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72. The tensile stress in a bar of 15 in. long and 3 in. wide and 2 in. thick subjected to a tensile
load, acting along the length, of 30000 pounds will be equal to
Stress = Load / Initial cross -sectional area
= 30000 / (3 x 2)
= 5000 psi
155. Calculate the factor of safety if a material has a working stress of 15000 lbs per square inch
and an Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) of 60000 lbs per square inch.
Safety factor = Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) / Allowable design stress
= 60000/ 15000
=4
PIRT
239. When carrying out a tensile test the maximum load to fracture is 3.2 tons and the test piece
is 0 5 inches diameter. What is the tensile strength?
Diameter = D = 0 5 inches
Radius = r = D/2 = 0 5/2 = 0.25 inches
Tensile strength = Load / Initial cross -sectional area = Load / (3.14 x r2)
2
= 3.2 / (3.14 x 0.25 )
275. Calculate the factor of safety given that a material has an Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)
of 16000 psi. An allowable design stress is 4000 psi.
Safety factor = Ultimate Tensile Stress (UTS) / Allowable design stress
= 16000/ 4000
=4
PIRT
177. An excellent radiograph is obtained under given exposure conditions with a tube current of
5 milli-amperes and an exposure time of 14 minutes. If other conditions are not changed, what
exposure time would be required if the X-ray tube current could be raised to 10 milli-amperes?
M1 T1 = M2 T2
5 x 14 = 5 x T2
T2 = 5 x 14 / 10 = 7 minutes
191. Converting old units to SI units, 100 rads = 1 gray (Gy). How- many mGys are there in 1
rad?
1 Gy = 100 Rads
1 Rads = 1/100 Gy = (1/100) x 1000 Gy = 10 mGy
PIRT
192. What thickness of a flat type penetrameter (ASTM) would be used on a 35 mm material
thickness for a 2% sensitivity?
T =S X
where T = thickness of a flat type penetrameter (mm)
X = section thickness to be radiographed (mm)
S = penetrameter sensitivity (%)
T = (2 / 100 ) x 35 = 0.7 mm
205. Now the activity of Ir-192 source is 8 TBq, what will be its approximate activity after 150
days?
A1 = Initial Activity (today) = 8 TBq
206. An unshielded radioactive source gives a dose rate of 1600 mR/h at 1.8 m (6 ft). What
would be the unshielded dosage rate at 7.3 m (24 ft)?
I 1 = 1600 mR/h
I2 = ?
d1 = 6 ft
d2 = 24 ft
I2 = I 1 (d 1 ) 2 / (d2)2
= 1600 (6)2 / (24) 2 = 100 mR/h
207. The tenth-value layer of lead for 250 kVp X-rays is 2.9 mm. What thickness of lead would
be needed to reduce the exposure rate for this energy of radiation by a factor of 1000?
Dose reduction factor = 1000 = 103
Required shielding =3 TVL
= 3 x 2.9 = 8.7 mm
4
PIRT
208. If an exposure time of 2 minutes was necessary using a 0.6 m (2 ft) source-to-film distance
for a particular exposure, what time would be necessary if a 0.3 m (1 ft) source-to-film distance
is used and all other variables remain the same?
t 1 /(d1)2 = t2 / (d 2 ) 2
t2
= t1 (d2)2 / (d 1 ) 2
= 2 x (1)2 / (2) 2 = 0.5 min. = 30 s
209. The use of 3 half-value layers of shielding will reduce the radiation intensity by a factor of:
Dose reduction factor = 2n = 23 = 8
Prepared by:
PRAVEEN INSTITUTE OF RADIATION TECHNOLOGY
(NDT TRAINING DIVISION)
CHENNAI- 600 063
INDIA.
www.pirtchennai.com
Email: pirtndt@yahoo.in
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