Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
OF
ELASTICITY
REPORT
September 24th, 2003
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
PURPOSE
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the variation in the modulus of elasticity (E) of three (3)
different classes of concrete (a normal concrete [Class S] and two high performance concretes [Class HP3 and Class HP-4]). The chord modulus of elasticity (Ec) was determined for each class of concrete using
data on cylinder deformation obtained during in-house experimentation. The value determined for Ec for
each class of concrete was then substituted into the equation for the secant modulus of elasticity (Es), and
the coefficient (C) for the secant modulus was calculated for each class of concrete for comparison
purposes.
PROCEDURE
ASTM C 469-94 was used as the procedure for this experiment. In summary, numerous six inch by 12
inch (6" x 12") pairs of concrete cylinders were tested as follows:
1) The first cylinder of each pair was tested to compressive failure and the load at failure was
recorded (Cyl. #1 Failure).
2) The second cylinder of each pair was fitted with a compressometer such that the compressometer
was centered around the cylinder making the deformation experienced by the cylinder equal to
the gage reading.
3) A load equal to approximately 40% of the load at failure of the first cylinder was applied to the
second cylinder to seat the gage, then the load was released and adjustments were made if
necessary to ensure the compressometer was properly seated.
4) A load was re-applied to the second cylinder until the compressometer gage read 0.0005 inches
and the corresponding load at a gage reading of 0.0005 inches was recorded (LL).
5) The load was increased to approximately 40% of the load at failure of the first cylinder and the
corresponding load (HL) and gage reading (HG) were recorded.
6) The load was released then the HL was re-applied to to check the accuracy of the HG reading.
7) The load was released and the compressometer was removed.
8) The second cylinder was tested to compressive failure and the load at failure was recorded (Cyl.
Page 1
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
#2 Failure).
CALCULATIONS
The method used in this experiment to calculate the modulus of elasticity is based upon deformation of
concrete cylinders under a compressive load. This yields the chord modulus of elasticity (Ec). The
equation for the chord modulus of elasticity is [equation 1] Ec = (S2 - S1) / (e2 - e1), where:
Ec = chord modulus of elasticity
S1 = stress corresponding to longitudinal strain of e1
S2 = stress at HL where HL is 40% of the load at compressive failure for cylinder #1
e1 = longitudinal strain at S1
e2 = longitudinal strain at S2
Longitudinal strain is the deformation that the specimen is subjected to when under compression.
According to the compressometer used, each longitudinal strain (e1, e2) is equivalent to the gage reading
divided by the effective gage length where the effective gage length is 8 inches. The first gage reading for
each pair of cylinders was 0.0005 inches. The second gage reading (HG) varied among the cylinder pairs
and was taken at 40% of Cyl. #1 Failure. This yields:
(e2 - e1) = [HG / (2 x 8')] - [0.0005 in. / (2 x 8")] = (HG - 0.0005 in.) / 16"
Stress is the force exerted on the cylinder in pounds per square inch. Stress is calculated by dividing the
load (pounds) by the surface area (square inches) of the cross section of the specimen. Each specimen
was a 6" diameter cylinder which equates to a surface area of PI x (D)2 /4 = 3.142 x (6 inches)2 / 4 =
28.27 square inches. The first stress (S1) is equivalent to the load at e1 divided by 28.27 square inches
(LL). The second stress (S2) is equivalent to 40% of the ultimate load divided by 28.27 square inches
(HL). This yields:
(S2 - S1) = [(0.4 x HL) / 28.27 in2]- (LL / 28.27 in2) = [(0.4 x HL) - LL)] / 28.27 in. 2
Substituting stresses and longitudinal strains back into the original equation yields:
Ec = (S2 - S1) / (e2 - e1) = {[(0.4 x HL) - LL] / 28.27 in. 2} / [(HG - 0.0005 in.) / 16]
=> Ec = (0.566 / in.) x [(0.4 x HL) - LL] / (HG - 0.0005 in.)
where HL and LL are in pounds, HG is in inches, and HL, LL, and HG were recorded during the
Page 2
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
experiment.
Another method that can be used to calculate the modulus of elasticity is based upon the ultimate strength
of concrete cylinders. This yields the secant modulus of elasticity (Es). The secant modulus of elasticity
is equivalent to a factor multiplied by the square root of the ultimate strength of the concrete. The equation
for the secant modulus of elasticity is [equation 2] Es = C x (Fc)1/2 where:
Es = Secant Modulus of Elasticity
C = coefficient that is dependent upon density where the equation is [equation 3] CEXP = 33 x
(concrete density) 1.5
Fc = ultimate strength of the concrete (average of a pair of cylinders at failure)
When Ec is substituted into equation 2 for Es and the equation is rearranged to solve for C, the equation
becomes [equation 4] C = Ec / (Fc)1/2.
Determining the numerical values of C between the different classes of concrete was the main intent of this
experiment. A value for C was determined for each set of cylinders tested using equation 4. CAVG was
determined for each class of concrete by averaging the individual results for C. CCALC was determined by
using equation 4 and the average values of Ec and Fc for that class of concrete. CEXP was determined
using equation 3 and the average density for each class of concrete. For normal density concrete, the
generally accepted value for CEXP is approximately 57,000.
RESULTS
Appendix A shows all results in tabular and graphic format:
Table A on page A-1 and Graph A on page A-4 shows all results for the class S concretes.
Table B on page A-2 and Graph B on page A-5 shows all results for the class HP-3 concretes.
.
Table C on page A-3 and Graph C on page A-6 shows all results for the class HP-4 concretes.
A summary of the results is shown below (Table 1). These results are shown graphically on page 4 (Graph
1).
Page 3
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
Class
of
Concrete
# of
Cylinder
Pairs
Tested
Average
Modulus
of Elasticity
E (PSI)
Average
Strength
Fc (PSI)
Average
Coefficient
CAVG
Calculated
Coefficient
CCALC
Average
Concrete
Density
(lbs./cf)
Expected
Coefficient
CEXP
26
4.05E+06
5,615
54,380
54,057
140.48
54,946
HP-3
21
3.81E+06
6,228
48,375
48,293
140.39
54,893
HP-4
25
3.89E+06
7,065
46,462
46,227
138.89
54,015
Page 4
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
Cavg / 10
Ccalc / 10
HP-4
F'c (PSI)
E (PSI) / 1,000
Cavg / 10
Ccalc / 10
HP-3
F'c (PSI)
E (PSI) / 1,000
Cavg / 10
Ccalc / 10
S
F'c (PSI)
E (PSI) / 1,000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
Table 1 and Graph 1 indicate the following:
1) Class HP-4 concrete has the highest strength (Fc = 7,065 PSI), Class HP-3 had the second
highest strength (Fc = 6,228 PSI), and Class S had the lowest strength (Fc = 5,615 PSI)
Page 5
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
2) Class S concrete has the highest modulus of elasticity (E = 4.05E+06 PSI) and the highest
coefficient (CCALC = 54,057 and CAVG = 54,380).
3) Class HP-3 concrete has the lowest modulus of elasticity (E = 3.81+06 PSI) and second
highest coefficient (CCALC = 48,293 and CAVG = 48,375).
4) Class HP-4 concrete has the second highest modulus of elasticity (E = 3.89+06 PSI) and
lowest coefficient (CCALC = 46,227 and CAVG = 46,442).
5) The modulus of elasticity for the high performance concretes are similar (E = 3.81+06 for class
HP-3 and E = 3.89+06 for Class HP-4).
6) The calculated coefficient for the Class S concrete (CCALC = 54,057 for Class S) is close to
the expected coefficient (CEXP = 54,946) which is also reasonably close to the generally
accepted value of 57,000, but the calculated coefficients for the high performance concretes
are not close to their expected coefficients (CCALC = 48,293, CEXP = 54,893 for Class HP-3
and CCALC = 46,227, CEXP = 54,015 for Class HP-4) or to the generally accepted value of
57,000. All of the calculated coefficient values (CC A L C) are very close to their respective
average coefficient values (CAVG) indicating the calculated values (CCALC) are accurate.
Graphs A, B, and C in Appendix A indicate the following:
1) From Graph A (page A-4), the modulus of elasticity (E) and the coefficient (C) curves for the
class S concrete (normal concrete) both increase as the strength of the concrete increases, but
the increase in each of these is at a rate lower than the rate of strength increase. The modulus
of elasticity (E) and the coefficient (C) curves have the same shape, but the modulus of
elasticity (E) curve increases at a slightly higher rate than the coefficient (C) curve.
2) From Graph B (page A-5), the modulus of elasticity (E) and the coefficient (C) curves for the
class HP-3 concrete (high performance concrete) both increase as the strength of the concrete
increases, but the increase in each of these is at a rate lower than the rate of strength increase.
The modulus of elasticity (E) and the coefficient (C) curves have the same shape, but the
modulus of elasticity (E) curve increases at a slightly higher rate than the coefficient (C) curve.
The increase in the coefficient (C) curve is small.
3) From Graph C (page A-6), the modulus of elasticity (E) and the coefficient (C) curves for the
class HP-4 concrete (high performance concrete) both stay flat as the strength of the concrete
Page 6
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
increases. The modulus of elasticity (E) and the coefficient (C) curves have the same shape,
but the coefficient curve (C) curve decreases at a slightly greater rate than the modulus of
elasticity (E) curve. The decrease in the modulus of elasticity (E) curve is small.
4) Graphs A, B, and C show that the rates at which E and C increase with increasing strength are
higher for the class S concrete.
CONCLUSIONS
With respect to concrete, the modulus of elasticity (E) is an indication of a concretes ability to retain its
original shape after being subjected to stresses and strains. E is calculated by dividing stress by strain
where stress is an external force imposed upon the concrete and strain is the deformation of the concrete
caused by the external force. In short, E is really the sponginess or forgiveness of a concrete.
Since E is stress over strain, one would expect concretes with a high E to be harder, or more brittle, than
concretes with a low E. The reason for this is that strain is nothing more than deformation, and if the
deformation is low, E will be high because deformation is the denominator when calculating E. As the
deformation increases, E decreases.
It is logical to assume that a concrete with a higher strength will have less deformation, and therefore a
higher E, than a concrete with a lower strength which should have more deformation. This means
concretes with high strengths should be more rigid or brittle, and less forgiving than concretes with low
strengths. The basic premise behind this research project was to determine if higher strength concretes are
more rigid and brittle than lower strength concretes by evaluating E for a normal concrete and 2 high
performance concretes.
Test results indicated the following:
1) The Class S concrete had the lowest strength (fc = 5,615 PSI), the Class HP-4 had the highest
strength (fc = 7,065 PSI), and the Class HP-3 had the second highest strength (fc = 6,228 PSI).
2) The lowest strength concrete (Class S) had the highest modulus of elasticty (E = 4.05E+06), the
highest strength concrete (Class HP-4) had the second highest modulus of elasticity (E =
3.89E+06), and the second highest strength concrete (Class HP-3) had the lowest modulus of
elasticity (E = 3.89E+06).
3) The coefficient for the lowest strength concrete (CCALC = 54,057) determined by this research
project was found to be accurate (CEXP = 54,946) and relatively close to the generally accepted
C value of 57,000.
4) The coefficients for the high performance concretes (CCALC = 48,293 for Class HP-3 and CCALC
Page 7
Modulus of Elasticity
Report
= 46,227 for Class HP-4) determined by this research project were not accurate (CEXP = 54,893
for Class HP-3 and CEXP = 54,015 for Class HP-4), and neither result was very close to the
generally accepted C value of 57,000.
In conclusion, modulus of elasticity generally increases with strength. The high performance concretes
tested did have higher strengths than the normal concrete tested, but their values for modulus of elasticity
were lower than the normal concrete tested. This means that the high performance concretes (HP-3 and
HP-4) are stronger yet less brittle than the normal concrete (Class S), which is contrary to the belief that
higher strengths are less forgiving and produce higher values for modulus of elasticity.
In this case, the high performance concretes were able to have higher strengths and lower values for
modulus of elasticity because the rates at which E increased with strength for the high performance
concretes was less than the rate for the normal concrete. The normal concrete (Class S) showed a steady
increase in E as strength increased while the first high performance concrete (Class HP-3) showed a small
increase for E and the other high performance concrete (Class HP-4) showed no increase at all for E.
The equation [Es = C x (Fc)1/2 where C is 57,000] is valid for estimating the modulus of elasticity for class
S concretes, but using a value of approximately 54,000 for C would yield better estimates. For the class
HP-3 and HP-4 concretes, the equation [Es = C x (Fc)1/2 where C is 57,000] will not provide an accurate
estimate unless a value of approximately 47,000 is used for C.
Page 8
Appendix A
Modulus
of
Elasticity
Report
Cyl. #1
Failure
(pounds)
Low
Load
(pounds)
High
Load
(pounds)
High
Gage
(inches)
Cyl. #2
Failure
(pounds)
Modulus
of
Elasticity,
Ec (PSI)
Average
Strength
Fc (PSI)
635645-01
164,500
3,800
65,900
0.0100
156,000
3.70E+06
5,669
49,139
629764-01
121,600
2,500
48,600
0.0085
184,900
3.26E+06
5,421
44,296
629764-01
114,900
3,000
47,000
0.0075
122,100
3.56E+06
4,192
54,948
634858-01
171,400
6,800
69,000
0.0095
172,600
3.91E+06
6,084
50,147
629764-01
119,200
4,600
47,400
0.0065
118,800
4.04E+06
4,209
62,227
631098-01
185,000
6,200
74,100
0.0085
188,000
4.80E+06
6,597
59,142
635741-01
250,300
5,300
100,000
0.0115
247,100
4.87E+06
8,797
51,949
628901-01
209,600
2,800
84,200
0.0090
247,400
5.42E+06
8,083
60,286
627560-01
176,200
11,600
70,800
0.0065
164,600
5.58E+06
6,028
71,927
631554-01
159,800
5,600
48,100
0.0085
131,900
3.01E+06
5,159
41,860
631124-01
135,400
3,300
54,200
0.0100
120,000
3.03E+06
4,517
45,119
635615-01
84,200
3,000
33,600
0.0060
77,100
3.15E+06
2,853
58,954
632030-01
153,300
4,800
61,900
0.0105
146,400
3.23E+06
5,301
44,388
615627-01
139,500
2,200
93,500
0.0155
153,500
3.44E+06
5,182
47,854
632642-01
166,400
4,850
66,500
0.0100
162,500
3.67E+06
5,817
48,156
633862-01
137,000
6,000
66,700
0.0095
128,200
3.82E+06
4,690
55,735
626187-01
137,000
1,000
57,400
0.0085
130,800
3.99E+06
4,736
57,977
625705-01
136,500
4,000
54,900
0.0075
140,300
4.12E+06
4,896
58,818
630994-01
158,900
5,000
63,300
0.0085
162,700
4.12E+06
5,688
54,688
625842-01
135,500
2,900
54,800
0.0075
144,100
4.20E+06
4,945
59,672
617131-01
159,800
3,500
63,900
0.0085
150,800
4.27E+06
5,493
57,653
629401-01
211,000
5,200
84,500
0.0110
125,400
4.27E+06
5,950
55,415
631723-01
190,600
5,700
76,200
0.0095
196,500
4.43E+06
6,846
53,581
628251-01
146,300
3,400
58,600
0.0075
160,200
4.46E+06
5,421
60,617
635143-01
200,600
5,000
80,100
0.0100
198,800
4.47E+06
7,064
53,233
632696-01
158,700
4,000
63,300
0.0080
201,000
4.47E+06
6,362
56,104
Page A-1
CCALC = 54,057
AVERAGE
4.05E+06
5,615
54,380
Cyl. #1
Failure
(pounds)
Low
Load
(pounds)
High
Load
(pounds)
High
Gage
(inches)
Cyl. #2
Failure
(pounds)
Modulus
of
Elasticity,
Ec (PSI)
Average
Strength
Fc (PSI)
635035-01
166,200
5,700
66,600
0.0095
180,100
3.83E+06
6,125
48,935
629966-01
166,100
2,300
74,200
0.0105
178,000
4.07E+06
6,086
52,163
627875-01
188,500
5,400
75,300
0.0100
187,100
4.16E+06
6,643
51,093
635048-01
140,900
5,000
56,500
0.0075
200,300
4.16E+06
6,035
53,601
629966-01
166,100
4,000
66,700
0.0090
167,000
4.17E+06
5,891
54,392
627082-01
160,000
4,600
64,400
0.0080
160,400
4.51E+06
5,667
59,947
632010-02
123,600
4,850
49,600
0.0090
142,300
2.98E+06
4,703
43,450
635672-02
139,500
4,600
55,800
0.0100
143,400
3.05E+06
5,004
43,122
635672-01
148,800
4,400
59,400
0.0105
149,300
3.11E+06
5,272
42,870
632010-01
133,900
3,300
53,600
0.0095
145,100
3.16E+06
4,935
45,029
632010-01
134,300
2,800
53,600
0.0095
160,700
3.19E+06
5,218
44,226
617442-02
146,900
3,200
58,600
0.0095
152,500
3.48E+06
5,295
47,876
631131-02
186,900
4,000
74,900
0.0120
181,700
3.49E+06
6,519
43,216
631131-01
186,000
3,900
74,400
0.0115
178,500
3.63E+06
6,447
45,177
632413-01
166,000
4,000
66,300
0.0100
187,700
3.71E+06
6,243
46,973
628590-01
169,000
5,000
67,700
0.0100
174,700
3.74E+06
6,079
47,910
615512-01
181,400
5,400
72,800
0.0100
181,500
4.02E+06
6,418
50,120
635441-01
226,400
6,300
90,600
0.0120
230,000
4.15E+06
8,072
46,177
625875-01
200,700
3,300
80,900
0.0110
198,200
4.18E+06
7,055
49,798
615512-01
233,300
5,100
93,500
0.0120
243,600
4.35E+06
8,435
47,371
633697-01
240,400
6,000
96,400
0.0110
248,100
4.87E+06
8,640
52,423
Page A-2
CCALC = 48,293
AVERAGE
3.81E+06
6,228
48,375
Cyl. #1
Failure
(pounds)
Low
Load
(pounds)
High
Load
(pounds)
High
Gage
(inches)
Cyl. #2
Failure
(pounds)
Modulus
of
Elasticity,
Ec (PSI)
Average
Strength
Fc (PSI)
635216-01
194,900
4,800
78,100
0.0135
183,900
3.19E+06
6,700
38,988
632375-01
174,600
3,700
70,000
0.0120
175,400
3.26E+06
6,190
41,472
632379-01
210,700
4,000
84,200
0.0140
189,700
3.36E+06
7,082
39,954
627781-01
220,300
4,100
88,000
0.0145
231,700
3.39E+06
7,994
37,935
627555-01
199,800
3,100
81,900
0.0135
195,500
3.43E+06
6,992
41,029
632859-01
218,900
4,300
87,300
0.0140
171,800
3.48E+06
6,910
41,860
627555-02
220,100
3,900
87,900
0.0140
218,400
3.52E+06
7,756
39,988
627555-01
217,700
3,200
87,300
0.0140
216,200
3.53E+06
7,674
40,248
632313-01
188,300
3,000
75,500
0.0120
208,600
3.57E+06
7,020
42,586
632366-01
204,400
3,100
81,900
0.0125
178,600
3.72E+06
6,774
45,156
631298-01
248,500
3,700
99,600
0.0150
260,800
3.74E+06
9,008
39,440
631289-01
213,700
3,000
85,800
0.0130
212,400
3.75E+06
7,533
43,196
633397-01
165,900
5,600
66,300
0.0095
136,000
3.82E+06
5,340
52,238
626671-01
224,200
1,300
89,500
0.0135
231,800
3.84E+06
8,065
42,758
632304-01
217,400
5,300
86,800
0.0125
195,500
3.84E+06
7,303
44,981
632016-01
173,300
5,450
72,300
0.0100
178,300
3.98E+06
6,219
50,504
615547-01
169,300
7,300
67,600
0.0090
154,000
4.02E+06
5,718
53,097
615547-01
169,300
7,300
67,600
0.0090
203,300
4.02E+06
6,590
49,459
626402-01
187,700
4,000
75,000
0.0100
189,700
4.23E+06
6,675
51,773
633064-01
192,600
5,000
77,000
0.0100
204,900
4.29E+06
7,030
51,158
632379-01
211,100
5,800
84,300
0.0105
205,700
4.44E+06
7,372
51,746
634111-01
202,700
2,700
81,200
0.0105
202,400
4.44E+06
7,165
52,488
Page A-3
633064-01
198,600
4,800
79,400
0.0100
227,800
4.44E+06
7,542
51,177
615547-01
172,700
3,900
69,000
0.0085
154,000
4.61E+06
5,778
60,588
628189-01
232,800
5,600
93,300
0.0100
230,300
5.22E+06
8,191
57,731
3.89E+06
7,065
46,462
CCALC = 46,227
AVERAGE
GRAPH A
CLASS S CONCRETE RESULTS
9,000
Results shown in ascending order by strength
8,000
Strength (PSI)
7,000
C / 10
Page A-4
6,000
5,000
4,000
E (PSI) / 1,000
3,000
2,000
GR
AP
HB
9,000
Results shown in ascending order by strength
8,000
7,000
C / 10
6,000
5,000
4,000
E (PSI) / 1,000
3,000
2,000
Strength (PSI)
Page A-5
GRAPH C
CLASS
HP-4
CONCRET
E
RESULTS
10,000
Results shown in ascending order by strength
9,000
8,000
Strength (PSI)
Page A-6
7,000
6,000
5,000
C / 10
4,000
E (PSI) / 1,000
3,000