CDB 2052

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1

Sept 2015

Experiment
Group
Group Members

Lab Instructor
Date of Experiment

: 5- Flow in Pipes and Fittings

: 13
: Mohd Hafiz bin Mohd Nor

19992

Nurfatien binti Bacho

20005

Tracy Chua Peng Ling

20443

Vegenes A/L Venkatasal Rao

: Muhammad Shuaib
: 8th October 2015

19867

Abstract

Flow in Pipe and Fittings experiment is conducted to help the students to study the
fluid flow in different types of pipes. Understanding of fluid flow is important for

engineering students as in most manufacturing industries, large flow networks are

necessary to achieve continuous transportation of raw materials and products from
one processing unit to another.
In this experiment, students will be able to study the flow of water different types of
pipes and fittings. The few main variables in this experiment include the type of
pipes used, the diameter of the pipes, different flow rate of water, pressure
difference, velocity, Reynolds number, friction factor, and friction loss.
There are two parts in Experiment 5 which are part A and Part D. In part A,
the main objective of the experiment conducted is to the effect of the volumetric
flow rate on the friction factor, pressure drop and Reynoldss number, the effect of
pressure drop on friction loss with different surface roughness and diameters of the
pipe. In part A, pipe 1, pipe 2 and pipe 3 are used to conduct the experiment. Pipe 1
and pipe 2 are smooth-surfaced pipes of different inner diameters, which is 6mm for
pipe 1 and 10 mm for pipe 2. Pipe 3 is an artificially roughened pipe with the inner
diameter of 17mm. Water is passed through the three pipes with different flow
rates. 3 readings of pressure change are taken for every flow rate in each pipe. The
relationship between the pressure drop and friction loss for flow of water through
pipes of different diameter and surface roughness is studied via the principle of
Bernoullis equation. The assumption made for part A is as the inner diameter of the
pipe decreases, the friction factor decreases, thus friction loss is increased. In the
case of the smoothness of the pipe surface, it can be assumed that smooth pipe
surface will have a lower friction factor compared to a rough pipe surface.
For part D of experiment 5, the main objective is to compare the precision of
flow rate measurement using various flow rate measurement devices. In part D,
pipe 16, pipe 17 and pipe 18 is used. Pipe 16 is a pitot static tube, pipe 17 is known
as the Venturi meter while pipe 18 is an Orifice meter. In this part of the experiment,
the pressure loss of a range of different flow rates of water is recorded each for pitot
tube, venture and orifice. From the graph, as the volumetric flowrate increases, the
pressure drop also increases. It is assumed that, as the flow rate becomes greater,
the pressure drop of the venturi meter becomes higher compared to the flow rate of
the orifice and pitot tube. Thus, venturi meter is the most accurate measuring
instrument as compared to orifice and pitot static tube. From this experiment, it is
necessary to relate between the volumetric flow rate and sudden head loss from
these devices in order to measure its accuracy.

Results and Discussion

Experiment A : To study the friction loss in variation of pipe
100000
90000
80000
70000
60000

P (Pa)

50000
40000
Pipe 1

Pipe 2

Pipe 3

30000
20000
10000
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Water flowrate (L/min)

Figure 1: Differential pressure vs Flowrate of water in pipes

From the figure above, as the water flowrate increase, the differential pressure for
each pipe also gradually increases. Pipe 1 has higher pressure drop than pipe 2 due
to the smaller diameter. Pipe 3 is the artificially roughened surface which should be
considered since the other pipes have the smooth surface. Thus, pipe 3 should has
the highest pressure drop among the three pipes if all of them have the same
diameter. However, due to its its large diameter, the pressure drop is low.

Figure 2: Friction factor vs Flowrate of water in pipes

From figure above, the value of the friction factor decreases with the increasing
value of flowrate. The value of friction factor depends on the diameter of the pipe
and surface roughness of the pipe. As the diameter of pipe increase, friction factor
increases because the fluid gets more contact with the inner surface of the pipe
creating more friction between them. This friction factor has a relation with pressure
drop of the pipe. As the value of friction factor decreases, the value of pressure drop
will also increases. Pipe 1 has the highest pressure drop since it is a smooth pipe
and has the smallest diameter between all pipes. While pipe 3 has the lowest
pressure drop because it has the biggest diameter among all three pipe and it is an
artificially roughened pipe. Therefore, the smaller the diameter of the pipe and the
smoother the pipe, the higher the friction factor, the bigger the value of the
pressure drop.

Figure 3: Friction Loss, F vs Flowrate of water in pipes

As we can see from the figure, as the water flowrate increases, the friction loss also
increases. This is proven from the relation stated in the formula below

F=(

4 fL V 2
)( )
D
2

Pipe 1 has the highest friction loss since it has the highest pressure drop (due to its
nature of small diameter ansd smooth pipe). While Pipe 3 has the lowest pressure
drop and friction loss because of its biggest diameter and roughened pipe. Thus,
smaller diameter pipe will lead to bigger pressure drop and higher friction loss.

Figure 4: Reynolds Number vs Flowrate of water in pipes

The graph above show a relation between Reynolds number and water flowrate
which is directly proportional to each other. The higher the water flow rate, the
higher is the Reynolds number. Pipe 3 has the highest Reynolds number.
Theoretically, Reynolds number decreases as the diameter of the pipe increases.
This is because velocity is inversely proportional to the diameter of pipes.
Thus, we have some errors in our experiment as the theoretical result should be a
decreasing Reynolds number from pipe 1, 2 and 3. So the line of pipe 1 should lie
between pipe 2 and 3. Bubbles might still exist in the pipe and that brought to some
errors. Waiting longer for the water to flow in the pipe might produce better result.
For pipe 3, it is artificially made to be rough. In pipes, the rougher it is, the thicker
the layer of non-moving or slow moving liquid near the pipe wall. This reduces the
inside diameter of the pipe, increasing the velocity of the liquid. With the increase in
velocity comes an increase in Reynolds number. That is why pipe 3 has the highest
Reynolds Number if compared to pipe 1 and 2. This relation proves that not only
flow rates and diameters are important in pipes, but the pipes inner roughness,
also influence Reynolds number significantly.

Figure 5: Head Loss vs Flowrate of water in pipes

From the graph, as the water flowrate increases, the head loss also increases. An
energy or pressure difference must exist to cause the liquid to move. A portion of
that energy is lost to the resistance to flow. This resistance to flow is called head
loss due to friction. The rougher the pipe, the thicker the layer of non-moving or the
slow moving liquid near the pipe wall. This will reduces the inner diameter of the
pipe and therefore increasing the velocity of the liquid. Subsequently, the value of
head loss will also increases. Hence, the bigger the pipe, the lower the pressure
drop, and the lower is the head loss.

Figure 6: h measured vs h actual in pipes

As water flow rate increases, the percentage difference between head loss
measured and head loss calculated also increases. However, this does not apply to
pipe 1. For the smooth pipe, the bigger the the diameter of the pipe, the bigger the
percentage difference as the water flowrate increases.
Calculated friction head loss is obtained through equation of friction loss as shown
in the appendices. Whereas the measured friction loss, is obtained when we
conducted the experiment, the data that is read from the Main Switch Board.
Values of the measured head loss should be approximately the same as the
calculated friction head loss. However, due to some errors in the experiment such
as the presence of bubbles in the pipe, values of measured head losses deviate
from the calculated values. What can be seen for the smooth pipes is that the
bigger the diameter of the pipe, the bigger the percentage difference for a constant
value of water flow rate. The lower the Reynolds number in the pipe, the higher is
the percentage difference. Thus, in real applications, theoretical values can only be
used for the small diameter pipes, or pipes with high Reynolds number. The rough
pipe 3 is having the highest percentage difference. This is because the non-constant
inner surface of the pipe cannot be calculated perfectly accurate and precise. The
equations given are only based on assumptions because roughness itself cannot be
measured.

Experiment D: To compare the precision of flow rate measurement using

various flow rate measurement devices that which are orifice, venture
meter and pitot static tube.

1.2
1
0.8

Pressure Dorp, mH2O

0.6

Oriface
Pitot

0.4

Venturi

0.2
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Volumetric Flowrate, L/min

Figure 7: Pressure Difference vs Flowrate of water in venture orifice and

pitot static tube

From the graph, as the volumetric flowrate increases, the pressure drop also
increases. The slope of the pitot tube is lesser than the slope of orifice meter. The
highest slope is for venturi following by orifice and then pitot static tube. It is clearly
illustrated by the above graph. As the flow rate becomes greater, the pressure drop
of the venturi meter becomes higher compared to the flow rate of the orifice and
pitot tube.

0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06

Measured Head Loss (h measured),m

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

Actual Head Loss (h actual), m

Pitot

Orifice

Figure 8: h measured vs h actual in orifice and pitot static tube

1.2

0.8

Measured Head Loss (h measured),m

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Actual Head Loss (h actual), m

Oriface

Venturi

Figure 9: h measured vs h actual in orifice and venturi

1.2

The objective of this experiment is to compare the precision of flow rate

measurement using various flow rate measurement devices. In order to compare,
we need the value of h measured and hcalculated. The lesser the percentage error, the more
precise the measurement device. Thus, the graph of measured head loss vs actual
head loss will be compared if it is directly proportional or not.
The measured head loss vs actual head loss graph had to be done separately for
venturi and pitot since the value in pitot is relatively very small.
Based on the graph, it shows that measured friction head loss is linearly
proportional to calculated friction head loss. By theory, the relation that we suppose
to get is directly proportional. This is because values of measured friction head loss
should be approximately same with calculated friction head loss. However, due to
some error present during the experiment such as presence of bubbles in the pipe,
there is difference between measured friction head loss and calculated friction head
loss.
For the Graph Qset vs. Qcalc, this graph gives us the relation among of Qset and
Qcalc, where Qset is equivalent to Qcalc. As Qcalc decreases, Qset also decreases.
From the Graph Hset vs Hcalc, as Hset increases, Hcalc increases. But when Hcalc
decreases to a certain value, Hset increases.
For the orifice meter and venturi meter, the flow rate and differential head are
related by the Bernoulli equation with a correction coefficient for energy
degradation.

Calculations :
2 1
2

[ ( )]

A
Q=C D A 0 1 0
A1

Where Q = Flow rate

2 g( h1h2 )

m3
s

C D = Discharge coefficient
C d = 0.97 for venturi meter
C d = 0.62 for orifice meter
A 0 = Area of the throat
d 0 = 16mm for the venturi meter ( A 0 =2.011 104 m2 )
d 0 = 20mm for the orifice meter ( A 0 =3.143 104 m2 )
A 1= Area of the pipe upstream m2

d 1 = 26mm for the venturi meter ( A 1 =5.311 104 m2 )

d 1 = 24mm for the orifice meter ( A 1 =4.526 104 m2 )
h1h2 = Differential head, m

H2 O

g = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/

s2 )

Errors and recommendation

1. Bubbles are formed in the pipe as the water flows. To avoid such scenario, the water should be
continuously flowed into the pipe for about 2-5minutes.
2. Inaccuracy of the flowrate throughout the experiment. Make sure the pipes are connected properly and
not leaking out to get accurate value of flow rate and head loss.
3. Water-hammering can cause serious damage towards the fittings in the pipeline and also inaccuracy
readings. Make sure that the V1 is opened slowly and not open it abruptly in order to void this
phenomenon happen in the system.
4. There is high fluctuation in the experiment. Thus, the experiment was repeated to get 3 reading at 2
minute intervals so that we can get an average reading.

Conclusion
In experiment 5, part A of the experiment aims to study the friction loss in different pipes which
differ in terms of surface roughness and diameter but with constant length. By the end of this experiment,
the friction head loss in different pipe diameter and different roughness is determined. The results of part
A showed that with different diameter, the larger the diameters of the pipe, the higher the friction factor but
friction loss is reduced. Pipe with different surface roughness effects the friction factor of the fluid. It can
be seen that pipe 3 has the highest friction factor compared to other pipes as it has the roughest surface.
This experiment proves that Mechanical Energys Equation is an effective way to calculate friction loss of
flowing water in small pipes.
For Experiment D, we were able to compare the accuracy of flow rate measurement using
various flow rate measurement devices. In this experiment, the pressure loss of three types of measuring
devices, pitot static tube, venturi and orifice is recorded using different ranges of flow rate. The results
shows that most venturi meter tend to promote laminar flow due to the slower transitions from one part of
the venturi than the other when compared to an orifice, while orifice meter and pitot static tube tends to
have sharper transitions resulting in turbulent flow. From the graph, as the volumetric flowrate increases,
the pressure drop also increases. The slope of the pitot tube is lesser than the slope of orifice meter. The
highest slope is for venturi following by orifice and then pitot static tube. As the flow rate becomes greater,
the pressure drop of the venturi meter becomes higher compared to the flow rate of the orifice and pitot
tube.Therefore it can be seen that venturi meter is a more accurate measuring device as compared to
orifice meter and pitot static tube.
In conclusion, as the fluid flow through the pipe, there will be pressure lost which is called friction
loss due to the flow nature in pipes. We can identify from the experiment that Reynolds number and the
friction factor of the pipes allows us to determine the friction loss of the pipe. Therefore, the objectives had
been achieved. Any inaccurate or errors occurred in the recording and calculation of the data are due to
the faultiness of the measuring equipment and due the effect from the environment.

References
Equations of Motion and Mechanical Energy (n.d.). Losses Due to Sudden Enlargement. Retrieved
October
7,
2014,
from
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IIT-KANPUR/FLUIDMECHANICS/lecture-14/14-6_losses_sudden_enlarg.htm

Fluid Flow & Transport Processes (n.d.). CHAPTER 4 Incompressible Fluid Flow. Retrieved October 7,
2014, from http://elearnstag.utp.edu.my/0913/mod/resource/view.php?id=2763

MathWorks
(n.d.).
Sudden
Area
Change.
Retrieved
October
http://www.mathworks.com/help/physmod/hydro/ref/suddenareachange.html

7,

2014,

from

Nevers, N. D. (2005). Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers. McGraw-Hill.

Plant and Environmental Hydrology Centre (n.d.). Correction factor for friction loss down a pipe with
outlets. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from http://hydrology1.nmsu.edu/teaching/soil456/Friction.htm
Thermo Fluid Lab (n.d.). Pipe friction loss in a smooth pipe. Retrieved October 7, 2014, from
http://faculty.uoh.edu.sa/m.mousa/Courses/ThermoLab%20ME%20316/ME%20316_2nd_semester
%2012-13/ME316-2nd-12-13-%20Exps/Exp6-Pipe%20friction%20loss.pdf

Appendix
Experiment A

Pipe 1 (Smooth pipe)

Inner Diameter: 6 mm
Length: 1m
Area: 0.0000283 m2

Flowrate
(L/min)
17.5
15.0
12.5
10.0
7.5

Pressure Difference (mH2O)

2nd
minute
4th minute (s)
(s)
8.945
8.959
6.822
6.814
4.933
4.921
3.384
3.390
2.139
2.115

6th minute
(s)
8.949
6.813
4.916
3.377
2.090

Average
8.951
6.816
4.923
3.384
2.115

Pipe 2 (Smooth pipe)

Inner Diameter: 10 mm
Length: 1m
Area: 0.0000785 m2

Flowrate
(L/min)
39.5
34.5
29.5
24.5
19.5

Pressure Difference (mH2O)

2nd
minute
4th minute (s)
(s)
6.857
6.859
5.375
5.367
4.026
4.048
2.918
2.898
1.957
1.945

Pipe 3 (Artificially roughened pipe)

6th minute (s)

Average

6.845
5.359
4.056
2.885
1.939

6.854
5.367
4.043
2.900
1.947

Inner Diameter: 17 mm
Length: 1m
Area: 0.000227 m2

Pressure Difference (mH2O)

2nd
minute
4th minute (s)
(s)
35
9.024
9.038
30
6.583
6.552
25
4.589
4.574
20
2.914
2.904
15
1.677
1.66
Pipe 1 (Smooth pipe)
Flowrate
(L/min)

Water
flowr
ate
(L/mi
n)

Pipe 1
Different
ial
pressure
P (Pa)

17.5

87779.3
2
66842.1
3
48278.1
4
33185.7
0
20741.0
6

15.0
12.5
10.5
7.5

Head
Loss,
hmeasure
d (m)

Velocit
y,
V
(m/s)

8.9479

7.2874

6.8137

6.3592

4.9213

5.4045

3.3828

4.4807

2.1143

3.5424

6th minute
(s)
9.015
6.541
4.566
2.882
1.664

Reynol
ds
numbe
r, Re

Type of
flow

Friction
Factor, f

43724.
4
38155.
2
32427.
0
26884.
2
21254.
4

Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt

0.00530
3
0.00545
0
0.00563
0
0.00584
4
0.00612
6

Reynol
ds
numbe
r, Re

Type of
flow

Friction
Factor, f

Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt
Turbule
nt
Turbule

Average
9.026
6.559
4.577
2.9
1.667

Frictio
n Loss,
F
(m2 /s2
)
93.874
1
73.465
0
54.814
8
39.109
4
25.624
2

Head
Loss,
hcalcula

Frictio
n Loss,
F
(m2 /s2
)
39.989
8
32.090
7
24.865
4
18.441
3
12.884

Head
Loss,
hcalcula

ted

(m)
9.56
92
7.48
88
5.58
76
3.98
67
2.61
20

Percenta
ge
differenc
e
(%)
6.94
9.91
13.54
17.85
23.54

Pipe 2 (Smooth pipe)

Water
flowr
ate
(L/mi
n)

Pipe 2
Different
ial
pressure
P (Pa)

39.5

67214.7
8
52632.2
9
39648.2
9
28439.2
9
19093.5

34.5
29.5
24.5
19.5

Head
Loss,
hmeasure
d (m)

Velocit
y,
V
(m/s)

6.8517

6.3769

63769

5.3652

5.6429

56429

4.0416

4.8977

48977

2.8990

4.1480

41480

1.9463

3.3987

33987

0.00491
7
0.00503
9
0.00518
3
0.00535
9
0.00557

ted

(m)
4.07
64
3.27
12
2.53
47
1.87
98
1.31

Percenta
ge
differenc
e
(%)
40.51
39.03
37.28
35.16
32.52

nt

34

Pipe 3 (Artificially roughened pipe)

Water
flowr
ate
(L/mi
n)
35
30
25
20
15

Pipe 3
Differen
tial
pressure
P (Pa)
88514.8
2
64321.8
2
44885.0
4
28439.2
9
16347.6
9

Head
Loss,
hmeasure
d (m)

Velocit
y,
V
(m/s)

Reynold
s
number,
Re

Type
flow

of

Friction
Factor,
f

9.022
9
6.556
8
4.575
4

7.317
9
6.238
2
5.211
1

124404.
3
106049.
4

2.899

4.148

70516

1.666
4

3.144
9

53463.3

Turbulen
t
Turbulen
t
Turbulen
t
Turbulen
t
Turbulen
t

0.0043
02
0.0044
42
0.0046
04
0.0048
19
0.0050
94

88588.7

Frictio
n Loss,
F
(m2 /s2
)
33.40
99
24.27
85
16.94
19
10.73
45
6.170
4

Head
Loss,
hcalculat
ed (m)
3.405
7
2.474
9

Percent
age
differen
ce
(%)
62.25
62.25

1.727

62.25

1.094
2

62.13

0.629

62.25

1. Convert the differential pressure from mH20 to Pa

Differential pressure ( Pa )=8.951m H 2

O9806.65 N /m2
m H2O
= 87779.32 Pa

2. Calculate the head loss, hmeasured is calculated through the formula: =

, where density = 1000kg/m3 ; g=9.81m/s2

P
h=
g

87779.32 Pa
1000 kg 9.81 m
(
)(
)
m3
s2

= 8.9479 m

3. calculate the velocity in the pipe

v =k 2 gh

where k is a constant at k=0.55 V

v =0.55 V 2 ( 9.81 )( 8.9479 m )

v = 7.2874 m/s

4. Calculate the Reynold Number, Re

vd

1000
=

kg 7.2874 m

0.006 m
s
m3
kg
1 103
ms

=43724.4
Laminar flow occurs when Re< 2100 and turbulent flow occurs when Re >
4000; interval
between 2300 and 4000 are called transition flows
5. Calculating friction factor
For smooth pipe, friction factor is calculated through Blassius equation where
C=0.046, n=0.2 for Turbulent flow, = 0.00089Pa.s at about 25 C

f =C(

VD n
)

0.2

kg 7.2874 m
1000 3
0.006 m
s
m
0.046(
)
0.00089 Pa . s

0. 005303
6. Calculating Friction Loss
Since fDarcy = 4fFanning, so the equation for calculating Friction loss will modified to

4 fL V 2
F=(
)( )
D
2
2

F=(

40.0053031 7.2874
)(
)
0.006
2

m2
F=93.8741 2
s
7. Calculate head loss, hcalculated

hcalc =

F
g

93.8741
9.81

= 9.5692 m

8. Calculate the percentage difference

Percentage difference (%) =

hcalc hmeasured
h calc
=

* 100 %

9.56928.9479
9.5692

* 100 %

= 6.49 %

Experiment D
Venturi Meter (do = 16 mm, d1 = 26 mm, Cd = 0.97)
Flowrate
(L/min)
37
32
27
22
17

Pressure Difference
(mmH2O)

Pressure Difference (mH2O)

2nd
minute (s)
1.003
0.758
0.549
0.37
0.227

4th minute
(s)
0.996
0.737
0.54
0.366
0.225

6th minute
(s)
0.988
0.732
0.529
0.363
0.233

Avera
ge
0.996
0.742
0.539
0.366
0.228

Average
996
742
539
366
228

Oriface Meter (do = 16 mm, d1 = 24 mm, Cd = 0.62)

Flowrate
(L/min)
30
25
20
15
10

Pressure Difference
(mmH2O)

Pressure Difference (mH2O)

2nd
minute (s)
0.236
0.156
0.099
0.055
0.024

4th minute
(s)
0.238
0.154
0.098
0.052
0.023

6th minute
(s)
0.235
0.157
0.099
0.053
0.024

Avera
ge
0.236
0.156
0.099
0.053
0.024

Average
236
156
99
53
24

Pitot static tube

Flowrate
(L/min)
35
32.5
30

Pressure Difference
(mmH2O)

Pressure Difference (mH2O)

2nd
minute (s)
0.088
0.074
0.053

4th minute
(s)
0.089
0.073
0.048

6th minute
(s)
0.085
0.072
0.05

Avera
ge
0.087
0.073
0.050

Average
87
73
50

27.5
25

0.033
0.015

0.036
0.014

0.034
0.013

0.034
0.014

34
14

Venturi Meter (do = 16 mm, d1 = 26 mm, Cd = 0.97)

Flow Rate, Flow Rate, Q P
Q (L/min)
(m3/s)
(mH20)
37

0.000617

0.996

32

0.0005337

0.742

27

0.00045

0.539

22

0.000367

0.366

17

0.000283

0.228

P
(Pa)
9767.
2
7276.
3
5285.
6
3589.
1
2235.
8

h
actual
(m)

h
calculated
(m)

Error
percentage
(%)

0.996

0.999

0.30

0.742

0.746

0.53

0.539

0.545

1.11

0.366

0.376

2.73

0.228

0.238

4.38

Oriface Meter (do = 16 mm, d1 = 24 mm, Cd = 0.62)

Flow Rate, Flow Rate, Q P
Q (L/min)
(m3/s)
(mH20)
30

0.0005

0.236

25

0.000417

0.156

20

0.000333
0.00025
0.000167

0.099

15
10

0.053
0.024

P
(Pa)
2314.
3
1529.
8
970.8
519.7
235.4

h
actual
(m)

h
calculated
(m)

Error
percentage
(%)

0.591

0.593

0.34

0.312

0.314

0.64

0.158

0.161
0.072
0.03

1.89
4.34
7.14

0.069

0.028

Pitot static tube

P
Flow Rate, Flow Rate, Q
(mH20
Q (L/min)
(m3/s)
)
0.00058333
35
0.087
3
0.00054166
32.5
0.073
7
30
0.0005
0.05
0.00045833
27.5
0.034
3

P (Pa)
853.155
06
715.865
74
490.319
333.416
92

h
actual
(m)

h
calculated
(m)

Error
percentage
(%)

0.087

0.089

2.298850575

0.073

0.076

4.109589041

0.05

0.054

0.034

0.035

2.941176471

25

0.00041666
7

0.014

137.289
32

0.014

0.015

7.142857143