Malate, Rayniel B.

B.S A.T-1A

OCT. 5, 2015
Mam. Almandrigo

MECHANISM OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

The Receiving Mechanism

The different sense organs( eyes, ears, nose,mouth and skin) of the
body receive the stimuli from the environment. They are called Mechanism
of receptors. There are 3 kinds of receptors of the human body that receive
the outside stimuli.
Exteroceptors. A person becomes aware of the color, shape,smell,
taste, sound, heat, softness or roughness and cold of his environment
through receptors which are located in the eyes, ears, nose, mouth and skin.
Proprioceptors. The proprioceptors are situated in the linings of the
tendons, muscles and joints.
Interoceptors. Found in the linings of the respiratory , digestive and
genital urinary tracts. Nerves that produce organic sensation that is
associated with hunger, thirst, sex and excretion.

The Eyes and Visual Sensation

The eyes give the sense of vision which allows one to see the world. In
this regard, one has to consider the stimulus that produces vision which is
Light. The eyeball has 3 coats.

Sclerotic coat is a bulging though white membrane that forms the

cornea. The Cornea is a transparent protective window into the eyeball. It
protects the eyeball from foreign objects from entering the eyes.
Choroid coat The front part of the choroid is the Iris. The iris is a
thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter
and size of the pupil and thus the amount of light reaching the retina. The
color of the iris gives the eye its color.
In the middle of the iris is a dark hole called pupil. The pupil is a hole
located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike
the retina. It appears black because light rays entering the pupil are either
absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed after diffuse
reflections within the eye that mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil. The size
of it differs depending of the amount of light in the environment.
Retina The retina which is the innermost coat and the photosensitive
area of the eyes is the true receptor cells. The retina is a layered structure
with several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses. The only neurons
that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells. These are
mainly of two types: the rods and cones. Rods function mainly in dim light
and provide black-and-white vision, while cones support daytime vision and
the perception of color. A third, much rarer type of photoreceptor,
the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cell, is important for reflexive
responses to bright daylight.

Optic chasm - The part of the brain where the optic nerves partially
crosses. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately
below the hypothalamus.

Night-Blindness. There are people who have limited perception of light and
colors. People who find difficulty in seeing light or object at night are called
night-blind because they have defective rods. Night blindness results from
deficiency in the pigmentation layer in the retina which supplies rhodopsin
or reddish purple substance that changes when energized by light causing a
chemical reaction. Deficiency in vitamin A causes the rhodopsin in the retina
to lose its regenerative power. Night blindness can be corrected by taking
large doses of vitamin A. Vitamin A is richly found in green, leafy and yellow
fruits and vegetables.

Common Eye Deviation from Normal Vision. There are individuals who
suffer defects from normal vision such as:

Myopia or Nearsightedness. This is caused by abnormal long

eyeball so that the image is focused in front of the retina. Myopic or
nearsighted persons can see near objects. They cannot see objects at a far
distance. They have to use eyeglass with concave lenses.

 Hyperopia or Farsightedness. This happens when the eyeball is so

short that the imaged is focused behind the retina. Persons with this defect
can see clearly at a far distance. They find difficulty in seeing near objects.
Hyperopic persons have to use eyeglasses with convex lenses to correct the
condition.

 Presbyopia. This is farsightedness of old age which is caused by the

slow hardening of the lens. Since the eyes cannot see near object one has to
put the object a little away from him in order to visualize it. A presbyopic
person has to use corrective eye glasses.

 Astigmatism. This is caused by the uneven curvature of the cornea.

This generally is congenital (from birth) but it may be caused by injury or
inflammation. Too much eyestrain may contribute to astigmatism.
Astigmatism can be remedied by corrective eyeglasses.

Cross-eye- is congenital farsightedness or defect in the eye muscles.

Persons have this does have unequal vision in the two eyes.

Tunnel Vision- is the loss of peripheral vision with retention of central

vision, resulting in a constricted circular tunnel-like field of vision.

Diplopia or Double Vision- commonly known as double vision, is the

simultaneous perception of two images of a single object that may be
displaced horizontally, vertically, diagonally (i.e., both vertically and
horizontally), or rotationally in relation to each other. It is usually the
result of impaired function of the extraocular muscles (EOMs), where both
eyes are still functional but they cannot converge to target the desired
object.

Scoma- due to a wide range of disease processes, affecting any part of

the visual system, including the retina (in particular its most sensitive
portion, the macula), the optic nerve and even the visual cortex. A
pathological scotoma may involve any part of the visual field and may be
of any shape or size. A scotoma may include and enlarge the normal
blind spot. Even a small scotoma that happens to affect central

or macular vision will produce a severe visual disability, whereas a large

scotoma in the more peripheral part of a visual field may go unnoticed by
the bearer because of the normal reduced optical resolution in the
peripheral visual field.

The Ears and the Auditory Sensation

The ears the sense organs for hearing and the stimulus; it is made
sensitive by the sound waves which is cause by the vibration of objects.
Sound has three features: Loudness (magnitude of the sound), Pitch (High or
Low) Timbre (quality of sound). The ears Consists of three parts: The outer
ear, middle ear and inner ear.