Section 2.

6 Continuity
3. Continuous on [
1 3]
4. No, discontinuous at x 1, 1.5 lim c k(x) lim b k(x) !
x"
x"
5. (a) Yes

(b) Yes,

(c) Yes

(d) Yes

6. (a) Yes, f(1) 1

lim

x
"b

f(x) 0

(b) Yes, lim f(x) 2

x1

(c) No

(d) No

7. (a) No

(b) No

8. [
" !)  (! ")  (" #)  (# $)

9. f(2) 0, since lim c f(x)
2(2)
4 0 lim b f(x)
x#
x#
10. f(1) should be changed to 2 lim f(x)
x1

11. Nonremovable discontinuity at x 1 because lim f(x) fails to exist ( limc f(x) 1 and lim b f(x) 0).
x"
x1
x"

Removable discontinuity at x 0 by assigning the number lim f(x) 0 to be the value of f(0) rather than
x!

f(0) 1.

12. Nonremovable discontinuity at x 1 because lim f(x) fails to exist ( lim c f(x) 2 and lim b f(x) 1).
x"
x1
x"
Removable discontinuity at x 2 by assigning the number lim f(x) 1 to be the value of f(2) rather than
x#

f(2) 2.
13. Discontinuous only when x
2 0 x 2

14. Discontinuous only when (x

2)# 0 x
2

15. Discontinuous only when x#
%x

$ ! (x
3)(x
1) 0 x 3 or x 1
16. Discontinuous only when x#
3x
10 0 (x
5)(x
2) 0 x 5 or x
2
17. Continuous everywhere. ( kx
1k
sin x defined for all x; limits exist and are equal to function values.)
18. Continuous everywhere. ( kxk
" 0 for all x; limits exist and are equal to function values.)
19. Discontinuous only at x 0
20. Discontinuous at odd integer multiples of 1# , i.e., x = (2n
") 1# , n an integer, but continuous at all other x.
21. Discontinuous when 2x is an integer multiple of 1, i.e., 2x n1, n an integer x

n1
# ,

n an integer, but

continuous at all other x.

22. Discontinuous when

1x
#

is an odd integer multiple of 1# , i.e.,

1x
#

integer (i.e., x is an odd integer). Continuous everywhere else.

(2n
1) 1# , n an integer x 2n
1, n an

99

100

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

23. Discontinuous at odd integer multiples of 1# , i.e., x = (2n
1) 1# , n an integer, but continuous at all other x.
24. Continuous everywhere since x%
1 1 and
" sin x 1 0 sin# x 1 1
sin# x 1; limits exist
and are equal to the function values.
25. Discontinuous when 2x
3  0 or x 
3# continuous on the interval

3# _ .
26. Discontinuous when 3x
1  0 or x 

"
3

continuous on the interval
3" _ .

27. Continuous everywhere: (2x
1)"$ is defined for all x; limits exist and are equal to function values.
28. Continuous everywhere: (2
x)"& is defined for all x; limits exist and are equal to function values.
29. xlim
sin (x
sin x) sin (1
sin 1) sin (1
0) sin 1 0, and function continuous at x 1.
1
30. lim sin 1# cos (tan t) sin 1# cos (tan (0)) sin 1# cos (0) sin 1# 1, and function continuous at t !.
t!

31. lim sec ay sec# y
tan# y
1b lim sec ay sec# y
sec# yb lim sec a(y
1) sec# yb sec a("
") sec# 1b
y1

y1

y1

sec 0 1, , and function continuous at y ".

32. lim tan
14 cos sin x"$ tan
14 cos (sin(0)) tan 14 cos (0) tan 14 1, and function continuous at x !.
x!

33. lim cos 19
13 sec 2t cos 19
13 sec 0 cos

t!

1
16

cos

1
4

2
# ,

and function continuous at t !.

34. lim1 csc# x

53 tan x csc# 16
53 tan 16 4
53 "3 9 3, and function continuous at
x

'

x 1' .
35. g(x)

x#
9
x
3

(x  3)(x
3)
(x
3)

36. h(t)

t#  3t
10
t
#

37. f(s)

s$
"
s#
1

38. g(x)

x
3, x 3 g(3) lim (x
3) 6

(t  5)(t
2)
t
#

as#  s  1b (s
1)
(s  1)(s
1)

x#
16
x#
3x
4

x$

t
5, t # h(2) lim (t
5) 7
t#

(x  4)(x
4)
(x
4)(x  1)

s#  s  "
s1 ,

x4
x1

s 1 f(1) lim s
s1

s1
s1

4
, x 4 g(4) lim xx 
1

x%

3
#

8
5

39. As defined, lim c f(x) (3)#
1 8 and lim b (2a)(3) 6a. For f(x) to be continuous we must have
x$
x$
6a 8 a 43 .

40. As defined,

lim

x
#c

g(x)
2 and

4b
2 b
"# .

lim

x
#b

g(x) b(
2)# 4b. For g(x) to be continuous we must have

Section 2.6 Continuity

41. The function can be extended: f(0) 2.3.

42. The function cannot be extended to be continuous at

x 0. If f(0) 2.3, it will be continuous from the
right. Or if f(0)
2.3, it will be continuous from the
left.

43. The function cannot be extended to be continuous

at x 0. If f(0) 1, it will be continuous from
the right. Or if f(0)
1, it will be continuous
from the left.

44. The function can be extended: f(0) 7.39.

101

45. f(x) is continuous on [! "] and f(0)  0, f(1)  0

by the Intermediate Value Theorem f(x) takes
on every value between f(0) and f(1) the
equation f(x) 0 has at least one solution between
x 0 and x 1.

46. cos x x (cos x)
x 0. If x
1# , cos
1#

1#  0. If x 1# , cos 1#

for some x between

1
#

and

1
#

1
#

 0. Thus cos x
x 0

according to the Intermediate Value Theorem.

47. Let f(x) x$
15x

1 which is continuous on [
4 4]. Then f(
4)
3, f(
1) 15, f(1)
13, and f(4) 5.
By the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) 0 for some x in each of the intervals
%  x 
1,
"  x  1, and
"  x  4. That is, x$
15x
1 0 has three solutions in [
% 4]. Since a polynomial of degree 3 can have at most 3
solutions, these are the only solutions.
48. Without loss of generality, assume that a  b. Then F(x) (x
a)# (x
b)#
x is continuous for all values of
x, so it is continuous on the interval [a b]. Moreover F(a) a and F(b) b. By the Intermediate Value
Theorem, since a  a # b  b, there is a number c between a and b such that F(x) a # b .

102

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

49. Answers may vary. Note that f is continuous for every value of x.
(a) f(0) 10, f(1) 1$
8(1)
10 3. Since $  1  10, by the Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists a c
so that !  c  1 and f(c) 1.
(b) f(0) 10, f(
4) (
4)$
8(
4)
10
22. Since
22 
3  10, by the Intermediate Value
Theorem, there exists a c so that
4  c  0 and f(c)
3.
(c) f(0) 10, f(1000) (1000)$
8(1000)
10 999,992,010. Since 10  5,000,000  999,992,010, by the
Intermediate Value Theorem, there exists a c so that !  c  1000 and f(c) 5,000,000.
50. All five statements ask for the same information because of the intermediate value property of continuous
functions.
(a) A root of f(x) x$
3x
1 is a point c where f(c) 0.
(b) The points where y x$ crosses y 3x
1 have the same y-coordinate, or y x$ 3x
1
f(x) x$
3x
1 0.
(c) x$
3x 1 x$
3x
1 0. The solutions to the equation are the roots of f(x) x$
3x
1.
(d) The points where y x$
3x crosses y 1 have common y-coordinates, or y x$
3x 1
f(x) x$
3x
1 !.
(e) The solutions of x$
3x
1 0 are those points where f(x) x$
3x
1 has value 0.
51. Answers may vary. For example, f(x)

sin (x
2)
x
2

is discontinuous at x 2 because it is not defined there.

However, the discontinuity can be removed because f has a limit (namely 1) as x 2.

52. Answers may vary. For example, g(x)

"
x1

has a discontinuity at x
1 because lim g(x) does not exist.

x
"

lim c g(x)
_ and lim b g(x)

_.
x
"
x
"
53. (a) Suppose x! is rational f(x! ) 1. Choose % "# . For any $  0 there is an irrational number x (actually
infinitely many) in the interval (x!
$ x!
$ ) f(x) 0. Then 0  kx
x! k  $ but kf(x)
f(x! )k
1  "# %, so x lim
f(x) fails to exist f is discontinuous at x! rational.
x
!

On the other hand, x! irrational f(x! ) 0 and there is a rational number x in (x!
$ x!
$ ) f(x)
1. Again x lim
f(x) fails to exist f is discontinuous at x! irrational. That is, f is discontinuous at
x
!

every point.
(b) f is neither right-continuous nor left-continuous at any point x! because in every interval (x!
$ x! ) or
(x! x!
$ ) there exist both rational and irrational real numbers. Thus neither limits lim
f(x) and
x x!

lim  f(x) exist by the same arguments used in part (a).

x x!

54. Yes. Both f(x) x and g(x) x

g "# 0

f(x)
g(x)

"
#

are continuous on [! "]. However

f(x)
g(x)

is undefined at x

"
#

since

is discontinuous at x "# .

55. No. For instance, if f(x) 0, g(x) x, then h(x) 0 axb 0 is continuous at x 0 and g(x) is not.
56. Let f(x)

"
x
1

"
(x  1)
1

and g(x) x
1. Both functions are continuous at x 0. The composition f g f(g(x))
"
x

is discontinuous at x 0, since it is not defined there. Theorem 10 requires that f(x) be

continuous at g(0), which is not the case here since g(0) 1 and f is undefined at 1.
57. Yes, because of the Intermediate Value Theorem. If f(a) and f(b) did have different signs then f would have to
equal zero at some point between a and b since f is continuous on [a b].

Section 2.7 Tangents and Derivatives

58. Let f(x) be the new position of point x and let d(x) f(x)
x. The displacement function d is negative if x is
the left-hand point of the rubber band and positive if x is the right-hand point of the rubber band. By the
Intermediate Value Theorem, d(x) 0 for some point in between. That is, f(x) x for some point x, which is
then in its original position.
59. If f(0) 0 or f(1) 1, we are done (i.e., c 0 or c 1 in those cases). Then let f(0) a  0 and f(1) b  1
because 0 f(x) 1. Define g(x) f(x)
x g is continuous on [0 1]. Moreover, g(0) f(0)
0 a  0 and
g(1) f(1)
1 b
1  0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem there is a number c in (! ") such that
g(c) 0 f(c)
c 0 or f(c) c.
60. Let %

kf(c)k
#

 0. Since f is continuous at x c there is a $  0 such that kx
ck  $ kf(x)
f(c)k  %

f(c)
%  f(x)  f(c)

%.
If f(c)  0, then % "# f(c)
"
#

"
#

If f(c)  0, then %
f(c)

f(c)  f(x) 
3
#

3
#

f(c)  f(x) 

f(c) f(x)  0 on the interval (c
$ c

$ ).
"
#

f(c) f(x)  0 on the interval (c
$ c

$ ).

61. By Exercises 52 in Section 2.3, we have xlim

faxb L lim fac
hb L.
c
h0

Thus, faxb is continuous at x c xlim

faxb facb lim fac
hb facb.
c
h0

62. By Exercise 61, it suffices to show that lim sinac

hb sin c and lim cosac
hb cos c.
h0

h0

Now lim sinac

hb lim
asin cbacos hb
acos cbasin hb asin cb lim cos h
acos cb lim sin h
h0

h0

h0

h0

By Example 6 Section 2.2, lim cos h " and lim sin h !. So lim sinac
hb sin c and thus faxb sin x is
h0

continuous at x c. Similarly,

h0

h0

lim cosac
hb lim
acos cbacos hb
asin cbasin hb acos cb lim cos h
asin cb lim sin h cos c.

h0

h0

Thus, gaxb cos x is continuous at x c.

h0

63. x 1.8794,
1.5321,
0.3473

64. x 1.4516,
0.8547, 0.4030

65. x 1.7549

66. x 1.5596

67. x 3.5156

68. x
3.9058, 3.8392, 0.0667

69. x 0.7391

70. x
1.8955, 0, 1.8955

2.7 TANGENTS AND DERIVATIVES

1. P" : m" 1, P# : m# 5

2. P" : m"
2, P# : m# 0

h0

103

104

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

3. P" : m" 5# , P# : m#
"#

5. m lim

h!

4. P" : m" 3, P# : m#
3

c4
(
"  h)# d
a4
(
1)# b

h

a1
2h  h# b1
h
h!

lim

lim

h!

h(#
h)
h

2;

at (
" $): y $
#(x
(
1)) y 2x
5,
tangent line

6. m lim

h!

c(1  h
1)#  1d
c("
")#  1d

h

h#

lim

h! h

lim h 0; at (" "): y 1

0(x
1) y 1,
h!

tangent line

2 1  h
2 1
lim 2 1 h h
2
h
h!
h!
4(1  h)
4
lim
lim 1 2h  1
h ! 2h 1  h  1
h!

7. m lim

2 1  h  2
2 1  h  #

1;

at (" #): y 2
1(x
1) y x
1, tangent line

8. m lim

h!

"
(1  h)#

("" )#

a
2h  h# b
#
h ! h(
1  h)

lim

1
(
1  h)#
#
h ! h(
1h)
2
h
lim
# 2;
h ! (
1  h)

lim

at (
" "): y 1
2(x
(
1)) y 2x
3,
tangent line

Section 2.7 Tangents and Derivatives

(
2  h)$
(
2)$
h

9. m lim

h!

8  12h
6h#  h$  8
h

lim

h!

lim a12
6h
h# b 12;
h!

at (
2
8): y
8
12(x
(
2)) y 12x
16,
tangent line

"
(#  h)$

10. m lim

h!

"2
8(
8)

h!

h!

at
#
"8 : y
8"

y

11. m lim

h!

x

"
#,

12
6h  h#
8(
2  h)$

lim

3

16
;

3
16

8
(
#  h)$

8h(
#  h)$

lim

a12h
6h#  h$ b

8h(
#  h)$

lim

h!

(#" )$

3
16 (x

(
2))

tangent line

c(2  h)#  1d
5
h

lim

h!

a5  4h  h# b
5
h

h!

at (2 5): y
5 4(x
2), tangent line

12. m lim

h!

c("  h)
2(1  h)# d
(
1)

h

lim

h!

h(4  h)
h

lim

a1  h
2
4h
2h# b  1
h

h!

3h
(3  h)  2

3

lim

h!

(3  h)
3(h  1)
h(h  1)

h ! h(h  1)

at ($ $): y
3
2(x
3), tangent line

14. m lim

h!

8
(2  h)#

2

h!

h!

(2  h)$
8
h

lim

h!

lim

a8  12h  6h#  h$ b
8
h

h!

at (2 )): y
8 12(t
2), tangent line

16. m lim

h!

c(1  h)$  3(1  h)d
4

h

a1  3h  3h#  h$  3  3hb
4
h

lim

h!

at (" %): y
4 6(t
1), tangent line

4  h
2
h
h!

17. m lim

4  h
2
h
h!

lim

"4 ; at (% #): y
2
18. m lim

h!

"
9  3

(8  h)  1
3
h

"
4

4  h  2
4  h  2

lim

h!

h a12  6h  h# b
h

lim

3;

2;

8
2 a4  4h  h# b
h(2  h)#
h!

8
2(2  h)#
#
h ! h(2  h)

lim

at (2 2): y
2
2(x
2)
15. m lim

2h

lim

h(
3
2h)
h

lim

at ("
"): y
1
3(x
1), tangent line
13. m lim

%;

lim

2h(4  h)
h(2  h)#

8
4

2;

12;

lim

h!

(4  h)
4

h ! h 4  h  #

h a6  3h  h# b
h

lim

6;

h ! h 4  h  #

"
4  #

(x
4), tangent line

lim

h!

9  h
3
h

6" ; at (8 3): y
3

19. At x
1, y 5 m lim

h!

"
6

9  h  3
9  h  3

lim

(9  h)
9

h ! h 9  h  3

lim

h ! h 9  h  3

(x
8), tangent line

5(
"  h)#
5
h

lim

h!

5 a1
2h  h# b
5
h

lim

h!

5h(
2  h)
h

10, slope

105

106

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

c1
(2  h)# d
(
3)
h

20. At x 2, y
3 m lim

h!

21. At x 3, y

"
#

"
(3  h) 1

m lim

#"

h1
h1

22. At x 0, y
1 m lim

h!

h!

h!

(
1)
h

a1
4
4h
h# b  3
h

2
(2  h)
2h(2  h)

lim

h!

lim

h!

h!

h

lim

h ! 2h(2  h)

(h
1)  (h  ")
h(h  1)

lim

lim

lim

h(4  h)
h

4, slope

"4 , slope
2h

h ! h(h  1)

2, slope

c(x  h)#  4(x  h)
1d
ax#  4x
1b

h
h!
a2xh  h#  4hb
lim
lim (2x
h
4) 2x
h
h!
h!

23. At a horizontal tangent the slope m 0 0 m lim

ax#  2xh  h#  4x  4h
1b
ax#  4x
1b
h
h!

lim

4;

2x
4 0 x
2. Then f(
2) 4
8
1
5 (
2
5) is the point on the graph where there is a
horizontal tangent.
24. 0 m lim

h!

c(x  h)$
3(x  h)d
ax$
3xb

h

3x# h  3xh#  h$
3h
h

lim

h!

lim

h!

ax$  3x# h  3xh#  h$
3x
3hb
ax$
3xb

h

lim a3x#
3xh
h#
3b 3x#
3; 3x#
3 0 x
1 or x 1. Then
h!

f(
1) 2 and f(1)
2 (
" 2) and ("
2) are the points on the graph where a horizontal tangent exists.
"
(x  h)  1

25.
1 m lim

x " 1

h!

(x
1)
(x  h
1)
h(x
1)(x  h
1)

lim

h!

h

lim

h ! h(x
1)(x  h
1)

(x
" 1)#

(x
1)# 1 x#
2x 0 x(x
2) 0 x 0 or x 2. If x 0, then y
1 and m
1

y
1
(x
0)
(x
1). If x 2, then y 1 and m
1 y 1
(x
2)
(x
3).
26.

"
4

m lim

x  h
x

lim

y 2
"4 (x
4)

h!

f(2  h)
f(2)
h

x
4

x  h
x
h

h!

h ! h x  h  x

27. lim

lim

h!

"
# x

. Thus,

"
4

x  h  x
x  h  x

"
#x

(x  h)
x

lim

h ! h x  h  x

x 2 x 4 y 2. The tangent line is

1.

lim

h!

a100
4.9(#  h)# b
a100
4.9(2)# b

h

4.9 a4  4h  h# b  4.9(4)
h

lim

h!

lim (
19.6
4.9h)
19.6. The minus sign indicates the object is falling downward at a speed of
h!

19.6 m/sec.
f(10  h)
f(10)
h
h!

28. lim

3(10  h)#
3(10)#

h
h!

lim

29. lim

f(3  h)
f(3)
h

lim

30. lim

f(2  h)
f(2)
h

lim

h!

h!

h!

h!

1(3  h)#
1(3)#

h
41
3

lim

(2  h)$
431 (2)$

h

f(0  h)
f(0)
h
h!

31. Slope at origin lim

3 a20h  h# b
h
h!

lim

h!

lim

1 c9  6h h#
9d
h
41
3

h!

h# sin "h
h
h!

lim

60 ft/sec.
lim 1(6
h) 61

c12h  6h#  h$ d
h

h!

lim

h!

41
3

c12
6h
h# d 161

lim h sin h" 0 yes, f(x) does have a tangent at

h!

the origin with slope 0.

32. lim

h!

g(0  h)
g(0)
h

the origin.

lim

h!

h sin "h
h

lim sin h" . Since lim sin

h!

h!

"
h

does not exist, f(x) has no tangent at

Section 2.7 Tangents and Derivatives

33.

lim

h !c

lim

h!

34.

f(0  h)
f(0)
h
f(0  h)
f(0)
h

lim c
h!

1
0
h

_, and lim b
h!

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

1
0
h

lim b
h!

_ yes, the graph of f has a vertical tangent at the origin.

_, and lim b U(0  h)h
U(0) lim b

h!
h!
does not have a vertical tangent at (! ") because the limit does not exist.
lim

h !c

_. Therefore,

U(0  h)
U(0)
h

lim c
h!

0
1
h

1
1
h

0 no, the graph of f

35. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

(b)

lim

h !c

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

lim c
h!

h#&
0
h

lim c
h!

"
h$&

_ and lim b
h!

"
h$&

_ limit does not exist

the graph of y x#& does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.

36. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

(b)

lim

h !c

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

lim c
h!

h%&
0
h

lim c
h!

"
h"&

_ and lim b
h!

"
h"&

_ limit does not exist

y x%& does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.

37. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x !.

(b)

f(0  h)
f(0)
h
h!

lim

h"&
0
h
h!

lim

lim

"

%&
h! h

_ y x"& has a vertical tangent at x 0.

38. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 0.

(b)

lim

h!

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

at x 0.

lim

h!

h$&
0
h

lim

"

#&
h! h

_ the graph of y x$& has a vertical tangent

107

108

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

39. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

(b)

lim

h !c

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

lim c
h!

4h#&
2h
h

lim c
h!

4
h$&

2
_ and lim b
h!

4
h$&

#_

limit does not exist the graph of y 4x#&
2x does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.

40. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 0.

(b)

lim

h!

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

lim

h!

h&$
5h#$
h

lim h#$

h!

5
h"$

0
lim

"$
h! h

y x&$
5x#$ does not have a vertical tangent at x !.

does not exist the graph of

41. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 1

and a cusp at x 0.

(b) x 1:

(1  h)#$
(1  h
1)"$
"

h
h!
#$
"$

lim

yx

x 0:

(x
1)

lim f(0  h)h
f(0)

h!

(1  h)#$
h"$
"

h
h!

lim

has a vertical tangent at x 1;

h#$
(h
1)"$
(
1)"$

h
h!
#$
"$

lim

does not exist y x

_

(x
1)

"
lim h"$

h!

(h
")"$
h

h"

does not have a vertical tangent at x 0.

Section 2.7 Tangents and Derivatives

42. (a) The graph appears to have vertical tangents at x 0 and
x 1.

(b) x 0:

h"$  (h
1)"$
(
")"$

h
h!

f(0  h)
f(0)
h
h!

lim

f(1  h)
f(1)
h

lim

lim

_ y x"$
(x
1)"$ has a

vertical tangent at x 0;

x 1:

lim

h!

h!

(1  h)"$  ("  h
1)"$
1

h

_ y x"$
(x
1)"$ has a

vertical tangent at x ".

43. (a) The graph appears to have a vertical tangent at x 0.

(b)

lim

h !b

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

lim b
x!

h
0
h

lim

kh k
0

f(0  h)
f(0)
h

"

h ! h

lim c
lim c
h
h!
h!
y has a vertical tangent at x 0.
lim

h !c

_;

kh k

kh k

lim c
h!

"
kh k

44. (a) The graph appears to have a cusp at x 4.

(b)

lim

f(4  h)
f(4)
h

lim b
h!

k4
(4  h)k
0
h

lim

f(4  h)
f(4)
h

lim c
h!

k4
(4  h)k
h

h !b
h !c

lim b
h!

lim c
h!

kh k
h

kh k

lhl

lim b
h!

lim c
h!

y %
x does not have a vertical tangent at x 4.

45-48. Example CAS commands:
Maple:
f := x -> x^3 + 2*x;x0 := 0;
plot( f(x), x=x0-1/2..x0+3, color=black,
# part (a)
title="Section 2.7, #45(a)" );
q := unapply( (f(x0+h)-f(x0))/h, h );
# part (b)
L := limit( q(h), h=0 );
# part (c)
sec_lines := seq( f(x0)+q(h)*(x-x0), h=1..3 );
# part (d)
tan_line := f(x0) + L*(x-x0);
plot( [f(x),tan_line,sec_lines], x=x0-1/2..x0+3, color=black,

"
h

"
kh k

_;

_

109

110

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

linestyle=[1,2,5,6,7], title="Section 2.7, #45(d)",

legend=["y=f(x)","Tangent line at x=0","Secant line (h=1)",
"Secant line (h=2)","Secant line (h=3)"] );
Mathematica: (function and value for x0 may change)
Clear[f, m, x, h]
x0 p;
f[x_]: Cos[x]
4Sin[2x]
Plot[f[x], {x, x0
1, x0
3}]
dq[h_]: (f[x0+h]
f[x0])/h
m Limit[dq[h], h 0]
ytan: f[x0]
m(x
x0)
y1: f[x0]
dq[1](x
x0)
y2: f[x0]
dq[2](x
x0)
y3: f[x0]
dq[3](x
x0)
Plot[{f[x], ytan, y1, y2, y3}, {x, x0
1, x0
3}]
CHAPTER 2 PRACTICE EXERCISES
1. At x
1:

lim

x
"c

f(x)

lim

x
"b

f(x) 1

lim f(x) 1 f(
1)

x
1

f is continuous at x
1.
At x 0: lim c f(x) lim b f(x) 0 lim f(x) 0.
x!

x!

x!

But f(0) 1 lim f(x)

x!

f is discontinuous at x 0.
If we define fa!b !, then the discontinuity at x ! is
removable.
At x 1: lim c f(x)
1 and lim b f(x) 1
x"

lim f(x) does not exist

x"

x1

f is discontinuous at x 1.
2. At x
1:

lim

x
"c

f(x) 0 and

lim

x
"b

f(x)
1

lim f(x) does not exist

x
"

f is discontinuous at x
1.
At x 0: lim c f(x)
_ and lim b f(x) _
x!

lim f(x) does not exist

x!

x!

f is discontinuous at x 0.
At x 1: lim c f(x) lim b f(x) 1 lim f(x) 1.
x"

x1

x"

But f(1) 0 lim f(x)

x1

f is discontinuous at x 1.
If we define fa"b ", then the discontinuity at x " is
removable.
3. (a)
(b)

lim a3fatbb 3 lim fatb 3(
7)
21

t t!

t t!

lim afatbb lim fatb a
(b# 49

t t!

t t!

Chapter 2 Practice Exercises

(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

111

lim afatb gatbb lim fatb lim gatb (
7)(0) 0

t t!

t t!

fatb
lim
t t! g(x)
7

t t!

lim fatb

tt!

lim agatb
7b

tt!

lim fatb

tt!

lim gatb
lim 7

tt!

tt!

7
0
7

lim cos agatbb cos lim gatb cos ! 1

t t!

t t!

lim kfatbk lim fatb k
7k 7

t t!

t t!

(g) lim afatb

gatbb lim fatb b lim gatb
7
0
7
t t!

(h)

4. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

t t!

lim "
t t! fatb

"
lim fatb

tt!

t t!

"

7

71

lim
g(x)
lim g(x)
2

x!

x!

lim ag(x) f(x)b lim g(x) lim f(x) 2 "#

x!

x!

x!

lim af(x)
g(x)b lim f(x)
lim g(x)

x!

"

lim
x ! f(x)

x!

"
lim f(x)

x!

"
"
#

x!

"
#

lim ax
f(x)b lim x
lim f(x) 0

x!

x!

f(x)cos x
x
1
x!

lim

x!

lim f(x) lim cos x

x!

x!

lim x
lim 1

x!

x!

"# (1)
0
1

"
#

2
#

"
#

#"

5. Since lim x 0 we must have that lim (4
g(x)) 0. Otherwise, if lim (%
g(x)) is a finite positive
x!

x!

x!

4
xg(x)

4
xg(x)

_ and lim b
_ so the limit could not equal 1 as
x!
x 0. Similar reasoning holds if lim (4
g(x)) is a finite negative number. We conclude that lim g(x) 4.
number, we would have lim c
x!

x!

6. 2 lim

x
%

x!

x lim g(x) lim x lim

x!

x
%

x
%

lim g(x)
4 lim

x!

(since lim g(x) is a constant) lim g(x)

x!

x!

2

%

x
%

"# .

lim g(x)
4 lim g(x)

x!

x!

7. (a) xlim
faxb xlim
x"$ c"$ facb for every real number c f is continuous on a
_ _b.
c
c
(b) xlim
gaxb xlim
x$% c$% gacb for every nonnegative real number c g is continuous on ! _.
c
c
(c) xlim
haxb xlim
x
#$
c
c
(d) xlim
kaxb xlim
x
"'
c
c

"
c#$
"
c"'

hacb for every nonzero real number c h is continuous on a
_ !b and a
_ _b.
kacb for every positive real number c k is continuous on a! _b

8. (a) - n
"# 1 n
"# 1, where I the set of all integers.
nI
(b) - an1 an
1b1b, where I the set of all integers.
nI
(c) a
_ 1b  a1 _b
(d) a
_ !b  a! _b
9.

(a)

(b)
10. (a)

(x
2)(x
2)
x#
4x  4
$  5x#
14x lim
x
x!
x ! x(x  7)(x
2)
x
2
x
2
lim
_ and lim b x(x
 7)
x !c x(x  7)

lim

lim (x
2)(x
2)
x # x(x  7)(x
#)

lim

lim

x
4x  4

x!

lim $
#
x # x  5x
14x
x#  x

lim &
%
$
x ! x  2x  x
Now lim c
x!

lim

1
x# (x  1)

x(x  1)

$
#
x ! x ax  2x  1b

_ and lim b
x!

x
2

, x 2; the limit does not exist because

x
2

, x 2, and lim

x ! x(x  7)

_

x # x(x  7)

lim

x1

#
x ! x (x  1)(x  1)

1
x# (x  1)

x
2

x # x(x  7)

lim

_ lim

"

#
x 0 x (x  1)
#

x x

&
%
$
x ! x  2x  x

0
2(9)

, x 0 and x
1.

_.

112

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

(b)

x#  x

exist because

$
#
x
" x ax  2x  1b

"

1
x
1
x

lim

12. xlim
a

x #
a#
x %
a%

xlim
a

13. lim

(x  h)#
x#
h

lim

(x  h)#
x#
h
x!

lim

h!

"
#x

#"
x

x!

16. lim

x!

17.

18.

x!

(#  x)$
8
x

x!

lim

x1

"
x  g(x)

3x#  1
g(x)

x!

"

x ! 4  #x

x!

x1

5
x#

"
#

lim 4 g(x) 8, since 2$ 8. Then lim b g(x) 2.

x!

x !b

5
lim

x 5

g(x)

%x  )
$x $

#!
&!

"

x
lim

_ $x

%
$x#

#

#
&

"

#x  $
##. x
lim
x
lim

_ &x#  (

_ & 
)
$x$

!
"
!!

5

lcos )
"l
)

lim

x  sin x  #x
x  sin x

"

l
#l

)_ )

! lim

x lim
_

)_

"  sinx x  #x
"  sinx x

&$

x x
" x
30. x lim
x lim
#x 
_ x#$  cos# x
_ "  cos#$
x

$
x#
(
x#

#!
&!

x x
x"
#'. x lim
x
lim
_
_ "#x$  "#)

_ "#  "#)
x$

lsin xl
lsin xl
"
27. x lim
x lim
! since int x _ as x _ x lim
!.
_ gx h
_ gx h
_ gx h

#$

"
#

29. x lim
_

g(x)

!
!
!!

x
(x
x
(
25. x
lim
x
lim

_

_ x  1

_ "  "x

lim

lim

x 5

x
#

"
x#
24. x lim
x lim

_ x #
(x  "
_ "
(x  x"#

)_

lim g(x) _ since lim a5
x# b 1

# $

28.

"
#

x1

x
#

#x  $
x
21. x lim
x lim

_ &x  (
_ &  (x
#

_ lim g(x) 0 since lim a3x#

1b 4

lim
x
# g(x)

x
23. x
lim

_

"4

lim ax#
6x
12b 12

(x
g(x))

lim

"
#a#

lim (2x
h) h

lim

x &

"
#

h!

"$

x &

_.

lim (2x
h) 2x

ax$  6x#  12x  8b
8

x

lim

"
x #  a#

xlim
a

ax#  2hx  h# b
x#
h

2
(2  x)
2x(#  x)

lim

"

lim [4 g(x)]"$ 2 lim b 4 g(x)

x !b
x!

19. lim
20.

ax #
a # b
ax #  a # b a x #
a # b

"

lim
#
x
"b x (x  1)

x 1 1  x

, x 0 and x
1. The limit does not

#
x
" x (x  1)

lim

ax#  2hx  h# b
x#
h
x!

14. lim

15. lim

"
x

x 1 1
x 1  x

h!

lim

_ and

lim
#
x
"c x (x  1)

11. lim

x1

x(x  1)

lim

lim
&
%
$
x
" x  2x  x

lcos )
"l
)

!.

"!!
"!

"

"!
"!

"

#
&

Chapter 2 Practice Exercises

31. At x
1:

lim

x
"c

lim

x
"c

lim

x
"b

f(x)

x ax #
1 b
x#
1

f(x)

lim

x ax #
1 b
kx #
1 k

lim

x
"c

lim

x
"c

x
"b

x
1, and

x ax #
1 b
kx #
1 k

x ax #
1 b

lim
#
x
"b
ax
"b

lim (
x)
(
1) 1. Since

x
1

lim f(x) lim b f(x)

x
"c
x
"

lim f(x) does not exist, the function f cannot be

x
1

extended to a continuous function at x
1.

At x 1:

lim f(x) lim c

x"

x "c

x ax #
1 b
kx #
1 k

lim c
x"
#

x ax #
1 b

ax #
1 b

lim c (
x)
1, and

x"

lim f(x) lim b xkaxx#

11k b lim b x axx#

"1b lim b x 1. Again lim f(x) does not exist so f
x1
x"
x"
x1
cannot be extended to a continuous function at x 1 either.

x "b

32. The discontinuity at x 0 of f(x) sin "x is nonremovable because lim sin
x!

33. Yes, f does have a continuous extension to a 1:

"
define f(1) lim xx


43 .
%
x
x1

34. Yes, g does have a continuous extension to a 1# :

)
5
g 1# lim1 45)cos

#1
4 .
) #

35. From the graph we see that lim
h(t) lim h(t)
t!
t!
so h cannot be extended to a continuous function
at a 0.

"
x

does not exist.

113

114

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

36. From the graph we see that lim c k(x) lim b k(x)
x!
x!
so k cannot be extended to a continuous function
at a 0.

37. (a) f(
1)
1 and f(2) 5 f has a root between
1 and 2 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is 1.32471795724
38. (a) f(
2)
2 and f(0) 2 f has a root between
2 and 0 by the Intermediate Value Theorem.
(b), (c) root is
1.76929235424
CHAPTER 2 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
1. (a)

x
xx

0.1
0.7943

0.01
0.9550

0.001
0.9931

10

100

1000

0.3679

0.3679

0.3679

Apparently, lim b xx 1
x!
(b)

2. (a)

x
"x "ln x
Apparently,

(b)

"ln x
lim "
x_ x

0.3678

"
e

0.0001
0.9991

0.00001
0.9999

Chapter 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises 115

3.

lim v#

lim L lim c L! "
vc# L! 1
vcc# L! 1
cc# 0

vc
The left-hand limit was needed because the function L is undefined if v  c (the rocket cannot move faster
than the speed of light).
#

v cc

4.

x
#

1  0.2
0.2 

x
#

1  0.2 0.8 

x
#

 1.2 1.6  x  2.4 2.56  x  5.76.

x
#

1  0.1
0.1 

x
#

1  0.1 0.9 

x
#

 1.1 1.8  x  2.2 3.24  x  4.84.

5. k10
(t
70) 10
%
10k  0.0005 k(t
70) 10
% k  0.0005
0.0005  (t
70) 10
%  0.0005

5  t
70  5 65  t  75 Within 5 F.
6. We want to know in what interval to hold values of h to make V satisfy the inequality
lV
"!!!l l$'1h
"!!!l "!. To find out, we solve the inequality:
**!
l$'1h
"!!!l "!
"! $'1h
"!!! "! **! $'1h "!"! $'
1 h

"!"!
$'1

)) h )*. where 8.8 was rounded up, to be safe, and 8.9 was rounded down, to be safe.
The interval in which we should hold h is about )*
)) !" cm wide (1 mm). With stripes 1 mm wide, we can expect
to measure a liter of water with an accuracy of 1%, which is more than enough accuracy for cooking.

7. Show lim f(x) lim ax#
7b
' f(1).

x1

x1

Step 1: kax#
7b
6k  %
%  x#
1  % 1
%  x#  1
% 1
%  x  1
%.
Step 2: kx
1k  $
$  x
1  $
$
"  x  $
".
Then
$
" 1
% or $
" 1
%. Choose $ min 1
1
% 1
%
1 , then
0  kx
1k  $ kax#
(b
6k  % and lim f(x)
6. By the continuity test, f(x) is continuous at x 1.
x1

8. Show lim" g(x) lim"

x

"
2x

2 g "4 .

Step 1: #"x
2  %
%  #"x
#  % #
%  #"x  #

%
Step 2: B
"4  $
$  x
4"  $
$
4"  x  $
4" .
Then
$

Choose $

"
4

"
4  #%

%
4(#%)

"
4

"
4  #%

%
4(2  %)

, or $

"
4

, the smaller of the two values. Then 0  x

By the continuity test, g(x) is continuous at x

"
4

"
4
#%

4"  $

"
4
#%

x

"
4
#%
#"x

"
4#%

"
4

%
4(2
%)

2  % and lim"

"
#x

2.

9. Show lim h(x) lim 2x
3 " h(2).

x#

x#

Step 1: 2x
3
1  %
%  2x
3
"  % "
%  2x
3  "

%

(1
%)#  $
#

x

("  %)#  3
.
#

Step 2: kx
2k  $
$  x
2  $ or
$
#  x  $
#.
("
% )#  $
$
#
("  % #  $
("  %#
"

#
#
#

Then
$
#

#

#
("
%)#  $
"
(1#
%)
#
#

%# . Choose $ %

%

%#
#,

%#
#

, or $
#

("  %)#  $
#

the smaller of the two values . Then,

!  kx
2k  $ 2x
3
"  %, so lim 2x
3 1. By the continuity test, h(x) is continuous at x 2.

x#

10. Show lim F(x) lim 9
x # F(5).

x&

x&

Step 1: 9
x
2  %
%  9
x
#  % 9
(2
%)#  x  *
(#
%)# .
Step 2: 0  kx
5k  $
$  x
&  $
$
&  x  $
&.
Then
$
& *
(#
%)# $ (#
%)#
% %#
#%, or $
& *
(#
%)# $ %
(#
%)# %#
#%.

116

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

Choose $ %#
#%, the smaller of the two values. Then, !  kx
5k  $ 9
x
#  %, so

lim 9
x #. By the continuity test, F(x) is continuous at x 5.

x&

11. Suppose L" and L# are two different limits. Without loss of generality assume L#  L" . Let %

"
3

(L#
L" ).

Since x lim
f(x) L" there is a $"  0 such that 0  kx
x! k  $" kf(x)
L" k  %
%  f(x)
L"  %
x
!

"3 (L#
L" )

L"  f(x) 

"
3

(L#
L" )
L" 4L"
L#  3f(x)  2L"
L# . Likewise, x lim
f(x) L#
x!
so there is a $# such that 0  kx
x! k  $# kf(x)
L# k  %
%  f(x)
L#  %

"3 (L#
L" )
L#  f(x)  3" (L#
L" )
L# 2L#
L"  3f(x)  4L#
L"
L"
4L# 
3f(x) 
2L#
L" . If $ min e$" $# f both inequalities must hold for 0  kx
x! k  $ :
4L"
L#  3f(x)  2L"
L#
5(L"
L# )  0  L"
L# . That is, L"
L#  0 and L"
L#  0,
L"
%L# 
3f(x) 
2L#
L" 
a contradiction.
12. Suppose xlim
f(x) L. If k !, then xlim
kf(x) xlim
0 ! ! xlim
f(x) and we are done.
c
c
c
c
%
If k 0, then given any %  !, there is a $  ! so that !  lx
cl  $ lfaxb
Ll  l5l
lkllfaxb
Ll  %
lkafaxb
Lb|  % lakfaxbb
akLbl  %. Thus, xlim
kf(x) kL kxlim
f(x).
c
c
13. (a) Since x 0 , 0  x$  x  1 ax$
xb 0

lim f ax$
xb lim c f(y) B where y x$
x.

y!

x !b

(b) Since x 0
,
1  x  x$  0 ax$
xb 0

(c) Since x 0 , 0  x%  x#  1 ax#
x% b 0

lim f ax$
xb lim b f(y) A where y x$
x.

y!

x !c

lim f ax#
x% b lim b f(y) A where y x#
x% .

y!

x !b

(d) Since x 0
,
1  x  0 !  x%  x#  1 ax#
x% b 0

lim f ax#
x% b A as in part (c).

x !b

14. (a) True, because if xlim

(f(x)
g(x)) exists then xlim
(f(x)
g(x))
xlim
f(x) xlim
[(f(x)
g(x))
f(x)]
a
a
a
a
xlim
g(x) exists, contrary to assumption.
a

(b) False; for example take f(x)

"
x

and g(x)
x" . Then neither lim f(x) nor lim g(x) exists, but

lim (f(x)
g(x)) lim "x
x" lim 0 0 exists.

x!

x!

x!

x!

x!

(c) True, because g(x) kxk is continuous g(f(x)) kf(x)k is continuous (it is the composite of continuous
functions).

1, x 0
f(x) is discontinuous at x 0. However kf(x)k 1 is
(d) False; for example let f(x)
1, x  0
continuous at x 0.
15. Show lim f(x) lim
x
1

x#
"

x
1 x  1

lim

x
1

(x  1)(x
")
(x  1)

Define the continuous extension of f(x) as F(x)

#, x
1.

x#
1
x1 ,

2

x
"
. We now prove the limit of f(x) as x
1
, x
1

exists and has the correct value.

#

Step 1: xx 
1"
(
#)  %
% 

(x  1)(x
")
(x  1)

#  %
%  (x
1)
#  %, x
"
%
"  x  %
".

Step 2: kx
(
1)k  $
$  x
1  $
$
"  x  $
".
Then
$
"
%
" $ %, or $
" %
" $ %. Choose $ %. Then !  kx
(
1)k  $
#

xx 
1"
a
#b  %

lim F(x)
2. Since the conditions of the continuity test are met by F(x), then f(x) has a

x
1

continuous extension to F(x) at x
1.

Chapter 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises 117

16. Show lim g(x) lim
x$

x$

x#
2x
3
2x
6

lim

x$

(x
3)(x  ")
2(x
3)

#, x 3.
#

x
2x
3
2x
6 ,

Define the continuous extension of g(x) as G(x)

x3
. We now prove the limit of g(x) as
, x3

x 3 exists and has the correct value.

Step 1: x

2x
3
#x
6

2  %
% 

(x
3)(x  ")
2(x
3)

#  %
% 

x"
#

#  % , x $ $
#%  x  $
#% .

Step 2: kx
3k  $
$  x
3  $ $
$  x  $
$.
Then, $
$ $
#% $ #%, or $
$ $
#% $ #%. Choose $ #%. Then !  kx
3k  $
x

2x
3
2x
6

2  % lim

x$

(x
3)(x  ")
#(x
3)

2. Since the conditions of the continuity test hold for G(x),

g(x) can be continuously extended to G(x) at B 3.

17. (a) Let %  ! be given. If x is rational, then f(x) x kf(x)
0k kx
0k  % kx
0k  %; i.e., choose
$ %. Then kx
0k  $ kf(x)
0k  % for x rational. If x is irrational, then f(x) 0 kf(x)
0k  %
!  % which is true no matter how close irrational x is to 0, so again we can choose $ %. In either case,
given %  ! there is a $ %  ! such that !  kx
0k  $ kf(x)
0k  %. Therefore, f is continuous at
x 0.
(b) Choose x c  !. Then within any interval (c
$ c
$ ) there are both rational and irrational numbers.
If c is rational, pick % #c . No matter how small we choose $  ! there is an irrational number x in
(c
$ c
$ ) kf(x)
f(c)k k0
ck c 

c
#

%. That is, f is not continuous at any rational c  0. On

the other hand, suppose c is irrational f(c) 0. Again pick % #c . No matter how small we choose $  !
there is a rational number x in (c
$ c
$ ) with kx
ck 
kxk 

c
#

% f is not continuous at any irrational c  0.

If x c  0, repeat the argument picking %

nonzero value x c.
18. (a) Let c

c
#

kc k
#

c
# .

x

c
#

Then kf(x)
f(c)k kx
0k

3c
#.

Therefore f fails to be continuous at any

m
n

be a rational number in [0 1] reduced to lowest terms f(c) "n . Pick %

"
#n

%. Therefore f is discontinuous at x c, a rational number.

"
#n .

No matter how
small $  ! is taken, there is an irrational number x in the interval (c
$ c
$ ) kf(x)
f(c)k 0
"n

"
n

(b) Now suppose c is an irrational number f(c) 0. Let %  0 be given. Notice that
number reduced to lowest terms with denominator 2 and belonging to [0 1];
denominator 3 belonging to [0 1];

"
4

and

[0 1]; etc. In general, choose N so that

"
N

3
4

with denominator 4 in [0 1];

"
3

and

" 2 3
5, 5, 5

2
3

and

"
#

is the only rational

the only rationals with

4
5

with denominator 5 in

 % there exist only finitely many rationals in [! "] having

denominator N, say r" , r# , , rp . Let $ min ekc
ri k : i 1 pf . Then the interval (c
$ c

$ )
contains no rational numbers with denominator N. Thus, 0  kx
ck  $ kf(x)
f(c)k kf(x)
0k
kf(x)k N"  % f is continuous at x c irrational.

118

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

(c) The graph looks like the markings on a typical ruler

when the points (x f(x)) on the graph of f(x) are
connected to the x-axis with vertical lines.

19. Yes. Let R be the radius of the equator (earth) and suppose at a fixed instant of time we label noon as the
zero point, 0, on the equator 0
1R represents the midnight point (at the same exact time). Suppose x"
is a point on the equator just after" noon x"
1R is simultaneously just after" midnight. It seems
reasonable that the temperature T at a point just after noon is hotter than it would be at the diametrically
opposite point just after midnight: That is, T(x" )
T(x"
1R)  0. At exactly the same moment in time
pick x# to be a point just before midnight x#
1R is just before noon. Then T(x# )
T(x#
1R)  0.
Assuming the temperature function T is continuous along the equator (which is reasonable), the Intermediate
Value Theorem says there is a point c between 0 (noon) and 1R (simultaneously midnight) such that
T(c)
T(c
1R) 0; i.e., there is always a pair of antipodal points on the earth's equator where the
temperatures are the same.
#

#
#
"
20. xlim
f(x)g(x) xlim
af(x)
g(x)b
xlim
af(x)
g(x)b
af(x)
g(x)b
af(x)
g(x)b "% xlim
c
c %
c
c
"% $#
a
"b# #.

21. (a) At x 0: lim r (a) lim

a!

lim

1
("  a)

a!

a ! a
"
1  a

At x
1:
(b) At x 0:

lim

a
"b

r (a)

"  1  a
a

1

"
1  0

lim c
a!

1
("  a)
a
"  1  a

"
#

a!

1
(1  a)

lim

a
"b a
1
1  a

lim r
(a) lim c

a!

a !c

1  a

lim
"  a

"
1  a
a

lim c
a!

"
1  a

"
1  a

a

lim

a
1 a
"
1  a
1  a

lim c
"
a
a!

a
a
1  1  a

lim c
a!

1
1  a
a

lim

"  1  a

"
_ (because the

"  1  a

"

_ (because the

"  1  a

a!

lim r
(a) lim b

a
"b
a
"

"

"
0

"  1  a

denominator is always negative); lim b r
(a) lim b

a!
a!
is always positive). Therefore, lim r
(a) does not exist.
At x
1:

"

a
1b
"  1  a

denominator

Chapter 2 Additional and Advanced Exercises 119

(c)

(d)

22. f(x) x
2 cos x f(0) 0
2 cos 0 2  0 and f(
1)
1
2 cos (
1)
1
#  0. Since f(x) is
continuous on [
1 !], by the Intermediate Value Theorem, f(x) must take on every value between [
1
# #].
Thus there is some number c in [
1 !] such that f(c) 0; i.e., c is a solution to x
2 cos x 0.
23. (a) The function f is bounded on D if f(x) M and f(x) N for all x in D. This means M f(x) N for all x
in D. Choose B to be max ekMk kNkf . Then kf(x)k B. On the other hand, if kf(x)k B, then

B f(x) B f(x)
B and f(x) B f(x) is bounded on D with N B an upper bound and
M
B a lower bound.
(b) Assume f(x) N for all x and that L  N. Let % L
# N . Since x lim
f(x) L there is a $  ! such that
x
!

0  kx
x! k  $ kf(x)
Lk  % L
%  f(x)  L
% L

LN
#

 f(x) 

3L
N
# .

But L  N

LN
#

L

 f(x)  L

M
L
#

3L
M
#

 f(x)

M
L
# . As in part (b), 0  kx

L
 M
 M, a contradiction.
#

24. (a) If a b, then a
b 0 ka
bk a
b max (a b)

ab
#

ka
b k
#

If a b, then a
b 0 ka
bk
(a
b) b
a max (a b)

2b
#

b.

(b) Let min (a b)

ab
#

ka
b k
#

 f(x)  L

L
N
#

 N N  f(x) contrary to the boundedness assumption

f(x) N. This contradiction proves L N.

(c) Assume M f(x) for all x and that L  M. Let %
M
L
#

L
N
#

x! k  $

ab
a
b
2a
#
# # a.
ka
b k
ab
a # b
b
# a
#

120

Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

25. lim
x0

sina"
cos xb
x

lim

lim

x0

sin x

x0 x

26.

lim

sin x

x 0b sin x

sina"
cos xb
"
cos x

sin x
"  cos x

sin x

lim
x 0b B

"
cos x
x

x
sin x

lim

x
x

lim

sinasin xb
sin x

28. lim

sinax#  xb
x

lim

sinax#  xb
x#  x

ax
"b lim

sinax#
%b
x 2 x
2

lim

sinax#
%b
#
x 2 x
%

ax
2b lim

x0

29. lim

x0

sinx
$
x
9
x9

30. lim

sin x
x

x0

sinasin xb
sin x

sina"
cos xb
"
cos x

lim

"
cos# x

x 0 xa"  cos xb

"
x  $

lim

sin x

x0 x

" " ".

sinax#  xb
x#  x

lim ax
"b " " "

sinax#
%b
#
x 2 x
%

lim ax
2b " % %

x0

sinx
$
x 9 x
$

lim

x0

" lim b sin"x lim b x " ! ! !.

x 0 x x 0

sinasin xb
x

x0

lim

" #! !.

27. lim

x0

"  cos x
"  cos x

x0

x2

sinx
$
x 9 x
$

lim

lim

"

x 9 x  $

"

"
'

"
'

" lim

sin# x

x 0 xa"  cos xb