Vocational crash course on

C with introduction to embedded C

Chapter 2

Course instructor :
Prof. Kumar Anand Singh
(Asst. Professor, EC, MEFGI)
Course assistances:
Prof. Hetal Dave
(Asst. Professor, EC, MEFGI)
Mr. Saumil Vora
(Student, PG-VLSI, 1st year)

Time table chart

S.No.

Topic

Date

Total Hours
TH (hrs.)

PR(hrs.)

1.

Introduction

0.5

2.

C Fundamentals

3..

I/O Functions

4..

Control statements

5.

Arrays

6.

String handling function

7.

Functions

8.

Structure & Unions

9.

Pointers

10.

Dynamic Memory Allocation

11.

File handling

12.

General Interview Questions

13.

Introduction to Embedded C

40

20

TOTAL (12 days,10th Dec 2014 to 23rd Dec 2014)

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Identifiers :

Identifiers are the names that are given to various program

elements such as variables, symbolic constants and functions.
The following are
illegal identifiers
float :e;
float for;
float 9PI;
float .3.14;

float 7g;

Some legal identifiers:

float _number;
float a;
int this_is_a_very_detailed_name_for_an_identifier;
http://cprogrammingexpert.com/C/Tutorial

Rules for Identifiers :

Identifier name must be a sequence of letter and digits, and must
begin with a letter.

The underscore character (_) is considered as letter.

Names shouldn't be a keyword (such as int , float, if ,break, for etc)
Both upper-case letter and lower-case letter characters are allowed.
However, they're not interchangeable.

No identifier may be keyword.

No special characters, such as semicolon,period,blank space, slash
or comma are permitted

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Keywords :
Keywords are standard identifiers that have standard predefined
meaning in C.
Uppercase & Lower case character have different meaning in C.

void

char

int

float

double

signed

unsigned

short

long

auto

static

register

const

struct

union

if

else

goto

for

continue

switch

case

break

default

do

while

sizeof

volatile

enum

extern

typedef

return

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Data Types (Primitive Types)

Four fundamental Data types :

1.
2.
3.
4.

Character (char)
Integer (int)
Floating point (float)
Double Floating point (double)

Memory requirements :
Data Type

Meaning

Size (byte)

Minimal Range

char

Character

-128 to +127

int

Integer

-32768 to
+32767

float

Single Precision
real no.

3.4E-38 to
3.4E+38

double

Double Precision
real no.

1.7E-308 to
1.7E+308

void

No Data

-------

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Constants
The term constant means that it does not change during the execution of
program.
Constant and is the data with a constant value that does not change in the
program.
Four basic types of constants in C :
1. Integer Constants
2. Floating point Constants
3. Character Constants
4. String Constants

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Variables :
Variables are means for location in memory used by a program to
store data.
The size of that block depends upon the range over which the
variable is allowed to vary.
The format for declaring a variable in C.
[Storage-class] type data variable name [= initial value];

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Expressions :
An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies
computation of a value.
An expression may consist of single entity or some combination of such
entities interconnected by one or more operators.
All expression represents a logical connection that's either true or false.
Ex :
A+b
3.14*r*r
a*a+2*a*b+b*b

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Statements :
The statements of a C program control the flow of program execution.
if statement
switch statement
goto statement
for statement

while statement
do-while statement
break statement
continue statement
expression statement
compound statement
return statement
null statement

if statement

It is a conditional branching statement.

In conditional branching statement a condition is evaluated,
if it is evaluate true a group of statement is executed.
Syntax : :
void main()
if (expression)
{
statement;
char sex;
printf(Enter your sex (m/f) );
scanf(%c,&sex);
if(sex==m)
{
printf(Male);
}
else
printf(Famale);
getch();
}

Switch Statement :
Multiple if statement.
It is an error-prone
statement.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

goto statement:
The goto statement is used to
alter the normal sequence of
program execution by
transferring control to some
other part of the program
unconditionally.

void main()
{
clrscr();
printf(Marwadi );
goto x;
y:
printf(Foundation);
goto z;
x:
printf(Education);
goto y;
z:
printf(Group of Institution);
getch();
}

for loop
Most general looping construct
loop header contains three parts:
initialization
continuation condition
increment/decrement

Syntax:
for (initialization, condition, step)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
...
Statement n;
}

while loop
Another looping construct
It evaluates the test expression
before every loop.
it can execute zero times if the
condition is initially false.

Syntax:
while (expression)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
...
Statement n;
}

do while loop
Loop condition is tested at the end
of the body of the loop.
loop is executed at least one.
unpopular loop statement.

do

Statement 1;
Statement 2;
...
Statement n;
while(expression);

break statement
It is a jump instruction.
used inside a switch construct,
for loop, while loop and do-while
loop.
break statement causes immediate
exit from the concern construct.

continue statement
It is a jump instruction.
used inside a switch construct,
for loop, while loop and do-while
loop.
Execution of these statement does not
cause an exit from the loop but it
suspend the execution of the loop for
that iteration and transfer control back
to the loop for the next iteration.

A=10;
A+=20;
printf("Hello, Good
morning!\n");
display(a,b);
c=a+b;
;

Expression statements
It consists of an expression followed
by a semicolon.
The execution of an expression
causes the expression to be evaluated.

/*null statement*/

Compound statements
A compound statement (also called a "block").
It appears as the body of another statement.
Used in if statement, for statement, while statement,
etc.
Syntax :
{
pi=3.14;
area=pi*radius*radius;
}

Return statement
A function may or may not return a
value.
A return statement returns a value
to the calling function and assigns
to the variable in the left side of the
calling function.
If a function does not return a value,
the return type in the function
definition and declaration is
specified as void.

Null statement

Null statement consisting of only a

semicolon and performs no
operations.

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Symbolic constant in c Language

It substitute for a sequence of
character that cannot be changed.
Character may represent a numeric
constant, a character constant, or a
string.
Usually defined at the beginning of
the program.
example
#define PI 3.141593
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define PI 3.141593
void main()
{
float a; float b; float c;
float d=PI;
clrscr();
if(TRUE)
{
a=100;
b=a*10;
c=b-a;
}
printf("\na=%f\nb=%f\nc=%f\nPI=%f",
a,b,c,d);
getch(); }

C Fundamentals

Identifiers

Keywords

Data Types

Constants

Variables

Expressions

Statements

Symbolic Constants

Operators

Comments

Operators
It is an is a symbol that operates on a certain data type.
commonly used operators are :
Arithmetic operator
Relational operator
Logical operator

Assignment operator
Conditional operator
Comma operator
Unary operator
Bitwise operator