6RelationshipsandPatternsinChemistry

6.1TheDevelopmentofthePeriodicTable

WarmUp(p.286)
1.Studentswilloftensuggestthatthewordperiodicmeansthattheelementswerediscoveredover
differentperiodsoftime.Thewordactuallymeansthatsimilarelementalpropertiesrecuronaregular
orperiodicbasis.

2.Inthemodernperiodictable,theelementsarearrangedinorderofincreasingatomicnumber.

3.Elementsbelongingtothesameverticalcolumnorchemicalfamilydisplaysimilarproperties.

QuickCheck(p.288)
1.EnglishchemistWilliamOldingwasthefirstpersontoarrangethechemicalelementsintogroups.

2.JohnNewlandsnoticedthatsimilarpropertiesseemedtorepeatevery8thelementinthesameway
thatnotesonamusicalscalerepeatevery8thtone.

3.AsMendeleevhadarrangedsimilarelementsverticallyonhistable,thelocationoftheblankspaces
predictedthepropertiesthatelementswouldpossessuponbeingdiscovered.Whenthoseelements
wereeventuallydiscovered,Mendeleevspredictionsturnedouttobeextremelyaccurate.Thishelped
hisarrangementoftheelementsinhisperiodictablegainwidespreadacceptance.

QuickCheck(p.291)

1.
Element
Name

Element
Symbol

Group
Number

Period
Number

silicon

Si

14

Metal/Non
metal/
Metalloid
metalloid

osmium

Os

metal

chromium

Cr

metal

meitnerium

Mt

metal

antimony

Sb

15

metalloid

iodine

17

nonmetal

Chapter6Answers

2.(a)Theelementsrearrangedinorderofleastmetallictomostmetallicare:
fluorine,oxygen,sulphur,aluminum,gallium,chromium,zirconium,cesium.
(b)Theelementwiththegreatesttendencytogainanelectronisfluorine.
Theelementwiththegreatesttendencytoloseanelectroniscesium.

QuickCheck(p.293)
1.
Property

FamilyNumber

FamilyName

(a)reactivenonmetalspossessing7valenceelectrons

17

halogens

(b)reactivesolidsthatform2+cationsduringreactions

(c)invisiblegasesthatarealmosttotallyunreactive

18

alkalineearth
metals
noblegases

(d)soft,veryreactivesilverysolidswith1valenceelectron

alkalimetals

2.Thechemicalformulasare:
(a)NaI(b)BaS(c)GaCl3(d)Rb2S(e)Mg3P2(f)H2Se

3.Thetwofamiliesoftheperiodictablecontainingthemostreactiveelementsarethehalogensandthe
alkalimetals.Elementsineachofthesefamiliesarewithinoneelectronofbeingisoelectronicwiththe
nearestnoblegasandreadilyeithergainorloseoneelectronrespectivelytoachievethatelectron
arrangement.

6.1ReviewQuestions(p.297)
1.Themostimportantthingtoknowabouttheperiodictableisthatelementsinthesamechemical
familyhavesimilarchemicalproperties.

2.In1913,datagatheredbytheyoungBritishchemistHenryMoseley,combinedwiththediscoveryof
isotopes,resultedintheelementsoftheperiodictablebeingreorderedaccordingtotheiratomic
numbersratherthantheiratomicmasses.

3.Elementsinthesamechemicalfamilyhavesimilarchemicalpropertiesbecausetheyhavesimilar
outerelectronconfigurationsandthevalenceelectronsaretheelectronsinvolvedinchemicalreactions.

4.(a)Themostmetallicelementsarelocatedinthelowerleftportionoftheperiodictable.
(b)Themostnonmetallic(orleastmetallic)elementsarelocatedintheupperrightportionofthe
periodictable.

Chapter6Answers

5.
Element

(a)chlorine
(b)silver
(c)neon
(d)cesium
(e)oxygen
(f)phosphorus
(g)silicon
(h)astatine

Properties

foundincarbohydratesandanelementalgasin21%oftheatmosphere
softconductorthatreactsexplosivelywithwaterproducingH2gas
lessthan1ounceofthissolidradioactivenonconductorexistsonEarth
waxyyellowsolidnonmetalfoundinmatchheads,fertilizers,and
detergents
bluegraymetalloidusedextensivelyinthecomputerindustry
veryreactivegreengasusedinthetrenchesinWorldWarI
shinysolidthatisthebestconductorofheatandelectricity
invisibleunreactivegasusedinlasersandsomeelectricstreetsigns

Letter
and
Symbol
(e)O
(d)Cs
(h)At
(f)P
(g)Si
(a)Cl
(b)Ag
(c)Ne

6.
ElementProperties

FamilyNumber

unreactivegasusedinelectricstreetsignscomprising0.93%oftheatmosphere
shinymultivalentsolid,goodconductor,formscolouredcompounds
softsilverysolid,goodconductor,reactsvigorouslywithwater
graywhitemetalloidpredictedbyMendeleevanddiscoveredin1886
reactivemetalpresentinbonesandteethpossessingtwovalenceelectrons
yellowgreengaseousnonmetalandthemostreactiveofalltheelements

18
6
1
14
2
17

7.Propertiesofmetalsinclude:
solidsatroomtemperature,exceptformercury,whichisaliquid
generallyshinyorlustrouswhenfreshlycutorpolished
goodconductorsofheatandelectricity
generallymalleable,whichmeanstheycanberolledorhammeredintothinsheets
generallyductile,whichmeanstheycanberolledorstretchedintowires
generallyflexibleasthinsheetsorwires
duringchemicalchanges,tendtogiveupelectronsrelativelyeasilytoformcations

8.Propertiesofnonmetalsinclude:
usuallygasesorbrittlesolidsatroomtemperature,exceptforliquidbromine
solidnonmetalscanrangeinappearancefromdullorlustrousandtranslucenttoopaque
poorconductorsofheatandelectricity
duringchemicalchanges,theytendtogainelectronsfrommetalstoformanionsorshareelectrons
withothernonmetals.

9.Exceptwherelargeionicchargesresult,atomsofthemaingroupelementswilltendtogiveuporgain
asmanyelectronsasarenecessarytoacquirethevalenceelectronconfigurationofthenearestnoble
gas.
Chapter6Answers

10.Theformulasforthestableionsare:
(a)Be2+(b)Te2(c)Cs+(d)Ra2+(e)Ga3+(f)Se2(g)In3+
11.(a)Propertiesofthealkalimetalsinclude:

allsoft,silverysolids
themostreactiveofallmetals
theoxidecompoundsofthealkalimetalsdissolveinwatertoproducestronglybasicsolutions

allcorroderapidlyinairtoadullgrayappearance,reactvigorouslywithwatertoproduce
hydrogengas

readilyformcompoundswithnonmetals
readilylosethatouterelectrontoform1+cationsandsoassumetheelectronconfigurationof
previousnoblegas

(b)Propertiesofthealkalineearthmetalsinclude:

silvercolouredreactivemetals.
notasreactiveasthealkalimetals,butalsoreadilyformcompoundswithnonmetals
theiroxidesarealsoalkalineinsolutionbutunlikealkalicompounds,anumberofgroup2
compoundshavealowsolubilityinwater
readilyform2+cationsbylosingthosetwovalenceelectronsandsowillachievetheidentical
electronconfigurationofthenearestnoblegas

(c)Propertiesofthehalogensinclude:
themostreactivefamilyofelementsintheperiodictable
theonlychemicalfamilyinwhichallthreestatesofmatterarerepresented

elementalhalogensexistasdiatomicmolecules
readilyformcompoundswithmetals,hydrogen,carbon,andothernonmetals
whenreactingwithmetals,halogenstypicallygainasingleelectronforming1anions

whenreactingwithnonmetals,halogenswilloftensharevalenceelectrons

(d)Propertiesofthenoblegasesinclude:
colourlessgases

generallyunreactive
allofthenoblegases,excepthelium,havefilledsandpsublevelsandthushavestableoctets

Chapter6Answers

12.
Group2

Group17

Core
Notation

Be

Core
Notation
[He]2s2

[He]2s 2p

He

Mg

[Ne]3s2

Cl

Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn

Ca

Br

[Ne]3s23p5
[Ar]4s24p5
[Kr]5s24d105p5
[Xe] 6s 4f 5d 6 p

[Ar]4s

Sr

[Kr]5s

Ba

[Xe]6s

At

Ra

[Rn]7s2

14

10 5

Group18

Core
Notation
1s2
(nocorenotation)
[He]2s22p6
[Ne]3s23p6
2

10

[Ar]4s 3d 4p

[Kr]5s24d105p6
2

14

10

[Xe]6s 4f 5d 6p

6.2PeriodicTrendsRegularChangesinElementalProperties

WarmUp(p.299)
1.Thenegativelychargedelectroncloudsinatomsareheldinplacebytheattractiveforceofpositively
chargedprotonsinthenucleiofthoseatoms.

2.Wemightexpectthatthesizesofatomswoulddecreaseifthisattractiveforceincreasedinstrength.

3.Increasingthepositivechargeonthenucleusshouldincreasetheattractiveforceontheelectron
cloud.Thiswouldoccurasanelementsatomicnumberincreased.

4.Fewerprotonsinthenucleuswouldexertlessofanattractiveforceonanatomselectroncloud,but
wemightalsoexpectthatasthedistancebetweenthenucleusandthevalenceelectronsincreasedthe
attractiveforceexertedonthatouterchargecloudbythenucleuswoulddecrease.

QuickCheck(p.302)
1.Aswemovelefttorightacrossachemicalperiodintheperiodictable,theenergylevelremainsthe
sameandsotheattractiveforcethatthevalenceelectronsexperiencefromthenucleusisthe
predominantforceoperatingthatinfluencesthesizeoftheatoms.Thisforceincreasesaswemove
acrosstheperiodandsotheatomsgenerallybecomesmaller.

2.Aswemovedownachemicalfamily,thenumberofenergylevelspresentincreasesinatoms.Even
thoughthenuclearchargealsoincreases,theincreasingenergylevelsarethepredominatingfactor
determiningatomicsize.Asaresult,theattractiveforcefeltbythevalenceelectronsdecreasesandthe
atomicsizeincreases.

3.Effectiveshieldingismostprevalentmovingdownachemicalfamilyratherthanacrossachemical
period.Theevidenceofthisisthatthesizesofatomsincreaseaswemovedownachemicalfamilyand
decreaseaswemovelefttorightacrossachemicalperiod.

Chapter6Answers


PracticeProblemsTrendsinIonizationEnergy(p.305)

1.Theelementsrankedinorderofdecreasingionizationenergyare:
argon>sulphur>silicon>aluminum>magnesium>sodium>rubidium>cesium

2.MembersofthischemicalfamilyhavethehighestIE1intheirperiod.__18__
MembersofthischemicalfamilyhavethelowestIE1intheirperiod.__1___
MembersofthischemicalperiodhavethehighestIE1intheirfamily.Theuppermostperiodinthat
family
MembersofthischemicalperiodhavethelowestIE1intheirfamily.__7___
3.If2selectronsspendmoreoftheirtimenearerthenucleusthan2pelectrons,then2selectronsare
capableofpartiallyshielding2pelectronsfromthenuclearcharge.Thisshouldmakeiteasiertoremove
boronssingle2pelectron,whichexplainsboronslowerfirstionizationenergy.
6.2Activity(p.308)

Procedure
1.

AtomicSize
IonizationEnergy
Electronegativity

MovingAcrossaPeriod

MovingUpaChemicalFamily

decreases
increases
increases

decreases
increases
increases

6.2ReviewQuestions(p.309)
1.Theregularandpredictablechangesinelementalpropertiesaswemoveacrossaperiodordowna
chemicalfamilyintheperiodictableareknownasperiodictrends.
2.Thequantummechanicalmodeltellsusthattheouterboundariesofanatomarenothardand
definite,butratheraretheedgesofchargecloudsenclosingtheregionsofhighestprobabilityoffinding
anatomsouterelectrons.
3.Ionizationenergyandelectronegativitybothincreaseaswemovelefttorightacrossaperiodand
moveupachemicalfamilyintheperiodictable.
4.Aswemoveinanydirectionhorizontallyacrossaperiodorverticallyinachemicalfamily,thetrendin
atomicsizeisgenerallyoppositetothetrendsseeninionizationenergyandelectronegativity.
5.Thevalenceelectronsofbothlithiumandfluorineareinthesecondenergylevelandasaresult,those
valenceelectronsexperienceasimilaramountofelectronshielding.Becausefluorinesnucleushassix
moreprotons,theeffectivenuclearcharge(Zeff)seenbyfluorinesvalenceelectronsismuchgreater

Chapter6Answers

thanthatexperiencedbylithiumssinglevalenceelectron.Asaresult,fluorineatomsaresmallerthan
lithiumatoms.
6.Thelargestatomsarelocatedinthelowerleftregionoftheperiodictableandthesmallestatomsare
locatedintheupperrightregionoftheperiodictable.
7.(a)Acationwillalwaysbesmallerthanitsparentneutralatombecauseofincreasedattractionofthe
outerelectronsforthenucleusanddecreasedrepulsionoftheelectronsforeachother.
(b)Ananionwillalwaysbelargerthanitsparentneutralatombecauseofdecreasedattractionofthe
outerelectronsforthenucleusandincreasedrepulsionoftheelectronsforeachother.
8.Innerorcoreelectronsareeffectiveatshieldingtheouterelectronsfromtheattractiveforceofthe
nucleusandexertingarepulsiveforceonthoseouterclouds.Astheextentofthatshieldingincreases,
(whichoccurswhendescendingachemicalfamily),theatomicsizesincreaseandtheionizationenergies
decrease.
9.
WhereonthePeriodicTableElementsShow:
LargestAtomicRadii
SmallestAtomicRadii
LowestIonizationEnergy
HighestIonizationEnergy
LowestElectronegativity
HighestElectronegativity

lowerleft
upperright
lowerleft
upperright
lowerleft
upperright

10.Lithiumselectronconfigurationis1s22s1.Lithiumssinglevalenceelectronisshieldedfromthe
nuclearchargebytheinnerorcore1s2electrons.Itisthereforerelativelyeasytoremovethatouter
electronandsoweseethatthefirstionizationenergyislow.Afterthatelectronisremovedhowever,
thenextelectronremovedisaninnercoreelectron,whichisnotshieldedatallfromthenuclearcharge.
Asaresult,lithiumssecondionizationenergyisapproximately14timesgreaterthanthefirstionization
energy!
11.Whensuchreactionsoccur,elementswithlowionizationenergiesandlowelectronegativitieswill
tendtolosevalenceelectronstoelementswhoseionizationenergiesandelectronegativitiesarehigh.
12.Whensuchreactionsoccur,elementswithhighionizationenergiesandhighelectronegativitieswill
tendtogainvalenceelectronsfromelementswhoseionizationenergiesandelectronegativitiesarelow.
(Theresultsofthereactionsdescribedinquestions11and12willbetheformationofcationsbyatoms
losingvalenceelectronsandtheformationofanionsbyatomsgainingvalenceelectrons.)

Chapter6Answers

13.Whentwononmetalatoms,eachwithrelativelyhighionizationenergiesandelectronegativities
react,asbothattracttheirvalenceelectronsstronglyandneitherhaveatendencytolosethem,theyare
likelytoformbondsbysharingvalenceelectronsratherthanbytransferringthem.

14.Electronconfigurationfornickel:[Ar]3d84s2
Electronconfigurationforzinc:[Ar]3d104s2
Noticethatwhentheelectronconfigurationsarewritteninorderofincreasingsublevelsize,ratherthan
increasingenergy,weseethatzinchasafilled3dsublevelwith2moreelectronsintheinner3dcloud
thannickel.These2additionalelectronsincreasetheeffectiveshieldingofzincs2outerelectronsand
thusreducetheattractiveforcetheyfeelfromthenucleus.Asaresult,zincatomsarelargerthannickel
atoms.

6.3DescribingChemicalBonding

WarmUp(p.311)
1.Anatomsoutermostelectronsthattakepartinchemicalbondingareknownasvalenceelectrons.
2.Electronegativityisdefinedastherelativeabilityofabondedatomtoattractsharedelectronsto
itself.
3.(a)Elementsthattendtoloseouterelectronsmosteasilyduringchemicalchangesarelocatedinthe
lowerleftregionoftheperiodicwhere.
(b)Elementsthattendtogainouterelectronsmosteasilyduringchemicalchangesarelocatedinthe
upperrightregionoftheperiodictable.
QuickCheck(p.314)
1.Whenmetalatomsreactwithnonmetalatoms,metalatomstendtoloseoneormorevalence
electronstononmetalatomsformingmetalcationsandnonmetalanions.
2.Threetypesofchemicalbondsbasedonthedifferentelementsinvolved:
AtomsInvolvedinChemicalBond
metalbondedtononmetal
nonmetalbondedtononmetal
metalbondedtometal

TypeofChemicalBond
ionicbond
covalentbond
metallicbond

3.Ionicbondformationistypicallyassociatedwithmetalsfromgroups1and2reactingwithnonmetals
fromgroups16and17oftheperiodictable.

Chapter6Answers

PracticeProblemsIonicCompounds(p.315)
1.(a)BaBr2(b)BeO(c)Sr3N2(d)MgCl2(e)FrF

2.
(a)RbF
AsEN=3.2bondisionic

(b)RaCl2
AsEN=2.1bondisionic

(c)KBr
AsEN=2.0bondisionic
(d)Na2O
AsEN=2.6bondisionic

3.(a)Na3NEN=2.1
(b)SrBr2EN=1.8
(c)LiClEN=2.0
(d)CsFEN=3.3
(e)Rb2OEN=2.7
Compoundsinorderofincreasingionicbondcharacter:SrBr2<LiCl<Na3N<Rb2O<CsF
PracticeProblemsComparingTypesofChemicalBonds,p.319
1.(a)Acompoundwithanionicbond:NaCl(EN=2.1)
(b)Acompoundwithapolarcovalentbond:AlN(EN=1.5)
(c)AcompoundwithanonpolarcovalentbondNCl3(EN=0)
2.(a)H2OEN=1.4
(b)PCl3EN=0.9
(c)CI4EN=0
(d)SiO2EN=1.7
(e)AlNEN=1.5
Compoundsinorderofmostequaltomostunequalelectronsharing:CI4PCl3H2OAlNSiO2
3.
ElementsPresent
CandS
BandCl
AlandO
NandI
CaandF

Formula

ENValue

CS2
BCl3
Al2O3
NI3
CaF2

0
1.0
2.0
0.5
3.0

NatureofBonds

covalent
polarcovalent
ionic
polarcovalent
ionic

AtomPossessingGreater
ElectronDensity
neither
chlorine
oxygen
nitrogen
fluorine

6.3Activity(p.321)
ResultsandDiscussion
1.Somemetalnonmetalcombinationsresultinpolarcovalentbonds.
Examplesinclude:
AlCl3(EN=1.5)
GaBr3(EN=1.4)

Chapter6Answers

Someotherexamplesare:
BeBr2(EN=1.3)
MgS(EN=1.3)
Ca3P2(EN=1.1)

6.3ReviewQuestions(p.322)
1.(a)Theenergyassociatedwiththebondedatomsmustbelessthanwhentheatomsareapart.
(b)Thistellsusthattheattractiveforcesexistingbetweenthebondedatomsexceedtherepulsive
forces.
2.Anioniccrystallatticeisthethreedimensionalsymmetricalarrangementofcationsandanionsina
solidioniccrystal.Thevastnumberofinterionicforcespresentinsuchacrystalmustbeovercometo
meltanioniccompoundandthisexplainsthehighmeltingpointsofsuchcompounds.
3.Acrystallatticeshowsusthatnoneutralindependentmoleculesexistinioniccompounds.The
formulasthatwewritesimplyrepresentthesmallestwholenumberratiosofcationstoanionsthatexist
inioniccompounds.
4.(a)TheattractiveforcesassociatedwithIonicbondsaretheelectrostaticforcesbetweenpositively
chargedcationsandnegativelychargedanions.
(b)Theattractiveforcesassociatedwithcovalentbondsaretheelectrostaticforcesbetween
negativelychargedelectronsandadjacentpositivelychargednuclei.
5.(a)Similaritiesbetweenionicandcovalentbondsinclude:
Bothinvolvevalenceelectronclouds.
Bothinvolveelectrostaticattractionsbetweenoppositelychargedspecies.
Theformationofbothbondsbeginswiththevalenceelectronsoftwoatomsexperiencingthe
attractiveforceofadjacentpositivenuclei.
Ionicandcovalentbondscanbothbestrong

(b)Differencesbetweenionicandcovalentbondsinclude:
Ionicbondsinvolvethetransferofvalenceelectronsformingionswhereascovalentbondsinvolvethe
sharingofvalenceelectronswithnoionformation.
Ionicbondsformonlybetweenmetalsandnonmetalswhereascovalentbondsusually(butnot
always)formbetweentwononmetals.
Ionicbondingdoesnotresultinmoleculeformationwhereascovalentbondingusuallydoes.
Theattractiveforcesassociatedwithcovalentbondsaretheelectrostaticforcesbetweennegatively
chargedelectronsandadjacentpositivelychargednuclei.
TheattractiveforcesassociatedwithIonicbondsaretheelectrostaticforcesbetweenpositively
chargedcationsandnegativelychargedanions.

Chapter6Answers

10

6.
Elements
(a)rubidiumandoxygen
(b)strontiumandbromine
(c)carbonandsulphur
(d)siliconandchlorine

CompoundFormula

ENValue

NatureofBondsPresent

Rb2O
SrBr2
CS2
SiCl4

2.7
1.8
0
1.2

ionic
ionic
covalent
polarcovalent

7.ENforMgS=1.3
ENforH2O=1.4
Weseethatthebondsinwateractuallypossessslightlymoreioniccharacterthanthoseinmagnesium
sulphideeventhoughtheformercompoundcontainstwononmetalsandthelattercompoundcontains
ametalandanonmetal.
8.Theformulaforglucoseandothermolecularcompoundsdoesnotrepresentaratioasdoionic
formulas.Rather,theyrepresenttheactualnumberofatomsofeachelementexistinginanindividual
moleculeofthecompound.
9.Themeltingofmolecularcovalentcompoundsdoesnotinvolvethebreakingofcovalentchemical
bondswithinthemolecules,butratherovercomingtherelativelyweakattractiveforcesbetweenthose
moleculesinthesolidphase.
10.Diamondisatypeofcovalentsubstanceisknownasanetworkcovalentsolid.Ratherthanconsisting
ofindividualmoleculesasmolecularcovalentcompoundsdo,thesesubstancesareheldtogetherby
covalentbondsthatextendthroughouttheentiresample.Thismeansthatthemoleculeisliterallyas
bigasthesampleitself.Tomeltsuchasubstance,allofthecovalentbondswithinthisgiantmolecule
mustbebrokenandthisaccountsfortheveryhighmeltingpoint.
11.ThebondinHClisapolarcovalentbond(EN=0.9)whereasthebondinN2mustbepurecovalent
(EN=0).ThismeansthatelectrondensityintheHClmoleculeisconcentratedonthechlorinesideof
themoleculemakingthatendofthemoleculesomewhatnegativeandthehydrogenendofthe
moleculesomewhatpositive.Wemightexpecttherefore,thatHClmoleculeswouldattracteachother
morestronglythanN2moleculeswheretheelectrondensityisevenlydistributedthroughoutthe
molecule.(ThemeltingpointofHClis114.2CandthemeltingpointofN2is210C.)

Chapter6Answers

11

6.4 Lewis Structure Diagrams

(p. 324)

(p. 326)

Practice Problems -- Building Lewis Structures (p. 324)

Chapter 6 Answers

12

(p. 330)

Practice Problems -- Drawing Lewis Structures for Molecules (p. 331)

Chapter 6 Answers

13

Practice Problems -- Lewis Structures Containing Multiple Bonds and Expanded Octets (p. 335)

6.4 Activity answers are on page 17

6.4 Review Questions (p. 339)

Chapter 6 Answers

14

Chapter6Answers

15

Chapter 6 Answers

16

6.4Activity(p.337)

Procedure
1.
1.Chemical
Formula
NCl3
H2O
CO2
NH4+
XeF4
CO32

2.NumberofAtoms
BondedtoCentralAtom
3
2
2
4
4
3

3.NumberofLonePairs
onCentralAtom
1
2
0
0
2
0

4.SumofColumns2
and3
3+1=4
4
2
4
6
3

4.

NCl3H2O

NH4+

Chapter 6 Answers

XeF4

CO2

CO32

17

6.5TheShapeandBehaviourofMolecules(Extension)

WarmUp(p.341)
1.Anelementselectronegativitytellsushowwellitattractsapairofbondedelectronstoitselfina
chemicalbond.

2.Apolarcovalentbondisabondinwhichelectronpairsareunequallysharedbetweentwodifferent
atoms.Theatomhavingthehigherelectronegativitypullsthebondedelectronsclosertoitselfandaway
fromtheadjacentatomresultinginapartialpositivechargeontheatomwiththelower
electronegativityandapartialnegativechargeontheatomwiththehigherelectronegativity.

3.Substancescomposedofpolarmoleculeswouldbeexpectedtohavehighermeltingandboiling
pointsbecausethenegativeendsofthepolarmoleculeswillbeattractedtothepositiveendsof
neighbouringpolarmolecules.

QuickCheck(p.346)
1.Anygroupofvalenceelectronsassociatedwithacentralatom(suchasalonepair,bondingpair,or
multiplepairsinvolvedinadoubleortriplebond)willtendtoorientthemselvesinthreedimensional
spacearoundthatatomsoastominimizetherepulsionbetweenthem.
2.BPBP<BPLP<LPLP
leastintensemostintense
3.Inmethane(CH4)alloftheelectronpairinteractionsareBPBPbecausemethaneisanAX4molecule.
Asthesearetheleastintense,theHCHbondanglesarethoseofaregulartetrahedron(109.5).
Ammonia(NH3)isanAX3Emoleculeandthelonepaironthecentralnitrogenexertsmoreofarepulsive
forceontheNHbondingelectronpairsthanabondingpairofelectronswouldandsotheHNHbond
anglesaresmallerat107becauseofthatLPBPinteraction.WaterisanAX2E2moleculeandthetwo
lonepairsonthecentraloxygenexertmorerepulsiveforcesontheOHbondingelectronsthanasingle
lonepairwould.Inwater,LPLPaswellasLPBPinteractionsexists.Asaresult,theHOHbondangleis
evensmallerat104.5.

Chapter6Answers

18

PracticeProblems(p.348)
1.
LewisStructure
(a)

AXmEnNotation

AX5

MolecularShape(NameandDiagram)

trigonalbipyramidal

(b)

AX4E2

squareplanar

2.
Chemical
Formula
(a)

CCl4

LewisStructure

AXmEn
Notation

AX4

tetrahedral

(b)

PF3

AX3E

Chapter6Answers

MolecularShape
(NameandDiagram)

trigonalpyramidal

19

(c)

AX2E2

SCl2

bentorangular

PracticeProblems(p.353)
1.
SymmetricMolecules
AXmEnNotation
ShapeofMolecule
AX2
linear

AsymmetricMolecules
AXmEnNotation
ShapeofMolecule
AX2E
bentorangular

AX3

trigonalplanar

AX2E2

bentorangular

AX4

tetrahedral

AX3E

trigonalpyramidal

AX5

trigonalbipyramidal

AX4E

seesaw

AX6

octahedral

AX3E2

tshaped

AX2E3

linear

AX5E

squarepyramidal

AX4E2

squareplanar

2.
LewisStructure
(a)

AXmEn
Notation

AX3

MolecularShape
(NameandDiagram)

PolarMolecule?
(Yes/No)

Yes

trigonalplanar

(b)

AX3E

Chapter6Answers

Yes

trigonalpyramidal

20

(c)

AX5

trigonalbipyramidal

6.5Activity(p.359)

Procedure
3.
AXmEnNotation
SampleMolecule

No

NameofShape

PolarMolecule?Yes/No

AX2

CO2

linear

no

AX3

BF3

trigonalplanar

no

AX2E

SO2

bentorangular

yes

AX4

CH4

tetrahedral

no

AX3E

NH3

trigonalpyramidal

yes

AX2E2

H2O

bentorangular

yes

AX5

PCl5

trigonalbipyramidal

no

AX4E

SF4

seesaw

yes

AX3E2

BrF3

tshaped

yes

AX2E3

XeF2

linear

no

AX6

SF6

octahedral

no

AX5E

BrF5

squarepyramidal

yes

AX4E2

XeF4

squareplanar

no

4.AsXeF4isasymmetricsquareplanarmolecule,anybonddipolesthatmightexistwouldcancelout.
ThismeansthattheelectronegativitiesoftheelementsinthemoleculeandalsothecorrespondingEN
valuesareirrelevantwhenassessingthemolecularpolarity.

Chapter6Answers

21

6.5ReviewQuestions(p.360)
1.(a)Thelettersstandfor:ValenceShellElectronPairRepulsion.
(b)VSEPRtheoryallowsustousetwodimensionalLewisdiagramsformoleculestoquiteaccurately
predictthethreedimensionalshapesofthosemolecules.

2.Aslonepairelectronsareattractedtoonlyoneatomicnucleus,theyareheldlesstightlythan
bondingelectrongroups.Theirelectroncloudsthereforeoccupymorespaceandexertmorerepulsive
forceonbondingelectrongroupsthanthosegroupsexertoneachother.

3.BothBF3andCH2OhavethesameshapebecausebothofthemareAX3molecules.Eventhoughthe
peripheralatomsineachmoleculepossessdifferentnumbersofnonbondingelectronsandoneofthe
AXbondsonCH2Oisadoublebond,theshapesareidentical.

4.
AXmEnNotation

MolecularShape

AXmEnNotation

MolecularShape

AX3

angular

AX4E

Tshaped

AX2E3

trigonalbipyramidal

AX2E

octahedral

AX4

trigonalpyramidal

AX3E2

squarepyramidal

AX3E

trigonalplanar

AX6

squareplanar

AX2E2

tetrahedral

AX5E

angular

AX5

linear

AX4E2

seesaw

5.(a)TheXAXbondanglesinammoniawillbesmallerthaninmethane(107vs.109.5)because
ammoniaisanAX3EmoleculeandmethaneisanAX4molecule.Thelonepaironthecentralnitrogenin
ammoniaoccupiesmorespacethanthebondedpairsonthecentralcarboninmethaneandwill
thereforeforcethebondedelectronpairsinammoniaclosertogether.
(b)MethaneisasymmetricalAX4moleculeandisnonpolar.Theintermolecularforcesactingare
thereforeweakLondondispersionforces.AmmoniaisanasymmetricalAX3Epolarmoleculethat
exhibitsmuchstrongerhydrogenbonding.

6.
AXmEnCategory
AX2
AX3
AX4
AX5
AX2E3
AX6
AX4E2
XAXBondAngle
180
120 109.5 120 180
180
90
90

Chapter6Answers

22

7.ThemoleculesofeachcompoundareasymmetricAX3Emolecules.IfweconsidertheENvaluesas
wemoveupthefamilyfrombottomtotop,weseethefollowing:

Compound
SbH3
AsH3
PH3
NH3
ENValue
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.9

Eventhoughasymmetryexistsineachofthemolecules,becausetheENvaluesforthefirstthree
compoundsaresosmall,allofthebondsinthosemoleculesarenonpolarandsothemolecules
themselvesarenonpolar.Asaresult,theintermolecularforcesactingbetweenthemareweakLondon
dispersionforces.However,thebondsinammoniaarequitepolarandsothemoleculeitselfisalso
polar.Asnitrogenisbondedtohydrogeninapolarmolecule,hydrogenbondsexistbetweenthe
ammoniamolecules.Wewouldthereforeexpectammoniatohavethehighestboilingpoint.

8.BecausehydrogenbondsexistbetweenammoniamoleculesbutonlyLondondispersionforcesexist
betweenmoleculesofnitrogenandhydrogen,theammoniahasahigherboilingpointandthusliquefies
(condenses)atahighertemperaturethannitrogenandhydrogen,whichremaininthegaseousphase
uponcooling.

9.Asaresultofhydrogenbonding,waterremainsliquiduntil100C.Thisisveryimportantgiventhefact
thatmostofourEarthandmostofourbodiesarecomposedofandrequireliquidwatertosurvive.The
threedimensionalstructureofproteinsandthebasepairinginthedoublehelixofDNAmolecules
dependonhydrogenbonds.Hydrogenbondformationinicemakesitlessdensethanliquidwater,
whichiscrucialtoaquaticlifewhenbodiesofwaterfreeze.

10.I2isarelativelylargeandmassivediatomicmoleculeandthestrengthofLondondispersionforces
increaseasthesizeofthemoleculesinvolvedincreases.Thisisbecauselargeelectroncloudsaremore
looselyheldthansmallercloudsandthusmoreeasilydeformedorpolarizedbyanearbydipolethan
compacttightlyheldclouds.Inaddition,largemoleculeswithmoresurfaceareahaveelectronclouds
thatarespreadoutandsoaremoreeasilydistortedbyneighboringdipoles.Asaresult,thedispersion
forcesarestrongenoughtokeepthemoleculesofI2attachedtoeachotherevenatroomtemperature.

11.Althoughtheionicbondsholdingacrystallatticetogetherarestrong,whenthesurfaceofthat
latticeisincontactwithwater,eachiononthatsurfacewillattracttheoppositelychargedendofpolar
watermoleculesnearthem.Thatattractionbetweenanionandapolarmoleculeiscalledaniondipole
force.Theseattractiveforcessoonovercomethoseexistingbetweentheionsthemselvesandsothe
crystalstructurebeginstobreakdownandtheioniccompounddissolves.Astheionsmoveawayfrom
thelatticesurface,theyimmediatelybecomesurroundedorenclosedinwhatchemistscallahydration
shell.Iondipoleforcesaretheprimaryforceresponsibleforthesolubilityofioniccompoundsinwater.

Chapter6Answers

23


12.
LewisStructure

(a)

AXmEn
Notation

TypeofIntermolecular
ForceActingBetween
Molecules

AX4

dipoledipole

ShapeofMolecule
(NameandDiagram)

dichloromethane

tetrahedral

(b)

AX3

dipoledipole

trigonalplanar

phosgene(agasusedin
thetrenchesinWWI)
(c)

AX6

Londondispersion

sulphurhexafluoride

octahedral

(d)

AX5E

dipoledipole

iodinepentafluoride

squarepyramidal

Chapter6Answers

24