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BharatStageemissionstandards
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

BharatstageemissionstandardsareemissionstandardsinstitutedbytheGovernmentofIndiatoregulate
theoutputofairpollutantsfrominternalcombustionengineequipment,includingmotorvehicles.The
standardsandthetimelineforimplementationaresetbytheCentralPollutionControlBoardunderthe
MinistryofEnvironment&Forestsandclimatechange.[1]
Thestandards,basedonEuropeanregulationswerefirstintroducedin2000.Progressivelystringentnorms
havebeenrolledoutsincethen.Allnewvehiclesmanufacturedaftertheimplementationofthenormshave
tobecompliantwiththeregulations.[2]SinceOctober2010,BharatstageIIInormshavebeenenforced
acrossthecountry.In13majorcities,BharatstageIVemissionnormshavebeeninplacesinceApril
2010.[3]
Thephasingoutof2strokeenginefortwowheelers,thestoppageofproductionofMaruti800&
introductionofelectroniccontrolshavebeenduetotheregulationsrelatedtovehicularemissions.[4]
Whilethenormshelpinbringingdownpollutionlevels,itinvariablyresultsinincreasedvehiclecostdueto
theimprovedtechnology&higherfuelprices.However,thisincreaseinprivatecostisoffsetbysavingsin
healthcostsforthepublic,asthereislesseramountofdiseasecausingparticulatematterandpollutionin
theair.Exposuretoairpollutioncanleadtorespiratoryandcardiovasculardiseases,whichisestimatedto
bethecausefor620,000earlydeathsin2010,andthehealthcostofairpollutioninIndiahasbeenassessed
at3percentofitsGDP.

Contents
1Motorvehicles
1.1History
1.2Backgroundinformation
1.3Trucksandbuses
1.4Lightdutydieselvehicles
1.5Lightdutygasolinevehicles
1.5.14wheelvehicles
1.5.23and2wheelvehicles
1.6OverviewoftheemissionnormsinIndia
1.7CO2emission
1.7.1Obligatorylabelling
2Nonroaddieselengines
2.1Constructionmachinery
2.2Agriculturaltractors
3Electricitygeneration
3.1Generatorsets
3.2Powerplants
4Fuels
5Criticismandcommentary
5.1Ineffectivenessofpresentpollutioncontrolsystem

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5.1Ineffectivenessofpresentpollutioncontrolsystem
5.2ComparisonbetweenBharatStageandEuronorms
5.3NonexistenceofCO2limits
5.4LagbehindEurostandards
5.5Cyclebeating
5.6Needforuniformemissionsstandardsacrossthecountry
6Regulatoryframework
6.1CMVRTechnicalStandingCommittee(CMVRTSC)
6.2StandingCommitteeonImplementationofEmissionLegislation(SCOE)
7Seealso
8References
9Furtherreading

Motorvehicles
History
ThefirstemissionnormswereintroducedinIndiain1991forpetrol
and1992fordieselvehicles.Thesewerefollowedbymakingthe
Catalyticconvertermandatoryforpetrolvehiclesandthe
introductionofunleadedpetrolinthemarket.[5]
On29April1999theSupremeCourtofIndiaruledthatallvehicles
inIndiahavetomeetEuroIorIndia2000normsby1June1999
andEuroIIwillbemandatoryintheNCRbyApril2000.Car
makerswerenotpreparedforthistransitionandinasubsequent
judgmenttheimplementationdateforEuroIIwasnotenforced.[6][7]
In2002,theIndiangovernmentacceptedthereportsubmittedbythe
Mashelkarcommittee.Thecommitteeproposedaroadmapforthe
rolloutofEurobasedemissionnormsforIndia.Italso
recommendedaphasedimplementationoffuturenormswiththe
regulationsbeingimplementedinmajorcitiesfirstandextendedto
therestofthecountryafterafewyears.[8]
Basedontherecommendationsofthecommittee,theNationalAuto
Fuelpolicywasannouncedofficiallyin2003.Theroadmapfor
implementationoftheBharatStagenormswerelaidouttill2010.
Thepolicyalsocreatedguidelinesforautofuels,reductionof
pollutionfromoldervehiclesandR&Dforairqualitydatacreation
andhealthadministration.[9]

ComparisonbetweenEuropean,US,
andBharatStage(Indian)emission
standardsforgasolinepassengercars.

ComparisonbetweenEuropean,US,
andBharatStage(Indian)emission
standardsfordieselpassengercars.
Thesizesofthegreencircles
representthelimitsforparticulate
matter.

Backgroundinformation

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Standard
India2000
BharatStageII

Table1:IndianEmissionStandards(4WheelVehicles)
Reference
YEAR
Region
Euro1
Euro2

2000

Nationwide

2001

NCR*,Mumbai,Kolkata,Chennai

2003.04

NCR*,13Cities

2005.04

Nationwide

2005.04

NCR*,13Cities

2010.04

Nationwide

BharatStageIII

Euro3

BharatStageIV

Euro4

2010.04

NCR*,13Cities

BharatStageV

Euro5

2017.04(proposed)

Entirecountry

*NationalCapitalRegion(Delhi)
Mumbai,Kolkata,Chennai,Bengaluru,Hyderabad,Ahmedabad,Pune,Surat,Kanpur,Lucknow,
Sholapur,JamshedpurandAgra
Theabovestandardsapplytoallnew4wheelvehiclessoldandregisteredintherespectiveregions.In
addition,theNationalAutoFuelPolicyintroducescertainemissionrequirementsforinterstatebuseswith
routesoriginatingorterminatinginDelhiortheother10cities.
Progressofemissionstandardsfor2and3wheelers:[10]
Table2:IndianEmissionStandards(2and3
wheelers)
Standard
Reference
Date
BharatStageII Euro2

1April2005

BharatStageIII Euro3

1April2010

BharatStageIV Euro4

1April2012

BharatStageV Euro5

1April2017(proposed)

InordertocomplywiththeBSIVnorms,2and3wheelermanufacturerswillhavetofitanevaporative
emissioncontrolunit,whichshouldlowertheamountoffuelthatisevaporatedwhenthemotorcycleis
parked.

Trucksandbuses
EmissionstandardsfornewheavydutydieselenginesapplicabletovehiclesofGVW>3,500kgare
listedinTable3.

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Exhaustgasesfromvehiclesforma
significantportionofairpollution
whichisharmfultohumanhealthand
theenvironment

Table3:EmissionStandardsforDieselTruckandBusEngines,g/kWh
NOx
Year
Reference
Test
CO
HC
PM
1992

ECER49

17.332.6

2.73.7

1996

ECER49

11.20

2.40

14.4

2000

EuroI

ECER49

4.5

1.1

8.0

0.36*

2005

EuroII

ECER49

4.0

1.1

7.0

0.15

2010

EuroIII

ESC

2.1

0.66

5.0

0.10

ETC

5.45

0.78

5.0

0.16

2010

EuroIV

ESC

1.5

0.46

3.5

0.02

ETC

4.0

0.55

3.5

0.03

*0.612forenginesbelow85kW
earlierintroductioninselectedregions,seeTable1onlyinselectedregions,seeTable1
MoredetailsonEuroIIIIregulationscanbefoundinthesectiononEUheavydutyenginestandards.

Lightdutydieselvehicles
Emissionstandardsforlightdutydieselvehicles(GVW3,500kg)aresummarisedinTable4.Rangesof
emissionlimitsrefertodifferentclasses(byreferencemass)oflightcommercialvehiclescomparetheEU
lightdutyvehicleemissionstandardsfordetailsontheEuro1andlaterstandards.Thelowestlimitineach
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rangeappliestopassengercars(GVW2,500kgupto6seats).
Table4:EmissionStandardsforLightDutyDieselVehicles,
g/km
NOx
Year Reference
CO
HC HC+NOx
PM
1992

17.332.6 2.73.7

1996

5.09.0

2000 Euro1

2.726.90

0.971.70 0.140.25

2005 Euro2

1.01.5

0.71.2

0.080.17

2010 EuroIII

0.64
0.80
0.95

0.56
0.72
0.86

0.50
0.65
0.78

0.05
0.07
0.10

2010 Euro4

0.50
0.63
0.74

0.30
0.39
0.46

0.25
0.33
0.39

0.025
0.04
0.06

2.04.0

earlierintroductioninselectedregions,seeTable1
onlyinselectedregions,seeTable1
ThetestcyclehasbeentheECE+EUDCforlowpowervehicles(withmaximumspeedlimitedto
90km/h).Before2000,emissionsweremeasuredoveranIndiantestcycle.
Enginesforuseinlightdutyvehiclescanbealsoemissiontestedusinganenginedynamometer.The
respectiveemissionstandardsarelistedinTable5.
Table5:EmissionStandardsforLightDutyDiesel
Engines,g/kWh
Year Reference
CO HC NOx PM
1992

14.0

3.5

18.0

1996

11.20

2.40 14.4

2000

EuroI

4.5

1.1

8.0

0.36*

2005

EuroII

4.0

1.1

7.0

0.15

*0.612forenginesbelow85kW
earlierintroductioninselectedregions,seeTable1

Lightdutygasolinevehicles
4wheelvehicles

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Emissionsstandardsforgasolinevehicles(GVW3,500kg)aresummarisedinTable6.Rangesof
emissionlimitsrefertodifferentclassesoflightcommercialvehicles(comparetheEUlightdutyvehicle
emissionstandards).Thelowestlimitineachrangeappliestopassengercars(GVW2,500kgupto6
seats).
Table6:EmissionStandardsforGasolineVehicles(GVW3,500kg),g/km
HC+NOx
NOx
Year
Reference
CO
HC
1991

14.327.1

2.02.9

1996

8.6812.4

3.004.36

1998*

4.346.20

1.502.18

2000

Euro1

2.726.90

0.971.70

2005

Euro2

2.25.0

0.50.7

Euro3

2.3
4.17
5.22

0.20
0.25
0.29

Euro4

1.0
1.81
2.27

0.1
0.13
0.16

2010

2010

0.15
0.18
0.21

0.08
0.10
0.11

*forcatalyticconverterfittedvehicles
earlierintroductioninselectedregions,seeTable1onlyinselectedregions,seeTable1
Gasolinevehiclesmustalsomeetanevaporative(SHED)limitof2g/test(effective2000).
3and2wheelvehicles
Emissionstandardsfor3and2wheelgasolinevehiclesarelistedinthefollowingtables.[11]
Table7:EmissionStandardsfor3
WheelGasolineVehicles,g/km
Year
CO HC HC+NOx
1991

1230 812

1996

6.75

5.40

2000

4.00

2.00

2005(BSII)

2.25

2.00

2010.04(BSIII) 1.25

1.25

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Table8:EmissionStandardsfor2
WheelGasolineVehicles,g/km
Year
CO HC HC+NOx
1991

1230 812

1996

5.50

3.60

2000

2.00

2.00

2005(BSII)

1.5

1.5

2010.04(BSIII) 1.0

1.0

Table9:EmissionStandards
for2And3WheelDiesel
Vehicles,g/km
Year CO HC+NOx PM
2005.04 1.00 0.85

0.10

2010.04 0.50 0.50

0.05

OverviewoftheemissionnormsinIndia
1991IdleCOLimitsforGasolineVehiclesandFreeAccelerationSmokeforDieselVehicles,Mass
EmissionNormsforGasolineVehicles.
1992MassEmissionNormsforDieselVehicles.
1996RevisionofMassEmissionNormsforGasolineandDieselVehicles,mandatoryfitmentof
CatalyticConverterforCarsinMetrosonUnleadedGasoline.
1998ColdStartNormsIntroduced.
2000India2000(EquivalenttoEuroI)Norms,ModifiedIDC(IndianDrivingCycle),BharatStage
IINormsforDelhi.
2001BharatStageII(EquivalenttoEuroII)NormsforAllMetros,EmissionNormsforCNG&
LPGVehicles.
2003BharatStageII(EquivalenttoEuroII)Normsfor13majorcities.
2005From1AprilBharatStageIII(EquivalenttoEuroIII)Normsfor13majorcities.
2010BharatStageIIIEmissionNormsfor4wheelersforentirecountrywhereasBharatStageIV
(EquivalenttoEuroIV)for13majorcities.BharatStageIValsohasnormsonOBD(similartoEuro
IIIbutdiluted)

CO2emission
India'sautosectoraccountsforabout18percentofthetotalCO2emissionsinthecountry.RelativeCO2
emissionsfromtransporthaverisenrapidlyinrecentyears,butliketheEU,currentlytherearenostandards
forCO2emissionlimitsforpollutionfromvehicles.
Obligatorylabelling

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ThereisalsonoprovisiontomaketheCO2emissionslabelingmandatoryoncarsinthecountry.Asystem
existsintheEUtoensurethatinformationrelatingtothefueleconomyandCO2emissionsofnew
passengercarsofferedforsaleorleaseintheCommunityismadeavailabletoconsumerstoenable
consumerstomakeaninformedchoice.

Nonroaddieselengines
Constructionmachinery
Emissionstandardsfordieselconstructionmachinerywereadoptedon21September2006.Thestandards
arestructuredintotwotiers:
Bharat(CEV)StageIIThesestandardsarebasedontheEUStageIrequirements,butalsocover
smallerenginesthatwerenotregulatedundertheEUStageI.
Bharat(CEV)StageIIIThesestandardsarebasedonUSTier2/3requirements.
Thestandardsaresummarisedinthefollowingtable:
Table10:Bharat(CEV)EmissionStandardsfor
DieselConstructionMachinery
EnginePower
CO HC HC+NOx NOx PM
Date
kW
g/kWh
Bharat(CEV)StageII
P<8

2008.10 8.0 1.3

9.2

1.00

8P<19

2008.10 6.6 1.3

9.2

0.85

19P<37

2007.10 6.5 1.3

9.2

0.85

37P<75

2007.10 6.5 1.3

9.2

0.85

75P<130

2007.10 5.0 1.3

9.2

0.70

130P<560 2007.10 5.0 1.3

9.2

0.54

Bharat(CEV)StageIII
P<8

2011.04 8.0

7.5

0.80

8P<19

2011.04 6.6

7.5

0.80

19P<37

2011.04 5.5

7.5

0.60

37P<75

2011.04 5.0

4.7

0.40

75P<130

2011.04 5.0

4.0

0.30

130P<560 2011.04 3.5

4.0

0.20

Thelimitvaluesapplyforbothtypeapproval(TA)andconformityofproduction(COP)testing.Testingis
performedonanenginedynamometerovertheISO8178C1(8mode)andD2(5mode)testcycles.The
BharatStageIIIstandardsmustbemetovertheusefullifeperiodsshowninTable11.Alternatively,
manufacturersmayusefixedemissiondeteriorationfactorsof1.1forCO,1.05forHC,1.05forNOx,and
1.1forPM.
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Table11:Bharat(CEV)StageIIIUsefulLife
Periods
UsefulLifePeriod
PowerRating
hours
<19kW
1937kW

3000
constantspeed 3000
variablespeed 5000

>37kW

8000

Agriculturaltractors
EmissionstandardsfordieselagriculturaltractorsaresummarisedinTable12.
Table12:Bharat(Trem)EmissionStandardsforDieselAgriculturalTractors
HC+NOx
NOx
EnginePower
CO
HC
Date
kW
g/kWh

PM

Bharat(Trem)StageI
All

1999.10

14.0

3.5

18.0

2003.06

9.0

15.0

1.00

2005.10

5.5

9.5

0.80

P<8

2010.04

5.5

8.5

0.80

8P<19

2010.04

5.5

8.5

0.80

19P<37

2010.04

5.5

7.5

0.60

37P<56

2011.04

5.0

4.7

0.40

56P<75

2011.04

5.0

4.7

0.40

75P<130

2011.04

5.0

4.0

0.30

130P<560

2011.04

3.5

4.0

0.20

Bharat(Trem)StageII
All
Bharat(Trem)StageIII
All
Bharat(Trem)StageIIIA

EmissionsaretestedovertheISO8178C1(8mode)cycle.ForBharat(Trem)StageIIIA,theusefullife
periodsanddeteriorationfactorsarethesameasforBharat(CEV)StageIII,Table11.

Electricitygeneration
Generatorsets

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EmissionsfromnewdieselenginesusedingeneratorsetshavebeenregulatedbytheMinistryof
EnvironmentandForests,GovernmentofIndia[G.S.R.371(E),17May2002].Theregulationsimpose
typeapprovalcertification,productionconformitytestingandlabellingrequirements.Certificationagencies
includetheAutomotiveResearchAssociationofIndiaandtheVehicleResearchandDevelopment
Establishment.Theemissionstandardsarelistedbelow.
Table13:EmissionStandardsforDieselEngines
800kWforGeneratorSets
CO HC NOx PM Smoke
EnginePower(P)
Date
g/kWh
1/m
2004.01 5.0 1.3 9.2

0.6 0.7

2005.07 3.5 1.3 9.2

0.3 0.7

2004.01 5.0 1.3 9.2

0.5 0.7

2004.07 3.5 1.3 9.2

0.3 0.7

50kW<P176kW 2004.01 3.5 1.3 9.2

0.3 0.7

176kW<P800kW 2004.11 3.5 1.3 9.2

0.3 0.7

P19kW
19kW<P50kW

Enginesaretestedoverthe5modeISO8178D2testcycle.Smokeopacityismeasuredatfullload.
Table14:EmissionLimitsforDieselEngines>
800kWforGeneratorSets
CO
NMHC NOx
PM
Date
mg/Nm3 mg/Nm3 ppm(v) mg/Nm3
Until2003.06

150

150

1100

75

2003.072005.06 150

100

970

75

2005.07

100

710

75

150

Concentrationsarecorrectedtodryexhaustconditionswith15%residualO2.

Powerplants
TheemissionstandardsforthermalpowerplantsinIndiaarebeingenforcedbasedonEnvironment
(Protection)Act,1986ofGovernmentofIndiaandit'samendmentsfromtimetotime.[12]Asummaryof
emissionnormsforcoalandgasbasedthermalpowerplantsisgiveninTables15and16.

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Table15:Environmentalstandardsforcoalandgasbasedpowerplants
Capacity
Pollutant
Emissionlimit
Coalbasedthermalplants
Below210MW
Particulatematter(PM) 350mg/Nm3
210MW&above

150mg/Nm3
500MW&above

50mg/Nm3
Gasbasedthermalplants
NOX(V/Vat15%
50PPMfornaturalgas100
400MW&above
excessoxygen)
PPMfornaphtha
Below400MW&upto100
75PPMfornaturalgas100

MW
PPMfornaphtha
Below100MW

100PPMfornaphtha/naturalgas
Forconventionalboilers

100PPM
Table16:StackheightrequirementforSO2control
PowerGenerationCapacity
StackHeight(Metre)
H=14(Q)0.3whereQisemissionrateofSO2in
kg/h,
Lessthan200/210MWe
H=Stackheightinmetres
200/210MWeorlessthan500MWe200 200
500MWeandabove
275(+SpaceprovisionforFGDsystemsinfuture)
Thenormfor500MWandabovecoalbasedpowerplantbeingpractisedis40to50mg/Nmandspaceis
providedintheplantlayoutforsuperthermalpowerstationsforinstallationoffluegasdesulphurisation
(FGD)system.ButFGDisnotinstalled,asitisnotrequiredforlowsulphurIndiancoalswhileconsidering
SOXemissionfromindividualchimney.
Inadditiontotheaboveemissionstandards,theselectionofasiteforanewpowerplanthastomaintainthe
localambientairqualityasgiveninTable17.
Table17:Ambientairqualitystandard
Conc.g/m3
Category
SPM SOx CO
Industrialandmixeduse 500
120
5000
Residentialandrural
200
80
2000
Sensitive
100
30
1000

NOx
120
80
30

Table18:WorldBanknormsfornewprojects
ExistingAirQuality
Recommendation
SOx>100g/m3

Noproject

SOx=100g/m3

Pollutedarea,max.fromaproject100t/day

SOx<50g/m3

Unpollutedarea,max.fromaproject500t/day

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HoweverthenormsforSOxareevenstricterforselectionofsitesforWorldBankfundedprojects(refer
Table18).Forexample,ifSOxlevelishigherthan100g/m3,noprojectwithfurtherSOxemissioncanbe
setupifSOXlevelis100g/m3,itiscalledpollutedareaandmaximumemissionfromaprojectshould
notexceed100t/dayandifSOxislessthan50g/m3,itiscalledunpollutedarea,buttheSOxemission
fromaprojectshouldnotexceed500t/day.ThestipulationforNOXemissionisthatitsemissionshould
notexceed260gramsofNOXperGigaJouleofheatinput.
Inviewoftheabove,itmaybeseenthatimprovedenvironmentnormsarelinkedtofinancingandarebeing
enforcedbyinternationalfinancialinstitutionsandnotbythepolicies/lawsofland.

Fuels
Fuelqualityplaysaveryimportantroleinmeetingthestringentemissionregulation.
ThefuelspecificationsofgasolineanddieselhavebeenalignedwiththeCorrespondingEuropeanFuel
SpecificationsformeetingtheEuroII,EuroIIIandEuroIVemissionnorms.
TheuseofalternativefuelshasbeenpromotedinIndiabothforenergysecurityandemissionreduction.
DelhiandMumbaihavemorethan100,000commercialvehiclesrunningonCNGfuel.Delhihasthe
largestnumberofCNGcommercialvehiclesrunninganywhereintheWorld.Indiaisplanningtointroduce
Biodiesel,ethanolgasolineblendsinaphasedmannerandhasdrawnuparoadmapforthesame.The
Indianautoindustryisworkingwiththeauthoritiestofacilitateforintroductionofthealternativefuels.
IndiahasalsosetupataskforceforpreparingtheHydrogenroadmap.TheuseofLPGhasalsobeen
introducedasanautofuelandtheoilindustryhasdrawnupplansforsettingupofautoLPGdispensing
stationsinmajorcities.

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Serial
No.

Table19:Indiangasolinespecifications
Bharat
Bharat
Characteristics
Unit
StageII
StageIII

Density150C

Distillation

a)Recoveryupto70C(E70)
b)Recoveryupto1000C
(E100)
c)Recoveryupto1800C
(E180)
d)Recoveryupto1500C
(E150)
e)FinalBoilingPoint(FBP),
Max
f)ResidueMax

Kg/m3

%Volume
%Volume
%Volume
%Volume
C
%
Volume

Bharat
StageIV

710770

720775

720775

1045
4070
90

210
2

1045
4070

75min
210
2

1045
4070

75min
210
2

ResearchOctaneNumber
(RON),Min

88

91

91

AntiKnockIndex(AKI)/
MON,Min

84(AKI)

81(MON)

81(MON)

Sulphur,Total,Max

%mass

0.05

150mg/Kg

50mg/Kg

LeadContent(asPb),Max

g/l

0.013

0.005

0.005

ReidVapourPressure(RVP),
Max

Kpa

3560

60

60

Benzene,Content,Max
a)ForMetros
b)Fortherest

%
Volume

3
5

10

Olefincontent,Max

%
Volume

21

21

11

AromaticContent,Max

%
Volume

42

35<

S.No

Table20:Indiandieselspecifications
Characteristic
BSII
BSIII

BSIV

DensityKg/m315C

SulphurContentmg/kgmax

500

350

50

3(a) CetaneNumberminimumand/or
3(b) CetaneIndex

48
or
46

51
and
46

51
and
46

11

11

360

360

4
5
(a)
(b)
(c)

PolycyclicAromaticHydrocarbon
Distillation
Reco.Min.At350C
Reco.Min.At370C
95%VolRecoat0C

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Bharat
StageV

10mg/Kg

BSV

820800 820845 820845

85
95

10

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Table21:DieselFuelQualityinIndia
Date
Particulars
1995

Cetanenumber:45Sulfur:1%

1996

Sulfur:0.5%(Delhi+selectedcities)

1998

Sulfur:0.25%(Delhi)

1999

Sulfur:0.05%(Delhi,limitedsupply)

2000

Cetanenumber:48Sulfur:0.25%(Nationwide)

2001

Sulfur:0.05%(Delhi+selectedcities)

2005

Sulfur:350ppm(Euro3selectedareas)

2010

Sulfur:350ppm(Euro3nationwide)

2010

Sulfur:50ppm(Euro4selectedareas)

2020(proposed) Sulfur:10ppm(Euro5entirecountry)

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Table22:Indianbiodieselspecifications
S.
No.

Characteristics

Requirement

OtherMethods

[P:]ofIS
1448

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Densityat15C,kg/m3

860900

ISO3675

P:16/
P:32

(1)
i.

MethodofTest,refto

ISO12185

ASTM

ii.

KinematicViscosityat40C,cSt

2.56.0

iii.

Flashpoint(PMCC)C,min

120

P:21

iv.

Sulphur,mg/kgmax.

50.0

ASTMD5453

P:83

Carbonresidue(Ramsbottom)*,%bymass,
0.05
max

ASTMD4530ISO
10370

vi.

Sulfatedash,%bymass,max

0.02

ISO6245

P:4

500

ASTMD2709

P:40

vii. Watercontent,mg/kg,max

ISO3104

ISO3733

ISO6296

P:25

viii Totalcontamination,mg/kg,max.

24

EN12662

ix

Cucorrosion,3hat50C,max

ISO2160

P:15

CetaneNo.,min

51

ISO5156

P:9

xi

Acidvalue,mgKOH/g,max

0.50

P:1/Sec1

xii

Methanol@,%bymass,max

0.20

EN14110

xiii Ethanol,@@%bymass,max

0.20

xiv Estercontent,%bymass,min

96.5

EN14103

xv

0.02

ASTMD6584

xvi TotalGlycerol,%bymass,max

0.25

ASTMD6584

xvii Phosphorus,mg/kg,max

10.0

ASTMD4951

xviii Sodium&Potassium,mg/kg,max

Toreport

EN14108&

EN14109

FreeGlycerol,%bymass,max

xix CalciumandMagnesium,mg/kg,max

Toreport

**

xx

Toreport

EN14104

EN14112

Iodinevalue

xxi Oxidationstability,at110Ch,min

*Carbonresidueshallberunon100%sample
**Europeanmethodisunderdevelopment
@ApplicableforFattyAcidMethylEster
@@ApplicableforFattyAcidEthylEster
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Criticismandcommentary
Ineffectivenessofpresentpollutioncontrolsystem
Presently,allvehiclesneedtoundergoaperiodicemissioncheck(3months/6months)atPUCCentresat
FuelStationsandPrivateGarageswhichareauthorisedtocheckthevehicles.Inaddition,transportvehicles
needtoundergoanannualfitnesscheckcarriedoutbyRTOsforemissions,safetyandroadworthiness.
Theobjectiveofreducingpollutionnotachievedtoalargeextentbythepresentsystem.Somereasonsfor
thisare:IndependentcentresdonotfollowrigorousproceduresduetoinadequatetrainingEquipment
notsubjectedtoperiodiccalibrationbyindependentauthorityLackofprofessionalismhasledto
malpracticeTrackingsystemofvehiclesfailingtomeetnormsnonexistent

ComparisonbetweenBharatStageandEuronorms
TheBharatStagenormshavebeenstyledtosuitspecificneedsanddemandsofIndianconditions.The
differenceslieessentiallyinenvironmentalandgeographicalneeds,eventhoughtheemissionstandardsare
exactlythesame.
Forinstance,EuroIIIistestedatsubzerotemperaturesinEuropeancountries.InIndia,wheretheaverage
annualtemperaturerangesbetween24and28degreeCelsius,thetestisdoneawaywith.
Anothermajordistinctionisinthemaximumspeedatwhichthevehicleistested.Aspeedof90km/his
stipulatedforBSIII,whereasitis120km/hforEuroIII,keepingemissionlimitsthesameinbothcases
Inadditiontolimits,testprocedurehascertainfinerpointstoo.Forinstance,themassemissiontest
measurementsdoneing/kmonachassisdynamometerrequiresaloadingof100kgweightinadditionto
unloadedcarweightinEurope.InIndia,BSIIInormsrequireanextraloadingof150kgweighttoachieve
thedesiredinertiaweightmainlyduetoroadconditionshere.[13]

NonexistenceofCO2limits
VariousgroupsandagencieshavecriticisedthegovernmentandurgedthegovernmentofIndiatodraft
mandatoryfuelefficiencystandardsforcarsinthecountry,oratleasttomaketheCO2emissionslabelling
mandatoryonallnewcarsinthecountry.Theautocompaniesshouldinformthecustomersabouta
vehicle'semissions.[14]

LagbehindEurostandards
TherehasbeencriticismofthefactthattheIndiannormslagtheEuronorms.Asof2014,onlyafewcities
meetEuroIVorBharatStageIVstandardsthatarenineyearsbehindEurope.TherestofIndiagetsBharat
StageIIIstandardfuelandvehicles,whichare14yearsbehindEurope.[15]Also,therewasasuggestion
fromsomebodiestoimplementEuroIVnormsafterEuroIInorms,skippingtheEuroIIInormstotally.
ThisisbecausetheEuroIIInormsareonlyasmallimprovementoverEuroII,whereasEuroIVnorms
markabigleapoverEuroII.AccordingtoastudyconductedbytheDesertResearchInstituteandthe
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IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,theonlywaytostabilisefineparticulates(PM2.5)atthe2011levels
despitethefivefoldriseinvehiculardensityisnationwideimplementationofBharatVstandardsby
2015.[16]

Cyclebeating
Fortheemissionstandardstodeliverrealemissionreductionsitiscrucialthatthetestcyclesunderwhich
theemissionshavetocomplyasmuchaspossiblereflectnormaldrivingsituations.Itwasdiscoveredthat
enginemanufacturerswouldengageinwhatwascalled'cyclebeating'tooptimiseemissionperformanceto
thetestcycle,whileemissionsfromtypicaldrivingconditionswouldbemuchhigherthanexpected,
underminingthestandardsandpublichealth.Inoneparticularinstance,researchfromtwoGerman
technologyinstitutesfoundthatfordieselcarsno'real'NOxreductionshavebeenachievedafter13years
ofstricterstandards.[17]

Needforuniformemissionsstandardsacrossthecountry
Thepracticeoflimitingimprovedemissionsstandardsonlytoafewcitiesandtoasmallerproportionof
urbanpopulationhasbeencriticisedasviolatingthefundamentalrighttohealthylifeforall.[15]Thisalso
doesnotallowtruckstomovetocleanerfuelandtechnologyandtheyheavilypollutecitiesduringtransit
andaggravatepollutionincities.ManypersonsandestablishmentstrytopurchaseBharatStageIIIvehicles
andfuelfromoutsidecitylimitsinordertotakeadvantageoflowerprices,eventhoughtheseareusedin
cities.

Regulatoryframework
InIndiatheRulesandRegulationsrelatedtodrivinglicense,registrationofmotorvehicles,controlof
traffic,construction&maintenanceofmotorvehiclesetc.aregovernedbytheMotorVehiclesAct1988
(MVA)andtheCentralMotorVehiclesrules1989(CMVR).TheMinistryofShipping,RoadTransport&
Highways(MoSRT&H)actsasanodalagencyforformulationandimplementationofvariousprovisionsof
theMotorVehicleActandCMVR.[18]
Toinvolveallstakeholdersinregulationformulation,MoSRT&HhasconstitutedtwoCommitteesto
deliberateandadviseMinistryonissuesrelatingtoSafetyandEmissionRegulations,namely
CMVRTechnicalStandingCommittee(CMVRTSC)
StandingCommitteeonImplementationofEmissionLegislation(SCOE)

CMVRTechnicalStandingCommittee(CMVRTSC)
ThisCommitteeadvisesMoSRT&HonvarioustechnicalaspectsrelatedtoCMVR.ThisCommitteehas
representativesfromvariousorganisationsnamelyMinistryofHeavyIndustries&PublicEnterprises
(MoHI&PE)),MoSRT&H,BureauIndianStandards(BIS),TestingAgenciessuchasAutomotiveResearch
AssociationofIndia(ARAI),VehicleResearchDevelopment&Establishment(VRDE),CentralInstituteof
RoadTransport(CIRT),industryrepresentativesfromSocietyofIndianAutomobileManufacturers

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(SIAM),AutomotiveComponentManufacturersAssociation(ACMA)andTractorManufacturers
Association(TMA)andrepresentativesfromStateTransportDepartments.MajorfunctionstheCommittee
are:
ToprovidetechnicalclarificationandinterpretationoftheCentralMotorVehiclesRuleshaving
technicalbearing,toMoRT&H,asandwhensodesired.
TorecommendtotheGovernmenttheInternational/foreignstandardswhichcanbeusedinlieuof
standardnotifiedundertheCMVRpermituseofcomponents/parts/assembliescomplyingwithsuch
standards.
Tomakerecommendationsonanyothertechnicalissueswhichhavedirectrelevancein
implementationoftheCentralMotorVehiclesRules.
Tomakerecommendationsonthenewsafetystandardsofvariouscomponentsfornotificationand
implementationunderCentralMotorVehiclesRules.
Tomakerecommendationsonleadtimeforimplementationofsuchsafetystandards.
TorecommendamendmentofCentralMotorVehiclesRuleshavingtechnicalbearingkeepingin
viewofChangesinautomobiletechnologies.
CMVRTSCisassistedbyanotherCommitteecalledtheAutomobileIndustryStandardsCommittee
(AISC)havingmembersfromvariousstakeholdersindraftingthetechnicalstandardsrelatedtoSafety.The
majorfunctionsofthecommitteeareasfollows:
Preparationofnewstandardsforautomotiveitemsrelatedtosafety.
Toreviewandrecommendamendmentstotheexistingstandards.
RecommendadoptionofsuchstandardstoCMVRTechnicalStandingCommittee
Recommendcommissioningoftestingfacilitiesatappropriatestages.
RecommendthenecessaryfundingofsuchfacilitiestotheCMVRTechnicalStandingCommittee,
and
AdviseCMVRTechnicalStandingCommitteeonanyotherissuesreferredtoit
TheNationalStandardsforAutomotiveIndustryarepreparedbyBureauofIndianStandards(BIS).The
standardsformulatedbyAISCarealsoconvertedintoIndianStandardsbyBIS.Thestandardsformulated
bybothBISandAISCareconsideredbyCMVRTSCforimplementation.

StandingCommitteeonImplementationofEmissionLegislation(SCOE)
ThisCommitteedeliberatestheissuesrelatedtoimplementationofemissionregulation.Majorfunctionsof
thisCommitteeare
Todiscussthefutureemissionnorms
TorecommendnormsforinusevehiclestoMoSRT&H
Tofinalisethetestproceduresandtheimplementationstrategyforemissionnorms
AdviseMoSRT&Honanyissuerelatingtoimplementationofemissionregulations.
BasedontherecommendationsfromCMVRTSCandSCOE,MoSRT&Hissuesnotificationfornecessary
amendments/modificationsintheinCentralMotorVehicleRules.
Inaddition,theotherMinistrieslikeMinistryofEnvironment&Forest(MoEF),MinistryofPetroleum&
NaturalGas(MoPNG)andMinistryofNonconventionalEnergySourcesarealsoinvolvedinformulation
ofregulationsrelatingtoEmissions,Noise,FuelsandAlternativeFuelvehicles.
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Seealso
AirpollutioninIndia
AutomotiveIndustryStandards

References
1. "FunctionsoftheCentralPollutionControlBoard"(http://cpcb.nic.in/Functions.php).CentralPollutionControl
Board.
2. "SCmakesemissionnormsmandatoryfornewvehicles"
(http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990430/ige30066.html).TheIndianExpress.30April
1999.
3. "IndiaswitchesfullytoEuroIIIandIVpetrolanddiesel"
(http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article791138.ece).TheHindu.24September2010.
4. "Reformingthelittlerascal"(http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990729/ige29070.html).The
IndianExpress.29July1999.
5. "MinistryofRoadTransport&Highways"(http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=121&langid=2).
6. "SCdilutesEuronorms"(http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990515/ibu15020.html).TheIndianExpress.
15May1999.
7. "Marutiboardonajunketasmarketsharefalls"(http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/112535/).TheIndian
Express.31July1999.
8. "Marutiboardonajunketasmarketsharefalls"
(http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/09/stories/2002010901501300.htm).TheIndianExpress.9January
2002.
9. "NationalAutoFuelPolicyAnnounced"
(http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/06102003/r0610200313.html).
10. "EmissionStandards:India:OnRoadVehiclesandEngines"(http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/).
Dieselnet.com.Retrieved29June2009.
11. "VehicularTechnologyinIndia|EmissionNormsSIAMIndia"(http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/emission
standards.aspx).SIAMIndia.Archived
(http://web.archive.org/web/20090611052002/http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/emissionstandards.aspx)from
theoriginalon11June2009.Retrieved29June2009.
12. Emissionstandardsforpowerplants(http://www.imteag.com/02200710.pdf)
13. AbhishekSengupta,TNN,20Feb2005,07.15amIST(20February2005)."TOIarticleonBharatStagenorms"
(http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/indiabusiness/everythingaboutbharatstage
norms/articleshow/1026422.cms).TheTimesofIndia.Retrieved2February2011.
14. Pratyush(9January2008)."GreenpeaceurgesgovernmentforCO2}limits"
(http://pratyush.instablogs.com/entry/greenpeaceurgesindiatosetmandatoryco2emissionstandardsfor
carmakers/).Pratyush.instablogs.com.Retrieved2February2011.
15. http://justearthnews.com/environmentdetails/E/88/csecallsforurgentactionoverwhoreportonindia
pollution.html
16. http://www.hindustantimes.com/indianews/indianeedsstringentnormstocurbvehicularpollution
study/article11187165.aspx
17. "T&EBulletin,March2006"(http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Bulletin/2006/2006
02_bulletin146_web.pdf)(PDF).transportenvironment.org.Retrieved2February2011.
18. "EmissionregulatoryframeworkinIndia"(http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/regulatoryframework.aspx).
Siamindia.com.Retrieved2February2011.

Furtherreading
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Bansal,GauravBandivadekar,Anup(2013)."OverviewOfIndiasVehicleEmissionsControl
ProgramPastSuccessesAndFutureProspects"
(http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_IndiaRetrospective_2013.pdf)(PDF).
TheInternationalCouncilonCleanTransportation.Retrieved22July2014.
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
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