Control of Thermal Cracking in Concrete

Water Retaining Structures

Eng. Anura Mataraarachchi

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE WATER RETAINING

STRUCTURES

STRENGTH

DURABILITY

Water tightness

Post Graduate Student, Department of Civil Engineering

University of Moratuwa

Prof. SMA Nanayakkara

Professor, Department of Civil Engineering
University of Moratuwa

Prevention / control of cracking

Dr. Shingo Asamoto

Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Science & Engineering
Saitama University, Japan

Crack width limitation

Significance of crack width on water tightness

Types of cracks in reinforced concrete

structures

BS 8007 limitations on crack width

Structural

0.2mm - severe or very severe exposure condition

0.1mm - for surfaces where appearance is important

Plastic shrinkage and settlement

Ca(OH)2 + CO2

Intrinsic

Long term drying shrinkage

If c.w < 0.2mm, this action is

effective at sealing cracks

Can be controlled
by providing r/f

CaCO3

Thermal contraction

Autogenous healing
Control of cracking

Calculation of Crack width as a result of heat of hydration and drying

shrinkage in immature concrete

w max S max cs te 1
2 ult

Smax

Wmax

ult

Concrete tensile
strain

ult

200 10 6

Heat of Hydration

Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient (T1)

cs 100 10 6

w max S max te

w max S max T T
2
2 1

w max S max R T T
2
1

Annual Temp.
variations

BS8007

T1 depends on many factors

Typical values of T1- BS 8007/Table A.2

2

Needs to find
the relevant T1

Walls

mm

325
C

350
C

400
C

18 mm plywood
formwork:
OPC content,
Kg/m3
325 350
400
C
C
C

300
500
700
1000

11
20
28
38

13
22
32
42

15
27
39
49

23
32
38
42

Section
thickness

Steel formwork:
OPC content,
Kg/m3

25
35
42
47

31
43
49
56

Ground slab:
OPC content,
Kg/m3

Thickness of the section

40

Cement & water content

Chemical composition of cement

35

325
C

350
C

400
C

15
25
-

17
28
-

21
34
-

T1

Type of formwork

T1

30

Concrete mixing temperature

25

Ambient temperature

20
0

Thermal properties of concrete &

formworks

Time (days)

Note 1. For suspended slabs cast on flat steel formwork, use data in column 2
Note2. For suspended slabs cast on plywood formwork, use the data in column 4
The table assumes the following:
(a) that the formwork is left in position until the peak temperature has passed.
(b) That the concrete placing temperature is 20 C
(c) That the mean daily temperature is 15C
(d) That an allowance has not been made for solar heat gain in slabs.

Local
condition
32C
28C.

Modeling of Heat of Hydration

Hydration Model + Thermal

Analysis by FEM

Extensive experimental
investigations

Minerals Components in Cement Clinker

Alite [C3S 3CaO.SiO2]

Microstructure
Formation Model

Multi
component
hydration
model

CEMHYD3D

45

Temperature (C)

Chemical
composition
of cement

Belite [C2S 2CaO.SiO2]

CEMENT
CLINKER

Aluminate [C3A 3CaO.Al2O3]

Experimental
investigation +
Non Linear
Regression
analysis

Ferrite [C4AF 4CaO. Al2O3.FeO3]

C660 model

Heat of Hydration Model

Heat of Hydration of Cement

C3S
C2S
C3A
C4AF

Exothermic
Chemical
Reaction

H2 O

C-S-H

Ca(OH)2

+ Heat

Heat
Generation
model

Hi = i si Hi,T0 (Qi)EXP{-E/R[1/T-1/T0]}
Hc=piHi

Reference
Heat

Generation
[Hi,T0]

Interaction
between
mineral
composition
[]

Heat Generation Rate Curve

Powder
fineness
[Si]

Heat of
hyd.

Model
should
generate
this curve

Qi=Hidt
Temperature
dependence
[Ei/R]

Free water
[i]
Ettringite,
Hydrates, and
Monosulfate
formation

Pi Weight composition
ratio
Hi Heat generation rate
of mineral i

Qi Accumulated heat of
mineral i

Reference Heat Generation Rates for Mineral Components

C3A

Effect of Powder Fineness

At 293k temperature

Heat rate [kcal /kg/h] Hi

C3S
C4AF
C2S

H1

Heat generation rates, H2 > H1

Coarse
particles

Blaine value, si
si = Si/Sio

H2
Fine particles

Where,
Si - Blaine value of
component i
Sio-Reference Blaine value
of component i

Accumulated heat [kcal/kg] Qi

Effect of free water, cluster thickness of hydrates, and

powder fineness
Cluster thickness, i
Wfree
i

C3A

Heat rate

+
C4AF

Heat rate

Effect is given by;

C3S

i = 1 EXP{ -r[(wfree/(100.i)) si1/2]s}

Where; r = 5.0 , s = 2.4
wfree = {wtotal wi}/C
i = 1 (1-Qi/Qi,)1/3

C - Cement content
Qi Accumulated heat
Qi, - Final heat

and,

Hydration heat rate, Hc

Free water,
Wfree

Modeling concept of Heat of hydration

C2S

Thermal analysis by FEM

Time

Transient thermal conduction analysis by ANSYS

Input Data
[Material, Mix, Initial
temp., and Geometry]

T
Multi-component Heat of
Hydration Model

HC
Input Data
[Thermal properties,
Initial temp.]

Transient Heat
Conduction Analysis
[ANSYS]

Output Data
[Temp. history, and
distribution]

300mm thick wall

12mm thick plywood formwork
Meshed with Solid Elements

Temperature Distribution with time

Calibration & Initial Verification of

Hydration model

Main Features of the Hydration Model

Prediction of Temperature rise in
concrete based on

Adiabatic Boundary Condition

Mineral Composition of cement

1.0x1.0x1.0m
Concrete Cube

Cement fineness

Case 1: Calibration

100mm thk. expanded

polystyrene

Cement & Water Contents

Data
Logger

Type of formwork

18mm thick plywood

formwork

Ambient Temperature & Placing Temperature

Thermocouples

Two different chemical compositions

Hydration Model + Thermal Analysis

by FEM

Prediction of Temperature rise in

concrete structures

Specific Heat Capacity, C = 0.26kCal/kg/K

Case 2: Verification

Verification of Kconc & Hpw

Effect of mineral composition of cement on temperature rise

Temperature Rise

Wall

Mineral Composition

Market
product

C3A

C4AF

C3S

C2S

CH2

Adiabatic Temperature Rise

OPC-M1

6.87

10.04

62.37

11.72

5.18

3468

OPC-M2

6.56

11.56

64.56

8.64

4.52

3479

OPC-M3

7.18

53.09

21.02

4.10

3364

OPC-M4

7.01

12.17

56.68

17.16

3.89

3093

OPC-M5

6.97

10.35

11.87

61.83

10.12

5.62

3704

Thermal Conductivity of Concrete, Kconc = 60 kCal/m/day/K

Thermal Conductance of Plywood,

Hpw = 108 kCal/m2/day/K

About 7 ~ 12% Difference

Wall Thickness (mm)

Prediction of T1

Annual temperature variation, T2

4mm thick steel

formwork

12mm thick plywood

formwork

18mm thick plywood

formwork

Cement content

Cement content

Cement content

380 kg/m3

400 kg/m3

380 kg/m3

400 kg/m3

380 kg/m3

400 kg/m3

17

18
(15)

31

34

32

34
(31)

500

27

29
(27)

38

40

38

40
(43)

700

34

36
(39)

41

44

42

44
(49)

40

42
(49)

44

47

44

47
(56)

300

1000

C3A 6.92%, C4AF 11.2%, C3S 59.71%, CSH2 4.66%, & Si 3422cm2/g
Concrete placing temperature
= 32 0C
Mean ambient temperature
= 28 0C
( ) BS 8007 values

Fineness,
[cm2/g]

300mm

Tmax
Mean ambient temp. Ta
T2

Tmin

T2 = Ta - Tmin

Recommended Values for T2

City
Anuradhapura
Badulla
Bandarawela
Batticaloa
Colombo
Galle
Hambantota
Katugastota
Kurunagala
Mahailluppalama
Nuwaraeliya
Puttalam
Vavuniya

Conclusions

Mean ambient
Temperature (C)

Mean monthly minimum

Temperature (C)

T2
(C)

28.5
23.9
20.7
28.2
27.5
27.2
27.7
24.6
27.5
27.5
16.5
27.9
27.9
Average

17.9
12.3
10.1
20.4
19.9
20.6
20.0
13.0
17.0
16.3
4.3
17.9
16.1

11
12
11
8
8
7
8
12
11
11
12
10
12
10

Thank You

T1 can be predicted by using the proposed model

incorporating the chemical and physical properties of cement.
The chemical composition of cements available in the
market varies widely and corresponding change in T1 values
can be in the range 7% -12% depending on the thickness of
the section.
T1 values given by BS8007 can be reduced significantly for
thick sections under local conditions
Based on the annual temperature records it was found
that the mean ambient temperature is nearly 28 C for most
of the cities in Sri Lanka.
T2 value shall be based on difference between mean ambient
and minimum ambient temperature and found that it varies in
the range 7 12 C depending on the city