRAFFICKING
Introduction:
Trafficking women and children for sexual exploitation is the fastest growing
criminal enterprise in the world. Sex trafficking is the most common form of
modern-day slavery. It is a weapon against the future of women and children;
and a tool of oppression. It is important to note that women are not
commodities that can be bought, sold, and sexually exploited.
a. How to counsel and rehabilitate the victims of sex trafficking
2.1: DEFINITION
The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, obtaining, patronizing, or
soliciting of a person for the purpose of a commercial sex act where such an act
is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform
such act has not attained 18 years of age. It is a habouring or movement of
people especially women and children with force, deception or fake promise for
the purpose of sexual slavery, sex services or exploitation. In addition, any minor
(underage person) involved in a commercial sex act in some countries, like USA,
while under the age of 18 qualifies as a trafficking victim, even if no force, fraud
or coercion is involved.
2.2: What Victims of Sex Trafficking Are Used For

16

Women and young girls are sold to traffickers, locked up in rooms or

brothels for weeks or months, drugged, terrorized, and raped repeatedly
until they become more loyal to their traffickers. The victims of sex
trafficking are used for Prostitution and escort services, Pornography,
stripping and exotic dancing, Massage palours, Sexual services publicized
on the internet or in newspaper, Restaurants, bars, and cantinas, or the
trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation can be in
different forms, which include:
1. Forced prostitution: This involves the use of force, coercion, deception on
victims to engage in commercial sex, to make money for the madam/pimp.
Most, if not all, forms of forced prostitution may be viewed as a kind of
sexual slavery.
2. Child prostitution: The prostitution of children is a form of commercial

sexual exploitation of children in which a child performs the services
of prostitution, usually for the financial benefit of an adult
3. Child pornography or forced pornography: Child pornography,

sometimes referred to as 'child abuse images', refers to images or films
depicting sexually explicit activities involving a child. Abuse of the child
occurs during the sexual acts which are photographed in the production of
child pornography. There are numerous websites (trying to mask their
actions) advertising for prostitution. Many of these sites involve young girls
victimized by sex trafficking. Many of the pictures are altered to give the
impression of older girls engaged in the activity freely and voluntarily.
4. Domestic Sexual Slavery/Exploitation: This involves the habouring of a
victim in a place where she gives sexual services to her trafficker.
17

Victims trafficked into prostitution and pornography are usually involved in the
most exploitive forms of commercial sex operations. Sex trafficking operations
can be found in highly-visible venues such as street, as well as more
underground systems such as closed-brothels that operate out of residential
homes. Sex trafficking also takes place in a variety of public and private locations
such as massage parlors, spas, strip clubs and other fronts for prostitution.
Victims may start off dancing or stripping in clubs and then be coerced into
situations of prostitution and pornography.
Sex traffickers frequently subject their victims to debt-bondage, an illegal

practice in which the traffickers tell their victims that they owe money (often
relating to the victims living expenses and transport into the country) and that
they must pledge their personal services to repay the debt.
Sex traffickers use a variety of methods to condition their victims including
starvation, confinement, beatings, physical abuse, rape, gang rape, threats of
violence to the victims and the victims families, forced drug use and the threat of
shaming their victims by revealing their activities to their family and their
families friends.
It is so shocking that some traffickers of young girls into prostitution are often
women who have been trafficked themselves.
Though customers of commercial sex are not exclusively men, but studies show
that customers who buy sex from females are usually(not all) inherently violent
and dangerous, some are psychologically abnormal, criminally inclined, rapists
18

and obsessive porn users. Some are travelers, sex addicts or looking for specific
sexual experience. Some dont know if the sex worker is trafficked or not.
2.3: Methods and tactics traffickers use to recruit their victims
Victims of sex trafficking can be women or men, girls or boys, but the majority
are women and girls. Traffickers are manipulative and cruel and will use any and
all forms of force, fraud and coercion to get young girls into the lucrative sex
trafficking industry. Though there are different methods of recruiting young
girls into sex trafficking, they all lead to a path of rape and violence.
There are a number of common patterns for luring victims into situations of sex
trafficking. These include
A promise of a good job, better, education, or better lifestyle in another

country
A false marriage proposal turned into a bondage situation
Being sold into the sex trade by parents, husbands, boyfriends
Being kidnapped by traffickers
Promise of modeling opportunities and other related activities.
etc
Victims are also lured through the use of online tools or social media platforms.
2.4 Effects on sex trafficking on the victims

Victims face numerous health risks. Physical risks include drug and alcohol
addiction; physical injuries (broken bones, concussions, burns, vaginal/anal
tearing ); traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in memory loss, dizziness,
19

headaches, numbness; sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea,

syphilis, UTIs, pubic lice); sterility, miscarriages, menstrual problems; other
diseases (e.g., TB, hepatitis, malaria, pneumonia); and forced or coerced
abortions.
2.5 How to Identify Victims of Sex Trafficking.
General Indicators
Individuals(especially young women and girls) with restricted or controlled

communication and transportation
Persons frequently moved by traffickers
A living space with a large number of occupants
People lacking private space, personal possessions, or financial records
Someone with limited knowledge about how to get around in a

community
Physical Indicators
Injuries from beatings or weapons
Signs of torture (e.g., cigarette burns)
Brands or scarring, indicating ownership
Signs of malnourishment
Financial/Legal Indicators
Someone else has possession of an individuals legal/travel documents
Existing debt issues
20

Third party who insists on interpreting.

Victim sign a contract which made her a captive to traffickers.
Brothel Indicators
Large amounts of cash and condoms
Customer logbook or receipt book (trick book)
Sparse rooms
Men come and go frequently
Note: Report any suspect or alleged victim to anti-human trafficking

authority or law enforcement agents in your country. For Nigerians, report
should be directed to National Agency for Prohibition of Trafficking in
Persons (NAPTIP).
2.6: Statistics on Sex Trafficking
2 million children are exploited every year in the global commercial sex
trade
An estimated 80% of all trafficked persons are used and abused as sexual
slaves.
Every 2 minutes a child is being prepared for sexual exploitation
6 in 10 identified trafficking survivors were trafficked for sexual exploitation
Approximately 80% are women and children bought, sold and imprisoned
in the underground sex service industry
At least 60% of human trafficking victims are women and girls.
2.6 How to combat and prevent sex trafficking
21

(Government roles, individual roles, community/family roles, etc

1. Eliminate sex tourism
2. See chapter one
EXERCISE:
1. What are the major ways to combat and prevent sex trafficking?
2. What other ways to think sex trafficking can be eradicated and
prevented?
3. What personal role can you play in combating and preventing sex
trafficking?
22

CHAPTER THREE:
CHILD LABOUR
Introduction
Children are gifts; they are the precious gift presented by Almighty God to
human life for fulfilling the world with smile, happiness and hope.
Children are the future citizens; it is childhood which determines the future of a
child. Thus, it becomes an important aspect for us, for everyone in the society,
and for the government to protect, nourish and work for the overall welfare of
children of a particular nation and the children of the world as a whole.
When we discuss about child labour, we know that it is a curse upon the God
gifted little ones on earth, Child labour according to Stein and Davies, child
labour means any work by children that interferes with their full physical
development, the opportunities for a desirable minimum education and for their
needed recreation (Odyssey Bordoloi, 28 Sept., 2010).
3.1: Definition of child labour
Child labour refer to the employment of children in any work that deprives
children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school,
and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful. Child
labour includes; children engaged in agricultural labour, in mining, in
manufacturing, in domestic service, types of construction, scavenging and
begging on the streets. Others are trapped in forms of slavery in armed conflicts,
forced labour and debt bondage (to pay-off debts incurred by parents and
guardians) as well as in commercial sexual exploitation and illicit activities, such
23

as drug trafficking and organized begging in many other forms of labour.

(International Convention on Child Labour, 2006).
3.2 History of Child Labour
Industrial revolution;
During the industrial revolution, children as young as four (4) years old were
employed in production factories with dangerous and often fatal working
conditions. Based on this understanding of the use of children as labourers, it is
now considered by wealthy countries to be a human rights violation and it is
outlawed. (E.P. Thompson; The making of the English working Class, (penguin,
1968; Pp 366-7).
Victorian era;
The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories
and mines and as chimney sweeps. For instance, Charles Dickens worked at the
age of 12 in a blacking factory with his family in debtors prison.
The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often
working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay earning 10-20% of an adult
males wage. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143
water-powered cotton mills were described as children. In 19th century, Great
Britain, one-third of poor families were without a bread winner, as a result of
death orb abandonment, obliging many children to work from a young age. Karl
Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour, saying British Industries, could
but live by sucking blood and childrens blood too, and that U.S. capital was
financed by the capitalized blood of children, (Karl Marx, 1864; Inaugural Address
of the International Working Mens Association (speech)).
24

Early 1900s;
In the early 1900, thousands of boys were employed in glass making industries.
Glass making was a dangerous and tough job especially without the current
technologies. The process of making glass includes intense heat to melt glass.
When the boys are at work, they are exposed to this heat.
This could cause eye trouble, lung ailments, heat exhaustion, cut and burns. Since
workers were paid by the piece, they had to work productively for hours without
a break. Since furnaces had to be constantly burning there were night shifts from
5:00pm to 3:00am many factory owners preferred boys under 16 years of age.
(Hine Russel Freedman; kids at work: Lewis Hine and the crusade against child
labour, New York: clarion books, pp. 54-57).
In developing countries;
In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities,
child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, Sub-Saharan Africa had the highest
incidence rates of child labour , with several African Nations witnessing over 50%
of children aged 5-14 working (UNICEF,2012; Child labour, the economist 20th
Dec., 2005). Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour. Vast
majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy;
children are predominantly employed by their parents.
The incidence of child labour in the world decreased from 25% to 10% between
1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank. Nevertheless, the total number of
child labourers remains high , with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated
168 million children aged 5-17 worldwide, were involved in child labour in 2013.
(Eric V. Edmunds and Nina Pavcnik (2005)) Child labour in the global economy
(PDF). Journal of Economic Perspective 19 (1): 199-220).
25

This brings us to child labour in Nigeria;

Child labour in Nigeria is the employment of children under the age of 18 in a
manner that restrict or prevent them from basic education and development.
Child labour is pervasive in every state of the country. In 2006, the number of
child workers was estimated at about 15 million.
3.3: Current Status of Child labour in Nigeria;
UNICEF Nigeria was active for childrens rights. Child workers include street
vendors, shoe shiners, apprentice mechanics, carpenters, vulcanisers, tailors,
barbers and domestic servants.
Many working children are exposed to dangerous and unhealthy environments.
In August, 2003, the Nigerian Government formally adopted three International
Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions setting a minimum age for the
employment of children.
The U. S. Department of Labour in its 2010 report claims Nigeria is witnessing the
worst forms of child labour, particularly in Agriculture and domestic service. In
rural areas, most children work in agricultural products such as cassava, cocoa
and tobacco. These children typically work long hours and for little or no pay
with their families. The report claims some children are exposed to pesticides and
chemical fertilizers in cocoa and tobacco fields because of archaic farming
practices because they are deployed as forced labour without protective gear.
Additionally, street children work as porters and scavengers, and a growing
number of them engage in begging. The report claims commercial sexual
exploitation of children, especially girls, is also occurring in some Nigerian cities
including PortHarcourt and Lagos. There is trafficking of children in Nigeria.
26

Child labour is more common among children of illiterates. On average, in the

SouthWestern zone of Nigeria, there is a higher work burden for working
children. (Tackling Child Labour: from commitment to action. International
Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour- ILO, 2012).
3.4: Statistics
Ages
All
Economically Economically Child
Child
children
active
active
Labour
Labour in
(000s)
children
children (%)
(000s)
(%)
(000s)
Children
Children
in
hazardous hazardous
work
work (%)
(000s)
5-11
838,800
109,700
13.1
109,700
13.1
60,500
7.2
12-14
360,600
101,100
28.0
76,000
21.1
50,800
14.1
5-14
1,199,400 210,800
17.6
186,300
15.5
111,300
9.3
15-17
332,100
140,900
42.4
59,200
17.8
59,200
17.8
Boys
786,600
184,100
23.4
132,200
16.8
95,700
12.2
Girls
744,900
167,600
22.5
113,300
15.2
74,800
10.5
Total
1,531,500 351,700
23.0
245,500
16.0
170,500
11.1
3.5: Causes and consequences of child labour

All child labour, and especially the worst forms, should be eliminated. It not only
undermine the roots of human nature and rights but also threatens future social
27

and economic progress worldwide. Trade, competitiveness and economic

efficiency should not be a pretext for this abuse ILO, Geneva, 2007.
Child labour is a complex problem and numerous factors influence whether
children work or not;
Poverty;
Poverty emerges as the most compelling reason why children work. Poor
households spend the bulk of their income on food and the income
provided by working children is often critical to their survival. However,
poverty is not the only factor in child labour and cannot justify all types of
employment and servitude. Countries may be equally poor yet have
relatively high or relatively low levels of child labour.
Other factors include:
Barriers to education;
Basic education is not free in all countries and is not always available for all
children, especially in remote rural areas. Where schools are available, the
quality of education can be poor and the content not relevant. In situations
where education is not affordable or parents see no value in education,
children are sent to work not to school.
Culture and tradition;
With few opportunities open to children with more education, parents are
likely to share cultural norm in which labour is seen as the most productive
use of a childs time. Children are often expected to follow in their parents
footsteps and are frequently summoned to help other members of the
family, often at a young age.
Market demand;
28

Child labour is not accidental. Employers may prefer to hire children

because they are cheaper than their adult counterparts, can be dispensed
of easily if labour demands fluctuate and also form a docile, obedient
workforce that will not seek to organize itself for protection and support.
The effects of income shocks on households;
Households that do not have the means to deal with income shocks, such
as natural disaster, economic or agricultural crisis or the impact of HIV,
AIDS, may resort to child labour as a coping mechanism. For example,
millions of children have been affected by HIV pandemic. Many children
live with HIV, while an even larger number have been orphaned or made
vulnerable by AIDS related illnesses, the child may have to develop out of
school to care for family members. The phenomenon of child-headed
households is also associated with the HIV, AIDS epidemic as orphaned
children work to care for younger siblings.
Inadequate/poor enforcement of legislation and policies to protect
children;
Child labour persists when national laws and policies to protect children
are lacking or are not effectively implemented.
(Child Labour- causes and consequences ILO, United Nations, 2008)
3.6: Solutions to child labour

Prioritise education;
It is no coincidence that the countries where child labour is worst are those
that spend least on education. Education should free affordable,
compulsory, well-resourced, relevant and nearby. It is much easier to
29

monitor school attendance than to inspect factories and workshops.

Sponsoring a child does not solve this problem. It might make us feel good
but it only helps educate one child, isolating them from others in their
community. Along with this, participation of the common educated citizens
in the process of eliminating child labour can help out a lot. As common
people also, we can help the poor uneducated children in getting at least
some idea about the alphabets also! In the words of Bill Gates, we can say
that until were educating every kid in a fantastic way, until every inner
city is cleaned up, there is no shortage of things to do.
Strengthen unions. Trade unions also play a crucial role in preventing and
eliminating child labour. Adult workers who have the right to organize,
negotiate and bargain for a living wage do not have to send their children
to work. Where strong union exists, child labour is diminished.
Elimination of poverty. The world bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF)
can help in eradicating poverty by providing loan to the developing
countries. Although various poverty elimination programmes have been
introduced by our government as well for the cause.
The most essential part in this regard is the effective implementation of the
policies made and the strict enforcement of labour laws. The government
must take strict measures against those employing child labourers.
Incidence of child labour will diminish considerably even in the face of
poverty, if there are no parties willing to exploit them because of the strict
implementation of child labour laws and practical and healthy authorities
to fight this evil.
Inclusion of child labour laws in school curriculum and or other branches
of education can also be regarded as effective step as it creates awareness
among the student communities.
30

No to child labour is our stance. Yet 215 milllion are in child labour as a
matter of survival. A world without child labour is possible with the right
priorities and policies: quality education, opportunities for young people,
decent work for parents, a basic social protection floor for all. Driven by
conscience, let us muster the courage and conviction to act in solidarity
and ensure every childs right to his or her childhood. It brings reward for
all. Juan Somania, ILO Director-General.
(United Nations, Resources for speakers on global issues, ILO/IPEC, 2008).
EXERCISE:
1. What other factors do you consider to be causes of child labour?
2. What other ways to think child labour can be eradicated and

prevented?
3. What personal role can you play in combating and preventing child
labour?
31

CHAPTER FOUR
BONDED LABOUR
INTRODUCTION
Bonded labour has existed form than four hundreds. In south Asia it took
root in the caste system and continues to flourish in feudal agricultural
relationships. Bonded labour was also used as a method of colonial labour
recruitment for plantations in Africa, the Caribbean and Sout East Asia.
Bonded labour takes place in many countries around the world. Bonded
labour represents one of the reasons why some young women and
children are trafficked.
4.1: Definition:
Bonded labour, also known as debt bondage is a form of human trafficking
that typically involves the trafficker recruiting the victims as a way to pay
off debt. A person becomes a bonded labourer when their labour is
demanded as a means of repayment for a loan or expenses made on
his/her head. The person is forced into working for very little or no pay.
Victims of bonded labor are usually found in agriculture, domestic work,
industries, etc.
Often times, bonded children are delivered by their parents in repayment
of a loan or other favours given in advance. The children work like slaves,
never knowing when their debt will finish. Bonded labour is a violation of
persons right and human rights. It violates human dignity.
32

4.2.
Causes of Bonded Labour.
1. Liberal use of cheap labour in production processes.

2. Lack of political will for effective social change
3. Inadequate legislative framework.
4. Inadequate living wages.
4.3.
Effects of Bonded Labour.
1. It hinders holistic development and healthy competition in society.

2. It fuels poverty, violence, adult, unemployment, illiteracy, ill-health and
socio-economic inequalities.
3. Others (see effects of human trafficking in chapter one)
4.4 Identifying Victims of Bonded Labour
Victims of bonded labour can be identified through the indicators:
1. Hazardous work
2. Mal-nourishment
3. Physical abuses
4. Restricted movement
5. Working without pay or under-payment
6. Too much work load with unattainable targets and deadline.
4.5 Prevention of Bonded Labour

1. Unemployment, social inequality, gender issues, and other related
matters should be tackled.
33

2. Community institutions must be involved in the prevention process.

Communities should be encouraged to make policies to protect
vulnerable children and people from been forced into debt bondage or
bonded labour.
3. Vulnerable children/people should be to recognize their values,
strength, dreams, and talents and harness them.
EXERCISE
1. What other factors do you consider to be causes of bonded labour?
2. What other ways do you think bonded labour can be eradicated and
prevented?
3. What personal role can you play in combating and preventing

bonded labour?
34

CHAPTER FIVE
FORCED LABOUR
Introduction:
Forced labour is on the high increase and is manifested virtually in all forms of
human trafficking and slavery. It affects millions of men, women and children
around the world. ILO estimates that 80 percent of all forced labour abuse takes
place in the private economy, though much of this is in informal economy.
5.1 Definition:
Forced labour refers to situations in which persons are coerced to work through
the use of violence or intimidation or by more subtle means such as accumulated
debt, retention of identity papers or threat of denunciation to immigration
authorities. It can also be seen as a situation where a person is not free to leave
his or her work because of threats, debts, or other forms of physical or
psychological coercion. (International Labour Organization)
Forced labour is a contemporary form of human trafficking. It has to do with
coercion by the recruiter/employer, without free or informed consent of the
worker. It can begin with the contacting of an employment agency offering work
abroad. Once recruited and transported to the destination country, workers
employment conditions are changed, documents withheld, and coercion is
applied, resulting in forced labour.
Some examples of means of coercion include:
Physical or sexual violence against workers or their family
Restriction of movements
Deprivation of food
35

Debt bondage / manipulated debt

Withholding or non-payment of wages
Retention of identity documents
Threat of denunciation to authorities
Kidnapping or abduction
Sale of the person
Slave status by birth
Deception /false promises about work
What is not Forced Labour: According to ILO Convention, the following are not
part of forced labour:
Compulsory military service for work of purely military character
Work or service performed as part of normal civic obligations, such as jury duty
Work or service performed in emergency situations, such as flood, fire, famine,
and earthquake
Minor communal services, provided that members of community agree on need
for services
5.2 Facts and Figures:

According to the ILO, at least 12.3 million men, women and children are
victims of forced labour,
There are more than 2.4 million people in forced labour as a result of
human trafficking
Forced labour in the private economy generates US$150 billion in illegal
profits per year.
36

Migrant workers and indigenous people are particularly vulnerable to

forced labour
Forced labour is characterized by two elements: Persons are placed into a
work or service situation against their will, and they cannot leave without
punishment or the threat of punishment.
5.3 Causes of Forced Labour

Poverty can be both the cause and effect of forced labour.
(For other causes of forced labour see the causes of human trafficking in chapter
one)
5.4 Effects of Forced labour

Victims of trafficking for forced labour are modern day slaves.
They experience permanent physical and psychological harm, isolation
from their families and communities, reduced opportunities for personal
development, and restricted movement.
Victims are often psychologically dependent on their traffickers.
Child victims are denied access to education.
Where all the work is done under the menace of a penalty or the person
has not offered himself voluntarily and is now unable to leave.
5.5 Indicators of Forced Labour (How to identify victims)
Restriction of movement or confinement
37

Debt bondage i.e. working to pay off a debt or loan, often the victim is
paid very little or nothing at all
for their services because of deductions
Withholding of wages or excessive wage reductions

Withholding of documents e.g. passport/security card
Threat of revealing to authorities an irregular immigration status
Their employer is unable to produce documents required
Poor or non-existent health and safety standards
Requirement to pay for tools and food
Imposed place of accommodation (and deductions made for it)
Pay that is less than minimum wage
Dependence on employer for services
No access to labour contract
Excessive work hours/few breaks
5.6: How To Combat and Prevent Forced Labour
Promoting good labour practices
Detect and rescue victims and build organizations' capacity to provide
protection services to victims.
Build government agencies' capacity to prevent forced labor and prosecute
perpetrators
Raise awareness of forced labor among foreign governments, industry
groups, companies and civil society organizations, and to spur action to
combat forced labor
EXERCISES:
38

1. What other factors do you consider to be causes of forced labour?
2. What other ways do you think forced labour can be eradicated and
prevented?
3. What personal role can you play in combating and preventing forced
labour?
39

CHAPTER SIX
TRAFFICKING FOR ORGAN REMOVAL AND RITUALS
Introduction
Organ trafficking is on the rise, as transplant surgeries increase around the
globe. It is real and thriving. It is obvious that there are far more people in
the world in need of a new organ than there are organs available. There
are more than 150, 000 patients waiting for organ transplant, yearly,
though not all see available organ. Most of these patients are desperate to
get new organs and save their lives. An illegal market has capitalized on
these individuals desperation, and the prospects of large profits are
creating unfortunate incentives, with patients willing to pay up to $200,000
for a kidney or any organ.
Organ trafficking is a big threat to the health of so many, especially young
people who are easily deceived to sell their organs. Those targeted are
sometimes killed or left for dead. More frequently poor and desperate
people are lured by false promises
According to Global Financial Integrity, illegal organ trade generates
profits between $600 million to $1.2 billion per year. There are commercial
networks increasingly engaged in kidnapping of people, who are taken to
locations with medical equipment where they are murdered and their
organs removed for illegal trade.
40

6.1: Definition
Organ trafficking is the recruitment, transport, transfer, harboring, or
receipt of living or deceased persons or their organs by means of the
threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability, or of the
giving to, or the receiving by, a third party of payments or benefits to
achieve the transfer of control over the potential donor, for the purpose of
exploitation by the removal of organs for transplantation. (a definition
that was based on Article 3a of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and
Punish
Trafficking
in
Persons,
Especially
Women
and
Children,
Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational

Organized Crime.)
For organ trafficking to take place, the following people are involved:
Recruiter, Medical Professional, Donors (victims) and Brokers. According to
UN.GIFT, a host of offenders is involved no matter which method is used
the recruiter who identifies the potential victim, the staff of the hospital or
medical clinic where the surgery is taking place, the doctors who are
performing the surgery, the middlemen and contractors, the buyers of the
organs, and the banks where the organs are stored.
6.2: Forms of Organ trafficking

The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking divides organ
trafficking into three broad categories:
1. When a trafficker force or deceive persons into giving up their organ.
41

2. When persons agree to sell their organ but they are either not paid at all
for the organ or they are paid significantly less than they originally agreed
upon. Some people are deceived to sale their organs as low as $1, 500.
3. When vulnerable persons, including particularly the poor and homeless,
are treated for an ailment, which may or may not exist, and during that
treatment their organs are removed without their knowledge.
Some of the organs trafficked are: Kidney, Liver, Heart, etc.
Donor countries include impoverished nations in South America, Africa, Asia, and
Eastern Europe. Recipient countries include the U.S., Canada, Australia, the United
Kingdom, Israel, and Japan. "Wealthy patients are paying up to 128,500 for a
kidney to gangs, often in China, India and Pakistan, who harvest the organs from
desperate people for as little as 3,200.
6.3.
Causes of organ trafficking
1. Organ failure
2. Limited organs available for patients with organ failure
3. Poverty
4. People who are desperate to make money either to settle their debts or
other purposes.
5. Unemployment
6. Weak policies and laws
6.4.
Effects of organ trafficking:
42

1. Victims are exposed to serious consequences to their health either during

or after the operation. Some victims have a higher tendency of developing
more health challenges or mal-function of some body parts, depending on
the nature of the organ removal.
2. Due to the weakened condition of the donor, the average family income
declined after the operation.
3. Victims without adequate post-surgery care will be at risk of death.
6.5.
Facts and Figure about Organ trafficking
1. Corrupt doctors often target children, especially those from poor

backgrounds or children with disabilities for organ harvest.
2. Estimates state that Kidneys make up 75% of the global illicit trade in
organs and because of the rising rates of diabetes, high blood pressure
and heart problems the demand for kidneys far outstrip supply
3. Organ trafficking accounts for five to 10 per cent of all kidney transplants
worldwide
4. Patients (many of whom go to China, India or Pakistan for surgery) can pay
up to $200, 000 for a kidney to traffickers who harvests organs from
vulnerable and desperate people, sometimes for as little as $5, 000
5. Organs are used for other purposes (not just transplants). For example,
there is a demand for illicit experimentation from unethical scientists
6. TRAFFICKING FOR RITUALS.
This represents one of the forms of human trafficking. Trafficking for rituals
involves the removal of body parts including skulls, hearts, eyes and
genitals which are sold and used by deviant practitioners to increase
43

wealth, influence, health or fertility. Most often victims are kidnapped or

deceitfully transported to another location before they are killed, and for
that reason this form of ritual killing constitutes human trafficking.
6.6.
How to Combat and Prevent Human Trafficking
Appropriate laws and prohibition of organ trafficking
Stringent law enforcement against all those involved.
Training and orientation of the law enforcement agencies as well as the

medical staff who are likely to be drawn into the commission of the
offence
Awareness
Public awareness posters and display boards, etc. to be made mandatory at

the health centres, where health care is ordinarily provided.
Engaging tech companies in preventing the online recruitment of victims
EXERCISE
1. What other factors do you consider to be causes of organ
trafficking?
2. What other ways do you think organ trafficking can be eradicated

and prevented?
44

3. What personal role can you play in combating and preventing organ
trafficking?
45

CHAPTER SEVEN
TRAFFICKING FOR FORCE MARRIAGE, BABY SELLING, CHILD SOLDIER
INTRODUCTION:
Apart from sex trafficking, labour trafficking; people are also trafficked for
forced marriage, baby selling and child soldier. There are regular reports of
victims who are trafficked and forced into marriage, baby manufacturing
and child soldier. Hence, forced marriage, child soldier, and child adoption
or selling are also forms of exploitation by traffickers. Instances of forced
and child marriage vary, and may involve a single perpetrator trafficking a victim
domestically or multiple perpetrators trafficking victims internationally
7.1.
DEFINITION
Trafficking for Forced marriage is the recruitment, transportation, transfer,

harbouring or receipt of persons, especially girls by means of threat or use of
force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
payments for the purpose of marriage.
So many girls, especially in Africa and Asia are trafficked for forced marriages.
There is little data about the incidence of trafficking for forced marriage. Girls are
taken abroad or to a different location, either unaware of an impending marriage
or having been coerced into agreeing to the marriage. Once abroad they often
46

face physical and psychological violence, their documents are removed and their
movements closely monitored so they cannot leave or seek help. These forced
marriages are characterized by domestic and sexual servitude, physical and
psychological violence and often severe restrictions on the movement of these
girls.
Being trafficked for forced marriage includes a range of human rights abuses
against children including rape and sexual assault, emotional and psychological
abuse, enforced pregnancy and abortion, domestic violence and domestic
servitude, denial of education, isolation and restrictions on freedom of
movement.
Child Laundering:
Child laundering occurs when children are taken illegally from birth families
through child buying or kidnapping, and then laundered through the adoption
system as orphans and then adoptees.
Solution:
Nations should acknowledge and understand the nature and extent of
forced marriage, baby manufacturing/ selling and child soldier
47

Enhance anti-forced marriage, baby selling and child soldier efforts

by increasing the availability of resources and establishing strong
support services that are capable of identifying victims and survivors.
Note: A forced marriage qualifies as a form of human trafficking in certain

situations. If a woman is sent abroad, forced into the marriage and then
repeatedly compelled to engage in sexual conduct with her new husband, then
her experience is that of sex trafficking. If the bride is treated as a domestic
servant by her new husband and/or his family, then this is a form of labor
trafficking
48

CHAPTER EIGHT
Child Trafficking
Although the Palermo Protocol properly relates only to trafficking cases that are
(a) transnational and (b) involve organized criminal groups (defined as a group
of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in concert), the
definition it provides of trafficking is now widely agreed and used outside these
parameters.
Article
3(a)
defines
trafficking
in
persons
as:
the
recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the

threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, or fraud, of
deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the
giving o receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a
person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.
Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the
prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation ,forced labour
or services ,slavery or practices similar to slavery ,servitude or the removal
of organs.
Article 3(b) explain that consent for example to take up work in
prostitution is irrelevant where any of the means set forth in 3(a) have
been used; Article 3(c) explains that the recruitment,of a child for the
purpose of exploitation is considered to be trafficking even if none of the
means set forth in 3(a) have been used .So, in short, the broadly agreed,
concise
definition
of
CHILD
49
trafficking
is
the

:RecruitmentTransportationTransferHarbouringor
Receipto
child for the purpose of exploitation.

For IPEC operations, ILO has developed an operational breakdown of this
definition that spells out child trafficking and exploitation as follows:
o A child - a person under the age of 18 years;
o Acts of recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or
receipt, whether by force or not, by a third person or group;
o The third person or group organizes the recruitment and/or these
other acts for exploitative purposes;
o Movement may not be a constituent element for trafficking in so far
as law enforcement and prosecution is concerned. However, an
element of movement within a country or across borders is needed even if minimal - in order to distinguish trafficking from other forms
of slavery and slave-like practices enumerated in Art 3 (a) of ILO
Convention No. 182 (C182), and ensure that trafficking victims away
from their families do get needed assistance.
o Exploitation includes: a) all forms of slavery or practices similar to
slavery, debt bondage and serfdom and forced or compulsory
labour, including forced or compulsory recruitment of children for
use in armed conflict (C182, Art. 3(a)); b) the use, procuring or
offering of a child for prostitution, for the production of
pornography or for pornographic performances (C182, Art. 3(b)); c)
the use, procuring or offering of a child for illicit activities, in
particular for the production and trafficking of drugs as defined in
the relevant international treaties (C182, Art. 3(c)); d) work which, by
50

its nature or the circumstances in which it is carried out, is likely to

harm the health, safety or morals of children (C182, Art. 3(d) and
C138, Art. 3); e) work done by children below the minimum age for
admission to employment (C138, Art. 2 & 7).
o Threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, abduction,
fraud or deception, or the abuse of power or a position of
vulnerability at any point of the recruitment and movement do not
need to be present in case of children (other than with adults), but
are nevertheless strong indications of child trafficking.
According to the Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and
Administration Act, 2015, NAPTIP has the power to prosecute anyone
who recruits, transfers, transports, harbors, detains, or procures a child
under the age of 18 by use of force, abuse of power or receiving
payments.1 It also has the power to take action against anyone who
employs, recruits, harbors, transfers, receives or hires out a child under the
age of 12 years as a domestic worker, or a child to do any work that is
exploitative, injurious or hazardous to the physical, social or psychological
development of the child.
Child trafficking happens when a child is moved from one place to another
within a country or across a border into a situation in which they are
exploited, and this exploitation can take many different forms.
Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition) Enforcement and Administration Act, 2015
51

o The movement part of the trafficking event accompanied by the action

of someone who intends to exploit the child for profit is essential to the
difference between child trafficking and migration into child labour.
o Exploitation is the other essential part of child trafficking. Trafficking is
always made up of both movement and (the intention of) exploitation.
If there is only movement and no (intent of) exploitation, then this is
not trafficking either.
2. Forms of Child Trafficking
Child trafficking begins when a child is recruited by someone or, in some cases,
approaches a recruiter to find out about how to move to find work or in the hope
of being able to leave the place where they are for opportunities elsewhere.
Recruiters may be the person who actually employs the child, or an intermediary,
part of a chain of people involved in the trafficking. Recruitment happens in
many different ways.
Children may be under pressure from their families to find work to help
support the family, and there may not be work available locally.
Sometimes, the family will seek the help of someone who they know can
arrange work for children, or the family will be approached by someone
who knows that they are in a difficult situation. These recruiters are diverse:
it may be an elderly woman in the village who in fact makes her living out
of recruiting vulnerable children and putting them into the hands of others
who will exploit them, or an adult or an older child who has returned from
being trafficked and knows that there is money to be made in encouraging
another child to follow the same path. In fact, the people who participate
52

in the trafficking chain at this level often have the same kind of risk profile
as the victims themselves and may become involved in order to earn an
income. This does not make their actions any less criminal. Sometimes it is
an agency either illegally operating or legal but with this illegal sideline
that advertises work and arranges employment.
Often, there is a relationship of trust involved: children may be approached
by someone from their own community, or the same ethnic group, who
offers an introduction into a similar ethnic grouping in another place or
country. Girls, especially, are at risk of being lured by men who show an
interest in them and promise them love, a good job, or even marriage.
Occasionally a child of working age may decide to leave home and move
away to find work or a better life and will approach someone s/he knows
can arrange transport and who promises help with finding a job at the
destination. In such cases, the child may be lured by the perception s/he
has formed of life in other places this perception may be right or wrong
and may come from the media, from talking to friends or in other ways, for
example on the Internet. Even if a child initiates the move her/himself, this
is still a case of trafficking if the child is exploited by a third person at any
time during the move or at the destination point.
Very young children may be trafficked alongside their parents and siblings,
as the whole family is recruited and promised opportunities elsewhere.
Sometimes families are split up before they arrive at the promised
destination the men are separated from the women and children or the
children are separated from the adults. It is not uncommon for a mother to
53

be given someone elses child in place of her own so that she can be
exploited in begging on the streets. In such cases, the hope of one day
being reunited with the rest of the family contributes to keeping the
trafficked person obedient to the traffickers.
There are also instances of people being kidnapped or abducted into
trafficking, although these are much rarer than people commonly think.
Often movies and television depict trafficking dramatically, with children
and women being kidnapped and bundled into a truck to be shipped off
and locked up somewhere. In fact, trafficking happens most often because
of disturbed migration patterns, especially labour migration, with
traffickers moving in to exploit the situation and make money from
peoples vulnerability, aspirations and sometimes desperation.
Kidnapping and abductions do sometimes occur, however, and there is
one particular situation in which they are known to occur frequently. There
have been many reports of children who have been abducted from border
zones in conflict areas by armed men who force them into becoming child
soldiers or into other work with militias. Sometimes children have been
forced
to watch
family members
being
tortured
or
killed
and
understandably this is enough to persuade the child to do what the armed

men tell them.
The very specific case of baby trafficking happens both within countries
and across borders. Babies may be acquired through agents. In some cases
these agents effectively buy them from individuals or families who do not
want them or cannot support them, or in some cases they may be
produced on order from adolescents or young women who see this as a
54

way to earn enough money to survive. Sometimes the intermediary in the

transaction is an individual; in some cases sham adoption agencies are
involved. Where the prospect of exploitation is remote, it is difficult to
classify such forms of trafficking as a form of child labour.
3. Causes of Child Trafficking
Risk and vulnerability
When asked why they think some children become victims of trafficking, many
people would immediately answer, because they are poor. It is true that poverty
is an important element at play in explaining why some children are trafficked.
However, poverty can mean many things and it is not by itself the answer to the
question.
Poverty alone cannot explain why some countries have more child trafficking
than others; some cities have more worst forms of child labour than others;
traffickers are active in some places and not in others; some communities face
more child trafficking than others; some families are
more at risk of trafficking than others; girls are most at risk in some instances and
boys in others. There are many children living in poverty who do not fall victim to
trafficking, and understanding the nature of poverty and differences between
these children and victims of trafficking is important if we are to know how to
protect children at risk. In fact, poverty is only one of a range of risk factors that
create vulnerability to trafficking. Often children experience several risk factors
at the same time, and one of them may act as a trigger that sets the trafficking
event in motion. This is sometimes called poverty plus, a situation in which
55

poverty does not by itself lead to a person being trafficked, but where a plus
factor such as illness combines with poverty to increase vulnerability.
The many factors that may come into play in determining the level of
vulnerability of a child are often described as individual, family, community or
institutional-level risk factors.
There are for example family disruptions that can be considered as
vulnerability or plus factors: the men in the family going off to war or
being killed in conflict, for example, or one or both parents dying of AIDS
and leaving children with no adult support. There are also wider
social/economic factors that disrupt family finances, such as drought or
floods that leave a rural family with no food stocks and no income. In
addition to such natural disasters, there are man-made emergencies, such
as conflict, that might drive a family from their home into a refugee camp
where recruiters will be active rounding up children whose families have
lost everything.
Domestic violence has also been shown to be a factor in increasing the
vulnerability of
children to trafficking. Children who witness or suffer violence in the home
may run away and
live on the streets, where their vulnerability to exploitation, violence and
trafficking is acute. Left to fend for themselves, they become easy prey to
traffickers because they have no means of survival. At the level of the
community, also, violence can increase risk. Conflict breaks up families and
communities and increases the vulnerability of the whole community, but
56

especially the children. Street or gang violence may lead children who feel
threatened to seek to leave the community. Other forms of violence at
school, for example may also trigger the urge to escape and make
children easier prey for traffickers. Where communities have a tradition of
movement (for example if they live on a border and have always crossed
that border to find seasonal work), childrens vulnerability to recruitment
into trafficking may be increased. Sometimes also the nature of the
community is itself a risk factor: for example children from farming families
may be at risk of trafficking if they aspire not to work on the land and so
leave for the city. There are also, of course, risk factors that are specific to
individual children or groups of children. These include discrimination,
disability, involvement in criminal activity or drugs, or belonging to a caste
or ethnic minority that is disadvantaged in employment or social services.
Some triggers, additionally, can be said to occur at institutional level, that
is to say that children and families are vulnerable because of social
development gaps such as lack of access to education, discriminatory
policies that marginalize some ethnic groups within a country; poor or not
used systems of birth registration that make it impossible to keep track of
childrens welfare; as well as geographical factors such as climate change
that devastates the livelihoods of fishing or farming communities.
Institutional risk factors also include situations in which children are
separated from their families and find themselves in reunification channels.
These generally legal and monitored processes have been known to be
infiltrated by those seeking to divert children into exploitation. The
responsibility of the state to police mechanisms which see unaccompanied
57

children being transferred from one place to another is paramount in these

situations.
These plus factors show that vulnerability is not a static state. It changes
over time, often as the result of factors that come into play only in certain
circumstances and may or may not result in vulnerability. Most often,
however, it is not the extreme situations that underpin trafficking events
but an accumulation of the everyday realities of survival. Many families live
in poverty partly because the adult members of the household do not have
jobs that provide enough money for the family to survive. It may be that
there are no jobs in the area where they live, but often it is because the
adults are not equipped for the jobs that do exist. This is why getting
parents jobs and keeping children in school and then some sort of training
is so important it is the only way to break the cycle of unemployment
and poverty that puts whole families at risk. In many societies, if a child is
to be sent to work, it is often the girl who is chosen.
Girls are more readily taken out of school (or never sent in the first place)
because many parents believe that education is wasted on girls who will
one day marry and leave their parents. They think that life experience is
more useful and likely to make the girl a better wife and mother. It is not
surprising, therefore, that domestic labour constitutes the most common
form of child labour for girls under the age of 16. Child domestic labour, in
fact, is often the end result of trafficking because, by its nature, it most
often involves a child going to live in someone elses home, leaving family
behind. Trafficking into child domestic labour also illustrates another
vulnerability factor because, in some countries, children from ethnic
58

minority groups or certain castes are traditionally exploited as domestic

servants and may be trafficked into this servitude.
Discrimination on the basis of sex, ethnicity, disability or race increases
vulnerability to trafficking as well as to other forms of violence and abuse.
Age is also a factor in assessing childrens risk profile. The younger children
are, the more easy their vulnerability is exploited. However, as they mature,
children are more likely to make choices that may put them at risk for
example getting involved in drugs or petty criminal activity, or wanting to
break away from family or just explore the world. Risk and vulnerability to
trafficking also occurs at destination. Children separated from their families
may run out of money or may lose their identity papers, for example, or an
intermediary may make children more dependent by introducing them to
drugs so that they become addicted.
Such risk factors at destination also make children vulnerable to being
lured into exploitation. An absence of workplace inspection or policing is
also a risk factor, even though it does not relate to the individual child. Any
policies or programmes or lack of them that allow exploitative
workplaces and practices to flourish, increase the likelihood of exploitation
and/or trafficking for both adults and children. These factors are often
described as workplace risk factors. It is vital to understand risk and
vulnerability, and to put in place processes to identify itand keep track of it,
so that programmes to prevent trafficking and protect children can be
targeted first at the children who are most at risk. Broad protection and
prevention programmes that contribute towards building a protective
59

environment in which risk is reduced for all children are, of course, the
ultimate goal of anti-trafficking programming.
However,
where
resources
or
other
limitations
dictate
phased
programming, then it is important to act promptly in those areas where

childrens risk to trafficking is identified as being particularly high.
If risk factors are not addressed, then children who are returned after
having been trafficked will find themselves in the same at-risk situation
and are vulnerable to being trafficked again.
4. Methods and Tactics Traffickers use

Traffickers are people who contribute to child trafficking with the intent to
exploit. They include recruiters, intermediaries, document providers,
transporters, corrupt officials, service providers and employers of trafficked
children, even though most of these people take part in only one element
of the whole trafficking process.
Trafficking intermediaries include, for example, people who specialize in
providing information to traffickers about which border crossings are open
and when, and who give advice on the best times to move people. Some
intermediaries take responsibility for identifying and bribing corrupt
border guards or immigration officers. At the place of destination, there
may be intermediaries whose job is to keep watch over the trafficked
60

children as perverse guardians, and sometimes bodyguards who are there

not so much to protect the children but the investment of the trafficker.
Institutional players such as corrupt police, government officers and
consular staff may be involved in trafficking, and governments have a
responsibility to exercise due diligence in ensuring that all those who work
in the various arms of government, no matter how far removed they may
seem from the centre of power, are held accountable for their actions.
Private sector organizations also have a responsibility to ensure that their
representatives do not facilitate or profit from trafficking. The transport
sector is an example of a work sector that needs to be vigilant, as do
companies involved in recruitment and work placement (including
agencies for temporary employment), and tourism-related industries such
as hotels and entertainment. In all sectors, owners and executives need to
pay due diligence, also, to the possible involvement of their subcontractors in trafficking or exploitation of children.
61

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Human Trafficking

Devatop Centre for Africa Development

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

The updated version will be published and launched on March, 2016

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

According to The Trafficking Protocol, Human Trafficking is the recruitment,

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

STATISTICS AND FACTS ABOUT HUMAN TRAFFICKING

There are over 27 million victims of human trafficking worldwide

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

1.3 WHO IS A TRAFFICKER

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Those recruited in chemical factories are treated like modern-day slaves

1.5 CAUSES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Human trafficking is multifaceted and has the following forms:

1.7 STORIES OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Sex trafficking occurs within street prostitution, brothels, homes, hotels,

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

1.8: EFFECTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

Human Trafficking Toolkit

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Human Trafficking Toolkit

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4. Societal Effects: The victims often struggle to gain acceptance in the

Availability of cheap labour hinders employment

opportunities and subsequently reduces per capita income of the nation. It

1.9: How to identify victims of human trafficking:

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Is not free to go and come back as he/she wishes. (limited freedom of

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Massive and consistent awareness/campaigns in communities, especially in

2. Policy and Cooperation:

organizations and countries with focus on combating and preventing

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

2. What other ways to think human trafficking can be eradicated and

Human Trafficking Toolkit

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2.2: What Victims of Sex Trafficking Are Used For

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727

Women and young girls are sold to traffickers, locked up in rooms or

2. Child prostitution: The prostitution of children is a form of commercial

3. Child pornography or forced pornography: Child pornography,

Human Trafficking Toolkit

www.devatop.org, devatop2013@gmail.com, +2348067251727