Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Level 7
(Information Technology Strand)
STD711
(NOS-Assignment)
Assignment 2
Final Result: _______________
Stude
nt
Name
Dhiraj Pahuja
Stude
nt ID
TIZ0000262
Stude
nt
Signat
ure
Assess
Tamanna Phogat
Assessor Signature___________________
Nikhil Chaithanya
Pravin
Kumar
TIZ00001UD
TIZ00001U
8
or
network
is
1.Hardware Sharing
Users can share devices such as printers, scanners, CD-ROM drives, hard
drives etc. Without computer networks, device sharing is not possible.
2.OperationSharing
Operations are shared done with network, and also proceed to implement
client/server operations.
3.End user communication
gaming
A lot of network games are available, which allow multi-users to play from
different locations.
5.Voice over IP
Voice over Internet Protocol (IP) is a revolutionary change in
telecommunication which allows to send telephone calls (voice data)
using standard Internet Protocol (IP) rather than by traditional PSTN.
Transmission media
Network size
Management method
Topology / connectivity based
Ans. a).
Transmission Media
b).Network Size
The computer network is classified according to their network size, ie the
duration to whatever physical components are localized, from local area
to the city, country or either the planet. This requires a physical media
and protocols for the operations.so they are defined in three different
types:
a.Wide Area Network(WAN):
A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very large area, such as an
entire country or the entire world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller
networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is the best-known example
of a public WAN.
Wide
area
network
generally
telecommunication bounds.
well-established
with
hire
connections can also be part of a LAN. High speed and relatively low cost
are the defining characteristics of LANs.
c.Metropolitan Area Network:
A metropolitan area network, or MAN, consists of a computer network
across an entire city, college campus or small region. A MAN is larger
than a LAN, which is typically limited to a single building or site.
Depending on the configuration, this type of network can cover an area
from several miles to tens of miles. A MAN is often used to connect
several LANs together to form a bigger network. When this type of
network is specifically designed for a college campus, it is sometimes
referred to as a campus area network, or CAN.
Full Mesh Topology: Each and every hubs or gadgets are joined with
one another.
5) TREE Topology
It has a root hub and every single other hub are joined with it shaping a
chain of importance. It is likewise called various levelled topology. It
ought to at any rate have three levels to the chain of importance.
6) Hybrid Topology:
It is two unique sorts of topologies which is a blend of two or more
topologies. For instance if in an office in one division ring topology is
utilized and as a part of another star topology is utilized, associating
these topologies will bring about Hybrid Topology (ring topology and star
topology).
RING:
The ring topology is the same as the point-to-point topology, except the
sites at the end of the backbone are connected to each other as well. This
makes ring topology WANs less vulnerable to failure, as traffic can be
routed the opposite way around the ring if a fault is detected on the
network. However, adding new sites to ring topology WANs requires
additional work and cost when compared to point-to-point setups, as
each new site requires two connections instead of one.
STAR:
The star topology sees all sites connected to a central hub, a little like the
spokes of a wheel. WAN hubs use a technology known as a concentrator
router to ensure data is sent to the right destination. This topology allows
for sites to be added to the network easily an important consideration
for business WANs and is not vulnerable to a single cable failure
bringing down the whole network. However, it is entirely dependent on
the concentrator router to be able to run.
MESH:
Like an endeavour wide work, a cross segment WAN topology joins
various direct interconnected centres - for this circumstance,
geographical locations. Since every site is interconnected, data can travel
clearly from its origin to its destination. If one affiliation perseveres
through an issue, switches can occupy data easily and quickly. Cross
section WANs are the most accuse tolerant kind of WAN plan for the
grounds that they give different courses to data to take after between
any two core interests.
One weakness to a cross segment WAN is the cost; partner every centre
on a framework to each diverse includes leasing a broad number of gave
circuits. With greater .To decrease costs, you may realize a fragmented
cross area, in which essential WAN centre points are clearly
interconnected and assistant centres are related through star or ring
topologies. Fragmented cross area WANs are more sensible, and thusly
more typical in today's business world, than full-work WANs.
TIERED:
A tiered WAN sees many smaller star-type WANs linked together by
concentrator routers. This provides the scalability benefits of the star
WAN while reducing the network's dependency on individual pieces of
network hardware. If one of the routers fails, traffic can be rerouted to
avoid the affected area. Some tiered networks also include direct links
between sites, known as meshing. The principle downside to tiered and
meshed networks is complexity they can involve a lot of links and
require a lot of management.
LAN topologies:
Four different type of topologies
Star
Ring
Bus
Tree
STAR:
Total stations are similitude by connection to a fundamental issue,
generally speaking a wiring focus point or other device working in a
relative limit. A couple of particular connection sorts can be used for this
point-to-point association, for instance, ensured wound pair (STP),
unshielded bended pair (UTP), and fibre-optic cabling. Remote media can
in like manner be used for exchanges joins.
Ring topology:
Not in the least like the star (focus point and-talked) topology, a ring
topology has no end centers. The repeater for this circumstance is a
component of the LAN-joined station's framework interface card (NIC).
Since each NIC in a LAN-annexed station is a repeater, each LAN station
will reiterate any sign that is on the framework, paying little regard to
whether it is headed for that particular station. If a LAN-joined station's
NIC fails to perform this repeater work, the entire framework could dive.
The NIC controller is prepared for seeing and dealing with the flawed
repeater and can pull itself off the ring, allowing the ring to offset and
continue working. Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) best addresses a ring topology.
Notwithstanding the way that the physical cabling is thought to be a star
topology, Token Ring is a ring in predictable topology, as appeared by the
Bus topology:
Now and again implied as straight transport topology, Bus is an essential
layout that uses a singular length of connection, generally called the
medium, with particularly joined LAN stations. All stations share this
connection section. Every station on this segment sees transmissions
from one another station on the connection partition; this is known as a
broadcast medium. The LAN association stations are sure endpoints to
the connection section and are known as transport framework end
centres. This single connection section fits being a lone reason for
dissatisfaction. If the connection is broken, no LAN station will have
accessibility or the ability to transmit and get. This single connection
section fits being a lone motivation behind frustration. If the connection is
broken, no LAN station will have accessibility or the ability to transmit
and get.
Tree topology:
The tree topology is a sensible expansion of the vehicle topology and
could be depicted as different interconnected transport frameworks. The
physical (connection) plant is known as an extending tree with all stations
associated with it. The tree begins at the root, the peak point, and
reaches out to the framework endpoints. This topology allows a
framework to expand logically with one and just element data route
between any two framework endpoints. A tree topology framework is one
that does not use hovers in its topology. An example of a tree topology
framework is a traversed or traded framework running the spreading over
tree estimation, ordinarily found with Ethernet frameworks. The
intersection tree estimation cripples hovers in what may somehow be an
orbited topology. Navigating tree reaches out through the framework and
certifications that emerge dynamic path exists between any two LANassociated stations
OSI Layers
System TCP/IP(Transmission
Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol)
1. OSI provides layer functioning 1. TCP/IP model is more based
and also defines functions of all on protocols and protocols
the layers.
are not flexible with other
layers.
2. In OSI model the transport 2.
In TCP/IP model the
layer guarantees the delivery of transport layer does not
packets
guarantees
delivery
of
packets.
3. Follows horizontal approach
3. Follows vertical approach.
4. OSI model has a separate 4. TCP/IP does not have a
presentation layer
separate presentation layer
5. OSI is a general model.
5. TCP/IP model can't be
utilized as a part of whatever
other application.
6. Network layer of OSI model 6. The Network layer in
provide both connection oriented TCP/IP
model
provides
and connectionless service.
connectionless service.
7. OSI model has an issue of 7. TCP/IP model does not fit
fitting the conventions in the any convention
model
8. Protocols are hidden in OSI 8. In TCP/IP replacing protocol
model and are easily replaced as is not easy
the technology changes.
9. OSI model defines services, 9. In TCP/IP it is not clearly
interfaces and protocols very separated
its
services,
clearly
and
makes
clear interfaces and protocols.
distinction between them.
10. It has 7 layers
10. It has 4 layers
Switches
Routers
Gateways
Repeaters
ANS. Network devices are parts used to unite PCs or other electronic
gadgets together with the goal that they can share records or assets like
printers or fax machines.
Switches
A switch is a keen gadget that works in the information connection layer.
The term astute alludes to the choice making limit of the Switch. Since it
works in the Data connection layer, it has information of the MAC
locations of the ports in the system.
Consequently, the information must be sent from Computer A to
Computer B, then, the information is exchanged to the Computer B just,
and not to some other PCs joined on the system. Henceforth, it sets up a
connection between the sender and the beneficiary in light of the MAC
addresses.
It is likewise to be noticed that a switch is a protected gadget, in light of
the fact that it sends data just to the craved destinations, furthermore
certain security components, for example, firewalls can be actualized in
the Switches.
Routers
Any PC can be joined with the web through MODEM, which performs the
MODulation and the DEModulation operations. Be that as it may, when
there are more than one PC at home or in an association, and you have a
solitary web association, you require a Router. Switch is a gadget which is
utilized when various gadgets need to join with the Internet utilizing the
same IP.
Any Internet Service Provider (ISP) gives a solitary IP, and particularly for
individual utilize, the IP location is alloted progressively. This is done on
the grounds that, assume, an ISP has 1000 IP addresses, it doesn't imply
that it has 1000 clients. An ISP accept that not all gadgets will be
associated with the web in the meantime. Subsequently, when a client
needs to get to the web, any IP address from the pool of IP locations from
the ISP will be relegated to unite the client to the web.
Gateways
The Gateway gadgets work in the Transport layer or more, where the
diverse system advances are executed. An entryway is important when
there are diverse advances actualized by the distinctive LAN's which are
to be associated together.
In the more regular illustration, we utilize a phone system and web
systems, which deals with diverse advancements. The phone system
takes after the ISDN, and the Internet takes after the IP. Here, two unique
advancements are being utilized. For this situation, the switch neglects to
work, subsequent to the switch can't comprehend the functionalities of
both the systems. Consequently, we require a Gateway, which goes about
as an interpreter in conveying between the two systems.
Repeaters
A repeater is a gadget like the Hub, however has extra components. It
additionally works in the Physical. The repeaters are utilized as a part of
spots where intensification of data sign is essential. In any case, the sort
of enhancement done by the repeater is unique in relation to the
consistent intensification by speakers.
The standard intensifies everything sustained into it. That implies, if the
info sign has commotion actuated into it, both the craved flag and clam
or sign are as one opened up. Be that as it may, on account of a repeater,
it recovers the data flag, and opens up just the attractive sign. Thus, the
clam or segment of the sign is dispensed with.