Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Jaws (Film)
Jaws (Film)
1 Plot
Jaws is a 1975 American lm directed by Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley's 1974 novel of the
same name. The prototypical summer blockbuster, its
release is regarded as a watershed moment in motion picture history. In the story, a giant man-eating great white
shark attacks beachgoers on Amity Island, a ctional New
England summer resort town, prompting the local police
chief to hunt it with the help of a marine biologist and a
professional shark hunter. The lm stars Roy Scheider as
police chief Martin Brody, Richard Dreyfuss as oceanographer Matt Hooper, Robert Shaw as shark hunter Quint,
Murray Hamilton as Larry Vaughn, the mayor of Amity
Island, and Lorraine Gary as Brodys wife, Ellen. The
screenplay is credited to both Benchley, who wrote the
rst drafts, and actor-writer Carl Gottlieb, who rewrote
the script during principal photography.
PRODUCTION
rial debut, The Culpepper Cattle Co. had come out the previous year.[8] However, they grew irritated by Richardss
habit of describing the shark as a whale and soon dropped
him from the project.[8] Meanwhile, Steven Spielberg
very much wanted the job. The 26-year-old had just directed his rst theatrical lm, The Sugarland Express, for
Zanuck and Brown. At the end of a meeting in their ofce, Spielberg noticed their copy of the still-unpublished
Benchley novel, and after reading it was immediately
captivated.[6] He later observed that it was similar to his
1971 television lm Duel in that both deal with these
leviathans targeting everymen.[5] After Richardss departure, the producers signed Spielberg to direct in June
1973, before the release of The Sugarland Express.[8]
Before production began, however, Spielberg grew reluctant to continue with Jaws, in fear of becoming typecast
as the truck and shark director.[9] He wanted to move
over to 20th Century Fox's Lucky Lady instead, but Universal exercised its right under its contract with the director to veto his departure.[10] Brown helped convince
Spielberg to stick with the project, saying that after
[Jaws], you can make all the lms you want.[9] The
lm was given an estimated budget of $3.5 million and a
shooting schedule of 55 days. Principal photography was
set to begin in May 1974. Universal wanted the shoot to
nish by the end of June, when the major studios contract with the Screen Actors Guild was due to expire, to
avoid any disruptions due to a potential strike.[11]
2.2 Writing
2
2.1
Production
Development
2.3
Casting
3
rector, Milius turned Sacklers three-quarters of a page
speech into a monologue, and that was then rewritten by
Shaw.[25] Gottlieb gives primary credit to Shaw, downplaying Miliuss contribution.[26]
2.3 Casting
Though Spielberg complied with a request from Zanuck
and Brown to cast known actors,[16] he wanted to avoid
hiring any big stars. He felt that somewhat anonymous
performers would help the audience believe this was
happening to people like you and me, whereas stars
bring a lot of memories along with them, and those memories can sometimes ... corrupt the story.[22] The director added that in his plans the superstar was gonna be
the shark.[14] The rst actors cast were Lorraine Gary,
the wife of then-president of Universal Sid Sheinberg,
as Ellen Brody,[16] and Murray Hamilton as the mayor
of Amity Island.[27] Stuntwoman-turned-actress Susan
Backlinie was cast as Chrissie as she knew how to swim
and was willing to perform nude.[14] Most minor roles
were played by residents of Marthas Vineyard, where
the lm was shot. One example was Deputy Hendricks,
played by future television producer Jerey Kramer.[28]
The role of Brody was oered to Robert Duvall, but the
actor was interested only in portraying Quint.[29] Charlton
Heston expressed a desire for the role, but Spielberg felt
that Heston would bring a screen persona too grand for
the part of a police chief of a modest community.[30] Roy
Scheider became interested in the project after overhearing Spielberg at a party talk with a screenwriter about
having the shark jump up onto a boat.[16] Spielberg was
initially apprehensive about hiring Scheider, fearing he
would portray a tough guy, similar to his role in The
French Connection.[29]
Nine days before the start of production, neither Quint
nor Hooper had been cast.[31] The role of Quint was originally oered to actors Lee Marvin and Sterling Hayden, both of whom passed.[16][29] Zanuck and Brown had
just nished working with Robert Shaw on The Sting,
and suggested him to Spielberg.[32] Shaw was reluctant
to take the role since he did not like the book, but decided to accept at the urging of both his wife, actress
Mary Ure, and his secretary"The last time they were
that enthusiastic was From Russia with Love. And they
were right.[33] Shaw based his performance on fellow
cast member Craig Kingsbury, a local sherman, farmer,
and legendary eccentric, who was playing sherman Ben
Gardner.[34] Spielberg described Kingsbury as the purest
version of who, in my mind, Quint was, and some of his
oscreen utterances were incorporated into the script as
lines of Gardner and Quint.[35] Another source for some
of Quints dialogue and mannerisms, especially in the
third act at sea, was Vineyard mechanic and boat-owner
Lynn Murphy.[36][37]
Benchley had written Jaws after reading about sport sherman Frank Mundus's capture of an enormous shark in
1964. According to Gottlieb, Quint was loosely based
on Mundus, whose book Sportshing for Sharks he read
for research.[24] Sackler came up with the backstory of
Quint as a survivor of the World War II USS Indianapolis
disaster.[25] The question of who deserves the most credit
for writing Quints monologue about the Indianapolis has
caused substantial controversy. Spielberg described it as
a collaboration between Sackler, Milius, and actor Robert
Shaw, who was also a playwright.[21] According to the di- For the role of Hooper, Spielberg initially wanted Jon
PRODUCTION
2.4
Filming
volved a team of as many as 40 eects technicians, supervised by mechanical eects supervisor Bob Mattey, best
known for creating the giant squid in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. After the sharks were completed, they were
trucked to the shooting location.[47] In early July, the platform used to tow the two side-view sharks capsized as it
was being lowered to the ocean oor, forcing a team of
divers to retrieve it.[48] The model required 14 operators
to control all of the moving parts.[39]
The lm had a troubled shoot and went far over budget. David Brown said that the budget was $4 million
and the picture wound up costing $9 million";[49] the effects outlays alone grew to $3 million due to the problems
with the mechanical sharks.[50] Disgruntled crew members gave the lm the nickname Flaws.[39][46] Spielberg
attributed many problems to his perfectionism and his inexperience. The former was epitomized by his insistence
on shooting at sea with a life-sized shark; I could have
shot the movie in the tank or even in a protected lake
somewhere, but it would not have looked the same, he
said.[33] As for his lack of experience: I was naive about
the ocean, basically. I was pretty naive about mother nature and the hubris of a lmmaker who thinks he can conquer the elements was foolhardy, but I was too young to
know I was being foolhardy when I demanded that we
shoot the lm in the Atlantic Ocean and not in a North
Hollywood tank.[25] Gottlieb said that there was nothing to do except make the movie, so everyone kept overworking, and while as a writer he did not have to attend
the ocean set every day, once the crewmen returned they
arrived ravaged and sunburnt, windblown and covered
with salt water.[13]
Shooting at sea led to many delays: unwanted sailboats
drifted into frame, cameras got soaked,[35] and the Orca
once began to sink with the actors on board.[51] The
prop sharks frequently malfunctioned owing to a series of
problems including bad weather, pneumatic hoses taking
on salt water, frames fracturing due to water resistance,
corroding skin, and electrolysis. From the rst water test
onward, the non-absorbent neoprene foam that made
2.5
Music
5
attacked the boat and cage. The footage of the cage attack
was so stunning that Spielberg was eager to incorporate it
in the lm. No one had been in the cage at the time, however, and the script, following the novel, originally had the
shark killing Hooper in it. The storyline was consequently
altered to have Hooper escape from the cage, which allowed the footage to be used.[57][58] As production executive Bill Gilmore put it, The shark down in Australia
rewrote the script and saved Dreyfusss character.[59]
6
John Williams composed the lms score, which earned
him an Academy Award and was later ranked the sixthgreatest score by the American Film Institute.[68][69] The
main shark theme, a simple alternating pattern of two
notesvariously identied as E and F[70] or F and
F sharp[71] became a classic piece of suspense music, synonymous with approaching danger (see leadingtone). Williams described the theme as grinding away
at you, just as a shark would do, instinctual, relentless, unstoppable.[72] The piece was performed by tuba
player Tommy Johnson. When asked by Johnson why
the melody was written in such a high register and not
played by the more appropriate French horn, Williams
responded that he wanted it to sound a little more
threatening.[73] When Williams rst demonstrated his
idea to Spielberg, playing just the two notes on a piano, Spielberg was said to have laughed, thinking that
it was a joke. As Williams saw similarities between
Jaws and pirate movies, at other points in the score
he evoked pirate music, which he called primal, but
fun and entertaining.[67] Calling for rapid, percussive
string playing, the score contains echoes of La mer by
Claude Debussy as well of Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of
Spring.[71][74]
7
beach in broad daylight. Sinyard calls the lm a deft it can be and has been readfrom representing alien
combination of Watergate and Ibsens play.[85]
menaces such as communism or the Third World
to more intimate dreads concerning the unreality of
contemporary American life and the vain eorts to
sanitize and suppress the knowledge of death. He
3.1 Scholarly criticism
asserts that its symbolic function is to be found in this
Jaws has received attention from academic critics. very polysemousness which is profoundly ideological,
Stephen Heath relates the lms ideological meanings to insofar as it allows essentially social and historical
the then-recent Watergate scandal. He argues that Brody anxieties to be folded back into apparently 'natural'
a conict
represents the white male middle class[there is] not ones ... to be recontained in what looks like
[94]
with
other
forms
of
biological
existence.
He
views
a single black and, very quickly, not a single woman in
Quints
demise
as
the
symbolic
overthrow
of
an
old,
the lm, who restores public order with an ordinary[87]
populist,
New
Deal
America
and
Brody
and
Hoopers
guy kind of heroism born of fear-and-decency.
Yet
Heath moves beyond ideological content analysis to ex- partnership as an allegory of an alliance between the
amine Jaws as a signal example of the lm as industrial forces of law-and-order and the new technocracy of
product that sells on the basis of the pleasure of cinema, the multinational corporations ... in which the viewer
understanding that he or she is excluded
thus yielding the perpetuation of the industry (which is rejoices without
[95]
from
it.
why part of the meaning of Jaws is to be the most profitable movie)".[88]
Andrew Britton contrasts the lm to the novels postWatergate cynicism, suggesting that its narrative alterations from the book (Hoopers survival, the sharks explosive death) help make it a communal exorcism, a ceremony for the restoration of ideological condence. He
suggests that the experience of the lm is inconceivable without the mass audiences jubilation when the
shark is annihilated, signifying the obliteration of evil
itself.[89] In his view, Brody serves to demonstrate that
individual action by the one just man is still a viable
source for social change.[90] Peter Biskind argues that
the lm does maintain post-Watergate cynicism concerning politics and politicians insofar as the sole villain beside the shark is the towns venal mayor. Yet he observes
that, far from the narrative formulas so often employed
by New Hollywood lmmakers of the erainvolving Us
vs. Them, hip counterculture gures vs. "The Man"
the overarching conict in Jaws does not pit the heroes
against authority gures, but against a menace that targets
everyone regardless of socioeconomic position.[91]
Whereas Britton states that the lm avoids the novels
theme of social class conicts on Amity Island,[90]
Biskind detects class divisions in the screen version and
argues for their signicance. Authority must be restored, he writes, but not by Quint. The seamans
working class toughness and bourgeois independence is
alien and frightening ... irrational and out of control.
Hooper, meanwhile, is associated with technology rather
than experience, inherited wealth rather than self-made
suciency"; he is marginalized from the conclusive action, if less terminally than Quint.[92] Britton sees the lm
more as concerned with the vulnerability of children and
the need to protect and guard them, which in turn helps
generate a pervasive sense of the supreme value of family life: a value clearly related to [ideological] stability
and cultural continuity.[93]
4 Release
4.1 Promotion
Universal spent $1.8 million promoting Jaws, including an unprecedented $700,000 on national television
spot advertising.[40][97] The media blitz included about
two dozen 30-second advertisements airing each night
on prime-time network TV between June 18, 1975, and
the lms opening two days later.[98] Beyond that, in
the description of lm industry scholar Searle Kochberg,
Universal devised and co-ordinated a highly innovative
plan for the pictures marketing.[98] As early as October 1974, Zanuck, Brown, and Benchley hit the television and radio talk show circuit to promote the paperback edition of the novel and the forthcoming lm.[99]
The studio and publisher Bantam agreed on a title logo
that would appear on both the paperback and in all of
the advertising for the lm.[98] The centerpieces of the
joint promotion strategy were John Williams theme and
the poster image featuring the shark approaching a lone
female swimmer.[50] The poster was based on the paperbacks cover, and had the same artist, Bantam employee
Roger Kastel.[100] The Seiniger Advertising agency spent
six months designing the poster; principal Tony Seiniger
explained that no matter what we did, it didn't look scary
enough. Seiniger ultimately decided that you had to
actually go underneath the shark so you could see his
teeth.[101]
Fredric Jameson's Marxist analysis highlights the More merchandise was created to take advantage of the
polysemy of the shark and the multiple ways in which lms release. In 1999, Graeme Turner wrote that Jaws
5 RECEPTION
4.2
For its fortieth anniversary, the lm was released in selected theaters (across approximately 500 theaters) in the
United States on Sunday, June 21 and Wednesday, June
24, 2015.[119][120]
Theatrical run
5 Reception
5.1 Box oce performance
Jaws opened with a $7 million weekend[121] and recouped
its production costs in two weeks.[122] In just 78 days, it
overtook The Godfather as the highest-grossing lm at
the North American box oce,[110] sailing past that pictures earnings of $86 million[123] to become the rst lm
to reach $100 million in rentals.[124] Its initial release ultimately brought in $123.1 million in rentals.[122] Theatrical re-releases in 1976 and 1979 brought its total rentals
to $133.4 million.[123]
The picture entered overseas release in December
1975,[125] and its international business mirrored its domestic performance. It broke records in Singapore,[126]
New Zealand, Japan,[127] Spain,[128] and Mexico.[129] By
1977, Jaws was the highest-grossing international release
with worldwide rentals of $193 million, equating to about
$400 million of gross revenue;[130] it supplanted The Godfather, which had earned $145 million in rentals.[131]
Jaws was the highest-grossing lm of all time until Star
Wars, which debuted two years later. Star Wars surpassed Jaws for the U.S. record six months after its release and set a new global record in 1978.[132][133] As of
June 2013, it is the 127th-highest-grossing lm of all time
with $470.7 million worldwide,[134] and the 66th highest
domestically with a total North American gross of $260
million.[121] Adjusted for ination, Jaws has earned almost $2 billion worldwide at 2011 prices and is the second most successful franchise lm after Star Wars.[135] In
North America, it is the seventh-highest-grossing movie
of all time, with a total of $1.017 billion at current
prices,[136] based on an estimated 128,078,800 tickets
sold.[137] In the United Kingdom, it is the seventh-highestgrossing lm to be released since 1975, earning the equivalent of over 70 million in 2009/10 currency,[138] with
admissions estimated at 16.2 million.[139] Jaws has also
sold 13 million tickets in Brazil, the second-highest attendance ever in the country behind Titanic.[140]
5.3
Accolades
5.2
Critical response
9
numbing repast for sense-sated gluttons and lmmaking of this essentially manipulative sort"; Molly Haskell
of The Village Voice similarly characterized it as a scare
machine that works with computer-like precision. ... You
feel like a rat, being given shock therapy.[149] The most
frequently criticized aspect of the lm has been the articiality of its mechanical antagonist: Magill declared
that the programmed shark has one truly phony closeup,[154] and in 2002, online reviewer James Berardinelli
said that if not for Spielbergs deftly suspenseful direction, we would be doubled over with laughter at the
cheesiness of the animatronic creature.[75] Halliwells
Film Guide claimed despite genuinely suspenseful and
frightening sequences, it is a slackly narrated and sometimes atly handled thriller with an over-abundance of dialogue and, when it nally appears, a pretty unconvincing
monster.[155]
5.3 Accolades
Jaws won three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Original Dramatic Score, and Best Sound
(Robert Hoyt, Roger Heman, Earl Madery and John
Carter).[68][156] It was also nominated for Best Picture,
losing to One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest.[157] Spielberg greatly resented the fact that he was not nominated for Best Director.[149] Along with the Oscar,
John Williamss score won the Grammy Award,[158] the
BAFTA Award for Best Film Music,[159] and the Golden
Globe Award.[160] To her Academy Award, Verna Fields
added the American Cinema Editors' Eddie Award for
Best Edited Feature Film.[161]
Jaws was chosen Favorite Movie at the Peoples Choice
Awards.[162] It was also nominated for best Film, Director, Actor (Richard Dreyfuss), Editing, and Sound at
the 29th British Academy Film Awards,[159] and Best
FilmDrama, Director, and Screenplay at the 33rd
Golden Globe Awards.[160] Spielberg was nominated by
the Directors Guild of America for a DGA Award,[163]
and the Writers Guild of America nominated Peter
Benchley and Carl Gottliebs script for Best Adapted
Drama.[164]
In the years since its release, Jaws has frequently been
cited by lm critics and industry professionals as one of
the greatest movies of all time. It was number 48 on
American Film Institutes 100 Years... 100 Movies, a list
of the greatest American lms of all time compiled in
1998; it dropped to number 56 on the 10 Year Anniversary list.[165][166] AFI also ranked the shark at number 18
on its list of the 50 Best Villains,[167] Roy Scheiders line
You're gonna need a bigger boat 35th on a list of top
100 movie quotes,[168] Williamss score at sixth on a list
of 100 Years of Film Scores,[69] and the lm as second on
a list of 100 most thrilling lms, behind only Psycho.[169]
In 2003, The New York Times included the lm on its list
of the best 1,000 movies ever made.[170] The following
year, Jaws placed at the top of the Bravo networks ve-
10
hour miniseries The 100 Scariest Movie Moments.[171] The
Chicago Film Critics Association named it the sixth scariest lm ever made in 2006.[172] In 2008, Jaws was ranked
the fth greatest lm in history by Empire magazine,[173]
which also placed Quint at number 50 on its list of the
100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.[174] The lm
has been cited in many other lists of 50 and 100 greatest
lms, including ones compiled by Leonard Maltin,[175]
Entertainment Weekly,[176] Film4,[177] Rolling Stone,[178]
Total Film,[179] TV Guide,[180] and Vanity Fair.[181]
LEGACY
rate appetites for big prots quickly, which is to say, studios wanted every lm to be Jaws.[185] Scholar Thomas
Schatz writes that it recalibrated the prot potential of
the Hollywood hit, and redened its status as a marketable
commodity and cultural phenomenon as well. The lm
brought an emphatic end to Hollywoods ve-year recession, while ushering in an era of high-cost, high-tech,
high-speed thrillers.[186]
Jaws was key in establishing the benets of a wide national release backed by heavy television advertising,
rather than the traditional progressive release in which a
lm slowly entered new markets and built support over
time.[98][110] Saturation booking, in which a lm opens simultaneously at thousands of cinemas, and massive media
buys are now commonplace for the major Hollywood studios.[184] According to Peter Biskind, Jaws diminish[ed]
the importance of print reviews, making it virtually impossible for a lm to build slowly, nding its audience
by dint of mere quality. ... Moreover, Jaws whet corpo-
6.2
Sequels
3000 under the title Devil Fish;[201] and Deep Blood, that
blends in a supernatural element.[202] The 1995 thriller
lm Cruel Jaws even has the alternate title Jaws 5: Cruel
Jaws,[203] and the 2009 Japanese horror lm Psycho Shark
was released in the United States as Jaws in Japan.[204]
Marthas Vineyard celebrated the lms 30th anniversary
in 2005 with a JawsFest festival,[205] which had a second edition in 2012.[206] An independent group of fans
produced the feature-length documentary The Shark is
Still Working, featuring interviews with the lms cast and
crew. Narrated by Roy Scheider and dedicated to Peter
Benchley, who died in 2006, it debuted at the 2009 Los
Angeles United Film Festival.[207][208]
6.1
11
6.2 Sequels
Jaws spawned three sequels, none of which approached
the success of the original. Their combined domestic
grosses amount to barely half of the rst lms.[222] In
October 1975, Spielberg declared to a lm festival audience that making a sequel to anything is just a cheap
carny trick.[157] Nonetheless, he did consider taking on
the rst sequel when its original director, John D. Hancock, was red a few days into the shoot; ultimately, his
obligations to Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which
he was working on with Dreyfuss, made it impossible.[223]
Jaws 2 (1978) was eventually directed by Jeannot Szwarc;
Scheider, Gary, Hamilton, and Jerey Kramer (who portrayed Deputy Hendricks) reprised their roles. It is generally regarded as the best of the sequels.[224] The next lm,
Jaws 3-D (1983), was directed by Joe Alves, who had
served as art director and production designer, respectively, on the two preceding lms.[225] Starring Dennis
Quaid and Louis Gossett, Jr., it was released in the 3-D
format, although the eect did not transfer to television
or home video, where it was renamed Jaws 3.[226] Jaws:
The Revenge (1987), directed by Joseph Sargent, starring
Michael Caine, and featuring the return of Gary, is considered one of the worst sequels ever made.[227][228] While
all three sequels made a prot at the box oce (Jaws 2
and Jaws 3-D were among the top 20 highest-grossing
lms of their respective years), critics and audiences alike
were generally dissatised with the lms.[229]
7 See also
List of American lms of 1975
List of killer shark lms
12
References
REFERENCES
[13] Mark Salisbury and Ian Nathan. Jaws: The Oral History. Empire. Retrieved March 23, 2015.
[14] Pangolin Pictures (June 16, 2010). Jaws: The Inside Story
(Television documentary). The Biography Channel.
[40] Smith, Neil (June 3, 2005). Shark tale that changed Hollywood. BBC News. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
[41] McBride 1999, p. 233
[43] Bouzereau, Laurent (1995). A Look Inside Jaws [Location]. Jaws: 30th Anniversary Edition DVD (2005):
Universal Home Video.
[44] Bouzereau, Laurent (1995). A Look Inside Jaws [Photographing Jaws]. Jaws: 30th Anniversary Edition DVD
(2005): Universal Home Video.
13
[61] Bouzereau, Laurent (1995). A Look Inside Jaws [Finishing the Film]. Jaws: 30th Anniversary Edition DVD
(2005): Universal Home Video.
[62] McBride 1999, pp. 251252
[63] Yewdall 2011, p. 197
[84] Schatz, Thomas. The New Hollywood. Movie Blockbusters. p. 25. In: Stringer 2003, pp. 1544
[85] Sinyard 1989, p. 32
[86] Baer 2008, p. 208
[87] Heath 1976, p. 510
[88] Heath 1976, p. 514
14
REFERENCES
[135] The Economist online (July 11, 2011). Pottering on, and
on Highest-grossing lm in franchise. The Economist.
Retrieved March 17, 2012.
[125] Los Angeles (AP) (September 10, 1975). "'Jaws Receipts [145] Detail view of movies: Jaws. American Film Institute.
Most in U.S. Film History. The Daytona Beach NewsRetrieved January 20, 2012.
Journal. p. 14A.
[146] Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1975). Jaws. Chicago Sun[126] ""Jaws breaks b.o. mark in Singapore. Variety (285):
Times. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
34. December 8, 1976.
[147] Murphy, A.D. (June 18, 1975). Jaws. Variety. Re[127] ""Jaws chomps into new b.o. marks at N. Zealand,
trieved August 3, 2006.
Japan. Variety (281): 33. January 28, 1976.
[148] Kael 1976, pp. 195196
[128] ""Jaws in Spain: record $3.3-mil. Variety (282): 3.
February 18, 1976.
[149] McBride 1999, p. 256
[129] ""Jaws openings break all Mexican records. Box Oce [150] Crist, Judith (June 23, 1975). Fish Story On a Grand
(109): 8. May 3, 1976.
Scale. New York. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
[130] Kilday, Gregg (July 5, 1977). Director of 'Jaws II' Aban- [151] Reed, Rex (June 15, 1975). Film to Jaw About: 'Le
dons His 'Ship'". The Victoria Advocate. p. 6B.
Chats' Meow. New York Daily News.
15
[152] Canby, Vincent (June 21, 1975). Entrapped by 'Jaws of [173] Simon Braund, Glen Ferris, Ian Freer, Nev Pierce, Chris
Fear. The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2006.
Hewitt, Dan Jolin, Ian Nathan, Kim Newman, Helen
O'Hara, Olly Richards, and Owen Willams. The 500
[153] Champlin, Charles (June 20, 1975). Don't Go Near the
Greatest Movies of All Time. Empire. Retrieved March
Water. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 31,
11, 2010.
2006.
[174] "Empires The 100 Greatest Movie Characters. Empire.
[154] Magill, Marcia (AugustSeptember 1975). Jaws. Films
Retrieved May 21, 2010.
in Review: 436.
[175] Maltin 1999, p. 13
[155] Halliwells Film Guide, 13th edition ISBN 0-00-638868X.
[176] Burr 1999, p. 52
[156] Morris 2007, p. 45
[157] McBride 1999, p. 257
16
REFERENCES
[196] Chapple, Mike (September 1, 2005). Great white hope. [218] Fitzpatrick, Eileen (August 5, 2000). Universal 'Jaws
Liverpool Daily Post. p. 3. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
DVD Ships One Million Plus; Spinal Tap Seeks Drummer
Through Listen.com. Billboard: 85. Retrieved January
[197] Hays, Matthew. A Space Odyssey. Montreal Mirror.
1, 2012.
Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved
[219] Jaws (12)". Total Film. August 29, 2005. Retrieved
July 31, 2007.
April 15, 2010.
[198] Ochoa 2011, p. 135
[220] Chitwood, Adam (April 10, 2012). Universal Conrms
[199] Stanley 1988, p. 220
Digitally Remastered JAWS Coming to Blu-ray August
14; Watch Steven Spielberg Talk About the Restoration.
[200] Adamson & Morrison 2011, p. 80
Collider. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
[201] Mystery Science Theater 3000 Series 9 Episode 11 rst [221] Arnold, Thomas K. (August 22, 2012). "'Hunger Games
broadcast August 15, 1998
Sweeps Sales and Rental Charts. Home Media Magazine.
Retrieved March 9, 2013.
[202] Wheeler, Jeremy. Deep Blood (1990)". Allrovi. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
[222] Jaws Movies. Box Oce Mojo. Retrieved March 12,
2010.
[203] Begg, Ken (August 27, 2012). Cruel Jaws (1995)". Jabootus Bad Movie Dimension. Retrieved July 31, 2014. [223] McBride 1999, pp. 257258
[204] Lamar, Cyriaque (September 13, 2010). ""Jaws in Japan [224]
promises cyclopean Selachimorphae, breasts. Jabootus
Bad Movie Dimension. Retrieved July 31, 2014.
[225] Joe Alves and Jaws 3-D. Fangoria (1): 29. August
[206] Kramer Bussel, Rachel (August 15, 2012). Jaws Fanatics
1979.
Gather to Pray to God of Sharks. Vulture. Retrieved
[226] Franich,Darren; Staskiewicz, Keith (August 20, 2010).
January 4, 2013.
Introducing the PopWatch Rewind! Week 1: 'Jaws 3[207] Hollander, Erik. First look: 'The Shark is Still WorkD'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
ing'". Los Angeles United Film Festival. Archived from
the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2012. [227] Nashawaty, Chris. The 25 Worst Sequels Ever Made
10. Jaws: The Revenge (1987)". Entertainment Weekly.
[208] The Shark is Still Working ocial website. Archived
Retrieved March 11, 2010.
from the original on August 11, 2010. Retrieved January
[228] 1987 Archive. Golden Raspberry Awards. Retrieved
5, 2012.
December 11, 2006.
[209] Mast & Kawin 2003, p. 198
[229]
Jaws 3-D. Variety. January 1, 1983. Retrieved
[210] McGowan, Chris (July 7, 1992).
LaserScans.
November 28, 2006.
Billboard: 65. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
Derek, Tse (June 10, 2003). Sequels we wish we'd
[211] McGowan, Chris (March 23, 1996).
LaserDisk
Karaoke: In Titles. Billboard: 6263. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
[212] Nielsen Business Media, Inc (July 26, 1980). Video
Shark. Billboard: 64. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
[213] Bowker 1994, p. 419
[214] Nashawaty, Chris (December 1, 1995). Jaws (1995)". [231] Bevil, Dewayne (January 2, 2012). Its the end of the
Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
line for Jaws at Universal. Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved
January 3, 2012.
[215] Fitzpatrick, Eileen (May 13, 2000). Spielberg Releases
'Jaws on DVD as Universal Marks Sharks 25th Anniver- [232] Jaws. Universal Japan. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
sary. Billboard: 132. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
[233] http://www.universalstudioshollywood.com/attractions/
[216] King, Susan (July 13, 2000). Feeding 'Jaws Fans. The
studio-tour
Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
[234] Sutherland, Sam (May 2, 2007). Giant Killer Shark And
[217] Venendaal, Matt (July 11, 2000). Jaws: 25th AnniverOther Meta-Musicals. AOL Music. Archived from the
sary Edition. IGN. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
original on June 20, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
17
Bibliography
Adamson, John E.; Morrison, Amanda (2011). Law
for Business and Personal Use. Stamford, Connecticut: Cengage Learning. ISBN 0-538-49690-8.
Andrews, Nigel (1999). Nigel Andrews on Jaws.
London: Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 0-74753975-8.
Baer, William (2008). Classic American Films:
Conversations with the Screenwriters. Westport,
Connecticut: Greenwood. ISBN 0-313-34898-7.
Biskind, Peter (1998). Easy Riders, Raging Bulls.
New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-68485708-1.
Blake, Edith (1975). The Making of the Movie Jaws.
New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-34524882-4.
Bowkers Complete Video Directory 1994. New
York: R.R. Bowker. 1994. ISBN 978-0-83523391-0.
Britton, Andrew (1979). "Jaws". In Grant, Barry
Keith. Britton on Film: The Complete Film Criticism
of Andrew Britton. (2009). Detroit: Wayne State
University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3363-X.
Brode, Douglas (1995). The Films of Steven Spielberg. New York: Carol Publishing. ISBN 0-80651951-7.
Brosnan, John (1978). Future Tense: The Cinema
of Science Fiction. London: Macdonald and Janes.
ISBN 0-354-04222-X.
Burr, Ty (1999). The 100 Greatest Movies of All
Time. New York: Entertainment Weekly Books.
ISBN 1-883013-68-2.
Cancellaro, Joseph (2006). Exploring Sound Design
for Interactive Media. Florence, Kentucky: Delmar
Learning. ISBN 1-4018-8102-5.
18
Mast, Gerald; Kawin, Bruce F. (2003). A Short History of the Movies. Harlow, Essex: Longman. ISBN
0-321-10603-2.
McBride, Joseph (1999). Steven Spielberg: A Biography. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press.
ISBN 0-306-80900-1.
Moritz, Charles (1978). Current Biography Yearbook 1978. New York: H. W. Wilson. ISBN
99973-770-2-8.
Morris, Nigel (2007). The Cinema of Steven Spielberg: Empire of Light. New York: Wallower Press.
ISBN 1-904764-88-6.
Muir, John Kenneth (2007). Horror Films of
the 1970s, Volume 2. Jeerson, North Carolina:
McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-3104-0.
Nadler, Holly (2006). Vineyard Condential: 350
Years of Scandals, Eccentrics, and Strange Occurrences. Rockport, Maine: Down East Enterprise
Inc. ISBN 0-89272-687-3.
Ochoa, George (2011). Deformed and Destructive
Beings: The Purpose of Horror Films. McFarland.
ISBN 0-7864-6307-4.
Paszylk, Bartomiej (2009). The Pleasure and Pain
of Cult Horror Films: An Historical Survey. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0-78643695-6.
10
EXTERNAL LINKS
10 External links
Jaws at DMOZ
Jaws at Filmsite.org
Jaws at the Internet Movie Database
Prigg, Steven (2004). Movie Moguls Speak: Interviews with Top Film Producers. Jeerson, North
Carolina: McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-1929-6.
Jaws at AllMovie
Jaws at Metacritic
Jaws at Rotten Tomatoes
19
11
11.1
Jaws (lm) Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaws_(film)?oldid=696268275 Contributors: Koyaanis Qatsi, Rgamble, Zoe, Modemac,
Mrwojo, Frecklefoot, Edward, Ubiquity, Kchishol1970, Modster, Aezram, Matthewmayer, Ixfd64, Tregoweth, Jeandr du Toit, DJ Clayworth, Motor, Furrykef, Hyacinth, Nv8200pa, ZeWrestler, HarryHenryGebel, Fvw, Raul654, Flockmeal, Lumos3, RadicalBender, Donreed, Moncrief, Dgrgich, Naddy, Sverdrup, Academic Challenger, Diderot, LGagnon, Timrollpickering, Andrew Levine, JackofOz, Cyrius,
Dina, David Gerard, DocWatson42, Christopher Parham, Jacoplane, Gtrmp, Cobaltbluetony, Netoholic, Lupin, Southpark~enwiki, Michael
Devore, Gamaliel, ZeroJanvier, BigHaz, AlistairMcMillan, Iceberg3k, Bobblewik, Golbez, Architeuthis, Gadum, Andycjp, Alexf, Toytoy, Ljhenshall, Antandrus, MistToys, Girolamo Savonarola, Ellsworth, Bodnotbod, Aeonite, Yossarian, Marcos, WpZurp, Neutrality,
Wasabe3543, MakeRocketGoNow, Qjuad, DanielCD, Jiy, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Shudog, SpookyMulder, MattTM, CanisRufus, JustPhil, Lankiveil, Aude, RobNS, TMC1982, Semper discens, Causa sui, NetBot, Mordemur, Feitclub, Adraeus, Viriditas,
Boycottthecaf, Thanos6, Zwilson, Li3crmp, Sam Korn, Pharos, Pearle, Benbread, Geschichte, Bob rulz, Alansohn, Gary, Cammoore,
Atlant, Philip Cross, Carbon Caryatid, Andrewpmk, AarHan3, Fritz Saalfeld, Poorpete, Scarecroe, Seans Potato Business, Wtmitchell,
TheRealFennShysa, Malber, Erik, Cburnett, Suruena, Drat, IMeowbot, Kusma, GabrielF, Tariqabjotu, Natalya, Stephen, Feezo, Bacteria, The JPS, Woohookitty, DoctorWho42, Fingers-of-Pyrex, Thorpe, Trogga, Before My Ken, WadeSimMiser, Dozenist, CiTrusD,
Kelisi, Bbatsell, Zzyzx11, Kralizec!, Karam.Anthony.K, Mandarax, Graham87, A Train, BD2412, MC MasterChef, Kbdank71, Schmendrick, RxS, Rjwilmsi, Rogerd, Wahkeenah, Cinephobia, Bruce1ee, SpNeo, Jb-adder, IronPalm, Geoduck, Peripatetic, Brighterorange,
Bensin, MarnetteD, FuriousFreddy, Matjlav, Yamamoto Ichiro, Leithp, FlaBot, JEdward, RobertG, IceDrake523, Who, Lady Aleena,
Mark Sublette, Softpaw, Flowerparty, Ewlyahoocom, TeaDrinker, L.A.F., Alphachimp, Tysto, King of Hearts, Chobot, Kayman1uk,
Sharkface217, WillMcC, Igordebraga, Wjfox2005, Diogenes00, Elfguy, The Rambling Man, YurikBot, Wavelength, Quentin X, Tommyt,
NTBot~enwiki, Kollision, RussBot, Michael Slone, ChrisP2K5, Kaiser Killer, Splash, Chaser, Yllosubmarine, Mved, CanadianCaesar,
Cplbeaudoin, C777, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Chick Bowen, Milo99, Kvn8907, Mhartl, Joelr31,
HoneyBee~enwiki, PhilipO, Moe Epsilon, Annulla, Tony1, Julienlecomte, FlyingPenguins, Deckiller, Gadget850, Bota47, HanClinto,
Barnabypage, T-rex, Empty2005, Mail2amitabha, Pegship, Fallout boy, Blurble, Hal Raglan, Nikkimaria, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Alakazam, Josh3580, Th1rt3en, Esprit15d, JQF, Shawnc, Whobot, JLaTondre, Garion96, Jonathan.s.kt, SGMidence,
RG2, NeilN, Jroddi, WesleyDodds, IP4240207xx, The Wookieepedian, Attilios, Veinor, Amalthea, A bit iy, SmackBot, Nahald, Isecore,
Elonka, Franny Wentzel, Cubs Fan, Davepape, Artihcus022, CelticJobber, Avpfan89, Grey Shadow, Doc Strange, Frymaster, Brossow,
Canthusus, Nscheey, David Fuchs, Ogdred, Septegram, Ian Rose, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Betacommand, Skizzik, Rst20xx, Chris the
speller, TimBentley, Philosopher, B00P, Bignole, Baa, Colonies Chris, Arsonal, Scwlong, Midnight man, Kotra, Can't sleep, clown will eat
me, OptimusShr, Erayman64, Glloq, Zone46, Vulcanstar6, Onorem, Rrburke, Kingoftonga86, Dmoon1, Bolivian Unicyclist, Phaedriel,
Crboyer, Mr Beale, Dee man 45, Wikipedia2006, Cybercobra, Dream out loud, The Night Watchman, Mini-Geek, KdogDS, Thunderlippps, Victor Lopes, Gildir, Jenaisis, Bdiscoe, Ligulembot, Mwelch, Wikipedical, Kukini, Deepred6502, Byelf2007, Nishkid64, Coasttocoast, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, RealmMan, Jzummak, Kuru, Slowmover, Pinoyartist99, NewTestLeper79, Shadowlynk, Mgiganteus1,
CaptainVindaloo, Cbaer, Chris 42, Ckatz, The Man in Question, Palmatthew1, Phbasketball6, Booksworm, Mathewignash, BDrischBDemented, Grandpafootsoldier, Mr Stephen, Mikieminnow, Buckboard, SandyGeorgia, Redeagle688, CharlesMartel, Midnightblueowl, Ryulong, Capecod114, Knemzer, Violncello, The Drainpipe, Amitch, Mego'brien, TJ Spyke, Hu12, Levineps, Hetar, JustJoe, Nehrams2020,
Clarityend, Enter Movie, Judgesurreal777, JCaesar, King kong92, StephenBuxton, Hikui87~enwiki, Richard75, Hokeman, Courcelles,
BrOnXbOmBr21, Pablosecca, Clay, Dlohcierekim, Phattdirty, Plasma Twa 2, The Haunted Angel, Vjamesv, Sleeping123, Betaeleven,
Fumblebruschi, Buddy-L, Wilhelm Screamer, Hucz, Aherunar, Alexbuirds, Mika1h, Drinibot, Lmcelhiney, LatiasGirl, Benwildeboer, CuriousEric, Tim Long, Halbared, K00bine, Stebulus, Dthdc4, Devatipan, DoomGaze, Cydebot, Treybien, Mike Christie, Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, Wa2ise, Ahawowow, R-41, Otto4711, Lugnuts, Tkynerd, Icebox482000, Tectar, Koolboi141, Trystero11, UncleSam01, DumbBOT,
Chrislk02, Nabokov, Patchey1000, Legis, Kozuch, Marychan41, Omicronpersei8, Professorgupta, Smiteri, Casliber, BetacommandBot,
Numen, Hoppzyo, ARBlackwood, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, ?Zarly?, Robsinden, 2Pac, Bytebear, TonyTheTiger, Vidor, Mukkie, Marek69,
Tapir Terric, X201, Rogconklin, QuasyBoy, Alientraveller, Davidhorman, EdJohnston, Big Bird, Jason1978, Murphyle, Capeo, The
Legendary Ranger, MachoCarioca, Mentisto, Hmrox, Ialsoagree, AntiVandalBot, Yomangani, Tiger Trek, Paragon.NORG.06, SummerPhD, Bigtimepeace, Dr. Blofeld, LibLord, Darklilac, AdamDeanHall, Mordicus Egg, Elaragirl, Bukharin, Etr52, Ingolfson, Andrzejbanas, JAnDbot, Leuko, Bcody, Postcard Cathy, Barek, MER-C, DerekDD, Matthew Fennell, Pejorative.majeure, OhanaUnited,
TallulahBelle, PhilKnight, I am god 2006, Michiganotaku, Promus Kaa, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Steveprutz, Acroterion, Easchi, Magioladitis, Valeriesherman, Canjth, Dark Kubrick, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Comelloyellow, Marcus Sitonio, Mbc362, Dick107, BudMann9,
Count de Ville, Cartoon Boy, Plinth molecular gathered, KConWiki, PenguinJockey, Eqdoktor, PNW Raven, Superx, Statman99, Cdiasoh, Mcfar54, Philg88, Never Mystic, Mannerheimo, Jaws Rider, Stephenchou0722, FisherQueen, PhantomS, MartinBot, Vigyani, Keith
D, Wylve, Cocoram, JackalsIII, AlexiusHoratius, Tulkolahten, VirtualDelight, WelshMatt, Sibi antony, Jargon777, J.delanoy, DrKay,
Trusilver, McDoobAU93, Mr Ernie, Erendwyn, Bogey97, Uncle Dick, Thegreenj, A Nobody, RoyBatty42, Icseaturtles, Gzkn, Dispenser, Samcore, WmLGann, Whereisyourmind, Plasticup, Bringthenoise, Jimmyjawz, Superman8675309, Screecher, DiaperBiscuits,
Touch Of Light, Malerin, Pandasandpenguins, T3hllama, Films addicted, Fred-stine, Cmichael, Shshshsh, Omega2064, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Cometstyles, Brandoniscool, Azmodes, Jamesontai, DorganBot, Treisijs, Hatman0, ACushen, Spekter3, Microbits, Bobfredme,
Spino tap, Turtli~enwiki, Homen2, Fie Scarab, Jack5000, Iwillharasu, Prayingvirginian, BlahBlah14, Straw Cat, The Real One Returns,
Halmstad, CardinalDan, Eaglestorm, Wikieditor06, Gunnerdevil4, VolkovBot, ABF, L.A.Nutti, DSRH, Je G., AlnoktaBOT, Rutherfordjigsaw, Bovineboy2008, Sjones23, Dom Kaos, Blaze The Movie Fan, LeilaniLad, Magnet For Knowledge, Philip Trueman, Af648,
Mr rebel, Mercurywoodrose, GimmeBot, Ragemanchoo, Mi.r.conley, Anonymous Dissident, Magnius, Aymatth2, Someguy1221, Blahaccountblah, Anna Lincoln, Dethhura, IllaZilla, Jordanjandrew, Gekritzl, SharkFreak12, Bob Andolusorn, LeaveSleaves, Optigan13,
Dan the Man1983, Shouriki, Reviewking1, ALadinN, Anna512, ClubPenguinguy, Grsz11, NinjaRobotPirate, Ricky.T.K, Logan, Shaidar
cuebiyar, Crazysuit, Pnoaiwevun, Hazel77, NHRHS2010, Deconstructhis, Bigrene2, Cosprings, Biggin, Glassdragon2, Paradoctor, Jack
Merridew, 51dimes, Unregistered.coward, Phe-bot, Itarethetruth, Drg6024, Suprstr09, Nb1993, Keilana, Oda Mari, Antonio Lopez, Avnjay, Spinosaurus01, Lightmouse, Polbot, Brandonsmith94, DocKino, RiseDarthVader, StoneTriple, OKBot, Rdelf, Paulinho28, Maralia,
TaerkastUA, Dabomb87, Fluid11, Davidor7, Denisarona, Bac2futurfan, Hanter, ImageRemovalBot, Soad liker, Loren.wilton, Martarius,
ClueBot, HujiBot, Binksternet, Mjolnir78, Snigbrook, Poopadoop253, EvilMonkeySlayer, Rodhullandemu, Kittysmith123, Wangtopgun,
Errornder, Parkjunwung, Dpmuk, Gaia Octavia Agrippa, MichaelVernonDavis, Drmies, Chris Bainbridge, TheOldJacobite, Thecharg,
Foofbun, Boing! said Zebedee, Mezigue, NovaDog, Trivialist, Yashveer r, Cirt, Anthonydraco, Auntof6, Anthony.sh, Littledanno, Jawsleftinthemiddle, Ktr101, Gladiator2, Excirial, Jusdafax, Lishkee, Dr. Stantz, Tyler, Wilkr002, MwNNrules, Arjayay, Runejay22234, RhysBeekz, 7&6=thirteen, CowboySpartan, Dutzi, Editor510, Nothing left to dream about, Jamesdeans, Another Believer, NintendoFan, Nibi,
20
11
Aitias, Naturada137, Monkeyboy606, Zombie433, Versus22, MelonBot, Stevenrasnick, Halfwrinkles, Indopug, Ginbot86, DumZiBoT,
Ratman1999, Zoidbergmd, XLinkBot, Hea29, Hotcrocodile, DrOxacropheles, Thejawsboard, Little Mountain 5, Cli1911, Skarebo,
WikHead, Doc9871, SilvonenBot, Eleven even, Colliric, Kbdankbot, The Flying Mouse, Addbot, Xp54321, V-squared, Yousou, Edward McCormack, Willking1979, Alexd17, Micromaster, Westcoastpop, Simon heer, AkhtaBot, Supermo12589, Jncraton, ContiAWB,
CactusWriter, Reedmalloy, Jpoelma13, Reshad J. Sarwar, SoSaysChappy, Markderidder, Papyrus688, The Shadow-Fighter, LAAFan,
Ferroequus, AndersBot, Favonian, Doniago, Deawl, LinkFA-Bot, Cassius.robinson, Tassedethe, JacksSmirkingRevenge42, 5Gniece,
Tide rolls, Krano, Teles, Gail, Moocowsrule, Ettrig, MissAlyx, Mwncibach77, Rodericksilly, Nancythompson101, Luckas-bot, Yobot,
Themfromspace, Donfbreed, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, TrekFanatic, Tjmcbooes, Starwars404, Jar789, Bbb23, Itxia, AnomieBOT, VanishedUser sdu9aya9fasdsopa, Jim1138, Tucoxn, HM211980, 9258fahskh917fas, Subject name here, Kingpin13, Typhlosion-fan, Giants27, Materialscientist, Citation bot, Dromioofephesus, Twiceuponatime, Williamsburgland, Tsuguya, ArthurBot, LilHelpa, BalticPat22,
Xqbot, ObsessiveJoBroDisorder, Sharkstfont, Sionus, Spoonedpie, Jingyushahai, Capricorn42, Tyger63, LowSelfEstidle, Millahnna, Betty
Logan, Jsharpminor, Jmundo, Jaws2022, Tom Lennox, Brad101AWB, Thundermist04167, GrouchoBot, MilfordBoy991, RibotBOT,
QuintHoop1975, CalmCalamity, Weekblind, 12tman, Themick44, Ivy209, Samwb123, Midas21, FFlixx7481, Drgyen, Crotchety Old
Man, Shuddupayaface, IceAgeWanderer4000, Fortdj33, Screamingboy48, Neptunekh2, Lozza-wozza, Freshh, Haroldmroberts, Killthenerd5, Redrose64, Twilly41, FriscoKnight, Pinethicket, Alonso de Mendoza, JohnHWiki, Allthingstoallpeople, Sgarrity1, Politics-man,
Moonriser, Lachlan Foley, Arbero, Dutchmonkey9000, Jedi94, TobeBot, Newsmaven, Joyce1188, ImSpidey2, Zmajsiak, Charcharadon,
Begoon, Starblueheather, JAWS 222, Jhenderson777, Jamesbanesmith, Tbhotch, Stroppolo, Grayssake, Cathardic, Dragonoid2, Bento00,
Wtoleary, Jaredrangel, Jimmyj624, Slon02, Liamvdw, EmausBot, John of Reading, Orphan Wiki, Gfoley4, JawsBrody, Emmajane88,
Haon 2.0, Dewritech, RA0808, Edlitz36, Inspector Soumik, Tommy2010, Wikipelli, Marek Koudelka, Shadeykev, Robotpotato, ZroBot,
John Cline, JLGD, Puppylover12000, Liquidmetalrob, Josve05a, Thoga5, Verda stelo, Wikiman1181, H3llBot, AndrewOne, SporkBot, Jarodalien, M2 evans, Wayne Slam, Truenorthstrongnfree, Rcsprinter123, Epicnoah, Johnc69, Baldeep118, L Kensington, Wave1995, Chowderwowder, Donner60, BenGardnersBoat, SurngTiger, Polisher of Cobwebs, Killo69, Captain Assassin!, Orange Suede Sofa, Medowie,
Khyy, ChuispastonBot, Chigurgh, Delno319, Forever Dusk, 1007D, LM2000, Grapple X, ClueBot NG, TServo2050, Gareth GrithJones, Grandpa jlc, Morgankevinj huggle, Leeboy100, Macarenses, Bulldog73, Sngnisfuk, Steverocks27, Millermk, Bourne976, Wgolf,
Rezabot, Widr, Portyot70000, MarcusBritish, Knagy, Darthpineapple401, West MM, Helpful Pixie Bot, Novusuna, 19jduryea, STCooper1,
Jawsluva123, Gothiclm, SchroCat, Kailash29792, BG19bot, BusSDriver, Halokid12, Flax5, Toxicmunchies, Blake Burba, Doggylover25,
Mauriceee, Cameron1308, RUD3B01303, Hallows AG, Dave Lars, NukeofEarl, Biggerbro107, Geraldo Perez, Things That Will Bite,
Mark Arsten, Dutchy85, Tj Davis121, Tarcil, Loeba, Skywalker80100, Mw9999, Hippyguy97, Jeancey, Bokmanrocks01, TASCOM445,
Ldavid1985, Shaun, SHM1990, Hungcho22233, Rdaily6699, BattyBot, Qwertiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm, Fischmangreg, SupernovaExplosion, HueSatLum, Iamcool2daymofo, Logan Lattina, Miamiloverboy300, Khazar2, Dobie80, AthanasiusOfAlex, Sacha99, Lolokimhall,
Dexbot, Furrycat66, Charles Essie, MilfordBoy1991, Mogism, Georgeishelpfull, Alishakitty, TwoTwoHello, Freedomghter911, AldezD,
Hair, Trollman555, Viewofthebridge, Dristarg, Animus93, Cryptozoologist3, Theeditingmember, MatthewHoobin, Death dragon190, Mr.
Lama, Ugog Nizdast, Lembrazza, Manul, MagicatthemovieS, Broncosman12, Jm1225, , Babylon beach boy, Hitcher vs. Candyman, Ktm121, WikiTikiFox, Monkbot, TropicAces, Nogoodnamesleft426, Esmagnus, Ssven2, Josephlalrinhlua786, CamelCase, Pinoymanication, DawnGuardWolf, Nammerss, JShanley98, KH-1, Robertwalt, Joel the wise, Navarroc, Jmichel25, Modsarebutts, Prodigy
godly, Jamescarverdead, Artur Andrzej, FlashBangg, SCentanni, Seior Taco, Mat3049, Farmer024, Whalelover1000, Kubrick379, SunshineParadiceXforceunited, Oliviabutlerleftshark, User editor 124, Spavedave, Sanadate, KasparBot, Quackriot, Gundawg17, OluwaCurtis,
Hihiiiiiiiiiiiiiii, Salvatore Centanni, FollowTheSigns, Koaysiewwah, Dat GuyWiki, Alexander057 and Anonymous: 1563
11.2
Images
File:Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/
Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work. Based on File:Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.
svg, which is public domain. Original artist: User:Eubulides
File:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:JawsJohnWilliams.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/JawsJohnWilliams.ogg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Mechashark.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/09/Mechashark.JPG License: Fair use Contributors:
Screencap from 'The Making of Jaws, Jaws 30th Anniversary DVD
Original artist: ?
File:Menemsha.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Menemsha.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Menemsha.jpg Original artist: User:Elkman
File:UniversalStudiosJawsSharkCloseup.JPG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/
UniversalStudiosJawsSharkCloseup.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: cplbeaudoin
File:Vampire_Smiley.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Vampire_Smiley.png License: GPL Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Video-x-generic.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
11.3
Content license