Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
INTRODUCTION
1.1
(1)
concentric layers of leaf sheaths constitute the functional trunk that grows
approximately 3-4 m. Each stalk produces one huge flower cluster and
then dies (2). After harvesting the banana bunch in over an acre of land, a
large amount of waste biomass remains. Each banana plant is cut down
and will be as organic waste but maximizing its properties will benefit the
environment. In view of the shortage of conventional raw materials for
paper, non-wood plants and agricultural residues attracted pulping.
Motivated by the problem of an increasing demand of fiber-based
products, the banana pseudo-stem would be the raw material for this
study.
The paper making process involves three major steps, namely: the
pulping process, pressing section, and drying process. The paper making
process is essentially a very large dewatering operation where a diluted
solution of pulp suspension with less than 0.5% fiber solid is used and is
usually the final step before packaging (3). Drying is the removal of
relatively small amounts of water from the pressed pulp. Paper drying is
associated with both heat and mass transfer. The heat energy released
when steam condenses is transmitted through the dryer shell to the wet
paper and this constitutes the heat transfer aspect of drying. The air
receives the water vapor evaporated from the paper. The removal of this
1
vapor from the sheet into the air stream constitutes the mass transfer
aspect of paper drying. As a result, the operation of a dryer section must
be optimized in terms of both heat transfer and water removal. The
factors which most influence paper drying operation are (i) steam
pressure and temperature; (ii) temperature and humidity of air; (iii)
energy content of steam and (iv) heat and mass transfer coefficients (3).
With a determined drying rate, time, which is the most important factor in
drying calculations, is required to dry a material from the given initial free
moisture content X1 to final moisture content X2. Steam-heated air of the
dryer, with a maximum pressure of 60 psia, is circulated by a fan parallel
to the surface of the tray (4).
1.2
problem of the banana industry. By utilizing this fiber-rich waste for paper
and textiles industries, the problem can be minimized.
In paper industry, drying is directly affected by the thickness of the
material being dried, the drying temperature, and air velocity. This study
determines the effect of these parameters on the total drying time of
paper made from banana pseudo- stem fibers.
1.3
Objectives
2
1.4
1.5
however, revolves around and is only limited to the drying of paper made
from banana pseudo-stem. A compartment tray dryer shall be used. The
study will determine the drying conditions of paper at different
thicknesses, and various air velocities and drying air temperatures. The
study only focuses on the constant rate period of the drying process.
There will be no pre-treatments done before drying and bleaching is
neglected as it is not the focus of this study. Moreover, the quality of the
paper produced will not be studied such as optical properties, dry and wet
strength or resistance to water absorption among others.
1.6
Definition of Terms
DRYING RATE is defined by the loss of moisture from the wet solid paper
per each unit of time, and more specifically by the differential quotient (dX/d) operating in a constant drying conditions, when air conditions
(temperature, pressure, humidity, and air velocity) are constant along
time.
FORCED CONVECTION - is a mechanism, or type of transport in which fluid motion is
generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). It should be considered
as one of the main methods of useful heat transfer as significant amounts of heat energy can be
transported very efficiently.
from the
are
three
modes
of
heat
CHAPTER 2
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Drying in general usually means the removal of relatively small
amounts of water from material. The water is usually removed as a vapour
by air. In some cases water may be removed mechanically from solid
materials by presses, centrifuging and other methods. This is cheaper
than drying by thermal means for removal of water. The moisture content
of the final dried product varies depending upon the type of product.
Drying methods and processes can be classified in several different
ways. Drying processes can be classified as batch, where the material is
inserted into the drying equipment and drying proceeds for a given period
of time, or as continuous, where the material is continuously added to the
dryer and dried material continuously removed.
7
(3)
in freeze
(5)
Capillary flow of unbound water ends totally when moisture content falls
below the fiber saturation point and all moisture is in the form of bound
water.
The bound water in a substance may exists under several different
conditions. Moisture in cell or fiber walls may have solids dissolved in it
and have a lower vapor pressure(4). Liquid water in capillaries of very small
diameter will exert a lowered vapor pressure because of the concave
curvature of the surface. Water in natural organic materials is in chemical
and physical chemical combination.
Rate of Drying
Because equilibrium moisture contents of various materials cannot
be predicted, it must be determined experimentally. Similarly, since the
knowledge of basic mechanisms of rates of drying is quite incomplete, it is
necessary in most cases to obtain some experimental measurements of
drying rates. The rate is composed of mainly two parts: the constant rate
and the falling rate.
In constant rate drying period, the surface of the solid is initially
very wet and a continuous film of water exists on the drying surface. This
water is entirely unbound or free water acts as if the solid is not present.
Under given conditions, the rate of evaporation is independent of the solid
and is essentially the same as the rate from a free liquid surface. When a
porous material undergoes drying, most of the water that is removed from
the material in a constant rate period is supplied from the interior. This
period continues only as long as the water is supplied to the surface as
fast as it evaporates.
In falling rate period, there is insufficient water on the surface to
maintain a continuous supply of water. The entire surface will no longer be
wetted, and the wetted area continually decreases in the first falling rate
period until the surface is completely dry. A second falling rate period
begins when the surface is completely dry. The plane of evaporation
slowly recedes from the surface. Heat for the evaporation is transferred
through the solid to the zone of vaporization. Vaporized water moves
through the solid into the air stream. The amount of moisture removed
from the falling rate period may be relatively small, but the time needed
may be long(4).
11
Xt=
W Ws g total water
Eq .2.1
Ws
g dry solid
13
RAW MATERIAL
2Methods for Processing Drying Kinetics Data. Kemp, Ian C., et al. 1, s.l. :
Marcel Dekker Inc., 2001, Vol. 19
14
PULPING PROCESS
Kraft process was used in the pulping process. Cooking liquor (1 N
NaOH) was added to the dried banana pseudo stem chips stirring
occasionally. It was cooked at approximately 1 hours in a casserole. It
was left to cool down and the pulp was then separated to the cooking
liquor and was washed 2 times or until the pulp lightens in color. The pulp
was then blended for 2 minutes (8).
15
In order to study the drying of paper made from banana pseudostems the compartment tray dryer of Cebu Institute Of TechnologyUniversity was used. There were damages on the dryer so it undergoes
rehabilitation.
The dryer was a steam-heated, one-pass compartment tray dryer.
The framework was made of welded steel angles and channels; the sides,
top, bottom, and the tray wasmade of galvanized steel sheet; the external
air ducts are galvanized stove pipes; the heating units are made by
welding standard black steel pipes.
Airflows over the trays and heating units by a conoidal ventilating
fan and an extension was made for measuring its velocity with an
anemometer, and its temperature, as it entersthe compartment, with dry and wet-bulb thermometer.
The rehabilitation of the compartment tray dryer of CIT-University
begins with the insulation of the steam pipes and the dryer itself using
fiber glass insulator. Lubrication of the dampers will also be made A steam
trap was installed on the dryer. To determine the weight of the sample
inside the pan, a beam balance was installed outside the dryer that was
connected to the pan. The specifications of the compartment tray dryer is
presented in table 3.1.
16
17
Quantity
Description
Size
Material
Black
wrought
steel
Black
Std. pipe
wrought
steel
Std. pipe
2 in.
Black
10 ft.
Std. nipple
1 in.
steel
50 ft.
Std. nipple
Black
Std. nipple
steel
20
Std. tee
Black
Std. tee
2 in.
steel
in.
Black
2 in.
steel
Ground
union
Ground
union
2 in.
steel
in.
Black
1 x 1 x 1/8 in.
steel
82 ft.
Angles
x x in.
Black
95 ft.
Angles
2 x 1 x 3/16 in.
steel
17 ft.
Channels
1 x x 1/8 in.
Black
19 ft.
Channels
1 x 1/8 in.
steel
5.5 ft.
Flats
Steel
70 ft2
Sheet
Steel
60 ft2
Sheet
20 x 28 in. x 30 gage
Steel
78 ft2
Sheet
Stove pipe
long
Steel
lengths
Stove
90o 4 in.
Steel
elbow
4 in.
Stove-pipe
in.
Galv. steel
damper
Steam trap
in. face
Galv. steel
Pressure gage
in.
Galv. steel
15/16 x 2 in.
Galv. steel
Sash fastener
1 x 4 in.
Steel
2 pair
Sash lift
2 x 1 7/8 in.
Steel
300
Butt hinge
3/16 x in.
Steel
25 ft.
Stove boat
in.
Black
Tubing
steel
joint in.
2 in.
joint in.
pipe
Black
wrought
wrought
wrought
wrought
malleable
steel
Black
malleable
malleable
malleable
malleable
18
wrought
TEMPERATURE
The compartment tray dryer was pre-heated before the loading of
the pulp. The air velocity was held constant. It was adjusted using the
pressure valve by setting it to the appropriate pressure. Three different
temperatures were used: 60oC, 70oC, and 80oC. The time of drying were
recorded.
AIR VELOCITY
The air velocity will be adjusted to the desired values by adjusting
the dampers to its proper opening. A specific drying air temperature will
be held constant.
THICKNESS
To achieve a varying thickness of paper different mass of the
pulpwere measured. In the experiments done the mass used were 25g,
50g, and 75g. The temperature and air velocity will be held constant for
this trial.
BONE DRY
To determine the weight of the bone dry, a sample of the paper
made was placedin a weighing bottle and it was weighed in the digital
balance to the nearest milligram. It was heated for about 30 min at 105 oC.
The weight was then recorded.After an initial drying period,a secondary
drying period was used, at least equal to the first, and subsequent drying
periods, each of which was at least one-half the total of all previous drying
periods, until two successive weighings do not differ by more than 0.1%
of the weight of the specimen.
19
Chapter 4
Results and Discussion
4.1 Dry Weight of the Paper (Ls)
To calculate for the moisture contents of the paper being dried as a
function of time, the mass of the dry solid must be first determined. Table
20
4.1 shows the average of the three trials done per varying conditions and
paper thickness. The mass of the dry solids at varying air temperatures
can be seen to be decreasing as the temperature increases. Also, at
increasing thickness, the dry solids mass increases too while at varying
velocities, the mass of the dry solid was somewhat controlled to 6.2
grams.
Table 4.1 Average Mass of the Dry Solid at Various Conditions and
Paper Thickness
Temp (oC)
Weight of Dry Solid
60
7.172
70
6.368
80
6.172
0.6
3.241
1.2
6.172
1.7
9.59
1.5
6.483
3.5
6.13
5.5
6.172
(g)
Thickness (mm)
Weight of Dry Solid
(g)
4.2 Thickness
21
1.2
1
0.8
0.6 mm (experimental)
0.6
Moisture Ratio
0.4
1.2 mm (experimental)
0.2
1.7 mm (experimental)
0
0 10 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
Time, min
Rate, g/s
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0
0.6 mm
1.2 mm
1.7 mm
22
Rc, or the constant rate decreases with an increase in the thickness of the
drying solid.
There are two basic mechanisms involved in the drying process; the
migration of moisture from the interior to the surface, and the evaporation
of moisture from the surface to the surrounding air (9). For moisture to
migrate to the surface, energy is required. This energy is supplied through
heat conduction from the surface to the interior. The rate of heat transfer
to the fibers below the surface is equal to the ratio between the driving
force (T1- T2) and the resistance, R. The greater the resistance, the lesser
heat will be transferred per unit time to the interior of the sample being
dried.
q=
T 1T 2
R
x
kA
Assuming
that
the
thermal
conductivity
is
constant
with
temperature and is 0.05 W/(mK)(10) and the measured area of the paper is
0.031 m2, the resistance just varies directly with the thickness of the
sample.
Table 4.2 Resistances (K/W) at different thickness
Paper Thickness (m)
Resistance (K/W)
0.6 x 10-3
0.38710
1.2 x 10-3
0.77419
1.7 x 10-3
1.09677
controlled by the heat transfer rate to the surface, which furnishes the
latent heat of evaporation for the liquid. The lower the heat transfer rate,
q, the lower is the rate of drying.
4.3 Temperature
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
80 deg C (exp)
70 deg C (exp)
0.4
60 deg C (exp)
0.2
0
0
24
0.01
0.01
0.01
ARc (g/sec)
80 C
70
60
0
0
Moisture Content, X
h=0.0204 G
0.8
0.031 m2 for all trials, the rate of heat transfer is tabulated below.
Surface
Temperatur
Temp
e ( C)
( C)
80
39
70
37
60
34
Humidi
Mass
Heat
Rate of
ty (kg
Velocity
transfer
Convective
H20/kg
(kg/h
Coefficient
Heat
dry air)
m2)
(W/m2 K)
Transfer(J/s)
0.0282
19484.9
55.13
70.07
56.45
57.74
57.89
46.66
1
0.0267
20069.8
8
0.0232
20713.8
25
q
w
Rate of Convective
Heat Transfer(J/s)
ARc(g H20/s)
80
61.06
0.0291141922
70
57.74
0.02389663278
60
46.66
0.0192541791
Humidity
Temperature
(kg H20/kg
(0C)
dry air)
80
0.0282
Vapor
Pressure of
Pure Water
(kPa)
47.39
Partial Pressure
of the Water
Vapor (kPa)
4.40
Difference
(kPa)
42.99
26
70
0.0267
31.19
4.18
27.01
60
0.0232
19.94
3.65
16.29
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
Time, min
At varying flow rates of 1.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s and 5.5 m/s, there is a
slight difference in their respective drying time. At a constant temperature
of 80 0C, the drying times are 90, 80, and 70 minutes at 1.5 m/s, 3.5 m/s
and 5.5 m/s, respectively.
27
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
ARc (g/sec)
0.01
1.5 m/s
0.01
3.5 m/s
5.5 m/s
0
0
0
Moisture Content, X
Air Temp.
(m/s)
(0C)
(W/m2K)
Trial 1
(W/m2K)
Trial 2
(W/m2K)
Trial 3
(W/m2K)
Average
1.5
80
19.43
19.59
19.43
19.48
3.5
80
38.27
38.59
38.27
38.38
5.5
80
54.95
55.39
54.95
55.10
h=0.0204 G0.8
where mass velocity, G is equal to the velocity of the air times the density
of the air.
28
Mass
Heat Transfer
Velocity, G
Coefficient
(Kg/ h.m2)
(W/m2 K)
ARc(g H20/s)
5.5
19404
55.10
0.028988804
3.5
12348
38.38
0.020192709
1.5
5292
19.48
0.010252108
29
30
80 0C
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
Humidity 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time, min
70 oC
0.03
0.03
0.02
Humidity 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time, min
31
60 oC
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
Humidity 0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Time, min
0.6 mm
0.06
0.05
0.04
Humidity 0.03
0.02
0.01
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time, min
32
1.2 mm
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
Humidity 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time, min
1.7 mm
0.03
0.02
0.02
Humidity
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time, min
33
1.5 m/s
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
Humidity 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time, min
3.5 m/s
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
Humidity 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Time, min
34
5.5 m/s
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
Humidity 0.02
0.01
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time, min
35
Average
Humidity
(Kg/Kg)
0.6
0.04255
1.2
0.026847368
1.7
0.02079
3.5
1.2
0.02498125
1.5
1.2
0.027321053
70
5.5
1.2
0.018573684
60
5.5
1.2
0.032928571
Temperature
(C)
Velocity
(m/s)
5.5
80
36
0.6 mm
39.75
1.2 mm
73.32
1.7 mm
95.00
B. Varied Temperature
Temperature (oC)
60
115
70
89.71
80
73.32
1.5
87.66
3.5
80.20
5.5
73.32
Varying the thickness of the sample and the air temperature had a
significant effect in the total drying time. The air velocity, though had an
effect in the total drying, did not have a very significant effect in the
drying time.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Drying using the compartment tray dryer at Cebu Institute of
Technology University is tested on samples of paper made from banana
pseudo-stem fibers. Drying kinetic curves of drying paper for various
parameters were determined. Paper drying time is affected the drying rate
and the rate is generally affected by the thickness of the sample being
dried, the temperature of the drying air and, to a lesser extent, the air
velocity. Drying at 800C and an air velocity of 5.5 m/s is the best way to
dry the paper. Drying was also shortest with the 0.6 mm thin sample.
5.2 Recommendations
One can try to determine the effect of bleaching in this study and
how this could affect the drying time of the paper made from banana
pseudo-stem fibres.
38
REFERENCES
40
41
APPENDIX A
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A.1 PROCEDURE
A.1.1 Preparation of the Raw Material
Materials/ Equipment/ Apparatus
Banana pseudo-stems
2N NaOH
1-Blender
5-Frames
42
5-Basin
[12]
. It will be cooked at
A.2 MATERIALS
44
Sun
dried
NaOH powder
70 mesh sieve
45
cloth
Casserole
thermocouple
NaOH
solution
of
Pulping
banana
fibers
46
Washed pulp
Dried banana
47
APPENDIX B
RAW DATA
B.1 VARYING THICKNESS
B.1.1 Mass at 25 g
Table B.1.1.1 Trial 1
Time (min)
Wt. of Paper
(g)
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Temperatur Temperatur
e
e
25.42
32.4
78.7
20.00
5.42
32.7
80.1
10
17.30
2.70
35.4
79.3
15
12.92
4.38
35.8
80.3
20
8.82
4.10
37.2
81.1
25
5.93
2.89
38.3
81.3
30
4.78
1.15
38.8
80.8
33
3.88
0.90
39.2
82
35
3.43
0.45
39.7
81.1
38
3.43
40.1
80.9
48
40
3.43
40.5
80.1
Wt. of Paper
(g)
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatu
re
Dry Bulb
Temperatu
re
26.41
46.2
80
22.11
4.30
42.6
80.6
10
16.61
5.50
41.3
78.5
15
12.49
4.12
42.1
79.5
20
8.64
3.85
42.5
79.1
25
5.20
3.44
43.2
81.3
30
3.98
1.22
43.4
80.1
32
3.73
0.25
43.7
80.8
35
3.73
43.9
80.9
37
3.73
44.1
80.8
Wt. of Paper
(min)
(g)
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperature
Dry Bulb
Temperature
49
26.20
45
83
20.10
6.10
46
81.5
10
16.20
3.90
45.4
75.9
15
10.40
5.80
45.2
79.1
20
6.20
4.20
45.3
82
25
3.99
2.21
45.3
81.8
27
3.49
0.50
45.5
80.4
30
3.49
45.4
79
32
3.49
45.4
79.8
B.1.2 Mass at 50 g
Table B.1.2.1 Trial 1
Time (min)
Wt. of Paper
(g)
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
50.19
37.6
80.7
50.19
5.00
37.9
79.2
10
45.19
2.78
38.1
79.9
15
42.41
3.90
38.1
78.9
20
38.51
5.02
38.3
79.8
25
33.49
4.20
37.9
79.9
30
29.29
3.70
38.1
79.9
35
25.59
4.08
38.2
80.06
40
21.51
3.20
38.4
79.2
45
18.31
3.50
38.5
79.7
50
14.81
1.95
38.6
80.1
55
12.86
2.40
38.5
80.5
60
10.46
1.50
38.8
79.9
50
65
8.96
1.10
39.1
80.2
70
7.86
0.70
39
80.5
75
7.16
0.25
39.2
80.2
80
6.91
0.45
39.4
79.9
82
6.46
0.10
39.6
79.1
85
6.36
39.2
80
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
Wt. of Paper
(g)
47.21
31.6
80.9
45.25
1.96
33.1
80.1
10
41.31
3.44
34.3
77.1
15
37.71
3.60
36.1
78.9
20
33.72
3.99
37.5
79.8
25
30.12
3.60
37.9
79.5
30
25.78
4.34
38.9
80.6
35
22.38
3.40
39
80
40
19.18
3.20
39.7
79.6
45
15.01
4.17
39.5
79.5
50
12.21
2.80
39.3
79.6
55
9.26
2.95
39.1
79.9
60
8.11
1.15
39.6
79.3
65
7.06
1.05
39.6
79.3
51
70
7.06
39.6
79.4
75
7.06
40
78.3
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
Wt. of Paper
(g)
50.75
40
79.6
46.65
4.10
40
79.8
10
41.75
4.90
40
79.3
15
38.05
3.70
40.1
79.8
20
34.65
3.40
40.1
79.6
25
30.32
4.33
40.1
80.1
30
26.42
3.90
40.1
79
35
22.67
3.75
39.9
78.2
40
19.47
3.20
40.1
81.4
45
15.87
3.60
40
81.1
50
11.87
4.00
40.1
81.2
55
9.47
2.40
40.1
79.6
60
8.36
1.11
40
79.9
52
65
7.56
0.80
39.9
79.7
70
7.26
0.30
40
80.9
72.5
6.86
0.40
40
81.1
75
6.86
40.1
80.7
77.5
6.86
40
79.4
80
6.86
40
79.6
B.1.3 Mass at 75 g
Table B.1.3.1 Trial 1
Time (min)
Wt. of Paper
(g)
W (g)
WetBulb
Temperatur
e
DryBulb
Temperatur
e
75.96
28.8
80
72.56
3.40
29.5
79.7
10
69.36
3.20
31.3
80.9
15
64.73
4.63
33.0
80.5
20
60.13
4.60
34.4
79.6
25
55.53
4.60
35.9
79.9
30
51.53
4.00
37.0
81.1
35
46.71
4.82
38.1
80.6
40
42.71
4.00
38.6
80.3
45
38.71
4.00
39.4
79.6
50
34.11
4.60
40.2
81.4
55
30.11
4.00
40.5
81.2
53
60
25.9
4.21
40.8
81.8
65
22.3
3.60
41.1
81.6
70
19.4
2.90
41.3
78.6
75
15.08
4.32
41.6
81.3
80
13.78
1.30
41.7
80.1
85
11.98
1.80
41.7
80.6
90
10.78
1.20
41.7
80.3
95
10.18
0.60
41.9
80.1
100
9.98
0.20
41.8
79.5
105
9.88
0.10
41.7
81.7
110
9.88
41.9
79.3
115
9.88
41.9
80.0
DryBulb
Temperatur
e
W (g)
WetBulb
Temperatur
e
74.67
28.3
79.1
70.47
4.20
29.6
79.8
10
66.27
4.20
31.5
81.0
15
62.37
3.90
33.0
80.0
20
58.77
3.60
34.4
80.8
25
53.86
4.91
35.9
79.4
30
49.66
4.20
37.0
80.0
35
45.14
4.52
38.0
80.8
40
42.14
30
38.6
79.9
45
37.51
4.63
39.4
80.6
50
33.41
4.10
40.0
79.6
55
29.01
4.40
40.5
79.4
54
60
25.51
3.50
40.8
79.9
65
21.21
4.30
41.1
80.1
70
17.71
3.50
41.3
79.6
75
15.03
2.68
41.6
79.8
80
13.23
1.80
41.7
79.0
85
11.73
1.50
41.9
80.9
90
11.23
0.50
41.9
78.0
95
11.23
41.8
79.6
DryBulb
Temperatur
e
W (g)
WetBulb
Temperatur
e
74.52
29.0
80.1
74.52
3.90
29.6
79.9
10
70.62
5.16
31.6
80.9
15
65.46
4.70
33.2
80.5
20
60.76
5.12
34.4
79.8
25
55.64
4.50
35.9
79.9
30
51.14
5.54
37.4
81.1
35
45.6
3.80
38.1
80.5
40
41.8
4.75
38.6
80.3
45
37.05
4.70
39.4
79.6
50
32.35
4.60
40.1
81.4
55
27.75
3.93
40.5
81.2
55
60
23.82
3.60
40.9
81.8
65
20.22
4.02
41.1
81.6
70
16.2
2.20
41.3
78.9
75
14
2.00
41.6
81.3
80
12
1.10
41.6
80.1
85
10.9
0.50
41.7
80.4
90
10.4
41.8
80.0
95
10.4
41.8
80.2
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatu
re
51.84
29.9
31.3
50.34
1.50
30.0
60.2
10
48.14
2.20
30.2
61.0
15
46.19
1.95
30.5
59.2
20
44.49
1.70
31
61.3
25
42.14
2.35
31.3
60
30
39.69
2.45
31.4
64.4
Time
(min)
Dry Bulb
Temperatu
re
56
35
37.29
2.40
32.1
62.4
40
36.13
1.16
32.9
59
45
34.03
2.10
33
59
50
31.93
2.10
33.3
59.5
55
30.03
1.90
33.5
65.2
60
28.13
1.90
34.2
61.4
65
25.87
2.26
39.5
59.5
70
23.57
2.30
39.1
61.4
75
21.87
1.70
37.9
59.5
80
20.27
1.60
38.1
62.4
85
18.87
1.40
34.0
58.5
90
17.47
1.40
35
60.6
95
16.57
0.90
35.2
60.4
100
15.17
1.40
35.0
60.7
105
13.77
1.40
35.0
60
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
51.25
29.7
31.2
49.04
2.21
29.8
60
10
47.44
1.60
30.1
61.2
15
46.68
0.76
30.5
59.2
20
43.34
3.34
31
61.3
25
41.64
1.70
31.5
60
30
39.34
2.30
31.5
64.4
35
37.34
2.00
32.3
62.4
40
35.44
1.90
32.9
59
45
32.84
2.60
33
59
50
31.54
1.30
33.3
59.5
57
55
29.24
2.30
33.5
65.2
60
26.64
2.60
34.2
61.4
65
23.04
3.60
39.5
59.5
70
20.84
2.20
39.1
61.4
75
19.74
1.10
37.9
59.5
80
17.92
1.82
38.1
62.4
85
13.09
4.83
34.0
58.5
90
11.49
1.60
35
60.6
95
9.79
1.70
35.2
60.4
100
8.64
1.15
35.0
60.7
105
7.79
0.85
35.0
59.9
110
7.79
34.5
60.5
115
7.79
35.1
60.9
W (g)
WetBulb
Temperatu
re
DryBulb
Temperatu
re
48.22
39.7
62.0
47.03
1.20
39.7
62.0
10
44.32
2.70
39.5
61.6
15
41.87
2.45
39.2
60.3
20
39.72
2.15
38.3
59.9
25
36.67
3.05
38.6
60.0
30
34.37
2.30
38.6
60.3
35
31.87
2.50
38.0
60.8
40
30.17
1.70
37.9
60.4
45
26.64
3.53
37.7
60.3
58
50
24.04
2.60
37.5
61.9
55
21.34
2.70
37.3
60.3
60
18.29
3.05
37.1
60.7
65
15.92
2.37
37.0
61.0
70
12.81
3.11
36.9
59.6
75
10.71
2.10
36.8
59.4
80
9.21
1.50
36.7
59.4
85
8.52
0.69
36.7
60.8
90
8.12
0.40
36.6
59.6
95
7.92
0.20
36.6
60.2
100
7.92
36.5
62.9
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
52.91
36.6
70.6
46.92
5.99
36.8
67.6
10
39.61
7.31
36.8
69.5
15
36.41
3.20
37.1
70.4
20
32.93
3.48
37.1
70
25
29.73
3.20
37.1
71.1
30
26.23
3.50
37.1
71.5
35
22.83
3.40
36.9
69.7
59
40
18.93
3.90
37.1
70.6
45
14.93
4.00
37.2
70.4
50
11.99
2.94
37.2
69.2
55
9.09
2.90
37.2
70.7
60
5.69
3.40
37.1
69.8
65
3.41
2.28
37.3
69.7
70
2.41
1.00
37.2
69.9
75
2.21
0.20
37.2
70.6
80
2.11
0.10
37.2
69.9
85
2.11
37.1
69.8
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
49.91
28.90
70.3
49.45
3.00
29.4
72.2
10
46.45
2.42
29.9
69.0
15
44.03
2.85
30.8
72.2
20
41.18
2.80
31.6
69.9
25
38.38
2.85
32.4
69.3
30
35.53
3.50
33.4
70.7
35
32.03
2.50
34.0
79.9
40
29.53
2.80
34.3
67.8
60
45
26.73
2.48
34.9
69.4
50
24.25
3.00
35.2
69.0
55
21.25
2.80
35.5
71.7
60
18.45
2.20
35.6
69.8
65
16.25
4.63
35.8
68.9
70
11.62
1.20
35.8
70.1
75
10.42
2.00
35.9
70.2
80
8.42
1.50
36.1
72.0
85
6.92
0.47
36.1
69.0
90
6.45
0.30
36.2
69.8
95
6.15
0.05
36.2
71.2
100
6.1
36.2
70.3
DryBulb
Temperatur
e
W (g)
WetBulb
Temperatur
e
50.79
38.0
69.3
47.39
3.40
38.0
70.1
10
43.35
4.04
38.1
70.1
15
39.95
3.40
38.0
70.7
20
36.25
3.70
38.1
70.6
25
32.74
3.51
38.2
69.3
30
28.74
4.00
38.3
69.7
35
25.51
3.23
38.5
69.9
40
22.81
2.70
38.5
69.8
61
45
18.61
4.20
38.5
69.5
50
17.01
1.60
38.4
69.3
55
14.45
2.56
38.5
70.9
60
12.35
2.10
38.5
69.8
65
11.05
1.30
38.5
70.3
70
9.55
1.50
38.6
69.6
75
8.75
0.80
38.5
70.8
80
8.45
0.30
38.5
68.8
85
7.85
0.60
38.5
69.9
90
7.85
38.5
70.7
95
7.85
38.5
70.1
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
50.19
37.6
80.7
45.19
5.00
37.9
79.2
10
42.41
2.78
38.1
79.9
15
38.51
3.90
38.1
78.9
20
33.49
5.02
38.3
79.8
25
29.29
4.20
37.9
79.9
62
30
25.59
3.70
38.1
79.9
35
21.51
4.08
38.2
80.06
40
18.31
3.20
38.4
79.2
45
14.81
3.50
38.5
79.7
50
12.86
1.95
38.6
80.1
55
10.46
2.40
38.5
80.5
60
8.96
1.50
38.8
79.9
65
7.86
1.10
39.1
80.2
70
7.16
0.70
39
80.5
75
6.91
0.25
39.2
80.2
80
6.46
0.45
39.4
79.9
83
6.36
0.10
39.6
79.1
86
6.36
39.2
80
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
46.71
31.6
80.9
44.75
1.96
33.1
80.1
10
41.31
3.44
34.3
77.1
15
37.71
3.60
36.1
78.9
20
33.72
3.99
37.5
79.8
25
30.12
3.60
37.9
79.5
30
25.78
4.34
38.9
80.6
35
22.38
3.40
39
80
Time (min)
63
40
19.18
3.20
39.7
79.6
45
15.01
4.17
39.5
79.5
50
12.21
2.80
39.3
79.6
55
9.26
2.95
39.1
79.9
60
8.11
1.15
39.6
79.3
65
7.06
1.05
39.6
79.3
70
7.06
39.6
79.4
75
7.06
40
78.3
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
e
W (g)
Wet Bulb
Temperatur
e
50.75
40
79.6
46.65
4.10
40
79.8
10
41.75
4.90
40
79.3
15
38.05
3.70
40.1
79.8
20
34.65
3.40
40.1
79.6
25
30.32
4.33
40.1
80.1
30
26.42
3.90
40.1
79
64
35
22.67
3.75
39.9
78.2
40
19.47
3.20
40.1
81.4
45
15.87
3.60
40
81.1
50
11.87
4.00
40.1
81.2
55
9.47
2.40
40.1
79.6
60
8.36
1.11
40
79.9
65
7.56
0.80
39.9
79.7
70
7.26
0.30
40
80.9
72.5
6.86
0.40
40
81.1
75.5
6.86
40.1
80.7
77
6.86
40
79.4
81
6.86
40
79.6
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
Temperatur
Wt of Paper (g)
W (g)
51.08
31.2
80.3
48.98
2.10
33.5
80.0
10
46.21
2.77
34.3
77.8
65
15
43.41
2.80
36.1
78.9
20
40.91
2.50
37.5
79.7
25
38.11
2.80
37.9
79.9
30
35.28
2.83
38.6
80.6
35
32.28
3.00
39.3
80.3
40
29.28
3.00
39.7
79.6
45
26.68
2.60
39.5
79.5
50
23.72
2.96
39.3
79.6
55
20.82
2.90
39.1
79.9
60
18.37
2.45
39.6
79.3
65
15.45
2.92
39.6
79.3
70
13.25
2.20
39.6
79.4
75
11.17
2.08
40
78.3
80
9.2
1.97
31.6
80.9
85
7.9
1.30
33.1
80.1
90
7.55
0.35
34.3
77.1
95
7.25
0.30
36.1
78.9
100
7.25
37.5
80.1
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
W (g)
Temperatur
Temperatur
31.6
80.9
33.1
80.1
34.3
77.1
36.1
78.9
37.5
79.8
Wt of Paper (g)
50
47.7
2.30
10
45.17
2.53
15
41.97
3.20
20
39.07
2.90
66
25
36.47
2.60
30
33.51
2.96
35
30.51
3.00
40
27.81
2.70
45
24.96
2.85
50
22.16
2.80
55
19.16
3.00
60
16.29
2.87
65
13.89
2.40
70
11.59
2.30
75
9.79
1.80
80
8.19
1.60
85
7.44
0.75
90
7.04
0.40
95
6.64
0.40
100
6.64
37.9
79.5
38.9
80.6
39
80
39.7
79.6
39.5
79.5
39.3
79.6
39.1
79.9
39.6
79.3
39.6
79.3
39.6
79.4
40
78.3
31.6
80.9
33.1
80.1
34.3
77.1
36.1
78.9
37.5
79.8
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
Temperatur
e
40
e
79.6
40
79.8
40
79.3
40.1
79.8
40.1
79.6
Wt of Paper (g)
W (g)
50.52
48.02
2.50
10
45.12
2.90
15
20
41.97
40.07
3.15
1.90
67
40.1
80.1
40.1
79
39.9
78.2
40.1
81.4
40
81.1
40.1
81.2
40.1
79.6
40
79.9
39.9
79.7
40
80.9
40
81.1
40.1
80.7
40
79.4
40
79.6
40
79.6
40
79.8
40
79.3
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
W (g)
temperatur
Temperatur
31.1
80.8
33.0
80.1
34.1
77.9
25
36.33
3.74
30
33.73
2.60
35
30.98
2.75
40
27.73
3.25
45
24.68
3.05
50
21.88
2.80
55
19.18
2.70
60
16.41
2.77
65
14.11
2.30
70
12.11
2.00
75
10.91
1.20
80
9.71
1.20
85
8.71
1.00
90
8.31
0.40
95
7.71
0.60
100
7.41
0.30
105
7.41
Wt of Paper (g)
51.08
48.08
3.00
10
44.14
3.94
68
15
40.04
4.10
20
36.48
3.56
30
28.88
7.60
35
25.28
3.60
40
21.68
3.60
45
18.08
3.60
50
14.55
3.53
55
11.95
2.60
60
9.95
2.00
65
8.45
1.50
70
7.47
0.98
75
7.27
0.20
80
7.27
36.0
78.9
37.2
79.8
37.5
79.5
38.9
80.6
39.2
80.1
39.4
79.6
39.5
79.5
39.3
79.6
39.1
79.9
39.6
79.3
39.6
79.7
39.6
79.4
40.0
78.9
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
Temperatur
Wt of Paper (g)
W (g)
51.46
47.7
3.76
10
44.5
3.20
31.6
80.9
33.1
80.1
34.3
77.1
69
36.1
78.9
37.5
79.8
37.9
79.5
38.9
80.6
39
80
39.7
79.6
39.5
79.5
39.3
79.6
39.1
79.9
39.6
79.3
39.6
79.3
39.6
79.4
40
78.3
31.6
80.9
33.1
80.1
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
W (g)
temperatur
Temperatur
e
40
e
79.6
40
79.8
15
41.1
3.40
20
37.74
3.36
25
34.04
3.70
30
30.24
3.80
35
26.38
3.86
40
23.28
3.10
45
19.98
3.30
50
16.63
3.35
55
13.63
3.00
60
11.23
2.40
65
9.33
1.90
70
8.17
1.16
75
7.57
0.60
80
7.27
0.30
85
7.27
Wt of Paper (g)
49.8
47.13
2.67
70
10
43.43
3.70
15
39.73
3.70
20
36.07
3.66
30
32.67
3.40
35
29.11
3.56
40
25.61
3.50
45
21.91
3.70
50
18.16
3.75
55
15.06
3.10
60
11.66
3.40
65
9.16
2.50
70
6.9
2.26
75
5.7
1.20
80
5.6
0.10
85
5.6
90
5.6
40
79.3
40.1
79.8
40.1
79.6
40.1
80.1
40.1
79
39.9
78.2
40.1
81.4
40
81.1
40.1
81.2
40.1
79.6
40
79.9
39.9
79.7
40
80.9
40
81.1
40.1
80.7
40
79.4
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
Temperatur
e
37.6
e
80.7
50.19
W (g)
71
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
83
86
45.19
42.41
38.51
33.49
29.29
25.59
21.51
18.31
14.81
12.86
10.46
8.96
7.86
7.16
6.91
6.46
6.36
6.36
5.00
37.9
79.2
2.78
38.1
79.9
3.90
38.1
78.9
5.02
38.3
79.8
4.20
37.9
79.9
3.70
38.1
79.9
4.08
38.2
80.6
3.20
38.4
79.2
3.50
38.5
79.7
1.95
38.6
80.1
2.40
38.5
80.5
1.50
38.8
79.9
1.10
39.1
80.2
0.70
39
80.5
0.25
39.2
80.2
0.45
39.4
79.9
0.10
39.6
79.1
39.2
80
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
W (g)
Temperatur
Temperatur
e
31.6
e
80.9
Table B.3.3.2Trial 2
Time (min)
0
72
44.75
1.96
33.1
80.1
10
41.31
3.44
34.3
77.1
15
37.71
3.60
36.1
78.9
20
33.72
3.99
37.5
79.8
25
30.12
3.60
37.9
79.5
30
25.78
4.34
38.9
80.6
35
22.38
3.40
39
80
40
19.18
3.20
39.7
79.6
45
15.01
4.17
39.5
79.5
50
12.21
2.80
39.3
79.6
55
9.26
2.95
39.1
79.9
60
8.11
1.15
39.6
79.3
65
7.06
1.05
39.6
79.3
70
7.06
39.6
79.4
75
7.06
40
78.3
Wet Bulb
Dry Bulb
Temperatur
Temperatur
W (g)
73
50.75
40
79.6
46.65
4.10
40
79.8
10
41.75
4.90
40
79.3
15
38.05
3.70
40.1
79.8
20
34.65
3.40
40.1
79.6
25
30.32
4.33
40.1
80.1
30
26.42
3.90
40.1
79
35
22.67
3.75
39.9
78.2
40
19.47
3.20
40.1
81.4
45
15.87
3.60
40
81.1
50
11.87
4.00
40.1
81.2
55
9.47
2.40
40.1
79.6
60
8.36
1.11
40
79.9
65
7.56
0.80
39.9
79.7
70
7.26
0.30
40
80.9
72.5
6.86
0.40
40
81.1
75
6.86
40.1
80.7
77.7
6.86
40
79.4
80
6.86
40
79.6
APPENDIX C
TIMETABLE OF ACTIVITIES
74
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Requesting of Materials for
the Rehabilitation of
Compartment Tray Dryer
Rehabilitation of
Compartment Tray Dryer
Gathering of Apparatus
Purchasing of Chemicals
needed
Gathering of Banana Pseudo
stem
Drying of the Banana Pseudostem
Chopping and Grinding of
Banana Pseudo-stem
Kraft process
Drying of pulp extracted
Determination of the drying
condition of paper
APPENDIX D
75
RESEARCH BUDGET
Table D.1 Research Cost
Raw materials
PhP
Distilled H20
91.00
PhP
NaOH powder
240.00
TOTAL: Php 331.00
Equipment
PhP
Blower
393.98
PhP
Fuel Consumption
6810.00
PhP
Fuel Pump
81.10
PhP
Water Pump
1.41
TOTAL: Php 8311.19
Miscellaneous
PhP
Fare
128.00
PhP
Printing
1682.00
PhP
Other Materials
1949.95
PhP
Weighing bottle
134.00
TOTAL: Php 3893.95
TOTAL: 11,511.43
76
Raw materials; 3%
Miscellaneous; 31%
Equipment; 66%
77
[1]-2.60%
Equipment
[2]-31.15%
Miscellaneous
[3]-66.35%
APPENDIX E
CURRICULUM VITAE
Eljie Ann Marie A. Castor was born on the
27th of August 1995 at Cebu City, She is the
third child among the five children of Jeanie
Castor and Elmer Castor.
She
attended
her
primary
education
at
the president of the Troubadors Club and the secretary of the YESOrganization. She was also a member of the Science and Math Club and
the head coordinator of the Liturgy Ministry. She is a member of the Toledo
Parish Youth Coordinating Council, and the Lady Lectors of Liturgy. With
her passion in singing she became a member of two different choral
group, Los Cantantes and Atlas Fertilizer Corporation Choir.
She took up Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering in Cebu Institute
of Technology- University on 2011, she is a member of the Junior
Philippine Institute of Chemical Engineers and the University Choir. She is
a CHED scholar.
Currently, she is a fourth year student studying Bachelor of Science in
Chemical Engineering at Cebu Institute of Technology- University, Cebu
City.
79
80
Center
Seventh
Day
Adventist
81
82
finished
her
primary
and
secondary
83
84