Bit Words

To do
I will (polite)
It is (copula)

suru
masu
desu

Go / Say
Last

itte
shuu

Only

shika

Who
Who (polite)
Where (honorific version of Doko)

dare
donata
dochira

Did
Did

shimashita
shita

Before
Often

mae ni
yoku

Kore kara

from now on

Now
After

ima
nochi

After
Never

-no ato
zenzen -nai

From
To / Until

kara
made

Then, after that

soshitara

Usually

fudan

Next to / Next door

Near
Inside

tonari
chikaku
naka

Intend

tsumori

I have

areyo

and similar things

toka

Little
A little
More
Very
Many / Much

chotto
sukoshi
motto
totemo
takusan

All

zenbu

This little

sore chotto

Kara
Dakara
Desukara

reason marker
therefore / so
therefore / so

Issho

same, together

Demo

or something

Dake

just

Questions and Ka
Ka
Sou
Nan / Nani

question?
is that so? / that way
what

Interrogatives and Ga
Dare
Ga
always marked Ga
Itsu

who?
what I just said (subject marker) when an interrogative word appears as the subject of a sentence, its
when

Naze
Doushite
Nande
Dou yatte

why? (place either at the beginning of the sentence, or directly before the verb)
why / how? (place either at the beginning of the sentence, or directly before the verb)
why / how? (place either at the beginning of the sentence, or directly before the verb)
how? (place either at the beginning of the sentence, or directly before the verb)

But
Demo
Shikashi
Ga
Keredomo
Keredo
Kedo

but (beginning of sentence)

however (beginning of sentence)
but (middle of sentence)
but (middle of sentence)
but
but (informal)

Embedded Questions
Oboeru
Shiru
Wakaru
Wasureru

to memorize / to remember
to learn / to know (external facts)
(internal state)
to forget

Only for embedded questions

Dou ka
Ka Dou ka

whether or not

Something, Anything!
Ka
Dare ka
Nani ka
Itsu ka
Doko ka
Naze ka
Douni ka

some
someone
something
sometime
somewhere
for some reason
somehow

Mo
Dare mo (negative sentences)
Nani mo (negative sentences)
Dore mo
Itsu mo
Doko mo

also (even) / too

even who
even what
even which one
even when
even where

Dare ni mo

even to whom

Comparisons and Preferences

Yori
Hou

more than
direction, side (like a gesturing hand)

Counting Objects
Ikutsu

how many?

Nin
Mai
Ko
Hon
Hiki

person counter
for sheets
for roundish objects
for long, cylindrical objects
for animals (birds counted with Wa)

anyone
anything
any item
anytime, ever, never
anywhere, everywhere

no one
nothing
no item
no time
nowhere

Current Status
-Te iru

I am in a state of having done X, or, more naturally, I have done X (tell the difference by using context and helper words)

Ima
Sakki
Mou
Mada

now
a short time ago, just now
already
still, not yet

Mada desu

not yet

Planning with Tsumori and Yotei

Lets do + To omou
Im thinking about doing such-and-such
Tsumori
A relative clause + Tsumori desu

intention, belief
I intend to do such-and-such

Yotei
A relative clause + Yotei desu

plans
I plan to do such-and-such

Hairu

enter (plans are entered)

Zenzen
Zenzen + Nai

not at all (intensifier)

absolutely none / none at all

Tokubetsu
Toku ni
Betsu ni

special
especially
particularly

Treating Actions Like Things

Mono
Koto

a physical thing
an intangible thing

Needing with Iru

Iru

to be necessary

Hitsuyou

a necessity, necessary

Giving and Receiving

Ageru
Sashiageru
Yaru

I give to X
I politely give to X
I give down to X

Kureru
Kudasaru

X gives to me
X gives to me (humble)

Moraru
Itadaku

to receive
to humbly receive

Words
Ikutsu

how many?

Kimasu
Hakimasu

is used for clothing that hangs from the upper body, such as shirts and dresses
is used for clothing you put onto the lower body, such as pants and shoes

Sore dewa
Soretomo

well, with that

or (used at the beginning of a sentence)

Tsukareu
Tsukareta

to become tired
Im tired (past tense, tiring process completing)

Yoshi

that sounds good lets go with that / Okay, all set!

Hoshii

want-able (i adjective)

Yokunai
Dame

unacceptable, not allowed, permission denied, dont even think about it (carries a feeling of judgment)

Sumimasen
Gomen nasai
Gomen

Im sorry, excuse me (public)

Im sorry, please forgive me (private)

Kamau
Kamawanai

to mind, to be bothered by something (almost always used in the negative)

I dont mind

Made
Made ni

until
by / by such and such a time

Hairu

enter

Ii

good

Kikimasu
Wakarimasu

hear / listen or ask

make sense

Shimasu

to do (add to noun at the end of a sentence, changing it into a verb)

Soshite
Sore dewa
Soretomo

then after that (almost always used at the beginning of a sentence)

well, with that
or (used at the beginning of a sentence)

Tokoro

location, place

Koto
Kara

thing
from

Yotei

plan

Warui kedo
Warukatta

bad but (mild apology)

bad but (mild apology) past tense

Ii desu

Im good, no thanks

Tame

sake, for

Mae kara

from before (for a little while)

Karaoke
Deshiyou
Deshiyo
Daro

probably
right?
right?

Jitsu wa

the truth is

Totemo
Amari
Ammari

very
not (very)
not (very)

Yaru

to do (same as Suru)

Hora

look! see?

Kai

casual, slightly male for Ka

Toka

and similar things

Hajimete

ones first time

Ki ni iru

I came to like it (-Te Iru / Ki ni itta / Ki ni iranai)

Yappari

as might be expected / (wavering) as might be expected / after all

-Toori

exactly in that way

Chikai uchi ni

sometime soon

Yobu

to call

Hoshi

want, wantable (I adjective)

Phrases
Nan To iu?
Dou To Iu?

What do they call it?

How do you say it?

Dou Iu Koto Desu Ka?

What do you mean?

Verbs Clothing
Kimasu
Hakimasu

is used for clothing that hangs from the upper body, such as shirts and dresses
is used for clothing you put onto the lower body, such as pants and shoes

Words
Tsukareu
Tsukareta

to become tired
Im tired (past tense, tiring process completing)

Verbs
Kikimasu
Wakarimasu

hear / listen or ask

make sense

Shimasu

to do (add to noun at the end of a sentence, changing it into a verb)

-Garu

to give the appearance of (-Ru verb) (can attach to any i adjective)

-Naku temo

if it is not such and such, not to do something

-Ni suru

to go with such and such

Wanting others to do things

-Te hoshii
-Naide hoshii

to do something
not to do something

Negative wanting
Hoshkunai
-Naide hoshii

I dont want (weaker)

not to do something (stronger)

(I dont wantyou to go)

(I want younot to go)

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

-Eru
transitive 99%
-Aru
intransitive 99%
Akeru
Aku

X opens Y
X opens

Ireru
Hairu

to put something into something else

to go into something, or enter

-Asu / -Eru
Dasu
Deru

X causes that to happen to Y (moving something from an inside location to an outside location) (put out / take out)
on its own (moves out, comes out, goes out) (to go out / to come out (viewpoint)

Meet And Speak

Solekala
Donogurai (desu ka?)

and (sentence Solekala sentence)

approximate quantity of (time, height, weight)

Gurai
Daitai

about
around about