Preparation Guide For Advisors

UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION of GREATER BOSTON
MODEL UN
CONFERENCE PREPARATION
GUIDE
For Advisors
ADAPTED FROM THE UNA-USA MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ADVISORS GUIDE BY
THE UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION OF GREATER BOSTON
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................................. iii

TIPS FOR SUCCESS ......................................................................................................................................................................... iv
SECTION I. CONFERENCE LOGISTICS

Administrative Forms .................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Country Assignments ..................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Directions to the Conference .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Conference Rules of Conduct ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Dress Code ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Conference Schedule...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Meals .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Materials to Have Handy ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
The Advisors Role at the Conference ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Expectations for Performance ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Guidelines for Performance.9
SECTION II. PREPARING FOR THE MODEL UN CONFERENCE

Model UN Research ....................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Position Papers ............................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Negotiation and Team Building ..................................................................................................................................................... 18
Public Speaking ............................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Conference Proceedings ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
Flow of Debate ............................................................................................................................................................................... 22
UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

ii
Rules of Procedure ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23

The Resolution Process .................................................................................................................................................................. 30
SECTION III. PRACTICE MODEL UN ACTIVITIES

Guide to Practice Activities ........................................................................................................................................................... 37
The United Nations ........................................................................................................................................................................ 38
Model UN Research ....................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Position Papers ............................................................................................................................................................................... 40
Writing Resolutions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Model UN Procedures .................................................................................................................................................................... 43
SECTION IV. HANDOUTS AND REFERENCES

iii
INTRODUCTION
Welcome to UNA-GB Model UN! As the leading resource-provider for Model United Nations in the Boston
area, UNA-GB is committed to offering students and teachers tips and tools to make their Model UN
experience worthwhile. Preparing for a Model United Nations conference, though it may seem daunting at
times to any advisor, is a worthwhile experience for students and advisors alike. Advisors not only need to
coordinate logistics, but also must train their students in the areas of researching, writing position papers,
writing resolutions, navigating rules of procedure, public speaking, and negotiation.
In order to alleviate the stress of preparing for the unknown, this guide has been created for MUN
faculty advisors.
Preparation is essential to every Model United Nations team, though each teacher works under different
circumstances. Some groups have only a few opportunities to meet before a Model United Nations
conference. Other teachers are able to meet with their delegates weekly or have older students work with
younger participants. You can organize your team any way you want as long as you provide them with an
opportunity to be well prepared for the simulation. This guide provides the necessary tools for getting your
group ready for the Model UN Conference.
If you have any questions regarding conference preparation, please feel free to contact the UNA-GB Global
Education Staff at (617) 482-4587 or via e-mail: education@unagb.org

iv
TIPS FOR SUCCESS

"The Role of a Faculty Advisor" by Dr. Peter Hausland, Santa Barbara City College
Recruitment Officer
Recruiting is an integral part of creating either a Model UN club or class. Once students agree to join, they usually become
fascinated by the simulation and end up staying. One suggestion for encouraging recruitment is to invite a past delegate to speak
about his or her previous interest, either by holding a special interest session or (sometimes more effectively) by word of mouth. It
is important to deputize student interest and involvement by having experienced participants take initiative. Teachers can also have
in-class simulations; once students start MUN they usually can't stop. Of course, there is finally the traditional method of putting
up posters and hosting an informational meeting. At the meeting, teachers can show a video about MUN (such as UNA-USA's
Model UN for Everyone video) or have other students discuss their experiences, involvement, etc.
Organizer
As Model UN conferences are in different locations, faculty advisors will often be planning travel arrangements and other
logistical matters. The most successful way to organize a group would be with the help of more experienced students in leadership
roles helping manage these concerns and the club's day-to-day activities. The faculty advisor should assign leadership roles or even
have the students elect leaders. Usually students will rise to the occasion.
Motivator
At various points along the path of preparing for an upcoming Model UN conference, students may begin to doubt their abilities as
they experience new challenges. An advisor has to create a sense of both interest and engagement in the process in order to ease
these fears.
Instructor
For a class advisor, fashioning a course structure that satisfies both academic requirements and the demands of the simulation can
be challenging. If you are the advisor to a club and there is no credit given or offered for the experience, there may be a lack of
academic interest or discipline as well. An advisor has to create such a structure, where both types of Model UN groups will
successfully achieve their requirements.
Setter of Boundaries
It is important that faculty advisors set clear parameters about what is acceptable behavior and what is not. Advisors should
encourage students to enjoy the conference and acknowledge that this will include an active social life, but also point out that any
behavior that will bring discredit to the team or to the school will be met sternly and swiftly. There should be flexibility and openmindedness, but there should be no question about the nature and extent of rules and codes of conduct.
Cheerleader
By visiting students during their statements and speeches at committee sessions, in other words, by showing support, teachers
provide students with a valuable sense of approval and confidence. Many advisors take the delegation to dinner at least once
during the conference. This builds team-work, trust and camaraderie between both the students and their advisor.
Publicist

v
The task of telling the world that you are engaged in something unique and academically useful belongs to you. Faculty advisors
can prepare a report about the activities of the delegation after they return from a conference, and urge a campus Information
Officer to develop a press release about the group's achievements. Photos of students interacting at a conference are often useful
attachments to a press release.
Evaluator
Feedback is an important aspect of every successful academic experience. Advisors should use both an anonymous written
evaluation and a general discussion with the students to gather this information

vi
Section I
Conference Logistics
ADMINISTRATIVE FORMS
Deadlines
All deadlines are published in a separate supplement provided by UNA-GB.
School Registration Form
Please complete and return the conference registration form in time to return it to UNA-GB by the deadline;
it is a good idea to confirm receipt of this form. Due with the registration form is the school registration fee.
This will allow you and your students time to prepare for the conference.
Be sure to provide accurate contact information about the advisor(s) as well as your best estimate of the
number of students you intend to bring. Invariably, this number will change as the conference approaches please keep us informed of your current number of delegates.
Delegate Registration Form
The committee representation form is required for attendance. It is imperative that UNA-GB receives your
completed form by the stated deadline. This form will be emailed to advisors at all participating schools and
will also be available for download at www.unagb.org.
Preparation Guide for Advisors (this document)
This Preparation Guide is an expanded version of the delegate guide. It includes everything in the delegate
guide, plus additional teaching and logistical resources specifically written for Model UN faculty advisors.
PLEASE NOTE: A supplement for this Guide will be posted on the conference website.
Preparation Guide for Delegates
This Preparation Guide provides your team with the conferences rules of procedure, position paper and
resolution format, and general information on conference proceedings. It is recommended that you provide
copies for your team as needed. This document will be available on our web site for download.
Country Preferences
The Country Matrix will be available on or before the registration deadline. Documents will be sent to
registered schools via email and available online. Schools bringing both a high school and middle school
delegation (when appropriate) should submit two forms. Further advice on submitting your country
preferences is on the following page.
Topic Guides
Topic Guides are created for each of the conferences committees. They are informational aids that discuss
the committee, topics on the agenda, and questions delegates should consider in their research. Please feel
free to photocopy the topic guides for your delegates. The Global Education staff at UNA-GB will also
assemble additional updated information regarding specific topics. Contact us for more information on these
resources.

2
COUNTRY ASSIGNMENTS
After you have registered for the UNA-GB Model UN conference, you will receive country assignments for
your delegation. Please note that these country assignments are made on a first come, first served basis.
Although we do our best to give schools their preferred countries, with many schools attending the
conference, this may not be possible.
HOW TO ASSIGN COMMITTEES

When assigning committees to your group, the first thing to remember is that you will only place students
in committees your country is member to. These assignments are based on actual UN Committee
Membership for the current year. To determine the committees of which your assigned countries are
members, consult the country list we have provided. Each country may be represented by either one or
two delegates in each committee. If possible, we recommend pairing two students per committee,
especially for those within the Security Council.
Total Delegates
CHR
ECOSOC
Country
Benin
Bhutan
Brazil
Security Council
For example, if your school has been chosen to represent Brazil (see chart below), you could assign
between 4 and 6 students to that countrytwo to the Security Council and either one or two each to the
Commission on Human Rights and ECOSOC. It is important that each of your assigned countries is
represented by at least one student in each committee.
4
3
When selecting delegations and assigning students to committees, think about their assets and weaknesses,
as well as personalities. Pairing an experienced delegate and a new delegate together is a common method,
but so is placing the stronger delegates together in particular committees. Remember that your most
advanced students should be placed in the Security Council.
Assigning students to countries and committees can be a daunting task, especially for the first time
advisor. If you have any questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to call or e-mail us! We are
more than happy to help.
3

4
DIRECTIONS TO THE CONFERENCE

The conference will take place on the campus of Northeastern University in Bostons Back Bay.
Several weeks prior to the conference, all advisors will receive detailed information about conference
check-in and room locations.
On the weekends, parking is available in the Columbus Ave. lot (between the two parking garages) on a firstcome, first-served basis. In addition, parking is available in the Renaissance Parking Garage, the taller
garage at the corner of Columbus Ave. and Melnea Cass Blvd. When space is available on weekends, buses
may park free of charge in the Columbus Ave. lot. No permit is required. There is also metered parking
available.
From the north (via Route I-93 or Route 1)
Take the Storrow Drive exit, and proceed to the Fenway exit. Follow signs for Boylston Street inbound, and
bear right onto Westland Avenue. Turn right onto Massachusetts Avenue, proceed to the third traffic light,
and turn right onto Columbus Avenue. The Renaissance Parking Garage is at 835 Columbus Ave., just
beyond the Columbus Ave. parking lot.
From the west (via Route 90, Massachusetts Turnpike)
Take Exit 22 (Copley Square), and bear right. Proceed to the first traffic light, and turn right onto Dartmouth
Street. Take the next right onto Columbus Avenue. The Renaissance Parking Garage is at 835 Columbus
Ave., just beyond the Columbus Ave. parking lot.
From the west (via Route 9)
Proceed east on Route 9; it will become Huntington Avenue. Turn right onto Ruggles Street. At the third
traffic light, turn left onto Tremont Street. At the second set of lights, turn left onto Melnea Cass Boulevard.
The Renaissance Parking Garage is directly in front of you, at the end of Melnea Cass Boulevard. The
Columbus Avenue parking lot is adjacent to the garage on the right.
From the south (via Route 3, Southeast Expressway)
Take Exit 18 (Massachusetts Avenue), and proceed onto Melnea Cass Boulevard. Continue for
approximately two miles. The Renaissance Parking Garage will be directly in front of you, at the end of
Melnea Cass Boulevard. The Columbus Avenue parking lot is adjacent to the garage on the right.
Via public transportation
Northeastern is accessible by subway via the Green Line of the MBTA. From downtown Boston, take an E
train outbound to the Northeastern stop, the first stop above ground. The campus can also be reached from
downtown via the Orange Line by taking any train going outbound to Forest Hills and getting off at Ruggles
Station. Commuter rail lines that do not stop at Ruggles Station connect with the Orange Line at either Back
Bay Station or North Station.
Contacting Conference Staff
Prior to the conference, the Secretariat and staff can be contacted through UNA-GB at 617-482-4587.
Contact information for the staff will be included in materials sent out to registered delegations.

5
For submission of paperwork, our address is United Nations Association of Greater Boston, 44 46 Temple
Place, Boston MA 02111, our fax number is 617-482-0937, or email education@unagb.org

6
DURING THE CONFERENCE: RULES OF CONDUCT

At the conference, MUN staff will enforce the following rules of conduct:
SMOKING, ALCOHOL & DRUGS
Smoking, alcohol and illegal drugs are prohibited at all times and in all places. Any delegate caught in
possession of alcoholic beverages or illegal drugs will be barred from the conference and sent home
immediately. MUN staff reserves the right to investigate any related matters. No warnings will be given.
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Sexual harassment will not be tolerated. The conference defines sexual harassment as:
"(1) Unwanted sexual advances that may take the form of inappropriate sexual or suggestive comments,
sounds or jokes; unsolicited touching or fondling; unwanted intercourse or assault; (2) unwelcome requests
for sexual favors; and (3) such conduct that [has] the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an
individual's academic or work performance, or of creating an intimidating, hostile or offensive educational,
social, living or working environment."
Any incidents of sexual harassment should be immediately reported a member of the Conference Staff.
DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
Delegates are to obey instructions by any advisor or Model UN staff member, both inside and outside of
committee.
BADGES
Delegates, Advisors and Staff must wear their badges at all times during the conference; they are the only
identification recognized by MUN staff and security officials. Keep them visible at all times to avoid
confusion.
TRASH
Delegates are responsible for their own trash. Each room will be provided with a trash receptacle. After each
committee session, each delegate is to clean his or her own area before leaving the room.
ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Delegates are permitted to use laptops and PDAs during the UNA-GB Model UN Conference, but only for
conference-related work. Cell phones must be turned off at all times. MP3 players (such as iPods) may not
be used during the event; any delegate found using one will have it taken away and given to their faculty
advisor until the end of the conference. UNA-GB is not responsible for lost or stolen property.
In the case of violation of any regulation, the staff reserves the right to dismiss a participant from the
conference.

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CONFERENCE DRESS CODE

All delegates at the UNA-GB Model UN Conferences must adhere to the following dress code. As a general
rule, delegates must be dressed in Western business attire. Delegates who are not dressed appropriately will
be sent home.
SUITS
A suit always looks professional and is the best option. Suits should be kept clean and wrinkle-free.
SHIRTS & TOPS
Males must wear a collared button-down shirt. Females may wear a blouse, sweater or button-down shirt.
Dresses are also appropriate as long as they are adequate in length (see the rules set for skirt length).
No T-Shirts.
PANTS & BOTTOMS
Slacks and suit pants are acceptable, preferably in dark colors. Females may wear skirts but should also wear
pantyhose or stockings. Skirts should not be more than two inches above the knee. No jeans or shorts.
SHOES
Females may wear high-heels, but they may prove uncomfortable after some time. Open-toed shoes must be
professional. Males should wear dress shoes. No sneakers or flip-flops.
HAIR
Hair should be kept looking professional at all times; hair style should not detract from a delegates overall
appearance.
JEWELRY & PIERCINGS
Piercings on a students face that is not for cultural purposes or that is not on his/her ears, are best to remove
during the conference for a professional presentation.
ACTIVITY
To ensure that your students understand the proper attire for the conference, have a dress rehearsal about two
weeks prior to the conference. Have students wear or bring in their conference attire and ask students to vote
on whether the attire is acceptable and if not, what could be improved.

8
AT THE CONFERENCE
Conference Schedule
It is essential that you give your students a sense of the conference schedule. There will be times when
delegates may leave the committees to get some air, teachers should make sure that delegates realize that
they are expected to attend all meetings; they are not to be wandering around outdoors or out of session for
any length of time. In short, let them know what they can expect in terms of the conference schedule, as well
as what the staff expects from them in meetings, from the other delegates, etc. A basic outline of the
schedule will be posted on the conference website; a sample conference day schedule is below.
Sample Schedule
8:00am
Opening Ceremonies
8:30am-12:00pm
Committee Session I
12:00-1:00pm
Lunch
1:00-3:30pm
Committee Session II
3:30-4:00pm
Closing Ceremonies
Meals
The United Nations Association of Greater Boston will provide lunch for all delegates and advisors.
Materials for Advisors to have Available

Materials useful to have along with you at the conference are:
General references about the specific country/countries your delegates are representing;
Background information on the topics being discussed such as treaties and timelines;
United Nations references; and
Copies of your delegates position papers.
The roles of the Faculty Advisor at the conference

Your delegates should know that they are expected to articulate their delegation's perspectives on the issues
in the meetings. Please do not hesitate to offer advice to delegates at the conference, regardless of what
school they are from. We only ask that you refrain from coaching students while they are speaking as
part of the committees formal procedure; we ask that you wait until they are finished.
Your roles at the conference include troubleshooter and consultant (on strategy, international relations, etc.).
The important thing is to help them to remember that they have indeed prepared hard for this and that they're
ready for the task. And they ought to enjoy themselves too!

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EXPECTATIONS FOR PERFORMANCE

All delegates are expected to:
Prepare for the conference by researching their country and topic in advance;
Obey the Conference Code of Conduct;
Obey the Conference Dress Code;
Listen to any instructions from conference staff, who can be identified by their green name badges;
Actively participate in the bodys debate, including (but not limited to) making speeches, caucusing,
proposing resolutions and amendments, and voting; and
Listen attentively during Opening and Closing Ceremonies.
UNA-GB believes that preparation for and participation in Model UN conferences is a superb learning
experience for young people. UNA-GB acknowledges delegations that do a superb job of representing their
country and although the Conference Secretariat provides awards, we strongly believe that this should not be
sole purpose of attending a Model UN Conference.
Model United Nations is designed to teach the participants about certain international problems and the
obstacles to their resolution. Each nation must define its own interests and advance them at a UNA-GB
Model UN Conference. Our praise goes to those delegates who can solve international problems while still
maintaining the integrity of their national interests, but we also praise those delegates whose interest lies in
maintaining the status quo and acting in character.
Judging for awards will be based on the following criteria, ranked in order of importance:
1. Represents assigned country, realistically conveying a thorough understanding of the countrys
policy;
2. Conducts oneself in a diplomatic manner during formal and informal debate;
3. Shows a willingness to negotiate through topics for the benefit of the committee;
4. Conveys knowledge of United Nations structure and function;
5. Understands and follows MUN rules of procedure; and
6. Displays the ability to verbally present policy, ideas, and questions during committee.

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GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE

Awards will be based on the rubric below:
NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
(1)
AVERAGE (2)
ABOVE AVERAGE (3)
OUTSTANDING (4)
COUNTRY
REPRESENTATION
KNOWLEDGE
OF UN
SYSTEM
KNOWLEDGE
OF TOPICS ON
AGENDA
KNOWLEDGE
OF RULES OF
PROCEDURE
DIPLOMATIC
COMPOSURE
INVOLVEMENT
DELEGATE
ALWAYS FOLLOWS
THE RULES OF
PROCEDURE
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE, AND USES
THEM TO THE
COUNTRYS
ADVANTAGE
DELEGATE
ALWAYS ACTS IN A
DIPLOMATIC
MANNER DURING
SPEECHES,
NEGOTIATIONS
AND COMMITTEE
PROCEEDINGS,
AND USES
SOPHISTICATED
LANGUAGE
DELEGATE ALWAYS
DELEGATE
ALWAYS FOLLOWS
THE RULES OF
PROCEDURE
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
DELEGATE
ALWAYS ACTS IN A
DIPLOMATIC
MANNER DURING
SPEECHES,
NEGOTIATIONS
AND COMMITTEE
PROCEEDINGS
DELEGATE
DELEGATE
USUALLY ACTS IN
A DIPLOMATIC
MANNER DURING
SPEECHES,
NEGOTIATIONS
AND COMMITTEE
PROCEEDINGS
DELEGATE ALWAYS
DELEGATE HAS
DELEGATE HAS
REPRESENTS THE
VIEWPOINTS AND
POLICIES OF HIS/HER
NATION, AND ALL
SPEECHES AND
NEGOTIATIONS HAVE THE
BEST INTEREST OF THE
COUNTRY IN MIND
EXCEPTIONAL
KNOWLEDGE OF
UN STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS
AND
DEMONSTRATES
THIS
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
OUTSTANDING
KNOWLEDGE OF
TOPICS BASED ON
ADDITIONAL
RESEARCH
OUTSIDE OF
BACKGROUND
GUIDES
DELEGATE ALWAYS
DELEGATE HAS
ABOVE AVERAGE
KNOWLEDGE OF
UN STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS
AND
DEMONSTRATES
THIS
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
DELEGATE HAS
REPRESENTS THE
VIEWPOINTS AND
POLICIES OF HIS/HER
NATION, AND MOST
SPEECHES AND
COUNTRY IN MIND
SOME
KNOWLEDGE OF
TOPICS BASED ON
ADDITIONAL
RESEARCH
OUTSIDE OF
BACKGROUND
GUIDES
DELEGATE USUALLY
DELEGATE HAS
DELEGATE HAS
DELEGATE
REPRESENTS THE
VIEWPOINTS AND
POLICIES OF HIS/HER
NATION, AND MOST
SPEECHES AND
COUNTRY IN MIND
SOME
KNOWLEDGE OF
UN STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS
AND
DEMONSTRATES
THIS
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
BASIC
KNOWLEDGE OF
TOPICS BASED ON
BACKGROUND
GUIDES
USUALLY
FOLLOWS THE
RULES OF
PROCEDURE
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
DELEGATE RARELY
DELEGATE HAS
DELEGATE HAS
REPRESENTS THE
VIEWPOINTS AND
POLICIES OF HIS/HER
NATION, AND SPEECHES
AND NEGOTIATIONS DID
NOT HAVE THE BEST
INTEREST OF THE
COUNTRY IN MIND
LITTLE OR
INACCURATE
KNOWLEDGE OF
UN STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTIONS
AND
DEMONSTRATES
THIS
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
LITTLE OR
INACCURATE
KNOWLEDGE OF
TOPICS
DELEGATE
RARELY FOLLOWS
THE RULES OF
PROCEDURE
THROUGHOUT
DEBATE
INITIATES
COMMITTEE
PROCEEDINGS IN
FORMAL AND
INFORMAL DEBATE
AND SHOWS
EXCEPTIONAL
WILLINGNESS AND
LEADERSHIP
INITIATES
COMMITTEE
PROCEEDINGS IN
FORMAL AND
INFORMAL DEBATE
AND SHOWS
WILLINGNESS AND
LEADERSHIP
DELEGATE IS
ACTIVELY
INVOLVED IN
FORMAL AND
INFORMAL DEBATE
DELEGATE DOES
DELEGATE IS NOT
NOT ACT IN A
DIPLOMATIC
MANNER DURING
SPEECHES,
NEGOTIATIONS
AND COMMITTEE
PROCEEDINGS
ACTIVELY
INVOLVED IN
FORMAL AND
INFORMAL DEBATE

11
Section II
Preparing for the

UNA-GB Model UN Conference
MODEL UN RESEARCH
It is important to remember that your delegates goal is to faithfully represent their country. Delegates need to learn
about their country and their positions so that they may respond to the issues raised at the conference just as a real
delegate from that country would respond. Your delegates should also be knowledgeable about the specified topic
areas, the United Nations, and the particular committee. When researching, your delegates should know the following:
1. Delegates need to learn enough about their country to respond to the issues raised at the conference just as a
real delegate from that country would respond at the United Nations. Being clear on the nations voting
records, which countries the country generally votes with, and what initiatives the country has sponsored will
help delegates to portray and role-play as delegates from that country when they are at the conference. In
addition, delegates must learn general information about the country they are representing: its political
structure, history, culture(s), geography, people, infrastructure, economics, transnational issues, the country's
allies and enemies in the world, and to what formal organizations it belongs (such as "OAS," "OAU," "EU,"
"LAS," "ASEAN," "OECD," "OPEC," etc.). Some sources to find out country information:
a. News and media sources, particularly those that focus on the specific country and UN activities
throughout the world, are a great resource. Our most recommended site to begin country research is
the BBC, at www.bbc.co.uk. The BBC web site has a brief country profile for all 192 member states.
We have also compiled a separate document, Research Links, with recommendations for students.
Again, it is encouraged that students keep up to date on their countrys current events.
b. The country's permanent UN Mission can be a useful resource. Delegates can visit the missions web
site or call the directly and ask them to send their position statements on various issues. You can even
contact them to ask specific questions to find out how a particular country reacts to an issue.
c. Delegates can look on the U.S. State Department country reports or call the U.S. State Department
desk officer for their country to ask the secretary about the country's relationships with the U.S. You
can also ask questions about anything else related to that country and the issues being discussed at the
conference.
d.
Another great source of information is the CIA World Factbook. Here delegates can find a lot of
general information such as statistics, demographics and historical information. The CIA web address
is www.cia.gov.
e. The United Nations web site has an abundance of information including actual speeches and country
voting records. You can find it at www.un.org
f.
Additional links can be found on www.unagb.org by clicking Research Resources
2. Next, delegates should research the topic at hand. The background guides are intended to jumpstart delegates
research. The Research Sites and Questions to Consider portions of the background guides, as well as the
footnote citations, will help focus your research. Delegates should further research the general information on
the topic, the country's position about the topic, actions taken to combat the problem, and stances of other
countries, blocs, etc. Great areas to look for information include:
a. News and Media sources. Delegates should consult their local libraries or a university library to see if you
can access Lexis-Nexus Academic Universe. Lexis-Nexus is a system that searches thousands of
periodicals. Another service is Questia. This costs about $15.00 per month, but allows people to access
thousands of documents via their personal computer. Delegates should also use the Internet to locate news
and media sources.
b. The United Nations web site is always a useful site for topic research. The UN Economic and Social
Council section has a great index to some of the most popular topics. In addition, through the United
Nations Documentation Center you can find resolutions and voting records from the current and previous
years.

13
c. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) offer a lot of background information, and in many cases, great
Internet links to further sources of research.
d. Policy centers of universities. Many topics, especially human rights, are the subject of constant research
by both professors and students.
3. Other suggestions to consider in preparation for the conference:
a. Make sure that each delegate has a hard copy of the background guide for his/her assigned committee. All
guides are available on the UNA-GB website at http://www.unagb.org.
b. A three-ring binder or a specific MUN folder will help students keep all information, including their
Delegate Handbook and research information, organized. Background guides will help students
understand what they will be expected to discuss at the conference.
c. Delegates should follow current events by reading newspapers daily, especially those within the Security
Council as they may be asked to respond to crises within the simulation.
UN RESEARCH
Delegates cannot forget to learn about the United Nations. In many cases this is the area of research that is most
overlooked. It is important for delegates to know how the organ/agency that they are in operates, the text of the UN
Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, recent UN actions on the issue, conferences that have been
held, statements by UN officials etc. The UN website, www.un.org, is the best resource to find this information. The
UN also publishes many books about the specific topics and general UN information, which can be purchased via their
web site. If a delegate is in NYC, it is possible to even set up a briefing with a UN secretariat member. This can be
done by calling the Department of Public Inquiries at (212) 963-7710.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES
A great resource for new and experienced delegates alike is Model UN 101, a website by UNA-USA which addresses
preparing for Model UN conferences. UNA-USAs website provides on-line resources to aid delegates with
negotiation and position paper/resolution writing skills. You can find this information by visiting
http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation

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POSITION PAPERS
Introduction:
In an effort to expand upon the high quality of debate at UNA-GB MUN, delegations are required to submit
position papers prior to coming to the conference. Position papers allow delegates to organize their ideas
and aid in formatting and representing a countrys policy. The position papers will also aid delegates in
formulating their speeches. Position papers should address the Questions to Consider section and define
each topic on the agenda, as well as that topics relationship to the countrys national interests. Copies will
be made available at the conference for delegates reference. Subject to time constraints, position papers
may also be posted online in advance.
Length:
Position papers are a maximum of one page for each country within the committee (e.g. in the Security
Council, delegates from each country will write one paper, regardless of whether there are one or two
students representing that country).
What the position paper should include:
The paper should include a brief introduction and a comprehensive breakdown of the countrys position
on the topics that are being discussed within the committee. An excellent position paper includes:
a clear statement of policy
the countrys background on the topic, including:
o political and/or foreign policy
o action taken by your government in relation to the topic
o actions your government has supported or not supported
o resolutions and declarations that your country supports
o reference speeches made by heads of government
action that the country would support in a resolution.
Position papers are often broken up into two sections. The first includes the policy statement and is
preceded by the heading General Statement, while the second includes the countrys background on
the topic and action the country would support. This section is titled Specifics. This format is
encouraged, as it allows for very clear position papers.
Deadline:
Position papers are due to UNA-GB one or two weeks before the conference. See website or supplement
for deadlines.
Send To:
Education Staff
The United Nations Association of Greater Boston
44 46 Temple Place, 5th Floor
Boston, MA 0211
Fax: (617) 482-0937
Email: (Word format is preferred) unagb.mun@gmail.com

15
POSITION PAPER OUTLINE

Heading
Delegate(s):
School:
Country:
Committee:
Topic:
I. General Information
1st Paragraph Opening Statement (3 4 sentences)
Why is this topic important for the committee to address?
Why does your country care about this topic?
What is your countrys policy on this topic?
II. Specifics
2nd Paragraph National Actions (3 5 sentences)
Is the topic an issue in your country?
What actions has your country taken to improve or address the issue on a national level?
3rd Paragraph International Actions (3 5 sentences)
How has your country improved or addressed the issues on an international level?
What actions has your country taken on the issues on an international level?
What conventions, treaties and resolutions has your country supported on this issue?
What organizations is your country a member of that addresses this issue?
Can you reference government officials on this issue?
4th Paragraph Recommendations for Action (4 6 sentences)
What role would your country like to see the international community take to address the problem?
What are your countrys recommendations to the committee on how to best resolve the issue?
Tips
Research, Research, Research
DO NOT restate information found in the topic guide.
DO NOT include information about your country that is not related to the issue.
DO NOT just list facts.
Give recommendations on issue specifics.

16
SAMPLE POSITION PAPER (MIDDLE SCHOOL)

This is a sample of a position paper written by a previous middle school Model UN delegate.
Delegate:
School:
Country: Pakistan
Committee: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
Topic: Poverty
Poverty is an important subject to discuss because many places and countries around the world are suffering
from the problem. Pakistan believes that it is important to address this topic because it is a problem within its
own country, according to recent figures, 32.6 percent of the people in Pakistan are poverty stricken.
II. Specifics
Pakistan views poverty as not being able to be sick because you wont be able to afford the medications to
get well again, or not having a warm shelter to go to at night. Pakistan is still a developing country in the
way that it is still trying to rise up and be able to support itself and have a stable government. The
government has also tried to address the problem and find a solution by delivering better services to the poor.
Because of the problems that poverty has caused in Pakistan, the government developed the Pakistan Poverty
Alleviation Fund as an independent body working with local partners to provide loans, grants, and technical
assistance to the poorest individuals and communities in the country. In order to create this funding group,
the United States funded Pakistan with 90 million dollars worth of World Bank credit.
In February 2005, the DFID (Department for International Development) created the country assistance plan
which addressed income quality their plans to reduce poverty in Pakistan. Their goals were to increase the
education, health, and population services to the poverty stricken. The government and people of Pakistan
are trying to stop people from being labeled as poverty stricken. They are trying to do this by examining the
problems of poverty in places all over Pakistan and identifying the points within the poverty process.
Pakistans solution to poverty with the help of the international community is to raise more money through
trade and development. This would raise the living standard of the people. Economic growth is another way
that the government of Pakistan is planning to help decrease the number of people in poverty in the area. By
getting more employment within the most needed areas, people will be able to raise more money to support
themselves and their families.

17

18
SAMPLE POSITION PAPER (HIGH SCHOOL)

This is a sample of a position paper written by an experienced 11th or 12th grade Model UN delegate.
Delegate:
School:
Country: Belgium
Committee: Human Rights Council
Topic: Kosovo
The Human Rights Council is concerned with the human rights of minorities in Kosovo due to the fact that they
are being violated and about to be ignored. Since Kosovo has a majority of Albanian residents due to the fleeing
of Serbian families, Serbian rights will not be protected under Albanian led rule. The country of Belgium foresees
the severity of violations this will cause among neighboring countries along with the future strife between the
Albanian and Serbians in which the UN can avoid now. The fact that todays minorities can be tomorrows
majority is not the only logical reason to protect the human rights of the Serbians in this country. The rights of
minorities are just as important as the rights of the majority.
II. Specifics
Belgium has found a way to create an equal balance in rights for all people in the country. Because Belgium also
has a minority population, and tensions between two ethnic groups is also very much a part of Belgium, a
partition of the two ethnic groups being the Dutch-speaking and the French-speaking is also in the process. It is
an attempt to create a stable and peaceful place of living, one in which Kosovo will need to achieve before
beginning to grow as a country. On a national level, Belgium will continue to promote equal human rights for all
groups of residents even through separate living as an example to the developing country of Kosovo, who still
needs guidance.
Because Belgium supports Kosovos choice of declaring independence, we support the idea of creating a stable
country for its residents. Some of these residents still include a small community of Serbians that can and most
likely will grow in future years. Belgium agrees that Kosovos acceptance into the E.U. is vital for its growth as a
country; the ability to uphold this level of protection for minorities is also therefore vital. Peiter Feith, of the
newly established International Steering Group on Kosovo said, my role will be to insure that the rights and
ways of life of all communities, in particular the Serbian community will be safeguarded. He went on to add that
the ISG had received the necessary commitments from Kosovos leaders. Serbians will continue to schedule
human rights protests until their needs are being met. Belgium supports independence, but we do not support the
degradation of a group of people. If the authorities fail to act now, peoples lives may be put at risk as more
protests against Kosovos declaration of independence are being scheduled, says an official from Europes
Amnesty International. Because the safety of the people is at risk, it is evident that steps must be taken to help
cease protests among the Serbian community. Once all people are heard in this country, a possible end to these
protests seems clear.
Belgium would like to see an outline for steps to move Kosovo closer to equal human rights is made and
implemented as soon as possible. Because this had worked in the past (2004, an idea suggested by Kofi Annan),
Kosovos situation with minority rights and lack there of can benefit from this strategy in life saving ways.
Human rights for minority groups should not only be guaranteed in writing via a reformed constitution, schools
should promote these rights among difference ethnic groups in Kosovo. Any place of learning or work that
chooses not to support and uphold such rights, should expect federal intervention by the fullest extent of that
constitution.

19

20
REFERENCE TO
THE REAL
WORLD
POLICY
DEVELOPMENT
PURPOSE
MECHANICS
REFERENCES
BACKGROUND
GUIDES
LIMITED USE OF THE DOCUMENTS.
REFERENCES TO THE
WORLD STAKEHOLDERS.
ORGANIZATIONS AND REAL-
INTERNATIONAL
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES,
FEW REFERENCES TO
NEGOTIATION.
NO EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSFUL
LIMITED OR UNRELATED DETAILS,
MINIMAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT,
COMMUNICATE WITH THE
AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE.
INCLUDES RELEVANT FACTS,

EXAMPLES AND DETAILS, BUT
RELEVANT OUTSIDE INFORMATION.
USES SOME FACTS, EXAMPLES AND

DETAILS, BUT DISCUSSION IS MORE
DESCRIPTIVE THAN ANALYTICAL.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,
AND REAL-WORLD STAKEHOLDERS.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS,
AND REAL-WORLD STAKEHOLDERS.
RELEVANT DETAILS.
SUPPORTED BY ELABORATED,
AND SUCCESS OF NEGOTIATION
DEPTH OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT
FOCUSES ON A PURPOSE, EVIDENCE

OF VOICE AND SUITABLE TONE.
AND VARIED SENTENCE
RESTATEMENT OF THE THEME.
WORLD STAKEHOLDERS.
ORGANIZATIONS AND REAL-
INTERNATIONAL
FREQUENT REFERENCE TO
AND INSIGHT.
NEGOTIATION, REFLECTION
EVIDENCE OF ANALYSIS,
PERTINENT DETAILS;
RICH, ENGAGING AND
POLICIES SUPPORTED BY
DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY OF
TONE.
VOICE AND APPROPRIATE
EVIDENCE OF DISTINCTIVE
MAINTAINS CLEAR FOCUS:
STRUCTURES.
ESTABLISHES AND
EXPERIMENTS WITH
SOPHISTICATED LANGUAGE
AND CONCLUDES WITH A SIMPLE
GRAMMAR AND USAGE.
OF ORGANIZATION. RESTATES THE

THEME IN THE INTRODUCTION
CONVENTIONS OF ENGLISH
DEMONSTRATING A GENERAL PLAN
CONTROL AND
UNDERSTANDING OF THE
WRITES A SATISFACTORY
DEVELOPED ESSAY,
ANALYTICAL.
COMMUNICATES WITH FULL
DESCRIPTIVE THAN
DISCUSSION MAY BE MORE
INCORPORATES RELEVANT
OUTSIDE INFORMATION.
THE DOCUMENTS.
AND INTERPRETING MOST OF
ACCURATELY ANALYZING
ALL ASPECTS OF THE TASK BY
THOROUGHLY ADDRESSES
ABOVE AVERAGE
(4)
INCORPORATES LIMITED OR NO
THE DOCUMENTS.
IN A LIMITED WAY; USES SOME OF
TASK OR ADDRESSES ALL ASPECTS
ADDRESSES MOST ASPECTS OF THE
AVERAGE (3)
NUMEROUS REFERENCES TO
SOME REFERENCES TO
NEGOTIATION.
EVIDENCE OF SUCCESSFUL
REPETITIOUS DETAILS, LITTLE
DEVELOPMENT, UNELABORATED OR
LACK OF ELABORATED POLICY
AUDIENCE.
MAINTAIN PURPOSE AND
LIMITED AWARENESS OF
ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH AND
SENTENCE STRUCTURES.
SENTENCE STRUCTURE.
FAMILIAR LANGUAGE AND SIMPLE
INAPPROPRIATE AND/OR
GRAMMAR AND USAGE. USES
GRAMMAR AND USAGE. USES

INCORRECT LANGUAGE AND
CONTROL AND UNDERSTANDING

OF THE CONVENTIONS OF ENGLISH
UNDERSTANDING OF THE
COMMUNICATES WITH PARTIAL
DOCUMENTS.
SIMPLY RESTATES CONTENTS OF THE
CONVENTIONS OF ENGLISH
OF CONTROL AND
COMMUNICATES WITH A LACK
ORGANIZATION.
A MAJOR WEAKNESS IN
TASK, BUT ESSAY DEMONSTRATES
ATTEMPTS TO COMPLETE THE
PRESENTS NO RELEVANT
OUTSIDE INFORMATION.
DOCUMENTS.
WITH VAGUE, UNCLEAR
PRESENTS NO RELEVANT OUTSIDE

INFORMATION. PRESENTS FEW
FACTS, EXAMPLES AND DETAILS;
ATTEMPTS TO ADDRESS SOME

ASPECTS OF THE TASK, MAKING
UNDERSTANDING OF THE TASK,
SHOWS LIMITED
NEEDS IMPROVEMENT
(2)
MAJOR IMPROVEMENT
NECESSARY (1)
POSITION PAPER RUBRIC
The following rubric will be used to determine the quality of position papers:
NEGOTIATION AND TEAM BUILDING

Negotiation
The ability to negotiate is very important in a Model UN Conference as resolutions can only be passed
through the process of negotiation. Therefore it is important that you remind your students to practice this
skill. Below are some tips to keep in mind.
Negotiation Concepts and Strategies for your delegates

Satisfy the needs of all parties
Be prepared to compromise, but don't
lose focus of your objectives
Be calm
Sell yourself and your objectives to others
Know the needs of the other side
Have a game plan

Be personal
Be flexible
Know the facts
Be confident
Do not under or overestimate others
Team-building
First and foremost, let your delegates know what will be expected of them: commitment, hard work, and
teamwork, as well as behavior appropriate for a UN delegate. Secondly, some form of group cooperative
activity may prove useful, particularly if your delegates don't all know one another. It is important for
students to realize that each participant must rely on the others representing the same country to make the
group function well. Games and other non-competitive activities are reinforces. Some schools do this team
building through participation in fund raising events.
Practice
As the saying goes, practice makes perfect. Hold a mock Model United Nations simulation in class or
after school. You, the advisor, can serve as the chair, while your delegates can debate a current event or one
of the topics to be discussed at the conference. Many schools hold multiple simulations in order to help
delegates practice public speaking, negotiation, resolution writing, and rules of procedure. This also helps
first time delegates ease jitters.

21
PUBLIC SPEAKING
Writing and delivering speeches is an important aspect of the MUN simulation. Speeches help delegates
convey the positions of their member states, build consensus, and start formulating resolutions. Usually, the
committee sets the speaking time (the delegates make a motion to set the duration and if the motion has been
seconded, the body then votes upon the suggestion).
Although speechmaking is integral to the MUN simulation, many delegates' biggest fear is public speaking.
The best way to overcome this fear is to hold simulations where delegates practice public speaking in front
of their class and for delegates to come to the conference well prepared. Meaning they have completed prior
research, know their country's position, and even have objectives for a resolution. Remind delegates that the
audience should always be considered when making a speech, e.g. volume, tone, verbal and body language.
As there are no set guidelines for how delegates should execute their speeches, delegates should decide how
they feel most comfortable addressing the committee. Some utilize their position papers as their opening
speeches, others just write out key points, and many speak without any aides at all. It is important to
practice, practice, practice!
A good opening speech should:

1) Open with: "Thank you Honorable Chair:"
And
2) Include:
Past
actions
taken
by
the
UN
and
Member
States,
A brief introduction of your county's history on the topic
to combat the problem
The current situation of the topic
Possible ideas or objectives for a resolution
The country's overall position on the topic/reason for
The Role of NGOs in combating the issue (if
position (i.e.: religious ideologies)
applicable)
The country's position in relation to its bloc, major powers,
Whether there is room for negotiation
etc.
Mr. Anthony Hogan, from Model UN International, suggests the system of six "C's" to improve your ability:
Confidence, Clarity, Conciseness, Constructiveness, "Con Passion", and Critique.
Confidence: Confidence is portrayed by being
as knowledgeable as possible on your subject
and conveying this knowledge through the
power of your voice and eyes.
Clarity: A speaker can do many things beforehand to assist them in speaking clearly. It may
be worthwhile to write an outline of the topics
that are going to be said, and follow it when
speaking. Delegates should always speak
slowly, know their terminology, and try to
enunciate words properly.
Constructiveness: An effective public speech
needs to be constructed properly. Start with a
solid foundation that brings together all of your
ideas, present your points, and then connect
them by reviewing what was said. There

should be an introduction, a body, and a
conclusion. It is a known fact that three is a
magic number. Say it once, say it and review
it, then say it again. This method will help the
audience to remember what was said.
"Con Passion": It is always important to
speak from the heart--with passion--hence the
Spanish term "con passion". Always maintain
eye contact with the audience. In doing so, the
audience will feel connected to you and your
speech. This is what you want. You want to
grab and to hold the audience's attention.
Critique: It is better to critique than to
criticize. Critiquing is constructive and allows

22
for people to grow and improve. Criticizing

brings peoples' motivation and confidence
down. A critique should be accepted
positively, since it is a tool that is used to
strengthen one's public speaking.
Conciseness: A good public speaker presents
his/her points in a clean and clear-cut fashion.
Unnecessary words and information should not
be used to fill in the speech. The speech should
be brief and to the point -- say what you have
to say and open the floor to questions.

23
More tips for public speaking can be found on-line at http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Rando13.html

Speeches after Caucuses
After many introductory speeches are given on the topic, generally a committee will suspend formal debate
in order to caucus. During these informal breaks, delegates ought to seek out other delegations that agree
with their position in general, and begin to formulate a working paper through compromise and negotiation.
A good speech after caucus should:
Move away from general ideas on the topic and instead focus on specific ideas or proposals for
action;
Bring up points in the working papers that have yet to be decided or discussed by the body, or points
of disagreement between two contending working papers in order to clearly delineate the differences;
Convince others of their plan of action and call for input from as many countries as possible in order
to secure their working papers transition into a resolution.
Speeches Introducing a Draft Resolution
Once a working paper has been finalized and the required number of signatories have been gathered,
delegates should approach the Chair for approval of the working paper. Once approved, it is called a draft
resolution. The Chair will have the draft resolution typed and distributed to the entire body, and call upon its
sponsor(s) to address the body for an introductory speech.
Speeches introducing a draft resolution should not necessarily be a recitation of each clause, but should
highlight significant passages that demonstrate how it differs from other proposals. Sponsors should also
argue why other plans already introduced do not adequately address the topic or issue, and why their plan is
the better choice.
These speeches are generally given by more than one delegation, since draft resolutions are sponsored by
many countries. It is important that delegates are seen as inviting input and compromise in order to achieve
the best resolution possible.
Speeches Introducing an Amendment
If a delegation generally agrees with a draft resolution but wishes to change parts of it, they can do so with
an amendment. Delegates should always approach the sponsor(s) of a resolution to see if they will include
the amendments automatically (called friendly amendments; see Rules of Procedure Long Form for more
detail). Should the sponsor(s) not agree with the change, delegates should then try to bring the amendment
into debate and have the body vote upon it.
Speeches introducing amendments should not only state the amendment and its purpose, but also stress the
delegations general agreement with the draft resolution. Amendments should not be offered to destroy a
draft resolution, but rather to make it even better. Therefore, these speeches should focus on the positive
aspects of the draft resolution, with the understanding that it can be improved.

24
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
While in committee, the chair will smoothly facilitate debate between the delegates. It is important to
practice the rules and procedures prior to attending the conference through simulations. In order to clarify
the order of events that will unfold during the course of the day at the conference, we have included two
different diagrammatic representations for you in this pack.
While in committees
Your delegates should know that they are expected to articulate their delegation's perspectives on the issues
in the sessions. To do so, delegates will need to get their delegation onto the speakers list. This list grows
fairly long, so making it a habit to get their country on the list regularly will enable the delegates to speak
more frequently during the sessions. Should their turn come up and they have nothing to say, they can simply
give the floor over to another delegation or decline to use the time themselves.
Please do not hesitate to offer advice to delegates at the conference, regardless of what school they are
from. We only ask that you refrain from coaching students while they are speaking as part of the
committees formal procedure; we ask that you wait until they are finished.

25
FLOW OF DEBATE
ROLL CALL
The Chairperson will announce each countrys name. When a delegates country is called, the delegate should answer present.
SETTING THE AGENDA

The first order of business for the committee shall be the introduction of the agenda. Considering that there is only one topic per
committee at UNA-GB MUN, the order of the agenda does not need be set, as is often the first order of business at other Model
UN conferences. At UNA-GB MUN, the agenda introduction process is a time for clarifications to be made regarding specifics
of what the committee is to discuss. The Chair will introduce and briefly explain the agenda topic, and will then take questions
intended to clarify the scope of the topic from delegates.
Formal Debate: Formal debate revolves around a

speakers list. The Chair begins by asking all delegates
interested in addressing the other members to raise their
placards. The Chair then chooses delegates to be placed
on the speakers list. A country may only be on the
speakers list once, but delegates may add their country to
the end of the list after their speech.
Informal Debate: Informal debate involves discussion

outside of the speakers list. During moderated caucuses,
the Chair calls on delegates one-by-one so that each can
address the committee in short speeches. During
unmoderated caucuses, the committee breaks for a
temporary recess so that delegates may meet with each
other and discuss ideas.
1a. When the session begins, speeches focus on stating

country positions and offering recommendations for
action.
1b. After several countries state their positions, the

committee breaks for unmoderated caucuses (often in
blocs) to develop regional positions using their
working papers.
2a. After blocs have met, speeches focus on describing

bloc positions to the entire body.
3a. Delegates now make statements describing their
draft resolutions to the committee.
4a. Delegates try to garner more support through formal
speeches and invite others to offer their ideas.
5a. Delegates make statements supporting or disagreeing
with specific draft resolutions.
6a. Delegates present any amendments they have
created.
2b. Writing begins as countries work together to compose

draft resolutions.
3b. Countries and groups meet to gather support for
specific draft resolutions.
4b. Delegates finalize draft resolutions.
5b. Draft-resolution sponsors build greater support for
their resolution and look to incorporate others ideas
through friendly amendments.
CLOSURE OF DEBATE
Once the speakers list has been exhausted, the committee will automatically move to immediate voting procedures. Once a
delegate feels that they have made their country's position clear and that there are enough draft resolutions on the floor, he or she
may make a motion to proceed into voting procedure by moving for the closure of debate.
VOTING PROCEDURES
Once a motion to close debate has been approved, the committee moves into voting procedures. Any amendments that are still
being debated are voted upon before the resolution that they modify.

26
RULES OF PROCEDURE SHORT FORM

Delegates need to become skilled in the MUN rules of procedure. They must learn how to get the floor to speak,
the processes of preparing and presenting resolutions, how voting is handled, and how they may ask questions or
make comments in the meetings. It is essential that you go over the rules of procedure with your students.
Motion
Interrupt
Speaker
No
No
Debatable
(# of speakers)
2 In Favor
2 Opposed
No
Point of
Personal
Privilege
Point of
Inquiry
Yields
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Right of
Reply
No
No
No
Suspend
Meeting for
Caucus
Adjourn
Meeting
Table Debate
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
Closure of
Debate
Introduction
of Draft
Resolution
Yes
2 In Favor
2 Opposed
2 Opposed
No
Raised when a delegate has questions

regarding the proceedings, directed to Chair.
N/A
Must be done after a delegate speaks. Can
only yield to questions, another delegate, or to
the Chair.
N/A
Must be submitted in writing to the Chair.
Requested when a delegate feels that someone
has made a derogatory comment or insult.
Simple
A specific length of time must be specified as
Majority well as the type of caucus (moderated or
unmoderated).
Simple
To end the meeting for the day. Adjournment
Majority of the final meeting shall adjourn the session.
Simple
Put the topic to the side and move to next
Majority agenda item.
2/3
End debate and move into voting procedures.
Yes
No
No
N/A
Withdrawal of
Draft
Resolution
Appeal to the
Chairs
Decision
Division of
the Question
No
No
No
N/A
No
No
No
2/3
Yes
2 In Favor
2 Opposed
No
Establishment
of Agenda
Point of Order
Second
Required
Yes
Yes
Vote
Special Notes
Simple
Used to set the order in which topics will be
Majority addressed.
N/A
Addresses a procedural matter. Doesnt allow
delegate to speak on topic of debate.
N/A
Raised when a delegate experiences personal
discomfort (e.g. cant hear, too hot/cold)
N/A
Made by any delegate wishing to bring to the

floor any resolution submitted to and
approved by the chair. Requires a second and
is then considered immediately introduced.
Withdrawal must be agreed upon by all
sponsors.
Made when a delegate feels that the

Chairperson has made an incorrect decision.
This motion is made to the Chair in writing.
Simple
Divides clauses of a resolution to be voted on
Majority separately. Motion is made after debate is
closed, but before voting. If a division is
passed, the clauses are voted on in order of
severity (most to least).

27
RULES OF PROCEDURE LONG FORM

I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS
Rule 1. Official and working languages
English shall be the official and working language of all committees during formal and informal debate.
Rule 2. Decorum
Delegates are to obey instruction given by UNA-GB MUN staff. Those who do not obey directions will be
dismissed from the conference.
II. SECRETARIAT
Rule 3. Statements by the Secretariat
The Secretary-General or his representative may make oral as well as written statements to any committee
concerning any issue.
Rule 4. General Functions of the Secretariat
The Chair shall declare the opening and closing of each meeting and may propose the adoption of any
procedural motions to which there is no significant objection. The Chair, subject to these rules, shall have
complete control of the proceedings at any meeting and shall moderate discussion, announce decisions, rule
on points or motions, and ensure and enforce the observance of these rules. The Chair may temporarily
transfer his or her duties to another member of the committee staff. All procedural matters in committee are
subject to the discretion of the Chair. The Chairperson may undertake any action that is not covered in the
Rules of Procedure in order to facilitate the flow of debate at the conference.
III. AGENDA
Rule 5. Agenda
The Secretary-General or his/her representative shall communicate the agenda to the delegates before the
conference.
Rule 6. Revision of the Agenda
Additional items of an important and urgent nature may be placed on the agenda during a regular session by
the Secretary-General who may add additional topics to the agenda at his/her discretion.
Rule 7. Adoption of the Agenda
The first order of business for the committee shall be the adoption of the agenda. The only motion in order at
this time will be in the form of I move that [topic area x] be placed first on the agenda.
The motion requires a second and is debatable;
A provisional for-against speakers list shall be established, with two separate lists, one for speakers in
favor of the motion and one for those against. Speeches shall alternate between those in favor of the
proposed agenda order and those against.
After there have been two speakers for and two speakers against the motion, a motion to close debate
may be raised, requiring two speakers against and a two-thirds majority (or, after the provisional
speakers list is exhausted the committee shall move into an immediate vote). A simple majority is
required for the motion to pass the agenda order.
A motion to proceed to the second topic area is in order only after the committee has adopted or
rejected a resolution on the first topic area or debate has been adjourned;
In the event of a crisis or emergency, the Secretary-General or Chair-General may call upon a
committee to table debate on the current topic area so that the more urgent matter may be addressed.
28
After a resolution has been addressed and voted upon, the committee will return to debate the tabled topic. If
a resolution on the crisis topic fails, the committee may return to debate on tabled topic area only at the
discretion of the Secretary-General or Chair-General.
IV. CONDUCT OF BUSINESS
Rule 8. Speakers List
The Chair shall open the speakers list for each topic to be discussed at the request of a delegate. Any delegate
wishing to be added to the speakers list shall indicate so when asked by the Chair or shall submit such a
request in writing to the dais.
Rule 9. Limitation of Speaking Time
The Chair may limit the time allotted to each speaker. However, delegates can motion to increase or decrease
the speaking time, which will be voted upon by the committee or council. When a delegate exceeds his or her
allotted time, the Chair may call the speaker to order without delay.
Rule 10. Speeches
No delegate may address the body without the previously obtained permission of the Chair. The Chair may
call a speaker to order if his/her remarks are not relevant to the subject under discussion. The Chair shall
enforce the time limit as described by Rule 9.
Rule 11. Yielding Time
The delegate, who has been recognized by the Chair to address the body on a substantive issue, may yield
any speaking time following their remarks before they proceed with their speech. All intentions to yield time
must be announced before the beginning of remarks. Yields may be made in three ways: to another delegate,
to questions, or to the Chair.
Yield to another delegate. Delegates should state I yield my time to Mozambique. His/her
remaining time shall be given to another delegate. This is especially useful when the following
speaker will support the position and views of the previous speaker.
Yield to questions. Delegates shall be selected by the Chair to ask one question per speech. The Chair
has the right to call order to any delegate whose question is, in the opinion of the Chair, not designed
to elicit information. Answers to questions are limited to the time remaining in a delegate's speech.
Yield to the Chair. Delegates should state I yield my time to the Chair. Such a yield should be made
if the delegate does not wish his/her speech to be subject to comments. Such a yield should also be
made if the speaker has stated their points earlier than the allotted time. The Chair shall then move on
to the next speaker.
Once a delegate yields his/her time, the second delegate (the one who has been yielded to) may not yield any
remaining time.
Rule 12. Right of Reply
The Chair may recognize the Right of Reply only in instances of a grave personal insult or an insult to the
nation represented by the delegate. Rights of Reply must be submitted in writing to the Chair, and may only
be granted after a speech is completed. No ruling on this matter is subject to appeal. Rights of reply are only
in order during formal debate.

29
Rule 13. Appeal to the Chairs Decision

An appeal is made when a delegate feels that the Chair has made an incorrect ruling. The delegate formally
challenges the Chair in writing by sending a note to the dais, moving to appeal the Chairs decision. Once the
motion is acknowledged, the opposing delegate speaks and the Chair defends him or herself before the vote.
It requires a 2/3 majority to pass.
V. POINTS
Rule 14. Point of Personal Privilege
During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may raise a Point of Personal Privilege, and the Chair shall
immediately address the Point of Personal Privilege. A Point of Personal Privilege must refer to a matter of
personal comfort, safety and/or well being of the members of the committee. The Chair may refuse to
recognize a Point of Personal Privilege if the delegate has not shown proper restraint and decorum, or if the
point is dilatory in nature.
Rule 15. Point of Order
During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may raise a Point of Order, and the Chair in accordance with
the rules of procedure shall immediately consider the point of order. A Point of Order must relate to the
observance of the rules of the committee or to the way the Chair is exercising his or her power, conferred by
the Secretary-General. A delegation raising a Point of Order may not speak on the substance of the matter
under discussion. The Chair may refuse to recognize a Point of Order if the delegate has not shown proper
restraint and decorum governing the use of such a right, or if the point is dilatory in nature.
Rule 16. Point of Information
After a delegate gives a speech, and if the delegate yields their time, Points of Information (questions) can be
raised by delegates from the floor. The speaker will be allotted the remainder of his or her speaking time to
address points of information. Points of Information allow other delegations to ask questions in relation to
speeches and resolutions.
Rule 17. Point of Inquiry
If there is no discussion on the floor, a delegate may raise a Point of Inquiry to request clarification of the
present procedural status of a meeting. A Point of Inquiry may never interrupt a speaker.
VI. MOTIONS
Rule 18. Suspend the Meeting (Motion to Caucus)
Upon the recommendation of the Chair or any delegate, the committee may consider a motion to Suspend the
Meeting for the purpose of a moderated or un-moderated caucus. The recommendation must include a time
limit for delegate remarks (in moderated caucus), a purpose for the caucus (in moderated caucus), and a time
limit for the entire caucus (in both moderated and un-moderated). For example, motion for a 10 minute
moderated caucus, delegate speaking time set at 45 seconds to discuss draft resolution 1.4 or motion for a
10 minute unmoderated caucus for the purpose of discussing amendments to resolution 1.4 This motion
requires a majority decision. During moderated caucus, the chair shall recognize delegates for remarks
without the use of a speakers list and yields shall be out of order.
Rule 19. Adjournment of the Meeting
During the discussion of any matter, a delegate may motion for the adjournment of the meeting. Such a
motion shall not be debated but shall be immediately put to a vote. After adjournment, the committee shall
reconvene at its next regularly scheduled meeting time; adjournment of the final meeting shall adjourn the
session.
30
Rule 20. Motion to Adjourn Debate (Table Debate)

During the discussion of any matter, the committee may consider a motion to adjourn debate (table the topic)
on the item under discussion at the recommendation of the Chair or any delegate. In addition to the delegate
that proposes the motion, two representatives may speak in favor and two against the motion. Then the
motion shall immediately be put to a vote. A two-thirds majority is required for passage. If a motion to
adjourn debate is passed, the topic is considered tabled and no further actions or votes will be taken on it. A
topic may be reintroduced to the committee so that debate can resume through the same process. The motion
to resume debate on a tabled topic shall also require a two-thirds majority for passage.
Rule 21. Closure of Debate
A delegate may at any time move for the closure of debate on the item under discussion, after which debate
will end and all draft resolutions and amendments will be put to an immediate vote. Permission to speak on
the closure of debate shall be accorded only to two speakers opposing the closure, after which the motion
shall be immediately put to a vote. This motion requires a two-thirds majority decision. Upon passage of this
motion the Chair shall declare the closure of debate and immediately move into voting procedure on the
substantive proposals introduced and pending before the committee. The committee shall also close debate
and move into voting procedure when the speakers list has been exhausted regarding the substantive
proposals introduced and pending before the committee.
Rule 22. Order of Procedural Motions
The motions below shall have precedence in the following order:
a) Point of Personal Privilege
b) Point of Order
c) Point of Inquiry
d) Motion for an Unmoderated Caucus
e) Motion for a Moderated Caucus
f) Motion to Adjourn Debate
g) Motion for Closure of Debate
h) Motion to Adjourn the Meeting
i) Motion to Introduce Draft Resolution
j) Motion to Introduce an Amendment
k) Motion to Amend Speakers Time
VII. RESOLUTIONS
Rule 23. Submission of Working Papers, Draft Resolutions, and Amendments
Working papers, draft resolutions, and amendments shall be submitted to the Chair typed and with the proper
number of signatures, 20 percent of the committee, as designated in the Resolutions section of the delegate
guide. The Chair may permit discussion and consideration of proposals and amendments once approved,
even if the documents have not been circulated through the committee.
Rule 24. Introducing Draft Resolutions
Once a draft resolution has been approved by the Chair and has been copied and distributed, a delegate may
raise a motion to introduce the draft resolution. This motion requires a second, is not debatable, and after it
has been seconded the draft resolution is immediately considered to be introduced. The author of the
resolution may read aloud the operative clauses of the draft resolution. Such an introduction shall be
considered procedural in nature, and hence yields and comments are out of order. A draft resolution shall
remain on the floor until debate on that specific resolution is postponed or closed.

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Rule 25. Amendments

Both friendly and unfriendly amendments require the approval of the Chair. An amendment is considered
friendly if all of the sponsors of the initial draft resolution are signatories of the amendment. Such an
amendment is adopted automatically. Unfriendly amendments are a decision of the Committee. An
unfriendly amendment must have the approval of the Chair and the signatures by 20% of the committee.
Amendments to amendments are out of order.
VIII. VOTING
Rule 26. Methods of Decision
All procedural decisions except closure of debate and motions to suspend debate shall be made by a simple
majority of the delegations present and voting. Delegations physically present in the committee may not
abstain on procedural motions. Decisions on draft resolutions and amendments shall require a simple
majority in favor. However, the Security Council requires a two-thirds vote (abstentions are allowed) and no
vetoes from China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Rule 27. Voting Rights
Each present delegation shall have one vote. Observing nations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
cannot vote on substantive matters. Each vote may be a Yes, No, or Abstain. On procedural motions,
members may not abstain. Members present and voting shall be defined as members casting an affirmative
or negative vote. Members who abstain from voting on substantive matters are considered not voting.
Rule 28. Conduct while in Voting Procedure
After the Chair has announced the beginning of voting, no representative or observer may enter or leave the
room, nor shall any representative interrupt the voting except on a Point of Personal Privilege, Point of
Inquiry, or a Point of Order in connection with the actual conduct of the voting. Communication between
delegates is strictly forbidden. A member of the staff shall secure the doors during voting procedure.
Rule 29. Method of Voting
Delegations may vote in favor of or against a proposal or may abstain from voting. The committee shall
normally vote by show of placards, but any delegate may request a roll call vote on substantive matters. The
roll call vote shall be taken in alphabetical order of the names of the countries present.
During a roll call vote, delegations may answer with an affirmative vote, a negative vote, an abstention
(when appropriate) or may pass. Delegations passing in the first round of voting will be called upon
alphabetically in a second round, at which time they may only answer with an affirmative or negative vote or
an abstention. Delegations that appear to be voting out of policy may reserve the right to explain their vote
by Voting with Rights. Delegations must announce that they are Voting with Rights at the time they cast
their vote. The Chair may permit delegations Voting with Rights to explain their votes after voting has
concluded but before the decision has been announced.
Rule 30. Order of Draft Resolutions
If two or more draft resolutions relate to the same question, the committee shall vote on the resolutions in the
order in which they have been submitted.
Rule 31. Voting on Unfriendly Amendments
During the voting procedure on a substantive proposal, unfriendly amendments to a resolution shall be voted
on first.
When two or more amendments are proposed to a resolution concurrently, the committee shall first vote on
the amendment furthest removed in substance from the original proposal, as decided by the Chair, and then
32
on the amendment next furthest removed, and so on until all amendments have been put to a vote. Where,
however, the adoption of the amendment necessarily implies the rejection of another amendment (as decided
by the Chair), the latter amendment shall not be put to a vote. If one or more amendments are adopted, the
amended proposal shall then be voted upon. Amendment voting is a substantive procedure and adoption
requires simple majority consent of the delegations present and voting.
Rule 32. Division of the Question
A delegate may motion for a Division of a Resolution in order to vote on the operative clauses individually
or as groups. The Chair will only recognize motions for a Division of a Resolution once all amendments on
that resolution have been voted upon. If an objection is made to the request for a Division, two speakers shall
speak in favor of the procedural motion and two against. The procedural motion for a Division requires a
simple majority decision. If the procedural motion for a Division of the Resolution passes, the Chair will take
all requests for Divisions at that time. All Divisions must be submitted in writing to the Chair. The Chair
shall rank all Divisions in terms the degree to which they will change the substance or spirit of the resolution.
The Chair will then put the least radical Division to a substantive vote. An affirmative vote indicates that the
committee should include the part under consideration in the resolution; a negative vote indicates that the
part should be rejected. Accordingly, the Chair will then put to a vote the next least radical Division, and so
on until all Divisions have been voted upon. If each operative clause is voted upon and fails, the entire
resolution is considered to have failed. Preambulatory clauses cannot be divided.
Rule 33. Passage of Resolutions
If a vote does not result in a simple majority* in favor, the resolution shall be regarded as rejected.
* Exceptions: United Nations Security Council needs nine affirmative votes. In addition to the nine
affirmative votes, an affirmative vote or an abstention on the part of all Permanent Members (France,
Peoples Republic of China, Russian Federation, United States of America, United Kingdom) is required
for the passage of all resolutions.
XI. SUSPENSION OF THE RULES
Rule 34. Suspension of the Rules
These rules may only be suspended following a majority vote. Any motion to suspend the rules is subject to
the Chairs discretion.
*Note: All procedural matters in committee are subject to the discretion of the Chairperson. The
Chair may undertake any action that is not covered in the Rules of Procedure in order to facilitate the
flow of debate at the conference.

33
THE RESOLUTION PROCESS

The final results of discussion, writing and negotiation are resolutionsa committees written suggestions
for addressing a specific problem or issue. Resolutions, which are drafted by delegates and voted upon by the
committee, normally require a simple majority to pass (except in the Security Council). Only Security
Council resolutions can compel nations to take action. All other UN bodies use resolutions to make
recommendations or suggestions for future action.
Working Papers
While delegates are drafting resolutions and before they are introduced formally into debate, they are
referred to as working papers. This term emphasizes that the proposal is in a draft stage and should be
completely open to input from other delegates and countries. While a working paper is being prepared the
sponsor(s) should attempt to garner as much support as possible from other delegates in order to ensure their
work becomes a resolution.
Delegates write working papers alone or with others, but must always gain the support of a certain number of
countries in the committee before submitting them to the dais (or committee staff). The UNA-GB Model UN
Conference requires signatures from 20 percent of the countries present in order to submit a working paper
(this number will be announced at the beginning of each session). Only when the Chair formally accepts the
document and assigns it a number can it be referred to in formal debate.
There are three main parts to a resolution: the heading, the preamble and the operative section. The heading
shows the committee and topic along with the resolution number. It also lists the resolutions sponsors and
signatories. Each resolution is one long sentence with sections separated by commas and semicolons. The
subject of the sentence is the body making the statement (e.g., the General Assembly, Economic and Social
Council or Security Council).
Actions of the United Nations are expressed in resolutions that are submitted in draft form under the
sponsorship of one or more delegations. Resolutions may simply reflect an opinion or may recommend
action to be taken by a UN organ or related agency. Only the Security Council may make decisions that
bind Member States to a certain course of action.
Delegates should not to come to the MUN Conference with a prepared draft resolution, but instead should
bring a working paper with points your country would support in a draft resolution.
When drafting and sponsoring a resolution, delegates should keep in mind that the wording will influence its
appeal (or lack thereof). The draft resolution should be clear, concise and specific. The substance should be
well researched and reflect the character and interests of the sponsoring nations.
United Nations resolutions follow a common format. Each resolution has three parts: the heading, the
preamble, and the operative clauses. It is one long sentence with commas and semicolons throughout the
resolution and with a period at the very end. Drafts should be single-spaced. The first word in each clause
should be underlined, and each clause in the preamble should end with a comma. All operative clauses end
with a semicolon except the final clause, which ends with a period. A sample draft resolution has been
included.

34
DRAFT RESOLUTION FORMAT & STRUCTURE

PART 1: Heading
Committee: (i.e. the committee or organ in which the resolution is introduced)
Topic: (the topic of the resolution)
Sponsors: (list of sponsoring countries)
Signatories: (list of countries that have signed the draft)
SPONSORS AND SIGNATORIES
Sponsors of a resolution are those countries that have been the principal authors of the document and
agree with its substance. A sponsor will vote in favor of the draft resolution he or she has helped create.
Signatories are countries that may or may not agree with the substance of the resolution, but would like to
see it debated on the floor. A signatory may or may not vote in favor of a draft resolution he or she has
signed on to.
PART 2: Preamble
The purpose of the preamble is to show that there is a problem that needs to be solved. However, the preamble of a
resolution does not propose action or make any substantive statement in the topic at hand. The preamble begins with
the name of one of the three major organs (e.g. Human Rights Council,). The preambulatory clauses should include:
references to the UN Charter;
citations of past UN resolutions or treaties that have been ratified under the topic of discussion;
statements made by the Secretary-General or a relevant UN body or agency;
recognition of the work or efforts of regional organizations in dealing with the issue; and
general statements on the topic, its significance, and its effects.
Preambulatory Phrases:

35
concerned
conscious
convinced
regretting
Desiring
Determined
Emphasizing ...
Encouraged ...
Endorsing ...
Expressing ...
...appreciation...
satisfaction
...deep appreciation...
Expecting ...
Fulfilling ...
Fully aware ...
...believing...
Acknowledging ...
Affirming ...
Alarmed by...
Anxious ...
Approving ...
Aware
Bearing in mind ...
Believing ...
Cognizant ...
Concerned ...
Confident ...
Conscious ...
Considering ...
Contemplating ...
Convinced ...
Declaring ...
Deeply disturbed
Grieved
Guided by...
Having
...adopted...
...approved...
...considered...
...further examined
...received...
...reviewed...
Keeping in mind...
Mindful
Noting...
...further...
...with approval...
...with concern...
...with deep concern
...with grave concern
...with regret...
...with satisfaction...
Observing...
Reaffirming...
Realizing...
Recalling...
Recognizing...
Referring
Regretting...
Reiterating...
Seeking...
Stressing...
Taking into account
Welcoming...
PART 3: Operative Clauses

Operative clauses are set out to achieve the committee's main policy goals on the topic. Each operative clause begins
with a number and ends with a semicolon (the final clause ends with a period). Operative clauses should be organized
in a logical progression, and each clause should contain a single idea or policy proposal. Keep in mind that all
resolutions except those passed by the Security Council are non-binding.
Operative Phrases:
Accepts...
Adopts...
Affirms
Appeals...
Appreciates...
Approves...
Authorizes...
Calls
Calls upon...
Commends...
Concurs...
Condemns...
Confirms...
Congratulates...
Considers...
Decides...
...accordingly...
Declares...
Deplores...
Designates...
Directs...
Draws the
attention
Emphasizes...
Encourages...
Endorses...
Expresses its
appreciation
its hope
Further invites
proclaims
reminds
recommends
requests
resolves
Has resolved
Instructs...
Invites...
Notes...
...with appreciation
...with approval...
Proclaims
Reaffirms...
...its belief...

36
Recognizes...
Recommends...
Regrets...
Reiterates
Repeats...
Solemnly affirms
Strongly
condemns
Suggests...
Supports...
Takes note of...
Transmits...
Trusts
Urges...
Welcomes...

37
Sample Resolution
Committee:
Topic:
Sponsors:
Signatories:
G.A. Third Committee Social, Cultural and Humanitarian

Strengthening UN Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance
United States, Austria, Italy
Greece, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands, Costa Rica, Belgium, United Kingdom,
India and Gabon
The Human Rights Council,

Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality, and inalienable rights of all global citizens,
(USE COMMAS TO SEPARATE PREAMBULATORY CLAUSES & ITALICIZE THE FIRST
WORD OR PHRASE)
Reaffirming resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages governments to work with established
UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance, and
Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN bodies and Non-Governmental
Organizations,
1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more closely with countries at
the grassroots level to enhance relief efforts;
(USE SEMICOLONS TO SEPARATE OPERATIVE CLAUSES AND NUMBER & UNDERLINE
THE FIRST WORD OR PHRASE)
2. Urges member states to comply with the goals of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs to
streamline efforts of humanitarian aid;
3. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance the coordination of relief
efforts and humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies; and
(PUT THE WORD AND BEFORE THE LAST PREAMBULATORY AND OPERATIVE CLAUSE)
4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages voluntary donation from
the private transnational sector to aid in the funding of rapid deployment forces.
END RESOLUTION WITH A PERIOD
N.B. Security Council resolutions always conclude with Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

38
Resolution Submission Process

STEP 1
One or more delegates write a working paper. The authors of a working paper, also known as the sponsor(s),
then obtain a required number of country signatures
STEP 2
The sponsor(s) take the working paper to the Chair, who approves the working paper only if:
a.
b.
c.
d.
It is in proper format, does not contain a substantial number of mistakes, and is legible if handwritten;
It carries the required number of signatures;
It is in character for the sponsor(s); and
Its subject matter and proposed actions are within the power of the respective committee or organ.
If any of those conditions are not met, the Chair returns the working paper to the sponsor(s) explaining his or
her reasons.
Only approved working papers can be referred to by the delegates on the floor. Since at this stage many
delegates may not yet have seen a working paper, it is advised that the sponsors talk about the ideas and /or
provisions contained in the papers, instead of referring to particular preambulatory and/or operative clauses.
STEP 3
If the conditions outlined under step two are met, and there are no other working papers circulating which are
similar in substance, the Chair approves it. He/she then assigns it a number and a priority, and sends it to
Conference Services for final copying. At this point, the working paper can now be referred to as a draft
resolution.
Note that the Chair may, in the interest of time and/or if the committee is nearing the closure of debate on a
certain agenda item, proceed directly to Step 4. However, all of the relevant conditions outlined in Steps 1-3
have to be met by the sponsor(s).
STEP 4
Copies of the draft resolution are distributed to all delegates. Sponsor(s) are given the floor to introduce the
document as a draft resolution. They may also get on the speakers list and/or have time yielded to them in
order to answer questions about the draft resolution.
Final refinement of the draft resolution in regular debate occurs through friendly amendments, which are
submitted by the sponsor(s) and automatically incorporated into the text. Should there be significant changes
at this time, the Chair may decide to proceed again from Step 3.

39
Amendments
The amendment process is used to strengthen consensus on a resolution by allowing delegates to change
certain sections of the resolution. At UNA-GB MUN there are two types of amendments: friendly and
unfriendly.
Friendly amendment. A friendly amendment is a change to the resolution that all sponsors feel
is appropriate. The amendment must be signed by all of the sponsors, and approved by the
Chair. After this, the amendment is automatically incorporated into the resolution.
Unfriendly amendment. An unfriendly amendment is an amendment that the sponsors of the
resolution do not support. In this case, the author/s of the proposed amendment must obtain the
same number of signatures as they would need for a working paper. After the appropriate
number of signatures has been obtained, the Chair must approve the amendment. Unfriendly
amendments are voted on in order of severity (established at the discretion of the Chair).
Once the debate is closed and the body moves into formal voting procedure, the draft resolution(s) and
unfriendly amendments, if any, are voted upon in the order determined by the Chair.
Committee:
Topic:
Sponsors:
Signatories:
G.A. Third Committee Social, Cultural and Humanitarian

Strengthening UN Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance
Greece, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands, Costa Rica,
Belgium, United Kingdom, India and Gabon
The Human Rights Council,

Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th Anniversary of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity, equality, and
inalienable rights of all global citizens,
*Note: Amendment sheets will be provided for delegates to follow when drafting them during sessions.
CONCLUSION
Delegates should not feel that the purpose of the MUN simulation is to pass as many resolutions as possible
in the limited time allotted. The success of a committee does not rest on the number of resolutions passed. It
is much more important that delegates work toward a valid simulation of the diplomatic interactions that
occur at the UN, which may mean that no resolutions are passed at all! However, the committee will attempt
to create a coherent and unified solution.

40
CHAPTER III.
MODEL UN PRACTICE ACTIVITIES
(WITH ANSWER KEYS)

41
GUIDE TO ACTIVITIES
The remainder of this guide contains lesson activities and accompanying handouts for students. Each activity
is devoted to a specific topic or skill that students should master in preparation for a UNA-GB Model UN
Conference. The lessons allow students to become immersed in international affairs while building essential
reading comprehension, writing, public speaking and research skills. We hope that you will find these
activities helpful in your preparation for a UNA-GB Model UN Conference.
THE UNITED NATIONS
The United Nations Organs Puzzle
Page 38
MODEL UN RESEARCH
Model UN Scavenger Hunt
Page 38
Getting to Know Your Country
Page 39
Topic Reporting
Page 39
POSITION PAPERS
Writing a Position Paper
Page 40
How can we improve this?
Page 41
WRITING A RESOLUTION
Unpacking the problem
Page 41
Resolution introduction
Page 42
Whats wrong with this resolution?
Page 42
Writing Resolutions
Page 43
MODEL UN PROCEDURES
Model UN Vocabulary
Page 43
Model UN Procedures Crossword Puzzle
Page 44
What do you say?
Page 44
True/False Game
Page 45
Model UN Procedures Quiz
Page 46

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Activity: United Nations Organs Puzzle

Objectives: To familiarize students with each of the major UN organs and their functions.
Time Allotted: 40-60 minutes
Resources: The United Nations Organs handouts (2), Descriptions of the UN organs such as Classrooms:
Peacekeeping Unit Teachers Guide, pages 141-143, scissors and glue (optional)
Procedure:
1. KWL (Know-Want-Learned) Discussion on UN major organs:
a. Students create a KWL chart on their papers. Individually fill in the Know and What they
Want to Know of the KWL chart regarding the UN major organs.
b. Discuss their responses with the class. (It is okay if they do not have much completed on their
charts because this activity will help them learn about the major organs and their functions.)
2. Read about the organs in the UN (i.e. Global Classrooms: Peacekeeping Unit, pp. 141-143)
3. Distribute handouts
4. Instruct students to match answer squares with question squares. Students may cut and paste.
5. Review answer
6. Fill in Learned section of KWL activity
Optional:
Homework Writing Activity: Have students choose the UN organ that s/he believes has had the
most impact on world affairs and briefly explain the decision. No research necessary.
Activity: Model UN Scavenger Hunt

Objective:
To familiarize students with different Internet sources, which they can utilize for
research
Time Allotted: 25 minutes
Resources:
Computers with Internet access, and the Model UN Scavenger Hunt handout
Procedure:
1. Announce the names of the below documents (The answers are in bold writing):
a. The UN Charter (http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html)
b. Security Council Membership (http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/)
c. A. UN General Assembly Resolution (http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm)
d. The names of three of the last Secretary-Generals (http://www.un.org/sg/formersgs.shtml)
e. Declaration of Human Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html)
f. Amnesty International website (http://www.amnesty.org)
g. UNA-USA MUN website
(http://www.unausa.org/site/pp.asp?c=fvKRI8MPJpF&b=482843)
h. CIA Fact Book (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html)
i. The Commission on Human Rights (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/2/chr.htm)
j. The Commission on Sustainable Development (http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/)
k. The European Unions Home Page (http://europa.eu.int)
l. Security Council Resolution 1373 (http://www.un.org/Docs/scres/2001/sc2001.htm)
m. Chair of UN Missions Home-Pages (http://www.un.int/index-en/webs.html)
n. Bonus: The World Magazine and Newspaper Chair (http://www.ecola.com)
2. Have your students write the web-sites where they found the information on the Model UN Scavenger
Hunt hand-out.
43
3. Award a prize to the first person to find all of the sites

4. End the lesson with a discussion. Questions could include:
a. Which sites were difficult to find?
b. How were you able to find the various web-sites?
c. Did you find any other good web-sites on the scavenger hunt? If yes, what were they?
Activity:
Objective:
Getting to know your country

To familiarize students with the country that they will be representing at the Model UN
Conference.
Time Allotted: 1-4 class periods

Resources:
Websites:
Library, Computers with Internet access

CIA Fact Book
http://www.cia.gov/cis/publications/factbook/index.html
Chair of UN Missions
http://www.un.int/index-en/webs.html
Encyclopedia Britannica
http://www.britannica.com
Procedure:
1. Have your students research their countries by answering the questions on the sheet titled, Getting
to Know Your Country.
Activity:
Objective:
Topic Reporting
To familiarize students with the country and topic that they will be representing at the
Model UN Conference.
Time Allotted: 1 class period

Resources:
Topic guides, library, computers with Internet access, UN resolutions and periodicals.
Procedure:
1. After students have researched their country see (Getting to Know Your Country), have them
answer the questions raised in the background guides from the committee that they are sitting on.
2. Once the students have compiled their answers, have them present their findings to your Model UN
team in the form of a speech. Tell the student to pretend that this group is the committee that they
will be working with at the Model UN conference.
3. Allow other students to ask two questions to each speaker, after he/she has made their speech.
4. Have the students critique each speaker.

44
Activity:
Objective:
Writing the Position Paper

Identify the parts of a position paper, consolidate research into the position paper
format, with special attention to thoroughness, clarity and style.
Time Allotted:
1-4 class periods
Resources:
Hamburger graphic organizer, Position paper guidelines (p.13)
Procedure:
1. Ask students to list things that have a beginning, middle and an end. Write their responses down
(e.g., movies, songs, days, meals, house-building).
2. Draw a picture of a hamburger on the board. (This will be your graphic organizer. The
hamburger should have a top and bottom bun, lettuce, tomato and patty.) As discussed above, even
a hamburger has a top, middle, and a bottom.
3. Students to copy the hamburger onto their own papers.
4. Using the list of the content of a position paper taken from this guide, page 13. Work with the
students to fill in the hamburger based on the position paper content.
a. Top Bun (Introduction) - A brief introduction to the country and its history regarding the topic
and/or UN body
b. Contents - The countrys background on the topic including:
c. Lettuce: The countrys actions on a national level, including political and/or foreign policy
d. Tomato: The countrys actions on the international level, including resolutions, conventions
and declarations that the country supports;
e. Burger - Quotes taken from speeches made by heads of the government and/or government
representatives.
f. Burger 2 (optional) - Statistics regarding the issue
g. Bottom Bun (Conclusion): The countrys recommendation for a resolution for the topic.
5. Review the importance of ordering things logically (e.g., the hamburger shouldnt be on the top of the
bun).
6. Students fit their countrys information into the hamburger graphic organizer. Using this
organizer, they can then start writing their own position papers.
Optional:
Once student have written their position papers, have them peer-edit them; teacher
conferencing.

45
Activity:
How Can We Improve This? (Position Papers)
Objective:
To identify how to create a well-written position paper
Time Allotted:
15 Minutes
Resources:
Handout, How can we improve this?
Procedures:
1. Give your students the handout How can we improve this?
2. Have them write different ways the paper can be improved.
3. After the students complete the activity have them read aloud their findings and give them the sample
position paper. Some of the obvious mistakes are:
The heading should have the name of the delegate and the country that they are
representing
Line 7. Delegates should never write I in a position paper. Instead they should write
the name of the country.
Line 10. The author should be more specific about which reports they are referring to.
The paper is not supported by facts.
Line 14. Should specify the main religion in Denmark.
Line 15. Should further explain Vienna Declaration.
The author should explain possible future actions.
The conclusion is weak.
Activity:
Unpacking the Problem
Objective:
To consider facets of the problem and consider possible solutions
Time Allotted:
25 Minutes
Resources:
Handout titled, Unpacking the Problem
Procedure:
a. Have students identify goals to address the topic/issue.
E.g.: Topic: Landmines
Protect people from landmines;
Make sure landmines everywhere can be cleared;
Help mine survivors recover from their injuries; and
Help communities affected by landmines recover.
b. Have students complete the table in order to identify the most appropriate solution for their
delegation to seek. (Recommendation: Students work in groups to complete the first column before
working more independently or in pairs to finish the rest.)

46
Activity:
Objective:
Time Allotted:
Resources:
Resolution Introduction
Identify and write preambulatory and operative clauses to create a resolution.
1-2 class periods
List of preambulatory and operative phrases, Resolution Fill-in-the-Blank handout,
Resolution Mix-up handout, sample resolution, resolution form
Procedure:
1. Ask students to define Resolution in their own terms.
2. Discuss their responses.
3. Ask students if they know what a resolution is in terms of Model UN. (Provide them with the
following, if needed In Model UN, a resolution is the final result of discussion, writing and
negotiation. It is a committees written suggestions for addressing a specific problem or issue.)
4. Provide students with the sample resolution and list of preambulatory and operative phrases.
5. Read through the resolution. Students to highlight all of the preambulatory and operative clauses
in the resolution.
6. Working with a partner, students complete Resolution Fill-in-the-Blank with their own phrases.
7. Go over their responses.
8. Working with a partner, students complete Resolution Mix-up. Students put parts in the correct
order.
9. Go over their responses.
10. Students can practice writing their own resolutions.
Optional:
They can do this more than once; each time, students should incorporate new information
or work with new partners. Each resolution they compose will help deepen their
understanding of the topic, and of their countrys position. (Students will not be allowed to
bring pre-written resolutions to the conference, but this activity will help prepare them for
the collaboration and discussion necessary for composing a resolution at the conference.)
Activity:
What is Wrong with This Resolution?
Objective:
To acquaint delegates with resolutions
Time Allotted:
15 Minutes
Resources:
Handout What is Wrong With This Resolution?
Procedure:
1. Have students review the Resolution Process
2. Have the students identify the nine mistakes in the document
3. After the students fill out the handout, have the students read the answers out loud
4. Have a discussion about writing resolutions
Answers:
1. Subject is missing. The draft resolution should have a subject of combating international
terrorism
2. Line 6. The draft resolution should be addressed to the Security Council not the General
Assembly
47
3. Preambulatory phrases should be underlined

4. Perambulatory phrases lines 7-11 should end with commas not periods
5. Line 9. Combat is not a preambulatory phrase
6. Operative clauses should be numbered
7. Operative clause two should end with a semi colon not a comma
8. Line 32. Remain is not an operative clause
9. Line 32. The draft resolution should end with a period not a comma
Activity:
Writing Resolutions
Objective:
To allow delegates to practice negotiating and writing resolutions.
Time Allotted:
45 minutes
Resources:
Pre-ambulatory and operative clauses, Paper, pens, and newspaper articles (optional)
Procedure:
1. Have your students review the Resolution Process.
2. Break your delegates into two groups. For teams with more than ten students, divide your students
into groups of five.
3. Either think of a controversial issue at school (e.g. school uniforms) or use an article from a
newspaper.
4. For thirty minutes, have each group compose a resolution on the topic you provided.
5. After thirty minutes, have each group show you the resolution. Make sure it is in the proper format
(dont worry about the heading, just the preambles and operatives) and then have each group read the
resolution out loud. If a group did not come up with a resolution, have them explain why it was
difficult composing a document (this will happen many times).
6. After each group has presented, ask the delegates what challenges they faced when writing the
resolution? How did they negotiate?
Activity:
Model UN Vocabulary
Objective:
To introduce/reinforce frequently used terms.
Time Allotted:
20 minutes
Resources:
Definition Matching handout, Word search handout
Procedure:
1. With (or without, for greater challenge) the list of words on the word search, students identify the
Model UN terms that are defined.
2. Students find the words on the word search puzzle.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Answers to the Definition Matching activity

Placard
Sponsors
Secretariat
Roll call
Veto
Signatories
Present and voting
Unmoderated caucus
Yield
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Bloc
Delegate
Quorum
Position paper
Resolution
United Nations
Secretariat
Speakers List
Debate

48
19.
Dias
20.
Gavel

49
Activity:
Model UN Procedures Cross Word Puzzle
Objective:
To get acquainted with the rules of procedure
Time Allotted:
15 Minutes
Resources:
Handout titled, Model UN Procedures
Procedure:
1. Have students review the rules of procedure and flow of debate
2. Have the students fill out the "Model UN Procedures" handout
Answers:
1. Adjourn Meeting
2. Adjourn Debate
3. Formal Debate
4. Moderated Caucus
5. Information
6. Order
7. Close Debate
8. Suspend Meeting
9. Inquiry
10. Set Speakers Time
Activity:
What do you say?
Objectives:
To identify important points and motions and use them correctly.
Time Allotted:
1 class period
Resources:
Points and Motions Chart, What Do You Say? Handout
Procedure:
1. Write a few of the points and motions terms on the board and ask students what they think these
mean. Discuss their answers.
2. Students look over Points and Motions Chart and see if their responses were similar to the definitions
on the chart. Go over each of the points and motions on the chart with the students.
3. Students complete What do you Say? Handout.
4. Review the different scenarios with the students. Working in groups of 2-3 students ask them to write
exactly what they think should be said to the chair. You may want to do a few of these exercises with
them. This is also a good opportunity to invite a Model UN trainer to your class to help with Points
and Motions.
5. Once students have completed their charts, review their answers.
A. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a point of Inquiry.
B. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves to suspend debate for the purpose of lunch
C. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) yields to points of information
OR
Honorable Chair, (Country Name) is open to questions
D. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a point of personal privilege, we cannot hear the
speaker, the room is too hot, etc
E. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves to suspend the meeting for the purpose of a
moderated/ caucus to discuss landmines for 25 minutes, with a 1 minute speaking time.
OR
Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves to suspend the meeting for an un-moderated
caucus for 20 minutes.
F. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves to table the topic of landmines to be discussed at a
later time.
G. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a point of information for the delegate.
H. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves for an Appeal of the Chair (after a note has been
accepted).
50
I. Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves for Closure of Debate on this topic.

51
Activity:
Objective:
Time Allotted:
Resources:
True or False Game

To acquaint delegates with the rules of procedure
10-20 Minutes
Rules of Procedure, 2 signs (one saying True and one saying False), and a room with
an open space
Procedure:
1. Make sure that the room you are using has a wide open space.
2. Place the "True" sign on one side of the room, and the "False" sign on the opposite side.
3. Have the students stand in the middle of the room.
4. Announce the following statements. The students should walk to the side of the room that they feel is the
answer. For example, a moderated caucus is a mixture of formal and informal debate? Answer: True,
thus students walk to the side of the room that says "True".
5. After the game, have an open discussion about any rules or questions that they had difficulty
understanding.
Questions:
1. A good speech always opens with Thank you. (True)
2. When addressing the committee in formal debate you should always use all of your speaking time. (False)
Sometimes delegates yield to questions or to other delegates
3. When giving your opening speech you do not need to talk about your countrys history with the issue.
(False) Delegates should always allow other delegates to know about their countrys history with a
particular issue.
4. If you are absent during roll call, you should send a note to the Chair stating that your delegation is
present. (True)
5. You can be added to the speakers list by sending a note to the Chair. (True)
6. When setting the agenda, if the motion to establish the first topic fails, the committee automatically will
discuss the other topic. (True)
7. The committee needs 2/3 of the committee to approve the establishment of the agenda. (False) Only a
majority is required for the motion to pass.
8. In order to make a motion you must be recognized by the chair. (True)
9. You can wear jeans and sneakers to the conference. (False) All delegates must be in Western business
attire.
10. If the speakers list is exhausted debate is closed. (True)
11. Only 2 people can speak against closure of debate and no one speaks against. (True)
12. When voting delegates may enter or leave the room. (False) During voting no one may enter or leave
the room.
13. When voting amendments are voted on after a resolution has been adopted. (False) Amendments are
voted on first, and the amendments that pass are included into the draft resolution.
14. It is important to negotiate with others. (True)
15. The Chairperson facilitates debate. (True)

52
Activity:
Model UN Procedures Quiz
Objective:
To test delegates on the rules of procedure
Time Allotted:
20 Minutes
Resources:
Handouts titled, Rules of Procedure, Short Form and Rules of Procedure Quiz
Procedure:
1. Have students review the rules of procedure
2. Have the students complete the quiz.
3. Discuss with student the questions they found difficult.
Answers:
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. yield
6. 2, 2
7. adjourn the meeting
8. adjourn debate
9. 2, 2
10. (1)[write] the draft resolutions, (2) [get] the appropriate number of signatures, and (3) [present]
it to the Chair. (4) [Once the Chair approves the document, the sponsors] are able to the read
it to the committee.
11. A point of order lets a delegate address a procedural issue; it does not allow him/her to speak
on the topic of debate.
12. A point of information allows delegates to ask other delegates questions regarding speeches or
Draft Resolutions.
13. All.
14. A motion to close debate.
15. A moderated caucus is a mixture of formal and informal debate. When a motion for a
moderated caucus is passed, the chair calls upon delegates as they raise their placards to
address the committee for a specific amount of time that is designated when the motion is
made. An Un-moderated caucus is a temporary recess. During this time delegates meet with
each other and/or the committee staff to discuss ideas for draft resolutions and other important
issues.
16. Sponsors of a resolution are those countries that have been the principal authors of the
document and agree with its substance. Signatories are countries that may or may not agree
with the substance of the resolution, but would like to see it debated on the floor.

53
CHAPTER IV.
HANDOUTS AND RESOURCES

54
UNITED NATIONS MAJOR ORGANS

Secretariat
General
Assembly
Security
Council
International
Court of
Justice
Economic and
Social Council
Trusteeship
Council
Who are the

members?
What do they
do? / What
topics do they
discuss?
If it is a
voting body,
how does it
vote?
When and
where does it
meet?
What makes it
different from
other organs?

55
UNITED NATIONS MAJOR ORGANS (CONTINUED)
Simple
majority
These are the

employees of
the United
Nations; they
do the work of
the United
Nations.
54 Member
States elected
by the General
Assembly
This organ is
located in the
same city as
the
International
Criminal
Court in The
Hague,
Netherlands.
Debates
international
economic and
social issues
Oversees trust
territories
Settles legal
disputes
among
countries not
people
The five
permanent
members of
the Security
Council ran
this Council
when it was
active.
15 judges are
elected by the
General
Assembly for
their judicial
expertise; they
do not
represent their
countries.
Discusses
issues of Peace
and Security.
Members must
be available at
a moments
notice in case
of Crisis.
This Council
no longer
meets because
it has fulfilled
its mission. If
necessary, it
will be recalled
by the General
Assembly.
They work all

over the
world.
This Body
regularly
works with
NonGovernmental
Organizations
(NGOs).
The decisions
are legally
binding and
may be
enforced
through
sanctions.
Assisted
territories in
achieving
independence
or joining
neighboring
countries
This body
provides legal
opinions on
cases and on
the
interpretation
of
International
Treaties.
OR
191 member
nations
This Body can

discuss any
topic that the
members wish
to speak about.
This Body
ceased to exist
with the
independence
of Palau.
15 Member
States
They do not
vote.
Simple
majority
2/3 majority if
the issue is
declared an
important
question
UN
Headquarters
Simple
majority
UN
Headquarters
New York,
NY
United States
New York,
NY
United States
UN
Headquarters
New York,
NY
United States
This body
meets with the
full
membership of
the United
Nations.
(5-Permanent,
10-Rotating)
Simple
majority
UN
Headquarters
New York,
NY
United States
This is not
made up of
Member
States.

56
MODEL UN SCAVENGER HUNT

Model UN Delegates must find the following web sites. Please write down the website address in the space
provided.
1. The United Nations Charter: ______________________________________________________
2. Security Council Membership: ____________________________________________________
3. A UN General Assembly Resolution: _______________________________________________
4. The names of three previous UN Secretary-Generals: ___________________________________
5. The Declaration of Human Rights: __________________________________________________
6. The Amnesty website: ___________________________________________________________
7. UNA-USA MUN website: _______________________________________________________
8. The CIA Fact Book: ____________________________________________________________
9.
The Commission on Human Rights: ________________________________________________
10. The Commission on Sustainable Development: _______________________________________

11. The Home Page to the European Union: _____________________________________________
12. Security Council Resolution 1373: _________________________________________________
13. Chair of UN Missions (Home Pages): _______________________________________________
Bonus
14. The World Magazine and Newspaper Chair: _________________________________________
Other questions to consider:
Which websites were difficult to find?
How did you find the various websites?
Did you find any other interesting websites? If yes, what were they? ____________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

57
GETTING TO KNOW YOUR COUNTRY

Official Country Name _________________________________________________________________
Governmental system _________________________________________________________________
Head of state ________________________________________________________________________
Official language(s) ___________________________________________________________________
Major religions ______________________________________________________________________
Major cities _________________________________________________________________________
Climate _____________________________________________________________________________
Ports/waterways ______________________________________________________________________
Infrastructure status ___________________________________________________________________
Population __________________________________________________________________________
Allies/blocs _________________________________________________________________________
Historic adversaries ___________________________________________________________________
Conflicts (both past and present) _________________________________________________________
Date admitted to UN __________________________________________________________________
Reputation/role within the UN __________________________________________________________
How much the country pays in UN dues ___________________________________________________
Has the country paid its UN dues? ________________________________________________________
Has this nation signed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and its two covenants? Yes ___No __
Human rights record __________________________________________________________________

58
What are four problems/threats that currently affect this nation? ________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Ethnic/cultural issues __________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Is this nation politically stable? Yes ______No ______
Military organization __________________________________________________________________
Military expenditures (percent of GDP spent on defense) _____________________________________
Major weapons & nuclear capability, etc. __________________________________________________
Economic System ____________________________________________________________________
Standard of living (UNDP Annual Report) _________________________________________________
Development status ___________________________________________________________________
Balance of payments/trade _____________________________________________________________

Major exports/imports _________________________________________________________________
Major trade partners __________________________________________________________________
Trade blocs/associations _______________________________________________________________
Environmental stance, e.g., problems, innovations ___________________________________________
Agricultural products __________________________________________________________________
Industries ___________________________________________________________________________
Natural resources _____________________________________________________________________
Energy sources (both the type of energy and its origin) _______________________________________
Based upon your research, what do you feel is at the heart of this nations identity? ________________
59
___________________________________________________________________________________

60
HOW CAN WE IMPROVE THIS?

Sample Position Paper
School:
Robinson School
Committee: Commission on Human Rights
Topic:
Freedom of Religion
The freedom to practice ones professed faith is protected. However, violations of freedom of
religion are still being committed in every region of the world. I believe that such violations exist despite
protests from the governments of states where religious intolerance is believed to exist. Repeatedly, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have addressed this committee regarding the numerous instances of
religious intolerance they have experienced worldwide. Reports have been recently published on such
findings in this area and calls for action. Furthermore, our country asserts that the fleeing of people from
their homeland in order to escape religious persecution is an atrocious human rights violation that is
reminiscent of a war that once turned the states of the world against each other.
Although there is also a small minority of Catholics and other Protestants, Denmark has not
experienced difficulty in toleration of these minority religions. Denmark was one of the first to sign the
Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action. Under Danish law, no person may be denied civil or
political rights or political liberty because of his or her religious beliefs. In public schools, parents are given
the option of excluding their children from Evangelical Lutheran religious instruction.
Denmark does not recognize religious traditions or cultural aspects as an argument against following
universal human rights. Such an argument would violate the major principles that the United Nations was
founded upon. Denmark is aware that suppression of religious freedom does, unfortunately, occur within
the borders of the European Union. But we can not tell other countries what to do our how to act. In a
perfect world this would not happen.
Denmark urges the formation of an educational plan of action would help spread religious tolerance
worldwide. We also would like to see the use of previous UN doctrines and enforce existing resolutions.
In conclusion Denmark, does not have too many problems with religious intolerance. We wish,
however, that it did not occur in other parts of the world, and that the other nations would adopt our
solutions.
In the space provided write your ideas for how this paper can be improved.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

61
MODEL UN PROCEDURES
Note: There are no spaces allotted between words
KEY
Formal Debate
Moderated Caucus
Set Speakers Time
Information
Adjourn Meeting
Order
Inquiry
Suspend Meeting
Close Debate
Adjourn Debate
Across
3. The opportunity for delegates to share their views with the entire committee.
5. After a delegate has given a speech in formal debate, s/he may choose to yield his or her
time to this point.
7. Motion in order for the committee to move into voting procedure.
8. Motion in order to suspend the meeting for the purpose of a regular caucus or a moderated
caucus.
9. A delegate may move for this point in order to ask the chairperson a question regarding the
rules of procedure.
10. Motion to change the length of time during formal debate.
Down
1. Motion to end the committee session until the next session, which may even be next year.
2. Motion to put work the committee has completed on the topic in which they are currently
discussing on hold.
4. A mixture of both formal and informal debate.
6. During the discussion of any matter, a representative may rise to this point, and the
chairperson in accordance with the rules of procedure shall immediately decide on this point.
62
UNPACKING THE PROBLEM

Topic: __________________ (Example: Landmines). When identifying the specific problems associated with this topic, remember your goals are to:
Specific Problems or Issues
Potential Actions or Solutions
Your Countrys Position on these Solutions
Example
Toxic chemicals leak out of landmines and
pollute water and soil.
Example
Send demining teams into areas near water
supplies and fields being used for growing
crops first, before going to other areas.
Example
Uganda believes it is more important to
demine areas near schools and hospitals
first.

63
PREAMBULATORY AND OPERATIVE CLAUSES

PREAMBULATORY PHRASES:
Deeply disturbed
concerned
conscious
convinced
regretting
Desiring
Determined
Emphasizing ...
Encouraged ...
Endorsing ...
Expressing ...
...appreciation...
satisfaction
...deep appreciation...
Expecting ...
Fulfilling ...
Fully
Acknowledging ...
Affirming ...
Alarmed by...
Anxious ...
Approving ...
Aware
Bearing in mind ...
Believing ...
Cognizant ...
Concerned ...
Confident ...
Conscious ...
Considering ...
Contemplating ...
Convinced ...
Declaring ...
...aware ...
...believing...
Grieved
Guided by...
Having
...adopted...
...approved...
...considered...
...further examined
...received...
...reviewed...
Keeping in mind...
Mindful
Noting...
...further...
...with approval...
...with concern...
...with deep concern

...with grave
concern
...with regret...
Observing...
Reaffirming...
Realizing...
Recalling...
Recognizing...
Referring
Regretting...
Reiterating...
Seeking...
Stressing...
Taking into account
Welcoming...
OPERATIVE CLAUSES:
Accepts...
Adopts...
Affirms
Appeals...
Appreciates...
Approves...
Authorizes...
Calls
Calls upon...
Commends...
Concurs...
Condemns...
Decides...
...accordingly...
Declares...
Deplores...
Designates...
Directs...
Draws the
attention
Emphasizes...
Encourages...
Endorses...
Expresses its
appreciation
its hope
proclaims
reminds
recommends
requests
resolves
Has resolved
Instructs...
Invites...
Notes...
...with appreciation
...with approval...
Proclaims
Recognizes...
Recommends...
Regrets...

64
Reiterates
Repeats...
Solemnly affirms
Strongly
condemns
Suggests...
Supports...
Takes note of...
Transmits...
Trusts
Urges...
Welcomes...
RESOLUTION FILL IN THE BLANK

Fill in the missing preambulatory and operative clauses. Refer to the list of phrases provided.
Resolution GA/1.1
Sponsors:
United States, Austria and Italy
Signatories: Greece, Tajikistan, Japan, Canada, Mali, the Netherlands and Gabon
Topic:
Strengthening UN Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance in Complex
Emergencies
Operative Clauses
Preambulatory
Clauses
Operative Clauses
The General Assembly,

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes the inherent dignity,
equality and inalienable rights of all global citizens,
________________its Resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which encourages
Governments to work with UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and
effectiveness of humanitarian assistance,
Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN bodies and
nongovernmental organizations,
_________________ the fact that the United Nations faces significant financial
obstacles and is in need of reform, particularly in the humanitarian realm,
1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to collaborate more
closely with countries at the grassroots level to enhance the carrying out
of relief efforts;
2. _______________ member states to comply with the goals of the UN Department
of Humanitarian Affairs to streamline efforts of humanitarian aid;
3. _______________ that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better
enhance the coordination of relief efforts of humanitarian assistance in
complex emergencies;
4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages
voluntary donations from the private transnational sector to aid in funding
the implementation of rapid deployment forces;
5. ______________ the continuing need for impartial and objective information
on the political, economic and social situations and events of all
countries;
6. ___________________ states to respond quickly and generously to
consolidated appeals for humanitarian assistance; and
7. Requests the expansion of preventive actions and assurance of post-conflict
assistance through reconstruction and development.

65
RESOLUTION MIX-UP
Number each section 1-13, in the order that each phrase or heading occurs. Identify each section as a
preambulatory clause, operative clause, or the heading and subject.
Number
5
Resolution Section
Identify Section
Noting with satisfaction the past efforts of various relevant UN

bodies and nongovernmental organizations,
Preambulatory
Clause
1. Encourages all relevant agencies of the United Nations to

collaborate more closely with countries at the grassroots
level to enhance the carrying out of relief efforts;
4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that
encourages voluntary donations from the private
transnational sector to aid in funding the implementation of
rapid deployment forces;
Stressing the fact that the United Nations faces significant
financial obstacles and is in need of reform, particularly in
the humanitarian realm,
2. Urges member states to comply with the goals of the UN
Department of Humanitarian Affairs to streamline efforts of
humanitarian aid;
Sponsors:
United States, Austria and Italy
Signatories:
Greece, Tajikistan, Japan, Canada,

Mali, the Netherlands and Gabon
Topic:
Strengthening UN Coordination of
Humanitarian
Assistance in Complex Emergencies
7.
Requests the expansion of preventive actions and assurance

of post-conflict assistance through reconstruction and
development.
Reminding all nations of the celebration of the 50th anniversary

of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which recognizes
the inherent dignity, equality and inalienable rights of all
global citizens,
5.
Stresses the continuing need for impartial and objective

information on the political, economic and social
situations and events of all countries;
6.
Calls upon states to respond quickly and generously to

consolidated appeals for humanitarian assistance; and
11
Operative clause

3. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to
better enhance the coordination of relief efforts of
humanitarian assistance in complex emergencies;
Reaffirming its Resolution 33/1996 of 25 July 1996, which
encourages Governments to work with UN bodies aimed at improving
the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarian assistance,

66
RESOLUTION FORM
Use this form to help you create your own resolution.
Heading
Committee:
Topic:
Sponsors:
Signatories:
Preamble
Preambulatory Clause
(first word or phrase
should be underlined)
Statement: preambulatory clauses state the reasons the committee is

addressing the topic and highlights the important past international
actions. Each clause ends with a comma (,).
__________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________
______________________________________________________________
Operative Section
Operative Clause
(first word or phrase
should be underlined
and numbered)
Statement: operative clauses identify the actions or recommendations made

in a resolution. Operative clauses end in a semi-colon (;). The last operative
clause ends with a period (.).
1. _________________
______________________________________________________________
2. _________________
______________________________________________________________
3. _________________
______________________________________________________________
4. _________________
______________________________________________________________

67
DEFINITION MATCHING
Identify the word that matches the definition below and find that word in the word search puzzle.
Vocabulary Word
Definition
1.
A sign that identifies your country.
2.
Countries that are the principal authors of Model UN

resolutions.
3.
Person who facilitates Model UN Debate.
4.
Attendance at the beginning of every Model UN session.
5.
The vested power of the P5 countries to refuse approval

of a draft resolution.
6.
Countries that would like to see a certain draft resolution

debated.
7.
When a delegate is present and wishes to vote.
8.
Informal meeting in which delegates discuss country

positions and ideas for draft resolutions.
9.
To give up time, usually to questions or another delegate.
10.
A group of nations.
11.
A person authorized to act as representative for a country.
12.
The number of members that must be present before

official business can be conducted.
13.
A paper that helps delegates to organize their ideas and aid

in formatting and representing a countrys policy.
14.
The final results of discussion, writing and negotiation,

including suggestions for addressing a specific problem or
issue.
15.
An international organization of nations pledged together

to promote world peace and security.
16.
The most senior staff of a Model UN conference.
17.
A list that determines the order in which delegates will

speak.
18.
To discuss opposing reasons or to argue.
19.
The group of people, usually high school or college

students, in charge of a Model UN committee. It generally
consists of a Chair, a Assistant Chair and a Rapporteur.
20.
The tool shaped like a small wooden hammer that

the Chair uses to keep order.

68
WORD SEARCH
Circle the vocabulary words from above. Words are written up, down, diagonally and backwards.
Bloc
Yield
Chairperson
Debate
Resolution
Gavel
Delegate
Veto
Quorum
Dias
Roll call
Unmoderated caucus
Placard
Secretariat
Present and voting
Position paper
Signatories
United Nations
Speakers list
Sponsors

69
POINTS AND MOTIONS CHART

MOTIONS
SUSPEND THE
MEETING
DESCRIPTION
SUSPENDING THE MEETING MEANS CALLING FOR A MODERATED OR
UNMODERATED CAUCUS. WHEN MOVING TO SUSPEND THE MEETING,
DELEGATES SHOULD SPECIFY THE PURPOSE FOR AND LENGTH OF THE
VOTE TO
PASS
SIMPLE
MAJORITY
SUSPENSION. THIS MOTION REQUIRES AN IMMEDIATE VOTE.
ADJOURN
MEETING
ADJOURNING THE MEETING ENDS THE COMMITTEE SESSION UNTIL THE

NEXT SESSION, WHICH MAY BE HELD THE FOLLOWING YEAR. THE
MOTION IS MOST COMMONLY MADE TO END A COMMITTEE SESSION FOR
SIMPLE
MAJORITY
THE PURPOSE OF LUNCH OR DINNER. IT REQUIRES AN IMMEDIATE VOTE.
TABLE DEBATE
CLOSE DEBATE
THIS MOTION MUST NOT BE CONFUSED WITH THE MOTION TO ADJOURN

THE MEETING. TABLING DEBATE ENDS DEBATE ON THE TOPIC.
DELEGATES CAN TABLE DEBATE, MOVE ON TO ANOTHER TOPIC AND
RETURN TO THE FIRST TOPIC AT A LATER TIME. TWO DELEGATES MUST
SPEAK IN FAVOR OF TABLING DEBATE AND TWO SPEAK AGAINST IT.
TWOTHIRDS
MAJORITY
TWO-
CLOSING DEBATE ALLOWS THE COMMITTEE TO MOVE INTO VOTING

PROCEDURE. ONCE A DELEGATE FEELS THAT HIS OR HER COUNTRYS
POSITION HAS BEEN MADE CLEAR, THAT THERE ARE ENOUGH DRAFT
THIRDS
RESOLUTIONS ON THE FLOOR AND THAT ALL OTHER DELEGATES ARE
MAJORITY
READY, HE OR SHE CAN MOVE FOR THE CLOSURE OF DEBATE. TWO

DELEGATES USUALLY SPEAK AGAINST THE CLOSURE OF DEBATE, BUT
NONE SPEAK FOR IT.
APPEAL THE
CHAIRS
DECISION
POINT OF ORDER
THIS MOTION IS MADE WHEN A DELEGATE FEELS THAT THE CHAIRPERSON

HAS MADE AN INCORRECT DECISION. THE APPEAL MUST FIRST BE MADE IN
WRITING.
NO VOTE
POINTS OF ORDER ARE USED WHEN DELEGATES BELIEVE THE CHAIR HAS
MADE AN ERROR IN THE RUNNING OF THE COMMITTEE. DELEGATES
NO VOTE
RISING TO POINTS OF ORDER MAY NOT SPEAK ON THE SUBSTANCE OF THE

MATTER UNDER DISCUSSION. THEY SHOULD ONLY SPECIFY THE ERRORS
THEY BELIEVE WERE MADE IN THE FORMAL COMMITTEE PROCEDURE.
POINT OF
INQUIRY (OR
POINT OF
WHEN THE FLOOR IS OPEN (I.E., NO OTHER DELEGATE IS SPEAKING), A

DELEGATE MAY RISE TO A POINT OF INQUIRY IN ORDER TO ASK THE
NO VOTE
CHAIRPERSON A QUESTION REGARDING THE RULES OF PROCEDURE.
PARLIAMENTARY
PROCEDURE)
POINT OF
PERSONAL
PRIVILEGE
POINTS OF PERSONAL PRIVILEGE ARE USED TO INFORM THE

CHAIRPERSON OF A PHYSICAL DISCOMFORT A DELEGATE IS
NO VOTE
EXPERIENCING, SUCH AS THE INABILITY TO HEAR ANOTHER DELEGATES

SPEECH.
POINT OF
INFORMATION
AFTER A DELEGATE HAS GIVEN A SPEECH IN FORMAL DEBATE, HE OR SHE

MAY YIELD TIME TO POINTS OF INFORMATION, OR QUESTIONS FROM
NO VOTE

70
OTHER DELEGATES CONCERNING THE SPEECH.

71
WHAT DO YOU SAY?

Using the Points and Motions Chart, determine which point or motion is being made under the
Description. Then write exactly what you would say to make this point or motion.
Description
What do you say?
The delegate has a question regarding the rules of

procedure.
Delegate wishes to adjourn the meeting until next
session. Usually used to adjourn for lunch or dinner.
Delegate wishes to yield time to points of
information or questions from other delegates about
the speech.
Delegate wishes to tell the chair about of a physical
discomfort they are experiencing (the inability to
hear another delegates speech, that the room is too
hot, etc.).
Delegate wishes to suspend debate in order for a
moderated or un-moderated caucus. The purpose
and the length of the suspension need to be stated.
Delegate wishes to end the debate on the topic. This
topic can be returned to at a later time. Before going
to a vote, two delegates must speak in favor of
tabling the debate and two must speak against it.
A delegate has just finished their speech. Another
delegate would like to ask them a question about
speech. (Please note, that a speaker must be open to
questions.)
The delegate feels that the chairperson has made an
incorrect decision. The appeal must first be made in
writing.
Delegate wishes to close the debate and move to
voting.

72
RULES OF PROCEDURE QUIZ

Answer each question to show your knowledge of Model UN procedures.
True/False (Write True or False on the line.)

1.
2.
3.
4.
A Motion to Establish the Agenda can be debated.

When making a Point of Personal Privilege, one must be seconded.
One can interrupt the speaker to make a Point of Inquiry.
A second is required when motioning to Suspend for Caucus.
______________
______________
______________
______________
Fill in the Blank (Complete each sentence appropriately.)

5. If a delegate does not want to use their chance to speak or remaining time, they can _____________ their
time to the chair, another delegate or to questions.
6. When debating a Division of the Question, ______ speakers should speak in favor and ________ can
speak against.
7. A motion to _______________ _________ _________________ will end the session for the day.
8. A motion to _______________ _________________ will table the topic and move on to the next agenda
item.
9. When setting up a Provisional Speakers List, ______ speakers should speak in favor and ________ can
speak against.
10. In order to introduce a resolution, delegates must: (1) write ___________________________________,
(2) get ___________________________________ (3) present ____________________________________.
Once the chair approves the document, (4) the sponsors __________________________________________.
Short Answer (Answer each question below.)

73
11. What is the purpose of a Point of Order? ___________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the purpose of a Point of Information?_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13. How many sponsors must agree in order to withdraw a Draft Resolution? _________________________
14. What type of motion is needed to end debate and move into voting? _____________________________
15. What is the difference between a moderated and an un-moderated caucus?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
16. What is the difference between a sponsor and a signatory?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

74
WHAT IS WRONG WITH THIS RESOLUTION?

Task 1: Read through the resolution and mark the places where an error has been made.
Committee:
Sponsors:
Signatories:
Security Council
Greece, Japan, Canada, Gabon, Netherlands, and Costa Rica

Reaffirming the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations.
Combat by all means threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts.
Recognizing the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense in accordance with the Charter.
Condemns in the strongest terms the horrifying terrorist attacks which took place on 11 September 2001 in
New York, Washington, D.C. and Pennsylvania and regards such acts, like any act of international
terrorism, as a threat to international peace and security;
Expresses its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and
Government of the United States of America,
Calls on all States to work together urgently to bring to justice the perpetrators, organizers and sponsors of
these terrorist attacks and stresses that those responsible for aiding, supporting or harboring the
perpetrators, organizers and sponsors of these acts will be held accountable;
Calls also on the international community to redouble their efforts to prevent and suppress terrorist acts
including by increased cooperation and full implementation of the relevant international anti-terrorist
conventions and Security Council resolutions, in particular resolution 1269 (1999) of 19 October 1999;
Expresses its readiness to take all necessary steps to respond to the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001,
and to combat all forms of terrorism, in accordance with its responsibilities under the Charter of the United
Nations;
Remain seized of the matter;
Task 2: In the space provided identify what is wrong with this resolution.
1. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________________________
9. __________________________________________________________________________________
75

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UNITED NATIONS ASSOCIATION of GREATER BOSTON

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................................................. iii

SECTION I. CONFERENCE LOGISTICS

SECTION II. PREPARING FOR THE MODEL UN CONFERENCE

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

Rules of Procedure ......................................................................................................................................................................... 23

SECTION III. PRACTICE MODEL UN ACTIVITIES

SECTION IV. HANDOUTS AND REFERENCES

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

TIPS FOR SUCCESS

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

HOW TO ASSIGN COMMITTEES

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

DIRECTIONS TO THE CONFERENCE

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

DURING THE CONFERENCE: RULES OF CONDUCT

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

CONFERENCE DRESS CODE

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

Materials for Advisors to have Available

The roles of the Faculty Advisor at the conference

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

EXPECTATIONS FOR PERFORMANCE

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

GUIDELINES FOR PERFORMANCE

ABOVE AVERAGE (3)

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

Preparing for the

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

Additional links can be found on www.unagb.org by clicking Research Resources

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

POSITION PAPER OUTLINE

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

SAMPLE POSITION PAPER (MIDDLE SCHOOL)

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

SAMPLE POSITION PAPER (HIGH SCHOOL)

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

UNA-GB Model UN Conference Preparation Guide for Advisors

ORGANIZATIONS AND REAL-

LIMITED OR UNRELATED DETAILS,

MINIMAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT,

COMMUNICATE WITH THE

AUDIENCE AND PURPOSE.

INCLUDES RELEVANT FACTS,

RELEVANT OUTSIDE INFORMATION.

USES SOME FACTS, EXAMPLES AND

AND SUCCESS OF NEGOTIATION

DEPTH OF POLICY DEVELOPMENT

FOCUSES ON A PURPOSE, EVIDENCE

AND VARIED SENTENCE

RESTATEMENT OF THE THEME.

ORGANIZATIONS AND REAL-

RICH, ENGAGING AND

DEPTH AND COMPLEXITY OF

VOICE AND APPROPRIATE