Grammar:

Tenses
present simple : the use : The present
simple is used to talk about actions we see as
long term or permanent. It is very common and
very important.
We are talking about regular actions or events
Time markers : now , always , usually ,
sometimes , often .
Form : subject+ verb + rest of sentence
I / you/ we/ they+ verb +rest of sentence .
eg : The games usually start at 8.00 in the
evening.
He/ she/ it + verb + ES or S + rest
of sentence.
eg: Mehdi works as general
manger of humain resources .
verbs in the THIRD PERSON in present needs S or
ES . The ones who need ES finish by the
following letters : ss = miss , x = fix , ch =
watch , sh= finish , o = go , do
eg: Ahmed fixes a rendez- vous with his
friends
Certain verbs change their last vowel Y to
an I in the third person of singuler if they are

perceed by a letter , eg: the verb ( to Study ) she

studies .
Auxiliaries in the present simple :
there are two auxiliaries : to be and to have
form of to be: I am , you are , she/he /it is , we are
, they are eg: Mehdi is a good person
form of to have : I have , you have , she/he/it has
, we have , they have eg : they have nice cars .

Future Simple : is used to express something

that will happen or may happen ( predictions) in
the future .
Time markers : tomorrow , next week , next
month , next year.
Form : subject + will + verb + rest of
sentence.
eg : We will finish our exams next
friday.
eg :John will succeed in his exams.
eg: I will be a successful person one
day
eg : we will have a nice day tomorrow

Simple past : is used to express something

that happend in the past .
Time markers : ago , yesterday , last week , last
night , last year , last month
Form : Subject + verb ( d or ed) + rest of
sentence .
N.B this is for the regular verbs .
eg: we played football last night at
the
studium .
eg : they practised sport yesterday .
Auxiliaries in the past simple :
Form of to be : I was , you were , she/he/it was ,
we were , they were , eg : i was your friend
form of to have : I had , you had , she / he /it
had , we had, they had eg : I had beautiful day
with you .

N.B : Sometimes ,we double the last letter at the

end of the verb before ed if the last syllable
ends with : consonant - setressed vowel_
consonant like : -stop = stopped -prefer =
preferred - refer = referred .

Present continuous : is used to make a

personal arrangement or plans by knowing in
advance time and place .
Time markers : at this moment , now , these days
, nowdays.
Form: subject+to be in present ( am , are , is )
+verb+ ing + rest of sentence.
eg: Economics conditions are changing all the
time .
eg: He is attending meeting right now .
N.B : Sometimes ,we double the last letter at the
end of the verb before ing .If the base verb ends
in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant,
double the last letter like : stop , begin , run, =
stopping - beginning - running

Past continuous :We usually use the Past

Continuous to talk about activities that lasted for
some time in the past.
Time markers : this time, yesterday , all last night
,
Form : subject+ to be in the past ( was / were )
+verb + ing+ rest of sentence .
eg: I was waiting you all last night .
eg ; they were sleeping this time yesterday .

Be going to : We use 'going to' when we want

to talk about a plan for the future or perdicition
that my happen nearly
Time markers : tomorrow , next week .....
Form: subject + am / is / are + going to+ verb
(inf)+ rest of the sentence .
eg: Lara is going to be in third year, next year
eg they are going to celebrate their success in a
restaurant at 1.00 pm
eg : don't run in this road , you are going to fall

Future continuous : It is used to express a

continued or an ongoing action in future , to talk
about an action that you will be doing in future.
Time Markers: at this time tomorrow , at this time
next week ...
Form : subject + will +be +verb + ing + rest of
sentence
eg : Mark will be doing his exam at this time
tomorrow
eg: it will be raining tomorrow .

Past perfect : expresses the idea that

something occurred before another action in the
past. It can also show that something happened
before a specific time in the past. it also
expresses a regret or wishes in the past , it
includes also the conditional type 3 .
Time markers : by the time , before , after , as
soon as , once.
Form : subject+ have in past simple ( had)+ past
participal (p.p) .
Eg : If I had helped him , he would have
secceeded.
Eg: he had been a simple trainee before he
prometed .

Present perfect The present perfect simple

expresses an action that is still going on or that
stopped recently, but has an influence on the
present. It puts emphasis on the result.
Time markers : already, ever, just, never, not yet,
so far, till now, up to now , since
Form : subject+ to have ( present) ( have/ has ) +
p.p + rest of sentence
eg: I have just finished my work .
eg: Luna has never been to Australia.

Future perfect indicates that an action will

have been completed (finished or "perfected") at
some point in the future.
Time markers: by this time tomrrow , by this time
next year , by this time
Form : subject + will + have + p.p + rest of
sentence.
eg: Maria will have got his degree by this time
next year
eg: I will have been with my friend by this time
next week

Past perfect continuous We use the Past

Perfect Continuous to show that something
started in the past and continued up until another
time in the past
Time markers : for 5 minutes , for two weeks : for
five years
Form : subject +had + been + verb + ing + rest
of the sentence
Eg: I had been working for two hours yesterday.

Conditional : Conditional sentences have two

clauses: a condition (if...) and a result. The verb

tenses used in each clause depends on whether

the speaker thinks the result is probable (real) or
only exists in the imagination (unreal).
conditional type Zero (0) :
Is used for present situations (real) ( something
that is always true )
Form :if + subject+ verb present
+.......=subject + verb +present + reste of
sentence .
eg : If the ice melts , it becomes water .
Conditionel type One 1)
we use it for things that will probably happen in
the future or for prediction.
form : if + subject+ verb present+......... =
subject+ will + verb+ rest of sentence.
eg: if Sam works hard , he will succeed in his life .
Conditional type two (2)
Unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
form : If+subject + verb past +.......= subejct+
would + verb (inf) + rest of sentence
eg: If i knew his name , I would tell you.
Conditional type three (3)
Unreal situation

Form : If + subject +verb past perfect ( had +

p.p) +.............= subject+ would + have + p.p+
rest of sentence
eg: If i had had enough money , i would have
gone to Brazil .
eg: if i had not been at university , i would not
have knowen my best friend .

Negative and Interogative form of

sentences

Present Simple Tense

Negative : Subject + do / does + not + verb +
rest of the sentence.
Eg: I do not like watch tv.
Eg: Jane does not play football.
Auxiliaries
To be : Subject+ am / are / is + not + rest of
sentence .
Eg : I am not a good player .
Eg:Anna is not present today.
To have : Subject+do/ does+ not + have + rest of
sentence .

eg: We do not have to leave now

eg: he does not have enough money to buy that car
.
Interrogative
do/does/+ subject+ verb+rest of sentence
Eg: Do you need me ?
Eg : does he play football ?
Auxiliaries
To be : am / is /are + subject+ rest of sentence + ?
Eg : are you good enough to participate to that
game
To have : do / does + have +subject+ rest of
sentence
Eg : does he have enough money to buy that car ?
Eg : do we have to leave now ?

Past simple :
Negative : subject+ did +not+ verb+ rest of
sentence
Eg: I did not write the exercise .
Eg : she did not give me my pen.

To be : subject + was/ were + not + rest of sentence

Eg : he was not absent yesterday
To have : subject + did +not + have + rest of
sentence
Eg : I did not have to come with you .
Intorregative form
did + subject+ verb + rest of sentence + ?
Eg : did you see my friend ?
To be : was / were + subject + rest of sentence +?
Eg: were you here ?
To be going to ( near future )
negative : subject+ am/ is / are + not + going to +
rest
Eg: he is not going to finish his homework.
Interrogative : am/ is /are + subject + going to +
rest of the sentence +?
Eg: are you going to leave now ?
present continuous :
Negative form : subject+ am / is /are + not verb
+ing + rest ....
Eg : i am not waiting for him.

interrogative : am / is/ are / subject+ verb + ing +

rest...+?
Eg: are you coming with me tonight ?
Future simple :
Negative form: subject+ will + not or won't+ verb +
rest...
Eg : he will not call me
Interrogative: will+subject+verb+ rest of
sentence+?
eg: will I see u next week ?
Future continuous
Negative form : subject+ will + not + be + verb+ing
+.....
Eg: I will not be working tomorrow at this time.
Interrogative : will + subject +be + verb+ing +.....
+?
Eg: will Mark be doing his exam ?
Future perfect :
Negative form : Subject + will not+ have + p.p +
rest..
Eg : I will not have finished my project by the end
of the session.
Interrogative: will +subject+ have+p.p+rest ...+?

eg : will he have finished ...............+?

Past perfect
Negative form: subject + had + not + p.p
Eg : I had not tried this thing before.
Interrogative : had + you + p.p+ rest of
sentence+ ?
Eg :had you seen my best friend ?
Past perfect continuous
Negative form : Subject+ had + not + been + p.p +
rest ..
Eg : I had not been talking for two hours .
Interrogative : had+subject+been+p.p+ rest of
sentence ?

Active and passive voice :

Present simple
Eg :he eats the chocolate = active voice
Eg : the chocolate is eaten by him = passive voice
form : subject + is /are/ am+ p.p of the verb+ by ...

Present continous

Eg : he is eating the chocolate

Eg: the chocolate is being eaten by him
Form : suject + is/are/ am +being + p.p + by..
present perfect :
Eg: He has eaten the chocolate
Eg: the chocolate has been eaten by him
Form subject + have/ has / been / p.p + by
past simple :
Eg : he ate the choclate
Eg: the chocolate was eaten by him.
Form :subject + was /were +p.p + by

past continuous :
Eg : he was eating the chocolate .
Eg :the chocolate was being eaten by him .
form :subject + was/were / being / p.p+by

past perfect
Eg: he had eaten the chocolate.
Eg : the chocolate had been eaten by him.

Form : subject + had + been +p.p+ by

Future simple

Eg: he will eat the chocolate

Eg : the chocolate will be eaten by him
Form : subject + will + be + eaten +by
Future perfect :
Eg : he will have eaten the chocolate
Eg : the chocolate will have been eaten by him
Form : subject + will+have +been +p.p + by
Note: The following tenses cannot be changed into
passive voice.
1/Present perfect continuous tense
2/Past perfect continuous tense
3/Future continuous tense
4/Future perfect continuous tense
Direct and indirect speech

Present simple = past simple

Eg :" I meet Mario in the restaurant " ,she said

Eg : she said that she met Mehdi in the restaurant .
Past simple = past perfect

Eg:" I saw the match on tv yesterday " , he told

Eg : he told that he had seen the match on tv the
previous day
present continuous = past continuous
Eg : "i am talking to my friend now ", he claimed
Eg: he claimed that he was talking to his friend then

Past perfect = pastperfect

Eg : " i had been ill all night " he said
Eg: he said that he had been ill all the night.
Past continuous = past perfect continuous
Eg: " I was playing with my dog last night " he said .
Eg: he said that he had been playing with his dog
the night before .

Present perfect = past perfect

Eg:" i have been here " ,she informed.
Eg : she informed that she had been there .

Future simple = would

Eg : "i will meet Maria next week " she said .
Eg : she said that she would meet Maria the week
after .
- Must = had to
-shall = should
-may = might
-can = could
Time expressions :
yesterday = the day before / the previous day.
now = then .
next week = the week after.
last week= the week before .
this = that.
these =those .
today = yesterday .
tomorrow = the following day .
2/
here = there .
i =he / she.
my = his /her.

we= they .

Define and non define clauses

1/ definiton of relative clause : Relative
clauses add extra information to a sentence by
defining a noun. They are usually divided into two
types defining relative clauses and non-defining
relative clauses.

2 Non-defining relative clauses : It adds

extra information to the sentence. If we take the
clause out of the sentence, the sentence still has
the same meaning ( which / whose/whom/who
)
Eg : My grandfather, who is 87, goes swimming
every day.
who is 87 is a non-defining relative clause".
Eg: The film, which stars Tom Carter, is
released on Friday.
My eldest son, whose work takes him all over
the world, is in Hong Kong at the moment.
N.B :Non-defining relative clauses can use most
relative pronouns (which, whose etc,) but they
CANT use that and the relative pronoun can
never be omitted.
Eg : The film, that stars Tom Carter, is released
on Friday.

Define relative clauses : it gives essentiel

information about people , things and animals
(that/ which / whom /whose/ who ).

Eg : This is the man who saves my life .

Eg : she is the girl , who works in library .
Remember :
who / whom / whose = for people
which = for things and animals
that = for ( animals , things and people )

Leadership vs managment
Leadership : is an activity of leading a group of
people of organization by sharing the same objective "
common goal" , leadership involves integrating a clear
vesion that is shared with the others so that they will
follow it consists also to provide them with knowledge
and information .The leader must be honnest , powerful
and concious.However leadership is devided into three
styles democratic , autocritic and laisser faire .

Managment :

act or prosses of directing and

controlling business where people make decision
about business .

difference between leadership and

managment
The managers job is to plan, organize and coordinate.
The leaders job is to inspire and motivate.
The manager administers; the leader innovates.
The manager is a copy; the leader is an original.
The manager maintains; the leader develops.
The manager focuses on systems and structure; the
leader focuses on people.
The manager asks how and when; the leader asks
what and why

Innovation
Innovation is related to modernity and discovery , this
works on using new ideas, creating dynamic products or
improving existing services. Innovation can be a
catalyst for the growth and success of your business,
and help you adapt and grow in the marketplace.The
departement which is responsible for it in a company is
called R & D ( records and developmenent )

Employment
Employment is a word that has different meaning , it
can be an act of doing a job to gain money by working
on full or part time ,it also defined as what you do as a
paying job , moreover it is the number or percentage of
people who have jobs , Employment consits of using
methods , skills and motivation by the employee , it

also consists a contract bewteen the employer who can

be a person , company of organization and employee.

Business ethics :
Business is the process of making , producing , buying
ans selling , the interest of businnes is to make money ,
it is based on capitalism which is an economic system.

Ethics : refers to set of moral values that conducts

individuals how to deal with others

Importance of ethics
1-attract customers to the firm's products, thereby
boosting sales and profits.
2-ethics establishes trust between consumer and
various markets
3-attract investors and keep the company's share price
high, thereby protecting the business from takeover
4- Ethics attracts successfully the consumer to the
company's products