Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Warming
Mechanical Engineering
BatchBatch-20132013-17
NIT SILCHAR
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CONTENTS
Topic
Page No.
Acknowledgement
Abstract
History of Global Warming
Five common sense solutions
Solutions to Global warming
Role of United Nations
Ozone Success Story
Summary
Innovative Ideas
Global Warming Story
Team Members
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have taken efforts in this technical report. However, it would
not have been possible without the kind support and help of many
individuals and organizations. We would like to extend our sincere
thanks to all of them.
We are highly indebted to Prof. R.D. Misra for his guidance and
constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the technical report & also for his support in completing
the technical report.
We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents &
members of our group for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped us in completion of this technical
report.
ABSTRACT
Since the Industrial Revolution, man has introduced tremendous
amounts of carbon dioxide into the earth's atmosphere. While some
of this CO2 is assimilated into natural reservoirs, approximately
50% remains airborne. This increase in CO2 concentration causes
what is commonly known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse
effect is a result of the absorption of infrared radiation by the
surface of the earth. This absorption causes an increase in the
atmospheric temperature. Increasing the earth's temperature in turn
increases the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Since water
vapor is also a strong absorber of infrared radiation, a positive
feedback mechanism is created, leading to further infraredradiation absorption. As temperatures increase, atmospheric
circulation patterns are altered which will change local weather
patterns.
These changes could have an enormous impact on agricultural
production. Attendant to a rise in the mean global temperature is a
melting of small but significant portion of the polar ice caps. This
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will result in a rise in sea level which would flood coastal areas
including major population centers. The problem of the greenhouse
effect might be remedied by a reduction in the use of fossil fuel,
large scale reforestation to increase the capacity of the biotic sink,
and development of alternate energy sources such as solar and
nuclear fusion.
global annual temperature from the 1940's to the 1970's. At the same time
ocean sediment research showed that there had been no less than 32 coldwarm cycles in the last 2,5 million years, rather than only 4. Therefore, fear
began to develop that a new ice age might be near. The media and many
scientists ignored scientific data of the 1950's and 1960's in favor of global
cooling.
In the 1980's, finally, the global annual mean temperature curve started to
rise. People began to question the theory of an upcoming new ice age. In the
late 1980's the curve began to increase so steeply that the global warming
theory began to win terrain fast. Environmental NGO's (Non-Governmental
Organizations) started to advocate global environmental protection to
prevent further global warming. The press also gained an interest in global
warming. It soon became a hot news topic that was repeated on a global
scale. Pictures of smoke stags were put next to pictures of melting ice caps
and flood events. A complete media circus evolved that convinced many
people we are on the edge of a significant climate change that has
many negative impacts on our world today. Stephen Schneider had first
predicted global warming in 1976. This made him one of the world's
leading global warming experts.
In 1988 it was finally acknowledged that climate was warmer than any
period since 1880. The greenhouse effect theory was named and
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was founded by the
United Nations Environmental Programme and the World Meteorological
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2002 and 2006, while Antarctica lost about 152 cubic kilometers (36 cubic
miles) of ice between 2002 and 2005. The rate of ice loss is increasing so
rapidly that just ten years ago it was extrapolated that total ice sheet
dissipation would happen in 22,000 years. The figure below shows the
depletion of Ice at Antarctica from 2003 to 2013.
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Warming oceans
The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 700
meters (about 2,300 feet) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 degrees
Fahrenheit since 1969. One way the ocean affects the climate in places like
Europe is by carrying heat to the north in the Atlantic Ocean. Way up north,
cold water in the North Atlantic Ocean sinks very deep and spreads out all
around the world. The sinking water is replaced by warm water near the
surface that moves to the north. Scientists call this the Great Ocean
Conveyor Belt. The heat carried north helps keep the Atlantic Ocean
warmer in the winter time, which warms the nearby countries as well. The
image below depicts the formation of an Ocean conveyor belt
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For now, Silicon Valley has focused on the search for a relatively cheap,
reliable clean energy solution that can slow down the planets consumption
of fossil fuels and by extension, slow down the impact of global climate
change. Venture capitalists are still investing hundreds of millions of dollars
in cleantech companies. Some of the leading minds such as Elon
Musk and Bill Gates are backing innovative projects and companies to
make clean energy mainstream. Innovative companies like Google are
looking into ways to power themselves with the sun and the wind. The
hope, of course, is that one of the most popular clean energy options solar,
wind or nuclear can ultimately become a cheap, reliable source of carbonfree power that will wean humanity off fossil fuels.
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A solar energy collector towers over Rich Diver, a researcher at the U.S. Department of Energy's Sandia
National Laboratories. The lab's "Sunshine to Petrol" project aims to recycle carbon dioxide into fuel with
renewable energy.
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make familiar fuels such as gasoline. The problem, ironically, has been
that the process requires a lot of energy.
But pioneering researchers and entrepreneurs argue the technology is close
at hand for recycling CO2 back into fuel for use in todays engines. It might
even involve technology to absorb carbon dioxide directly out of the air,
instead of out of coal plant flue gas.
Instead of drilling for oil to power cars and trucks, they say, we could be
pulling the ingredients to make hydrocarbons out of thin air.
Peter Eisenberger, a physicist who founded the Earth Institute at Columbia
University, is cofounder of Global Thermostat, a company that is working
on technology to capture carbon dioxide from air with the aim of recycling,
not storage, in mind. "In my opinion, closing the carbon cycle and having
the technology to combine CO2 and hydrogen is a wonderful future,"
Eisenberger says. "Imagine a future where the major inputs for fuel are
water and CO2."
Energy In, Energy Out
Of course, the oil drilled and pumped from underground holds the energy of
eons' worth of sunlight energy collected by plants and stored as organic
matter. Over millions of years of heat and pressure, the energy in that
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The Sandia prototypes solar collector has an area of about 20 square meters
(215 square feet) for a reactor the size of a beer keg, Stechel says. About
300,000 acres (121,400 hectares) of mirrors would be required to collect
enough sunshine to make the equivalent of 1 million barrels of oil per day,
she says. (The world currently consumes about 86 million barrels per day of
petroleum and other liquid fuels, including biofuels.)
Stechel says that durability of the hardware remains an issue, and the
researchers are continuing to work on making the system as efficient as
possible so it can be commercially successful and used on a large scale.
Eltons firm, Carbon Sciences, focuses on the post-collection phase: turning
carbon into fuel. It does this by combining CO2 with natural gas in the
presence of a proprietary metallic catalyst it has developed and licensed.
(The company says it is made of the common metals, nickel and cobalt,
supported by aluminum and magnesium.)
Carbon Sciences says its test facility is successfully melding CO2 with
methane (the primary constituent of natural gas) to produce a syngas that
can be converted into ordinary fuels.
The process of turning syngas into transportation fuel is a well-established
technology, and there are already commercial gas-to-liquids facilities in the
world. But those processes rely on steam or oxidation to produce the
syngas. Carbon Sciences argues that its processCO2 reforming, or dry
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References
1)http://www.news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2011/08/110811turning-carbon-emissions-into-fuel/
2)http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2014/04/01/howtechnology-is-fighting-to-prevent-a-climate-change-apocalypse/
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studies have shown that renewable energy has the technical potential to
meet the vast majority of our energy needs. Renewable technologies can be
deployed quickly, are increasingly cost-effective, and create jobs while
reducing pollution.
in Japan illustrates to our health and the environment as well. The question
remains: can the safety, proliferation, waste disposal, and cost barriers of
nuclear power be overcome?
warming. Unfortunately, those who will be hit hardest and first by the
impacts of a changing climate are likely to be the poor and vulnerable,
especially those in the least developed countries. Developed countries must
take a leadership role in providing financial and technical help for
adaptation.
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Date
SST in Pacific Warm Pool (ODP site 806B, 0N, 160E) in past millennium. Time scale
expanded in recent periods. Data after 1880 is 5-year mean.
Source: Medina-Elizalde and Lea, ScienceExpress, 13 October 2005;data for 1880-1981 based on
Rayner et al., JGR, 108, 2003, after 1981 on Reynolds and Smith, J. Climate, 7, 1994.
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Source:Roger
Braithwaite,
University
of Manchester (UK)
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SUMMARY
Carbon dioxide accumulation in the atmosphere is the most dangerous pollution problem today. This
excess of CO2 will cause an increase in the mean global temperature which should be detectable
shortly before the end of this century. This warming is caused by the greenhouse effect. CO2 allows
incoming radiation from the sun to enter the atmosphere. The heat from the earth's surface, which must
radiate in the infrared region of the spectrum, is absorbed by CO2 and water vapor, thereby raising the
atmospheric temperature. The greenhouse water-vapor coupling provides a strong positive feedback
mechanism. Fossil-fuel use increases at an exponential rate of 4.3% annually. This should cause a
doubling of CO2 concentrations by between the year 2020 and the year 2075. This doubling of
atmospheric CO2 will cause an increase in the mean global temperature of about 30 to 50 C.
Warmer temperatures will cause a shift in atmospheric circulation patterns. This will cause local
weather patterns to change. The results for the United States could be intensive drought, increased
tropical storm activity, and a rise in the sea level caused by melting of the polar ice caps. To lessen the
severity of the problem, fossil fuel consumption must be curtailed and alternate energy sources
developed. Also, a global reforestation program should be undertaken to provide a large biotic sink for
CO2 in the new few decades.
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Second idea
Plasma rays with positive charge can be consume co2, CFCs, CHFs and all electronegative molecules
and make it dust. This system can be install in the exhaust of factories. its cage like structure so gases
can easily pass through this system.
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Third idea
It has some steps to understand. These are.
Step 1: first neutral air pass through 1st coil, which is positively charge so it attracts negatively charge
ion and allow to pass positively charge ion.
Step 2: second coil now become positively charge coil by induction now 2nd coil is connected to 3rd
coil so 3rd coil now also become positively charge coil. Now 2nd and 3rd coil attract negatively charge
ions and molecules.
Step 3: now 3rd coil allows to pass negatively charged ions so now 4th coil face only remaining
negatively charged ions and 4th coil is attached to 1st coil so it will also become positively charge.
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NAME
SCHOLAR NO.
Dinesh Divakar
13-1-2-026
13-1-2-005
Ayan Chakraborty
13-1-2-084
13-1-2-095
13-1-2-116
Somnath Pal
13-1-2-112
Rahul
13-1-2-060
Vishal Kumar
13-1-2-032
Abhijit Gope
13-1-2-021
10
13-1-2-024
11
Abhishek Das
13-1-2-007
12
Rajib Roy
13-1-2-020
13
Soumyajit Dutta
13-1-2-006
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