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TISSUES
CHAPTER
2. TISSUE ::
Contents
Definition :
Introduction
Plant Tissues
Meristematic
3. PLANT TISSUES ::
Permanent
Epithelial
Definition :
Connective
Nervous
Occurence :
Muscular
1. INTRODUCTION :
Characteristic :
Plant Tissues
Meristematic
(Cells are capable of cell division)
Apical
Lateral
Permanent
(Mature cells incapable of cell division)
Intercalary
Simple
Protective and supporting
(Tissue composed of single
type of cells)
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Complex
conducting
(Tissue composed of
more than one type of cell)
Xylem
Phloem
BIOLOGY
They are compactly arranged with no intercellular
spaces.
Apical meristem
Lateral meristem
a
DIFFERENTTYPESOFMERISTEMSONTHEBASIS
OF POSITION IN PLANT BODY
BIOLOGY
(I) Simple Permanent Tissues :
Chlorenchyma -
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Chlorenchyma
(B) Collenchyma :
Parenchyma
Types of Parenchyma :
Aerenchyma In hydrophytes, the intercellular space between
cells become wide & filled with air.
Collenchyma
(C) Sclerenchyma :
They were discovered and coined by
Mettenius (1805).
The cells are long, narrow, pointed at ends, thick
walled and lignified. They are the dead cells.
Aerenchyma
BIOLOGY
Each stomata is bounded by a pair of specialised
epidermal cells called guard cells.
Structure of Stomata :
Sclerenchyma
Epidermal cell
Subsidiary cells
Stoma
Nucleus
cuticle.
(A)
Guard ells
(B)
BIOLOGY
(II) Complex Permanent Tissues :
A complex tissues can be defined as a collection
of different types of cells that help in the
performance of a common function.
Xylem Vessels The cells are long and tubular with lignified cell
wall.
(A) Xylem :
Its main function is conduction of water and
mineral salts from root to the top of plant.
Xylem Parenchyma They are thin walled living cells present in both
primary and secondary xylem.
ce l ls ,
Fi b r e s
an d
Sleve tube
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Phloem
parenchyma
cells
(F)
Companion
cell
Sieve tube
plastids
Xylem Tracheids These are lignified and dead cells with bordered
pits.
Callose
Sieve plate
Fig. L. S. OF PHLOEM
BIOLOGY
Sieve Tubes These are living but lack nucleus at maturity.
Cell wall is thin and made up of cellulose.
The transverse walls of sieve tube form sieve
plate.
(B) Bicollateral :
When two phloem patches are found external
4.2 Concentric :
Xylem and phloem are found in circles, one
covering another. It is of 2 types :
(A) Amphivasal :
Pholem is surrounded by xylem; also called
leptocentric.
4.3 Radial :
Xylem and phloem tissues occur separately on
different radii, eg. roots.
BIOLOGY
(B) Mesarch :
(C) Endarch :
(A) Exarch :
Conjoint
Bicollateral
Collateral
Closed
Phloem
Outer phloem
Open
Cambium
Xylem
Inner
cambium
Inner
phloem
Outer cambium
Concentric
Amphivasal
Amphicribral
Phloem
Phloem
Xylem
Xylem
BIOLOGY
ANIMAL TISSUES
5. ANIMAL TISSUE ::
Definition :
Tissue is assambly of cell with same origin structure
and function.
Historical Account :
Type
Origin
Function
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Ectoderm, Endoderm,
Mesoderm
Mesoderm
3
4
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue
Protection, Secretion,
absorption etc.
Support, binding, storage
protection, circulation
Contraction and movement
Conduction and Irritability
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
(from neural plate )
EPITHELIAL TISSUES
Simple epithelia
(One-cell thick)
Compound epithelia
(Many-cell thick)
Squamous
Keratinized
Nonkeratinized
CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Skeletal tissues
Connective tissues
proper
Vascular tissues
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Lymph
NERVOUS TISSUES
Neurons
Neuroglia cells
MUSCULAR TISSUES
Viscral
Cardiac
Skeletal
BIOLOGY
5.1 Epithelial Tissue :
Covering and Lining Epithelium :
Covering and lining epithelium are classified on the
basis of arrangement of layers cell shapes and
functions.
Location
Function
A lveoli, Bowman's
caps ule, blood ves s el
(endothelium) heart,
vis ceral and peritoneal
lining of coelom
(mes othelium)
Secretion and
abs orption.
Secretion and
abs orption.
M ovement of gametes ,
cerebros pinal fluid and
mucus by ciliary
action.
S imple S quamous
S imple cuboidal
Non k eratinized
Protection and
abs orption
Imperneable to water
Diagram
BIOLOGY
Discharged cell is replaced by new cell, eg.
(A) Glands -
sebaceous gland.
Definition :
A cell, a tissue or an organ which secretes certain
chemical compounds required for particular
functions is called a gland.
(d) Apocrine :
Secretory products accumulate at the apical
margin.
(e) Merocrine :
Types of Glands :
intestinal glands.
Striped
Unstriped
Cardiac
Location
Other names
Shape
Cylindrical
Spindle
Cylindrial
Action
Voluntary
Involuntary
Involuntary
Present
Absent
Absent
Branching
Absent
Absent
Present
BIOLOGY
5.3 Connective Tissues :
Tissues which bind together the various tissues
in an organ to support different parts of the
body and form packaging around different
organs.
(b) Yellow fibrous connective tissue It is made up of a matrix containing only elastic
fibres.
(B) Bones
(A) Cartilage :
Cartilage is semirigid skeletal connective tissue.
Type of Cartilage :
(a) Matrix -
Hyaline Cartilage -
(c) Cells
Perichondrium
Chondroblast
Matrix
Lacuna
White Fibres
Nest of
Chondroblasts
T.S.OFHYALINECARTILAGE
White Fibrous Cartilage Its matrix is rich in bundles of this thick white
collagen fibres.
BIOLOGY
Yellow Elastic Cartilage -
Occurence :
salt.
(B) Bone :
BLOOD
Plasma
Serum
Corpuscle
Protein
RBC
WBC
Granulocyte
Platelet
Agranulocyte
and basophils.
PARTS OFALONGBONE
BIOLOGY
It is made of highly specialised cells called nerve
(B) Lymph -
cells or neurons.
Nature :
Lymph is a colourless fluid that has filtered out
of the blood capillaries. Red blood corpuscles
and some blood proteins are absent in it. In the
lymph, white blood cells are found in abundance.
Functions :
Dendrite
Nissil granules
Nucleolus
Neurofibrils
Nucleus
Dendron
Cell body or
cyton
Mitochindrion
Axon
Nucleus
Neurofibril node
(Node of ranvier)
Neurilemma
Myelin sheath of
schwann cell
Axolemma
Synaptic bulb
Axon terminal
BIOLOGY
EXERCISE - 1
Q.1
Define a tissue ?
Q.2
What is Histology ?
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
Q.8
Q.16
Q.17
Q.18
Q.19
Q.20
Q.9
Q.10
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15
Q.21
Q.22
Q.23
Blood is a................tissue.
Q.24
Q.25
E. TRUE OR FALSE
Q.26
Q.27
Q.28
Q.29
Q.30
Q.31
BIOLOGY
Q.32
Q.33
Q.34
Q.43
Q.44
Blood RBC
Q.36
Q.37
Q.38
Exocrine gland is
(a) Liver
(b) Pancreas
(c) Thymus
(d) Adrenal
Q.39
Q.41
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Q.42
Q.45
Q.46
Q.47
BIOLOGY
EXERCISE - 2
Q.2
Q.3
Collenchyma is
(a) Commonly present in roots
(b) Always present in roots
(c) Rarely present in roots
(d) Never present in roots
Q.4
Q.5
Q.7
Q.8
Aerenchyma is found is
(a) Sciophytes
(b) Hydrilla
(c) Lithophytes
(d) Hydrophytes
Q.9
Q.10
Aerenchyma provides
(a) Flexibility of plants
(b) Buoyancy to plants
(c) Mechanical strength to plants
(d) Help floating
Q.11
Q.6
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
Q.15
Nerve is
(a) A group of fibres bound by a membrane
(b) A group of fibres bound together by loose
connective tissue
(c) A group of neurons only
(d) None of these
BIOLOGY
ANSWER
EXERCISE -1
A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPES QUESTIONS
1.
35. a
38. a
36. a
39. c
36. a
37. a
41. Phloem
43. Lymph
2-a ;
3-c ;
4-f ;
5-e
46. a
47. d
22. Phloem
24. Muscle and Bone
E. TRUE OR FALSE
26. True
29. False
32. True
27. True
30. True
33. False
28. False
31. True
34. False
EXERCISE -2
C. PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS
c
b
2.
5.
b
d
3.
7.
b, d
9.
b, c
10. b, d
8.
b, d
Muscular
Cardiac Muscle
Visceral - It is spindle shaped and involuntary.
Skeletal - it is voluntary and striated.
Connective.