Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
(WITH ALL THE FORMS AND NAMES FROM THE LITANY OF RA)
AMNTE NOFRE -
Cover: detail from the ceiling of the Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at
Nitentore (Dendera), second band east:
The sacred barque of the God Ra-Harakhty sailing across the sky:
from right to left,
a sacred baboon seated on the bow,
a falcon-headed God spearing the cursed apophis (the enemy of Ra and of all the Gods) here
represented by the hieroglyphic signs for his name,
the Goddess Maat,
a Goddess wearing the cow's horns and the Solar disk,
the two Gods Sia and Hu,
the God Ra-Harakhty standing inside a shrine,
a falcon-headed God steering the sacred barque
As falcon, Ra is depicted as a falcon-headed man and in the full form of falcon; moreover, in the
first hour of the day represented on the ceiling of the Pure Place (the Chapel of the New Year)
of the Temple of Horus at 'Behdet' (Edfu) Ra is depicted as a human-headed falcon. Another
combined form of Ra is the ram-headed falcon inside the Sun, that represents the 'Ba'-Soul of Ra (as
attested by the Litany of Ra).
As cat, Ra is depicted as a cat-headed man and also in the full form of cat.
As lion, Ra is always represented as a lion-headed man, that is also the form of Ra during the IX
hour of the day. Moreover, Ra is also depicted as a hieracosphinx (falcon-headed lion), that is also
the form of Ra during the III hour of the day.
As calf and bull, Ra is always represented in fully zoomorphic form.
As baboon, Ra is depicted in the full form of baboon and also as a baboon-headed man, that
moreover are the forms of Ra during the VII and VIII hours of the day.
As serpent, Ra is represented in fully zoomorphic form: the only known image of Ra as serpent, as
attested also by the LGG, is from the ceiling of the Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Hathor at
Nitentore (Dendera), where Ra is represented in His form of Rasomtou (R-sm3-t3wy , Ra the
Unifier of the Two Lands) identified with the Serpent God Site (s3-t3, the Son of the Earth) and
depicted as a serpent rising from the great lotus flower within a sacred barque.
As crocodile, Ra is depicted as a crocodile-headed man and also in the full form of crocodile.
As ram, Ra is represented as a four-faced ram in the VI hour of the day (that is the noon). Ra is also
depicted in the combined form of ram-headed man usually wearing the Solar disk. In the Book of
the Night and in the Books of the Netherworld (like the Book of the Amduat and the Book of
Gates) Ra is always represented in this combined form and is called the flesh of Ra. Moreover,
Ra is represented as a ram-headed man during the IV hour of the day.
-The Sun with the forms of Ra:
An iconographic motif represented mostly in the Houses of Eternity (that are the tombs) is the
Sun with the scarab and a ram-headed God depicted inside, that are the scarab that represents
2
Khepry, and the flesh of Ra. This same iconographic motif is also depicted in the 'Prologue' of the
Great Litany of Ra, where it represents the descent of Ra into the Netherworld, as we will see in
the last part of this study.
In addition to the various forms of Ra listed here, there are the forms of Ra attested only in the
Litany of Ra and connected to the worship of Ra in Amente (that is one of the names of the
Netherworld): in the last part of this study you will find all the images, the names, and the
invocations of the Litany of Ra.
Then there are also these two forms of Ra attested by the LGG but for which there are no examples
in this paper:
- a white greyhound dressed in black (cfr. Hornung und Staehelin, Skaraben Basel, 99)
- semi-anthropomorphic form with the head of vulture (represented in the House of Eternity of
Khabekhnet, TT2)
Concerning the Egyptian pronunciation of the name of the God Ra ( R ), in this paper I have used
the widespread conventional pronunciation Ra, but it is important to note that its real
pronunciation is preserved in Coptic (that is the last stage of the Egyptian language) as R when
stressed (Ri in modern Coptic) and Ra when unstressed, as in Ra-Harkhty.
For more informations on the phonetic system and pronunciation of the Egyptian language, see our
blog:
https://amentetneferet.wordpress.com/egyptian-language/
3
at left, some of the most common spellings of the name of the God Ra in hieroglyphs;
at right, the two most common spellings of the name of the God Ra-Harakhty
Iconographic index:
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, Chapel of Ra-Harakhty, detail from the south-west wall,
lower register: Ra-Harakhty, falcon-headed, wearing the 'Atef'-Crown with ram's horns and uraei
and the bull's horns with the Solar disk
7
Temple of the God Horus at Behdet (Edfu), detail from the Girdle Wall, inner face, west wall:
Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus) enthroned inside a shrine
upon a sacred barque
Temple of the God Horus at Behdet (Edfu), detail from the Girdle Wall, inner face, west wall:
Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus) enthroned within the sacred
'Ished'-Tree
11
Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera), detail from the second west Chapel of Osiris
(one of the three western chapels called the House of Isis-Shentayet) located on the roof of the
Temple. Drawing from A. Mariette, Denderah, description gnrale, IV-82.
Ra-Harakhty represented with two human-shaped bodies which merge into each other at the back,
and with two falcon-heads; He wears the 'Udjat'-Eye and holds two 'Uas'-scepters
12
Detail from the House of Eternity of King Sethi I, Valley of the Kings (KV 17),
West 'Uaset'-Thebes:
King Sethi I (wearing the Nemes with the Uraeus) and Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed and wearing
the Solar disk with the Uraeus)
13
Scene from one of the pillars of the Portico of the Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos:
Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus) embracing King Ramses II
(wearing the 'Atef'-crown with ram's horns and holding the 'Ankh')
15
Scene from the facade of the Great Temple of Amon, Ra-Harakhty, Ptah, and Ramses II at Meha,
Lower Kush/Nubia (now known as the Great Temple of Abu Simbel):
King Ramses II, represented twice, offering a statuette of Maat to Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed,
wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus)
16
The Pyramidion of the King's writer Pawty from the necropolis of Saqqara; XIX Dynasty, now in
the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden of Leiden...
Pawty kneeling and making adorations to Ra-Harakhty enthroned (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar
disk with the Uraeus); on the top, the Sun rising from the Horizon
17
Pyramidion of Ramose, from the top of one of the two small pyramids in the Tomb Complex (three
tombs, TT 7, TT 212 and TT 250) of Ramose, West 'Uaset'-Thebes;
now in the Egyptian Museum of Torino...
Ramose lived during the reign of the Great King Ramses II, and was Scribe in the House (the
Temple of Millions of Years) of MenkheperuRa (Thutmosis IV), Treasurer in chief of the
House of MenkheperuRa, Director of the administration in the department of the director of the
sealed things, Scribe accountant of the livestock of Amon-Ra, Assistant scribe for the
correspondence of the Hereditary Prince, Servant in the domain of Amon-Ra, and
Administrator of the funerary domain in the fields of Amon-Ra.
Ramose standing and making adorations to Ra-Harakhty-Atum (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar
disk with the Uraeus and holding the 'Ankh'):
(above and before Ra-Harakhty-Atum)
Ra-Harakhty-Atum, Lord of the Two Lands, He of On-Heliopolis, the Great God
(below, from right to left)
By the scribe, rightful in all the disputes, Ramose, whose word is right and true.
(before Ramose)
Adoring Ra at the time of His setting in the Western Horizon of the Sky, by Osiris, the scribe
(above)
in the Seat of Righteousness and Truth
(behind him)
Ramose, son of Amonemheb, whose word is right ad true.
(below, from left to right)
By the Osiris, the excellent-one of the Imyt-Wret, the scribe Ramose, whose word is right and
true
18
One of the two sides of the wooden stele of Lady Taperet; XXII Dynasty, now in the Louvre
Museum...
Lady Taperet making offerings and adorations to the God Ra-Harakhty. In the middle, the altar with
the offerings; Ra-Harakhty wears the Solar disk that spreads its lotus-like rays
on the face of Taperet.
On the top, the Solar Orb with the Two Uraei (with hanging 'Ankh'-signs) flanked by the Two Eyes.
To the left are represented papyrus plants, and lilies to the right
19
20
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, Chapel of Ra-Harakhty, north-west wall, lower register.
The scene of the Daily Rituals (performed in the Inner Shrines of the Temples) called
Formula for removing the garment ( r3 n sft mnt ):
King Sethi I removing the garment from the cult statue of the God Ra-Harakhty enthroned.
Ra-Harakhty in represented falcon-headed and mummiform, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus
and holding the 'Uas'-scepter
21
Detail from the stela of the Princess Isis; from Koptos, now in the Manchester Museum...
The Princess Isis, daughter of King Ramses VI, Gods Wife of Amon and Divine Adoratrice,
censing and playing the sistrum before Ra-Harakhty. She wears the vulture cap with the uraeus,
topped by the vulture and another uraeus. Ra-Harakhty is represented mummiform, falcon-headed,
wearing the Solar disk with the uraeus, holding the flail, the 'heqa'-scepter, and the combined
'Djed'-'Ankh'-'Uas'-scepter. In the middle, the altar with the offerings.
The hieroglyphs above the Princess Isis say:
I play the sistrum before Your fair face, gold is in front of You. May You allow me to see the
Sunrise.
The Osiris, the Hereditary Princess, great of favours, the Gods Wife of Amon, the Kings Daughter,
the Gods Adoratrice, Isis, Whose word is right and true.
The hieroglyphs above Ra-Harakhty say:
Ra-Harakhty, by Whose shining all is illuminated, Great God, Ruler of Eternity
22
Stele of Neskhonsupakhered, Dynasty XXI-XII (1070-736 BCE); now in the Egyptian Museum of
Torino...
Neskhonsupakhered (wearing a large perfume cone on Her head) making adorations to RaHarakhty-Atum enthroned. The God is represented falcon-headed and mummiform, wearing the
Solar disk with the Uraeus, holding the 'Heqa'-scepter and the 'Ankh'. In the middle, the altar with
the 'nemset'-jar and the lotus flower. To the left, a standard with the symbol for East; to the right,
a standard with the symbol for West. On the top, the Winged Solar Orb with the two Uraei
(representing Horus of Behdet).
Below, a naturalistic landscape with trees and the entrance to a tomb
23
Stele of Djedkhonsuiuefank, singer of the God Amon; 1069-664 BCE, now in the Louvre
Museum...
Djedkhonsuiuefank kneeling and playing an angle harp (decorated with the head of a Pharaoh)
before the God Ra-Harakhty enthroned (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus, and
mummiform). In the middle, the altar with the 'nemset'-jar and a lotus flower. On the top, the Two
Eyes
24
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, south-west wall of the Chapel of Ra-Harakhty:
scene from the Daily Ritual in honor of Ra-Harakhty.
King Sethi I kneeling and offering the sceptre, crook, flail, armlets, and anklets to Ra-Harakhty
(falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus); Ra-Harakhty gives the 'Ankh' with the
'Uas'-scepter to the King. Behind Ra-Harakhty is represented the Goddess Iusaas with Her right
hand raised in blessing
26
Great Temple of Amon-Ra at 'Ipet-Sut' (Karnak), 'Uaset'-Thebes, scene from the east half of the
north wall of the Hypostyle Hall:
King Sethi I kneeling on a podium before Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with
the Uraeus) enthroned inside a shrine (topped by a row of Uraei).
Behind the King is represented the Goddess 'Uret-Hekau', lioness-headed.
Both Ra-Harakhty and 'Uret-Hekau' hold the year-staff with which They bestow Jubilees (the 'HebSed' signs), Life, Protection, and Dominion to the King
27
28
Scene from the Great Harris Papyrus, 1150 BCE; now in the British Museum
King Ramses III (wearing the White Crown) making adorations to the Gods of the highly sacred
On-Heliopolis: from right to left, Ra-Harakhty Great God Lord of the Sky, Atum Lord of the
Two Lands of On-Heliopolis, Iusaas Lady of On-Heliopolis, and Hathor Lady of Nebethetep
(sacred city of the Goddess Nebethotepet in the nome/region of On-Heliopolis, the 13th Lower
Egyptian nome)
Scene from the Book of Coming Forth by Day of the priest Khonsumes: Khonsumes pouring
sacred water on the offerings and burning incense before Ra-Harakhty-Atum, Osiris Onnophris,
Isis, and Nephthys; ca. 1000 BCE, now in the Louvre Museum...
29
Scene from the Luynes papyrus of SerAmon, priest of Amon at 'Uaset'-Thebes, XXI Dynasty; now
in the Cabinet des mdilles...
Ra-Harakhty-Atum (falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus) enthroned (holding the
'Ankh' and the 'Heqa'-scepter) and carried by four Gods (scarab-headed at left, and serpent-headed
at right) in triumphal procession.
Below the throne, Upuaut in His form of sacred wolf/jackal, with the Flail; in front of Him, the
feather of Maat
30
Detail from the outer coffin of Taywheryt, wife of the High Priest of Amon-Ra at 'Uaset'-Thebes,
Masaharta, XXI Dynasty:
Ra-Harakhty enthroned, wearing the 'Atef'-Crown with ram's horns and uraei, holding the 'Ankh',
the Flail, and the 'Heqa'-scepter. In front of Him, the altar with the offerings, and the 'Ba'-soul of
Taywheryt (represented as a human-headed bird) making adorations.
On the top right, a winged 'Udjat'-Eye with an hanging Uraeus with the 'Ankh'
31
Temple of the God Horus at Behdet (Edfu), detail from the north wall of the east staircase:
Ra-Horus, falcon-headed and wearing the Double Crown, and Amon (wearing the Solar disk with
the two feathers).
Drawing from Le temple d'Edfou by E. Chassinat, plate XXXVIII-i
32
Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera), scene from the rear wall (west side):
'Touayt', the Goddess of the North, holding up the Sky before Ra-Harakhty (falcon-headed, wearing
the Double Feathered Crown with the Solar disk) enthroned.
On the top of the sky symbol (where is depicted a row of stars) is represented the Winged Solar Orb
(Horus of Behdet) with the Two Uraei (Outo to the left with the Red Crown, and Nekhbet to the
right with the White Crown)
33
34
35
The last two Solar barques represented at the end of the Book of Day;
from the House of Eternity of King Ramses V and VI, Valley of the Kings, KV9, west 'Uaset'Thebes.
On both the Solar barques are represented, from right to left,
Geb (hare-headed),
the Lady of the Barque,
Horus Hekenu-Heka Semsu,
Ra, falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk and standing inside a shrine,
Hu (falcon-headed in the Solar barque at left),
and Sia represented as the rudder.
The Solar barques are represented on the waters of the heavenly Nile, that is the ecliptic
36
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera):
detail from the V hour of the day.
Isis (at left) and Thoth (at right) making adorations to Ra.
Ra is represented standing inside the Sun, falcon-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus
and holding the 'Uas'-Scepter
37
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, detail from the north-east wall of the Chapel of Sethi I:
Ra enthroned, mummiform, holding the 'Uas'-scepter
38
39
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, Chapel of Ra-Harakhty, north-west wall, lower register.
The scene of the Daily Rituals (performed in the Inner Shrines of the Temples) called
Formula for placing the two hands on the Deity ( r3 n rdjt wy r Nr ):
King Sethi I placing His hands on the cult statue of the God Ra-Harakhty enthroned.
Ra-Harakhty in represented antropomorphic, wearing the Nemes with the Uraeus and the Solar disk
with a sacred scarab inside
41
The Book of the Heavenly Cow represented in the House of Eternity of King Sethi I, Valley of
the Kings, KV17, west 'Uaset'-Thebes.
The God Shu (in the middle) supporting the Goddess Nut in Her form of cow; Shu is assisted by the
eight 'Heh'-Gods (the Infinite-Ones). On the barque at left, Ra (wearing the Solar disk) standing
and making adorations; on the barque at right, Ra is represented seated inside a shrine.
Drawing from Les hypoges royaux de Thbes (Band 1): Le tombeau de Sti Ier by E. Lefbure,
plate XVII-d
42
Detail from the Book of the Heavenly Cow represented in the House of Eternity of King Sethi
I, Valley of the Kings, KV17, west 'Uaset'-Thebes
This is the description of the scene from the text of the Book of the Heavenly Cow (translation
from The Literature of Ancient Egypt by K. Simpson):
This spell is to be recited over a (picture of) a cow at whose chest is (inscribed) The Innite Ones
who are and over whose back is (inscribed) The Innite Ones who are, / whose four hoofs are
filled out in (black) paint and upon whose belly are a plurality of stars, issuing from its hindquarters in front of its hind legs, while beneath its belly stands Shu, painted in yellow ocher, His
arms under these stars, and inscribed with His name between them using the word Shu by itself.
A barque, on which are a steering-oar and a shrine with a solar disk over it and Ra in it, is in front of
Shu next to His hand, while another version (of a barque) is behind Him next to His (other) hand.
Its udder is rendered in the middle of its left hind leg, its prole being drawn in paint in the middle
of this hind leg with the following words (inscribed) outside in retrograde: I am who I am. I will
not let them take action. What is (inscribed) beneath the barque that is in front is as follows: You
shall not grow / weary, my son, they (the signs) being in retrograde, and as follows: Your
condition is like that of one who lives forever, and as follows: Your son is in me (or Your son
am I). Life, prosperity and health be to this your nose! What is (inscribed) behind Shu next to His
arm is as follows: Watch over them! What is behind Him at His ank is (inscribed) in retrograde
as follows: It is right that they (the stars) should enter in when I retire each day. What is
(inscribed) under the arm of the figure that is beneath the left hind leg and behind it is as follows:
Everything should be sealed. What is (inscribed) above His head, beneath this cows hindquarters
and what is between its hind legs is as follows: As for him who shall go forth. What is (inscribed)
behind the two gures that are between its hind legs and above their heads: The aged one is in
'Igeret' (the Netherworld). Praise / is given, moreover, when He is introduced. What is (inscribed)
over the heads of the two gures that are between its forelegs: (He who adores) rectitude, Hearer,
Support of the Sky.
43
Scene from the Luynes papyrus of SerAmon, priest of Amon at 'Uaset'-Thebes, XXI Dynasty; now
in the Cabinet des mdilles...
Ra-Harakhty-Atum enthroned, wearing the Solar disk, holding the 'Heqa'-scepter and the Flail;
behind Him, the two Goddesses Iusaas and Nebethotepet. To the right, the altar with the offerings.
On the top, the Solar disk flanked by the Two Eyes with fans
44
Detail from the coffin of Nesykhonsu, ca. 976-889 BCE; now in the Cleveland Museum of Art...
A 'Sem'-priest, wearing the leopard skin, pouring a libation with the 'nemset'-jar
before Ra-Harakhty-Atum enthroned, represented mummiform, wearing the Solar disk with the
Uraeus, holding the 'Heqa'-scepter and the Flail.
On the top, a row of Uraei with the Solar disk
45
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Frieze of the Outer
Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Horus at Behdet (Edfou):
detail of the form of Ra during the II hour of the day.
Ra of Behdet, Lord of the Sky enthroned inside the Sun. Ra is represented in His form of Divine
Child, with the sidelock of youth and a finger on His lips.
Drawing from I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia by Ippolito Rosellini,
Band 4,3, plate XXXVIII
46
Scene from the 'Prologue' of the Book of Day represented in the House of Eternity of
King Ramses V and VI, Valley of the Kings, KV9, west 'Uaset'-Thebes:
the Sun in the womb of Nut; inside the Sun is represented Ra in His form of Divine Child.
Nut is flanked by Isis (at left) and Nephthys (at right) both raising and lowering Their hands in a
gesture of protection and adoration
47
Detail from the IV scene of the Book of Day represented in the House of Eternity of
King Ramses V and VI, Valley of the Kings, KV9, west 'Uaset'-Thebes.
The meeting of the Solar barques: at left, the Day barque with Isis; at right, the Night barque with
Nephthys. In the middle, Ra in His form of Divine Child inside the Sun and flanked by two Uraei
representing 'Mehen'
48
Detail from the lid of the sarcophagus of Uereshnefer, Priest of the Goddesses Mut, Nephthys,
Sekhmet, Neith, and Sati; XXX Dynasty (380300 BCE); now in the Metropolitan Museum...
Ra in His form of Divine Child (with the sidelock of youth and a finger on His lips) standing inside
the Sun, and flanked by two Uraei
Detail from the lid of the sarcophagus of Uereshnefer, Priest of the Goddesses Mut, Nephthys,
Sekhmet, Neith, and Sati; XXX Dynasty (380300 BCE); now in the Metropolitan Museum...
The meeting of the Solar barques: at left, the Day barque; at right, the Night barque. On the prows,
the Goddess of the East (at left, on the Day barque) and the Goddess of the West (at right, on the
Night barque) both rising the God Ra represented in His form of Divine Child standing inside the
Sun and flanked by two Uraei. The Solar barques are represented on the waters of the heavenly
Nile, that is the ecliptic. On the lower frieze, four images of Anubis in His form of sacred jackal
crouching upon a shrine, with the 'sekhem'-scepter and the flail
49
Detail from a coffin dated to the 1000-945 BCE; now in the British Museum...
Ra in His form of Divine Child represented inside the Sun and emerging from the Lotus Flower,
flanked by the Two Eyes and by two images of Neith (that is the Divine Mother of Ra) in Her form
of winged Uraeus spreading Her wings in protection.
Ra is represented with the Uraeus on His forehead, holding the 'Heqa'-scepter,
and with a finger on His lips; in front of Him, the Uraeus with the Red Crown
50
Detail from the Papyrus of Lady Heruben, XXI Dynasty; now in the Cairo Museum.
Ra in His form of Divine Child seated inside the Sun, with the Uraeus on His forehead, holding the
'Heqa'-scepter and the Flail, and with a finger on His lips; the Sun is encircled by the Ouroboros and
flanked by two arms (the symbol for the 'Ka'-spirit)
Below, 'Ruty', the Twin Lion Gods of Yesterday and Tomorrow, supporting the Sun.
On the top right, the 'Udjat'-Eye
51
52
53
54
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall (first strip east) of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera):
detail from the I hour of the day.
On the Solar barque are represented:
in the middle, Ra in His form of Divine Child standing inside the Sun, flanked by Nephthys (at left)
and Isis (at right) both raising and lowering Their hands in a gesture of protection and adoration.
Behind Isis is represented Thoth (ibis-headed) with His arms raised in adoration.
On the stern is represented Montu (falcon-headed) steering the Solar barque
55
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall of the Temple of Neith and Khnum at 'Iunyt'-Latopolis (Esna):
detail from the I hour of the day.
Ra is represented in His form of Divine Child, seated inside the Sun; below, the Winged Scarab
(representing Khepry) supporting the Sun. At right, Isis; at left, Nephthys, both raising and lowering
Their hands in a gesture of protection and adoration
56
The Pyramidion from the House of Eternity of Khonsu [TT2], Servant in the Seat of
Righteousness and Truth (the Valley of the Kings), son of Sennedjem; now in the Egyptian
Museum of Torino
Ra-Harakhty in His form of sacred falcon, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus, represented on
the symbol for Horizon; before Him, an Uraeus with the White Crown
57
58
Pyramidion of Ramose, from the top of one of the two small pyramids in the Tomb Complex (three
tombs, TT 7, TT 212 and TT 250) of Ramose, West 'Uaset'-Thebes;
now in the Egyptian Museum of Torino...
Ramose making adorations to Ra-Harakhty represented in His form of sacred falcon wearing the
Solar disk with the Uraeus.
(above and before Ra-Harakhty)
Ra-Harakhty, Great God, Lord of the Sky
(below, from right to left)
for the good of His Majesty, by the Royal Scribe of the 'Imyt-Wret' (name of a team of priests, or
also a name for the necropolis), beloved by his King, Ramose, whose word is right and true.
(before Ramose)
Adoring Ra at the time of His rising in the Eastern Horizon of the Sky, by
(above)
Osiris, the scribe of Maat
(behind him)
in the Seat of Righteousness and Truth (the Valley of the Kings), Ramose, whose word is right and
true
(below, from left to right)
By he who knows Maat (the Goddess of Righteousness and Truth), he who has put Her in his heart,
the scribe who excels in knowledge, Ramose.
59
The daily journey of Ra during the first two hours of the day represented on the ceiling of the Pure
Place (the Chapel of the New Year) of the Temple of the God Horus at Behdet (Edfou).
Drawing from E. Chassinat, "Le temple d'Edfou", plate XXXIII-c .
On the upper register, the Solar barque of the I hour of the day: Ra is represented inside the Sun, as
a human-headed falcon wearing the Solar disk with the two feathers;
on the lower register, the Solar barque of the II hour of the day: Ra is represented enthroned inside
the Sun, in His form of Divine Child, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus
60
Detail from the House of Eternity of King SiPtah, Valley of the Kings, KV47,
west 'Uaset'-Thebes.
Ra in His form of ram-headed falcon representing the 'Ba'-Soul of Ra, depicted inside the Sun
61
62
63
The God Ra represented in His form of the Great Cat of On-Heliopolis slaughtering with His
knife the cursed apophis (the enemy of the Gods) in his form of snake, under the sacred persea tree
of On-Heliopolis, and placing His right front paw on the snake's head.
Scene from the House of Eternity of Inherkhau son of Hay (TT359), a member of a family of
leaders of the craftsmen of the Place of Righteousness and Truth (the Valley of the Kings).
Inherkhau was Foreman in the Place of Righteousness and Truth in the west of Thebes and
Director of the works of the Lord of the Two Lands
during the reigns of Ramses III and Ramses IV
64
65
66
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera):
detail from the IX hour.
Ra is represented lion-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus, holding a little baboon on
His left and the 'Ankh' in the right.
On the stern, Horus steering the solar barque
67
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Frieze of the Outer
Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Horus at Behdet (Edfou):
detail of the form of Ra during the III hour.
Ra of Behdet, Lord of the Sky as a hieracosphinx upon a lotus flower, represented inside the Sun.
Drawing from I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia by Ippolito Rosellini,
Band 4,3, plate XXXIX
68
Great Temple of Amon, Ra-Harakhty, Ptah, and Ramses II at Meha, Lower Kush/Nubia (now
known as the Great Temple of Abu Simbel),
detail from the doorway of the Great Hall leading to the Second Hall of the Temple:
King Ramses II offering a statuette of Maat to Ra-Harakhty, represented as a hieracosphinx
crouching. In the middle, two altars with the 'nemset'-jars
69
Detail from the House of Eternity of Irynefer, Servant in the Seat of Righteousness and Truth
(the Valley of the Kings) during the reign of King Ramses II; West Uaset-Thebes (TT290).
Ra in His form of white calf as the son of the Celestial Cow, the Goddess Nut
70
71
Scene from the House of Eternity (TT1) of Sennedjem, West 'Uaset'-Thebes (TT1).
Ra in His form of white calf with black markings standing in between two turquoise sycamores (cfr.
spell CIX of the Book of Coming Forth by Day); on His back He carries the deceased (with a
green face as a symbol of rebirth). To the right, Ra-Harakhty-Atum, falcon-headed and wearing the
Solar disk with the Uraeus. On the top left, the Solar disk
72
Detail from the Luynes papyrus of SerAmon, priest of Amon at 'Uaset'-Thebes, XXI Dynasty;
now in the Cabinet des mdilles...
Ra-Harakhty-Atum represented as a sacred bull; in front of Him, the altar with the offerings
Scene from the Luynes papyrus of SerAmon, priest of Amon at 'Uaset'-Thebes, XXI Dynasty;
now in the Cabinet des mdilles...
on the top, Ra-Harakhty-Atum represented as a sacred bull; in the middle, Iusaas-Nebethotepet as a
sacred cow; in the lower register, a sacred bull called the Mysterious 'Ba'-Soul Who rises in the
primordial ocean
73
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera):
detail from the VII hour.
Ra is represented as a baboon wearing the Solar disk with a scarab and shooting a bow; above Him,
Nekhbet in Her form of sacred vulture spreading Her wings in protection.
On the stern, Horus steering the solar barque
74
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera):
detail from the VIII hour.
Ra is represented baboon-headed, holding the 'Ankh' and the 'Uas'-scepter.
On the stern, Horus steering the solar barque
75
Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera), ceiling of the Hypostyle Hall, detail from the
eastermost strip: Rasomtou Who resides in Nitentore (Dendera).
Rasomtou (R-sm3-t3wy , Ra the Unifier of the Two Lands) represented in His form of sacred
serpent rising from the great lotus flower within a sacred barque.
Harsomtou (r-sm3-t3wy, Horus the Unifier of the Two Lands) in His form of the Serpent Site
(s3-t3, the Son of the Earth) is identified with Ra, and in this aspect is often called Rasomtou
76
77
78
79
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, detail from the II Hypostyle Hall:
the God Ra-Harakhty enthroned, ram-headed, wearing the Solar disk, holding the 'Ankh' and the
Year-staff with the 'Djed'-pillar and the 'Ankh'. On the throne is represented the symbol for
Union of the Two Lands; on its base, a row of 'Uas'-scepters and 'Ankh'-signs
80
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Frieze of the Outer
Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Horus at Behdet (Edfou):
the form of Ra during the IV hour.
Ra of Behdet, Lord of the Sky, ram-headed, holding the 'Ankh' and the 'Uas'-scepter, and
standing inside the Sun.
Drawing from I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia by Ippolito Rosellini, Band 4,3, plate
XXXIX
81
Great Temple of King Sethi I at Abydos, Chapel of Ra-Harakhty, north-east wall, lower register.
The scene of the Daily Rituals (performed in the Inner Shrines of the Temples) called
Formula for untying the seal ( r3 n sf ):
King Sethi I kneeling and making adorations to the cult statue of the God Ra-Harakhty enthroned
inside a shrine. Ra-Harakhty in represented ram-headed, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus and
holding the 'Uas'-scepter and the 'Ankh'
82
83
Scene from the House of Eternity of Queen Nefertari, Valley of the Queens,
QV66, west 'Uaset'-Thebes: the God Ra, ram-headed (with green skin), mummiform, and wearing
the Solar disk; He is flanked by Isis (at right) and Nephthys (at left) both raising and lowering
Their hands in a gesture of protection and adoration
84
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Ceiling of the Hypostyle
Hall of the Temple of the Goddess Hathor at Nitentore (Dendera),
detail of the IV hour:
Bastet (at left) and Thoth (at right) making adorations to Ra (ram-headed, holding the 'Ankh' and
the 'Uas'-scepter) represented standing inside the Sun
85
The first two Solar barques represented at the beginning of the Book of Night
in the House of Eternity of King Ramses V and VI,
Valley of the Kings, KV9, west 'Uaset'-Thebes.
On both the Solar barques are represented, from right to left:
a Divine Child seated on the bow,
Sia,
a shrine surrounded by the serpent Mehen,
and Hu.
Inside the shrine is represented the flesh of Ra, ram-headed, wearing the Solar disk and holding
the 'Uas'-scepter;
in front of Him, Maat offering the 'Ankh'.
Behind the Goddess, a serpent standing on His tail.
On the lower register, two rows of Star Gods towing the Solar barques;
on both scenes, They are headed by the Guardian God of the barque and by the King (above Him is
represented the Solar Orb with the two Uraei)
86
Detail from the sacred Book of Gates (first division, second hour), represented in the House of
Eternity of King Ramses IV, Valley of the Kings, KV2, West 'Uaset'-Thebes:
on the sacred barque is represented King Ramses IV kneeling and offering a statuette of Maat (that
is the offering of Righteousness and Truth) to the flesh of Ra. Ra is represented in His ramheaded form, wearing the Solar disk, and standing inside a shrine enveloped and protected by the
sacred serpent Mehen; He holds the 'Ankh' (the symbol of Life) in His right and the 'Uas'-scepter of
Power and Dominion in His left; before Him there is another sacred serpent, standing on his tail.
On the stern is represented 'Heka' (God of Magic and Power), and on the bow Sia (the God of
perception); to the right, a Deity towing the sacred barque
87
Detail from the II division (III hour) of the sacred Book of Gates,
from the House of Eternity of King Ramses I, Valley of the Kings, KV16, West 'Uaset'-Thebes:
on the sacred barque, from right to left,
Heka,
the flesh of Ra, ram-headed, wearing the Solar disk, holding the 'Ankh' and the 'Uas'-scepter, and
standing in a shrine encircled by the protective serpent Mehen; in front of Him, there is another
sacred serpent standing on His tail,
and Sia.
To the left, one of four Gods called Those of the Duat (one of the names of the Netherworld)
towing the sacred barque.
To the right, the open leaf of the gate, and its guardian, a sacred serpent standing on his tail
88
Detail from the fourth division (fifth hour) of the Book of Gates represented in the House of
Eternity of King MerenPtah, Valley of the Kings, KV8, west 'Uaset'-Thebes.
On the sacred barque are represented, from right to left:
Heka, the flesh of Ra, and Sia. The flesh of Rais represented ram-headed, wearing the Solar
disk, holding the 'Uas'-scepter, standing in a shrine encircled by the protective serpent Mehen;
inside the shrine, in front of Him, there is another sacred serpent standing on his tail.
To the right, a God towing the sacred barque
89
The daily journey of Ra during the hours of the day represented on the Frieze of the Outer
Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Horus at Behdet (Edfou):
detail from the VI hour.
The God Ra of Behdet, Lord of the Sky represented as a four-faced ram (with the 'Atef'-Crown)
inside the Sun.
Drawing from I Monumenti dell' Egitto e della Nubia by Ippolito Rosellini, Band 4,3, plate XLI
90
The God's passage of the way of Shu (the Entrance-Gate) of the House of Eternity of King
MerenPtah (XIX Dynasty): the two Goddesses Isis (at left) and Nephthys (at right) making
adorations to the Sun with a sacred scarab and ram-headed God represented inside
Detail from the Entrance Gate of the House of Eternity of King MerenPtah, Valley of the Kings
(KV 8), West 'Uaset'-Thebes: the Goddess Nephthys making adorations to the Sun with a ramheaded God represented inside
91
Scene from the House of Eternity of King Ramses X, Valley of the Kings (KV 18),
West 'Uaset',-Thebes. Drawing from I monumenti dellEgitto e della Nubia by Ippolito Rossellini.
A double representation of King Ramses X kneeling in adoration before the Sun and offering to
Him the Eye of Ra (the right eye) and the 'Udjat'-Eye (the left eye, the Eye of Horus); inside the Sun
is represented the sacred scarab and a ram-headed God. At left and at right, behind the King, the
two Goddesses Isis (at left) and Nephthys (at right) making adorations
Scene from the Entrance Gate of the House of Eternity of King SiPtah,
Valley of the Kings (KV 47), West 'Uaset'-Thebes:
the Two Goddesses Isis (at left) and Nephthys (at right) kneeling and making adorations to the Sun
with a sacred scarab and a ram-headed God represented inside
92
Ramses II, MerenPtah, Amenmesses, SiPtah, Sethi II, Ramses III, Ramses IV and Ramses IX (in a
shortened version); and some parts of it are inscribed also on the sarcophagi of the Late Period. The
Great Litany is represented also on the walls of the great Temples of Egypt: at Abydos, in the
decorations dated to the reign of MerenPtah in the Osireion and in the Temple of Millions of
years of Ramses II, and at 'Ipet-sut', in the edifice of Taharqa and in the Chapel of Hakoris. Some
extracts are also inscribed in the Nilometer of Roda.
In the Houses of Eternity the Great Litany is inscribed on the walls of the first two corridors: it
begins on the left wall, from the first corridor, known as the passage of Ra or the first God's
passage of the Sun's path (corridor B according to the modern designations), to the end of the
second corridor, known as Second God's passage (corridor C); and it continues on the right wall,
from the end of the second corridor, to the beginning of the first corridor.
Before the Title there are two scenes that are the 'Prologue' of the Great Litany: the King making
adorations to Ra-Harakhty, and the descent of Ra into the Netherworld. In the latter scene, is
represented the Sun with a scarab and a ram-headed God inside; above the Solar disk there is a
serpent, and on the right corner the head of a bubalis or of an antelope with an horn or a torch or a
serpent between the horns; below the Solar disk there is a crocodile, and on the right corner the
head of the same animal depicted above.
The Title of the Great Litany is:
Beginning of the Book of the Adoration of Ra in Amente and of the Adoration of the One Joined
Together in Amente.
The Rubric says:
When this Book is being recited, these images must be painted on the ground, at night.
This Book represents the victory of Ra over His enemies in Amente. It is useful for a man upon
Earth, and it is useful for him after his burial.
The Little Litany is a shortened version of the Great Litany with 74 names and forms of Ra but
without invocations.
The Little Litany is represented in the Houses of Eternity of many Kings, such as Thutmosis
III, Sethi I, Ramses III and others.
The Rubric says:
This spell is to be recited to every God, and these must be depicted exactly as those on the two
side-walls of the Netherworld, while the two parts must be placed on them as a Divine action. Then
You are a 'Ba'-soul as the second self of Ra, the Heir of the 'Djeba' of the One Joined Together.
This book is to be recited every day when Ra goes to rest in the West, exactly and correctly.
94
The first scene from the 'Prologue' of the Great Litany of Ra represented in the House of
Eternity of King MerenPtah, KV8: King MerenPtah making adorations to Ra-Harakhty (falconheaded, wearing the Solar disk with the Uraeus)
95
The second scene from the 'Prologue' of the Great Litany of Ra represented in the House of
Eternity of King SiPtah, KV47: the descent of Ra into the Netherworld.
From The Tomb of SiPhtah by E. Harold Jones
96
Detail from the second scene of the 'Prologue' of the Great Litany of Ra represented in the
House of Eternity of King SiPtah, KV47:
the Sun with a scarab and a ram-headed God represented inside
97
99
103
105
107
111
At right, 68 and 72, Outflow and the Walker (one form with two names and two invocations); at
left, 70 and 74, Renewer of the Earth and He of the Temple of the Obelisk (one form with two
names and two invocations)
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124