Sacve2015 PS3

SUSTAINABILITY OF CONSTRUCTIONS
2015/2016
PART C Thermal Behaviour and

Energy Efficiency in Buildings
1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Paulo Santos
2015/12/05
Paulo Santos |
PART C Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency in Buildings
1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS

A) Introductory notes (Increase of global energy demand, global primary energy consumption, the
potential of renewable energies, etc.);
B) Energy consumption share in buildings (Hot Water, Heating, Cooling, Illumination, Appliances).
2. TOOLS FOR PREDICTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS
A) EN ISO 13790 approach: contents overview and worked example;
B) Advanced dynamic approach: DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus software.
3. BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION - KEY FACTORS

A) Climate (air Temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, ground
temperature, daylight hours);
B) Building envelope (building shape coefficient, building orientation/exposition, opaque elements (walls,
roof, etc), thermal insulation, thermal bridges, air tightness, windows, glass types, frame types,
shading devices, overhangs);
C) Building services (appliances, illumination, natural daylight, efficient lamps, heating, air-conditioning,
ventilation, hot water, heat recover);
D) Human factors (schedule, utilization, internal gains).
www.dec.uc.pt\~pfasantos\SACVE2015-PS3.pdf
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF STEEL BUILDINGS
A) High thermal inertia vs. low thermal inertia;
B) Passive house characteristics;
C) Measures to improve the thermal behaviour of steel buildings.
Paulo Santos |
Paulo Santos |
Post Carbon Institute (www.postcarbon.org)

Video download link:
www.dec.uc.pt\~pfasantos\Video-FossilFuels.wmv
http://www.freepik.com/
Investor Opportunities in the Geothermal World

eBoom Capital Special Report
Paulo Santos |
CO2 emissions & global warming: last 400 000 years
http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2007/06/29/human_cause-3/
Paulo Santos |
CO2 emissions & global warming: last 1 000 years
http://blogs.edf.org/climate411/2007/06/29/human_cause-3/
http://jcwinnie.biz/wordpress/?p=2524
Paulo Santos |
CO2 emissions & global warming: last 130 years
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)
Paulo Santos |
CO2 emissions per capita in the world
Buildings_and_climate_change UNEP.pdf
Paulo Santos |
Paulo Santos |
10
Global warming: measurements & predictions
http://paulmacrae.com/links/?p=128
2013 among TOP TEN WARMEST on record since modern records

began in 1850.
10
Paulo Santos |
11
Global warming CONSEQUENCES?!

Polar ice melting
Paulo Santos |
Polar ice meltdown: average arctic sea ice extent on September
See animation:
NSIDC-ArtictSeaIceExtend.wmv
2007
http://nsidc.org/
12
Paulo Santos |
13
Polar ice meltdown: average arctic sea ice extent on September
http://nsidc.org/
13
Paulo Santos |
Polar Ice meltdown

September 2007
Consequences?!
http://save-environment.com/general-environment/ice-melting-is-not-enviromentally-friendly
http://nsidc.org/
14
Paulo Santos |
15

Polar ice melting
Extreme climate events
Some recent examples
Paulo Santos |
16
Natural extreme events

2005/08/28 Katrina hurricane
http://web.mit.edu/12.000/www/m2010/images/katrina-08-28-2005.jpg
Paulo Santos |
17
The worst storm of ever(!):

Wind gust higher 300 km/h;
Thousands of deaths.
2013/11/09 Philippines
Super Typhoon Haiyan
http://news.nationalgeographic.com
17
www.earthweek.com
FloodDisasterinQueensland,Australia
January2011
www.thestar.com
www.weather.com
www.msnbc.msn.com
Brasil
January2011
Morethan500peoplearenow
knowntohavediedinfloodsin
southeasternBrazil,thecountry's
worstnaturaldisasterforseveral
decades.
BBCNews
http://fotos.sapo.pt
Viseu,Portugal
Australia
Paulo Santos |
20
http://news.bbc.co.uk
http://news.nationalgeographic.com
LosAngeles,USA
www.dailymail.co.uk
http://extras.mnginteractive.com
Greece
Paulo Santos |
21
UNISDR 2015 report:

The Human Cost of Weather Related Disasters
Over the last 20 years, 90% of major disasters have been caused by 6,457
recorded floods, storms, heatwaves, droughts and other weather-related
events.
The five countries hit by the highest number of disasters are the United
States (472), China (441), India (288), Philippines (274), and Indonesia, (163).
606,000 lives have been lost and 4.1 billion people have been injured, left
homeless or in need of emergency assistance as a result of weather-related
disasters.
The report also highlights data gaps, noting that economic losses from weatherrelated disasters are much higher than the recorded figure of US$1.891 trillion,
which accounts for 71% of all losses attributed to natural hazards over the
http://www.unisdr.org/archive/46793
twenty-year period.
Paulo Santos |
22

Polar ice melting
Need for Action
Paulo Santos |
23
http://www.ncwarn.org/
Paulo Santos |
24

Polar ice melting
Need for Action

However, there are other issues
besides the environmental ones
Paulo Santos |
25
Development of world population and global primary energy consumption
IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency
Paulo Santos |
The World's Oil Reserves Distribution
http://www.solarnavigator.net/hydrogen_world_navigation.htm
26
Paulo Santos |
27
Fossil fuel reserves:

Coal (160 years);
Natural Gas (70-80 years);
Oil (>40 years).
Oil extraction cost:
Middle-east (3-4 $/barrel);
Deep waters (14-15 $/barrel);
Oil sands (40-50 $/barrel).
Out of fossil fuel

and
more difficult/expensive to obtain
eBoom Capital Special Report:

U.S. Biofuels On Track for Failure
Paulo Santos |

WTI - West Texas Intermediate is a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in
oil pricing and is the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange's
oil futures contracts.
Source: Scotiabanks Commodity Price Index
28
Paulo Santos |
29
MOTIVATION overview
Why energy efficiency ???
Climate Changes
Global warming
Polar ice melting
Oceans level rise
CO2 production
(GHG emisssions) Extreme climate events
Non-renewable energy
(burning fossil fuels)
SUSTAINABLE ???
ENVIRONMENTAL
ECONOMIC
SOCIAL
Petroleum/energy
prices
Solution ???
Green renewable energies

Decrease in energy demands
Paulo Santos |
BUILDINGS THERMAL BEHAVIOR
HIGHER ENERGY
EFFICIENCY
30
Why buildings???
Why thermal behaviour???
The building sector accounts for 30 - 50% of all energy consumption*

In Europe, buildings account for 36% of all energy use
(around 48% in some other countries)
Residential buildings account for 27.5%
Residential
* UNEP 2007. Buildings and climate change Status, challenges and

opportunities. United Nations Environmental Programme.
Paulo Santos |
31
Global strategies for sustainable development

Energy efficiency
and
cogeneration*
GHG emissions
No mitigation
measures
Increase of RES
Renewable
Energy Sources
CO2 capture
*Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP)
Enormous
1800 x GPEC
200 x GPEC
Paulo Santos |
32
Paulo Santos |
33
Paulo Santos |
34
Renewable Electricity Generation Worldwide

by Technology (20002009)
(excluding hydropower)
NREL-2009 Renewable Energy Data Book.pdf
Paulo Santos |
35
Renewable Electricity Capacity

Worldwide (including hydropower)
CSP Concentrating Solar Power
Paulo Santos |
36
Example of a Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant
http://www.ourbreathingplanet.com
36
Paulo Santos |
37
Renewable Electricity Generating Capacity

Worldwide (excluding hydropower)
Paulo Santos |
Top Countries with Installed Renewable Electricity
38
Paulo Santos |
39
Top Countries with Installed Renewable Electricity by Technology (2009)
Paulo Santos |
http://www.energyboom.com
Renewable energies alternatives and Costs
eBoom Capital Special Report:

U.S. Biofuels On Track for Failure
40
Paulo Santos |
41
Decline in Renewable Energy Costs
NREL-cost_curves_2002.ppt
Paulo Santos |
Levelized Cost of Energy of Renewable

Electricity by Technology in USA (2009)
CSP Concentrating Solar Power
42
Paulo Santos |
43
Solar and Nuclear Costs The Historic Crossover

Solar Energy is Now the Better Buy!...
However, solar
energy potential
varies worldwide
Chernobyl disaster, 1986
NC WARN: Waste Awareness & Reduction Network

NC North Carolina (USA)
Fukushima disaster, 2011
Paulo Santos |
Solar energy potential (world)
http://robertrapier.wordpress.com/
44
Paulo Santos |
45
Solar energy potential (Europe)
Higher potential on
Mediterranean countries
FinalReport_SolarCombiPlus.pdf
Paulo Santos |
1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS

A) Introductory notes (Increase of global energy demand, global primary energy consumption, the
potential of renewable energies, etc.);
B) Energy consumption share in buildings (Hot Water, Heating, Cooling, Illumination, Appliances).
2. TOOLS FOR PREDICTION OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN BUILDINGS
A) EN ISO 13790 approach: contents overview and worked example;
B) Advanced dynamic approach: DesignBuilder/EnergyPlus software.
3. BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION - KEY FACTORS

A) Climate (air Temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, ground
temperature, daylight hours);
B) Building envelope (building shape coefficient, building orientation/exposition, opaque elements (walls,
roof, etc), thermal insulation, thermal bridges, air tightness, windows, glass types, frame types,
shading devices, overhangs);
C) Building services (appliances, illumination, natural daylight, efficient lamps, heating, air-conditioning,
ventilation, hot water, heat recover);
D) Human factors (schedule, utilization, internal gains).
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF STEEL BUILDINGS

A) High thermal inertia vs. low thermal inertia;
B) Passive house characteristics;
C) Measures to improve the thermal behaviour of steel buildings.
46
Paulo Santos |
47
1. Energy consumption of buildings | B) Energy consumption share in buildings
The main energy consumption within buildings are due to:

- Heating;
- Cooling;
- Domestic Hot Water production;
- Lighting;
- other electric appliances.
Generic share values for Portugal
However, the energy consumption share in buildings depended on many

parameters. Some of them are:
- Type of use (e.g. residential, non-residential,)
- Climate (e.g. temperature, solar radiation,)
- building design (e.g. glazing area and exposition, thermal insulation,)
Paulo Santos |
48
Building use/type survey:
by use
by type
UNEP-SBCI_2009-2010 Report.pdf
Paulo Santos |
49
Energy use in buildings (importance of building use/type):
UNEP-SBCI_2009-2010 Report.pdf
Paulo Santos |
Shares of different energy end-use purposes for residential and

commercial buildings in some countries:
50
Paulo Santos |
51
Shares of different energy end-use purposes (importance of CLIMATE):
Paulo Santos |
52
Comparison of energy ratings of homes (importance of building design_1):
Paulo Santos |
53
Comparison of energy ratings

of homes (importance of
building design_2):
Contributions to
energy savings
Paulo Santos |
Comparison of energy ratings

of homes (importance of
building design_3):
Lighting
versus
Cooling
ENERGY
New glazing technologies
54
Paulo Santos |
55
The energy consumption share in buildings depended on many

parameters.
Buildings have an huge potential for GHG mitigation
Paulo Santos |
Buildings have an huge potential for GHG mitigation.
Great CO2 mitigation potential
UNEP-SBCI Report 2009.pdf
56
Paulo Santos |
57

parameters.
Besides, the EMERGENT COUNTRIES will have a tremendous impact on

GHG emissions if preventive measures are not implemented
Paulo Santos |
UNEP-SBCI Report 2009.pdf
58
Paulo Santos |
59

parameters.
Besides, the emergent countries will have a tremendous impact on GHG
emissions if preventive measures are not implemented.
Building standards and energy labels...
Paulo Santos |
Building analogy with equipments
60
Paulo Santos |
61
Status of building standards
Paulo Santos |
Net-zero energy use buildings!
62
Paulo Santos |
63
Net-zero energy use buildings!
Similar measures are

being prepared in EU
Paulo Santos |

parameters.
Besides, the emergent countries will have a tremendous impact on GHG
emissions if preventive measures are not implemented.
Building standards and energy labels.
Increase of renewable energy share use in buildings.
Higher energy efficiency in buildings
(maintaining the level of comfort)
How?!
- passive measures;
- active measures...
It is not an easy task!
64
Paulo Santos |
65

Energy saving Measures
by global Regions
Coldest
Hottest
CLIMATIC ZONES
Paulo Santos |

Energy saving Measures
by global Regions (cont.)
66

Sacve2015 PS3

Cargado por

Información del documento

Título original

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Sacve2015 PS3

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

SUSTAINABILITY OF CONSTRUCTIONS

PART C Thermal Behaviour and

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

PART C Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency in Buildings

1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF BUILDINGS

3. BUILDINGS ENERGY CONSUMPTION - KEY FACTORS

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Post Carbon Institute (www.postcarbon.org)

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Investor Opportunities in the Geothermal World

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

CO2 emissions & global warming: last 400 000 years

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

CO2 emissions & global warming: last 1 000 years

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

CO2 emissions & global warming: last 130 years

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (USA)

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

CO2 emissions per capita in the world

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Global warming: measurements & predictions

2013 among TOP TEN WARMEST on record since modern records

PART C Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency in Buildings

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Global warming CONSEQUENCES?!

PART C Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency in Buildings

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Polar ice meltdown: average arctic sea ice extent on September

Polar ice meltdown: average arctic sea ice extent on September

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Polar Ice meltdown

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Global warming CONSEQUENCES?!

Some recent examples

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Natural extreme events

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Natural extreme events

The worst storm of ever(!):

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Natural extreme events

UNISDR 2015 report:

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Global warming CONSEQUENCES?!

Need for Action

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Global warming CONSEQUENCES?!

Need for Action

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

Development of world population and global primary energy consumption

IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

The World's Oil Reserves Distribution

PART C Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency in Buildings

Fossil fuel reserves:

Out of fossil fuel

eBoom Capital Special Report:

1. Energy consumption of buildings | A) Introductory notes

IRENA - International Renewable Energy Agency

Source: Scotiabanks Commodity Price Index

PART C Thermal Behaviour and Energy Efficiency in Buildings